Direct object pronouns
The object that directly receives the action of the
verb is called the direct object.
 The direct object answers the question "what?"
or "whom?" with regard to what the subject of
the sentence is doing.
 When the pronoun replaces the name of the
direct object, use the following pronouns:

DOPNs
Singular
1st person
Me= ________
Us = ________
te
lo
Him = ________
Her = ________
la
You/It =Lo/la
________
Them (m) _______
Them (fem) _____
Y’all ___________
2nd Person
3rd person
me
Plural
nos
You = ________
los
las
Los/las
In sentences with two verbs, there
are two options regarding the
placement of the direct object
pronoun.
1. Place it immediately before the
conjugated verb.
2. Attach it directly to the infinitive.
Indirect object pronouns
The indirect object (IO) tells us where the
direct object (DO) is going.
 The indirect object answers the question
"To whom?" or "For whom?" the action of
the verb is performed.
 Sentences that have an indirect object
usually also have a direct object.
Remember, the IO tells us where the DO
is going.
 Sometimes the direct object is not stated;
rather it is implied, or understood.

Indirect object pronouns

When a pronoun takes the place of the
name of the indirect object, use the
following pronouns:
IDOPNs
1st person
2nd Person
3rd person
Singular
me
te
(to/for) You = ________
(to/for) Me= ________
le
le
le
(to/for) Him = ________
(to/for) Her = ________
(to/for) You/It = ________
Plural
nos
(to/for) Us = ________
les
les
(to/for) Them (m) _______
(to/for) Them (fem) _____
(to/for) Y’all ___________
les
The IO pronouns le and les present a special problem because
they are ambiguous.
Since le and les can mean more than one thing, a prepositional
phrase is often added to remove the ambiguity or for emphasis
Preterite of regular –ar verbs
The preterite is used for past actions that
are seen as completed.
 The preterite of regular -ar verbs is
formed by dropping the infinitive ending ar and adding the appropriate endings to
the stem.

Pret. –ar
endings
Singular
1st person
é
2nd Person
aste
3rd person
ó
amos
Note that verbs that end in
car
gar
zar
______,
______,
and ______
have a spelling change in the
yo form.
______
aron
car
_______
= _______
qué
gar
gué
_______
= _______
cé
zar
_______
= _______
Plural
Ser and Ir in the preterite
The verbs ir and ser are irregular in the
preterite tense
 The context in which each verb is used in
the sentence will clarify the meaning.
 The verb ser is not used very often in the
preterite.

Pret. Of
ser and ir
Singular
Plural
1st person
fui
fuimos
2nd Person
fuiste
3rd person
fue
fueron
Preterite of regular –er and –ir verbs

Both regular –er and –ir verbs have the
same set of endings
Pret. Er/ir
endings
Singular
1st person
í
2nd Person
iste
3rd person
ió
Plural
imos
ieron
Dar and Ver in the preterite

The preterite endings of the verbs dar
and ver are the same as those of regular
-er and -ir verbs, except for the accent
marks.
Pret.
dar
Singular
Plural
1st person
di
dimos
2nd Person
diste
3rd person
dio
dieron
Pret.
ver
Singular
Plural
1st person
vi
vimos
2nd Person
viste
3rd person
vio
vieron
Present tense “go” verbs


The verbs hacer (to do, to make), poner, traer
(to bring), and salir have an irregular yo form.
The yo form has a g. All other forms are the
same as those of a regular -er or -ir verb.
hacer
poner
traer
salir
Yo
hago
pongo
traigo
salgo
Tú
haces
pones
traes
sales
Él,ella, ud.
hace
pone
trae
sale
Nosotros
hacemos
ponemos
traemos
salimos
Ellos, ellas, Uds.
hacen
ponen
traen
salen
Beware of the sneaky “g”
g
Present tense “go” verbs

The verb venir (to come) also has an
irregular yo form. It conjugates like the
verb tener. It is an e-ie stemchanger.
Present
venir
Singular
1st person
vengo
2nd Person
vienes
3rd person
viene
Plural
venimos
vienen
Present progressive tense




The present progressive is used in Spanish to
express an action that is presently going on—
an action in progress.
The present progressive is formed by using
the present tense of the verb estar and the
present participle—speaking, doing.
To form the present participle of most verbs
in Spanish you drop the ending of the
infinitive and add -ando to the stem of -ar
verbs and -iendo to the stem of -er and ir verbs.
Note that the verbs leer and traer have a y
in the present participle.
 leyendo
trayendo
Saber y conocer in the present tense
The verbs saber and conocer both mean
to know.
 Note that like many Spanish verbs they
have an irregular yo form in the present
tense. All other forms are regular.

Present
saber
Singular
Plural
Present
conocer
1st person
sé
sabemos
1st person
conozco conocemos
2nd Person
sabes
2nd Person
conoces
3rd person
sabe
3rd person
conoce
saben
Singular
Plural
conocen
Saber y conocer in the present tense
The verb saber means to know a fact
or to have information about
something. It also means to know how to
do something.
 The verb conocer means to know in
the sense of to be acquainted with.
 It is used to talk about people and
complex or abstract concepts rather than
simple facts.

Reflexive verbs
A verb is reflexive when the subject and
the object are the same
 When a verb is reflexive, the infinitive
ends in "se."
 The reflexive pronouns are

 me, te, se, nos, se
Steps to conjugating
me lav ar
o se
Cut Cut off the “se”
Fling Fling “se” in front of the verb
Flop Flop “se” over into me, te, se, nos, or se to match the subject
Chopsuey Chop off –ar, -er, -ir
(switch-a-roonie) Swich the stem if necessary
Schmoosh Add the appropriate ending