Particles
You may come across other definitions for the term
“particle” related to parts of speech. But generally, it
refers to adverbs that look suspiciously like prepositions.
They made up yesterday.
Please sit down.
We should drive around for a while.
These are adverbs, not prepositions. You can’t put a
noun/pronoun after them without changing the meaning.
Actually, some grammarians wouldn’t even call “up” in the
sentence above an adverb, just a particle. Like the “to”
that precedes an infinitive, it’s really just part of the verb
in meaning. You can even think of a synonym for the
phrase “made up,” right?
They reconciled.
If you think about it, particles like “up” in the
previous example have absolutely nothing to do
with the real meaning of the word. Is there any
“up” in the idea of reconciling?
Likewise, think of the “up” in “wind up.” Does
“wind up” actually have “up” in its meaning?
Does “wind up” mean begin or end?
I’m going to wind up the toy.
I’m going to wind up the meeting.
The first means to start; the second means to end.
“Up” has nothing to do with “to start” or “to end.”
Have you ever heard anyone try to be funny by
being hypercorrect and saying, “There are some
things up with which I will not put”? The natural
way of saying that is “There are some things
(which) I will not put up with,” but ideally, we
don’t want to end a sentence with a preposition.
“With” is a preposition; “up” is a particle. The
correct way to say the sentence is “There are
some things with which I will not put up.” That
still sounds stilted, because if we’re going to be
formal enough to avoid ending a sentence with a
preposition, we’re going to say “tolerate” rather
than “put up with.” Note that “up” has nothing to
do with “tolerate.”
Back to practicalities: how do you know if a word is
a particle or a preposition? If there’s no noun
around, as there wasn’t in the first set of
examples, there’s no problem. But sometimes
there IS a noun:
I wrote down the words.
I walked down the road.
In the above sentences, “down” is a preposition in
one & a particle in the other. Can you tell which
is which? Really look & think before clicking for
the answer.
If it’s a particle, you can move it, & the
sentence will make sense. If it’s a
preposition, the sentence won’t make sense
if you move it:
I wrote down the words. – I wrote the words down.
I walked down the road. -- *I walked the road down.*
So in the first sentence, “down” is a particle, &
in the second, “down” is a preposition.
To sum up, words that are frequently
prepositions can also function as adverbs,
and when they follow the verb, we call
them particles.
Click here to go to a practice exercise.