A woman without her man is helpless.

A woman, without her, man is helpless.

Channel Reliance Research
•
Research paradigms a. Experimental b. Natural observations c. Meta-analysis

Channel Reliance Research
•
Propositions
–
Adults rely more on NV than V; children rely more on V.
–
Reliance on NV is greater when the V & NV conflict.
– Reliance depends on function at stake.
–
Information averaging when channels are congruent.
– Variability in info processing and reliance on extreme or negative cues when content is incongruent.
– Individuals biases in channel dependence.

•
Reasons for differential and variable reliance?

Coding Properties:
Analogic versus Digital
• Digital systems
– discrete
– arbitrary
– finite
• Analogic systems
– continuous
– natural
– infinite
Need to distinguish code properties from interpretive processes

Coding Properties:
Buck’s Approach
• Spontaneous communication
– biologically-based
– spontaneous
– signs
– nonpropositional
– right-hemispheric processing
• Symbolic communication
– socially shared
– intentional
– symbols
– propositional
– left-hemispheric processing

Coding Properties:
Design Features of Codes
Discrete v. continuous
Symbolic (extrinsic) v. sign (intrinsic)
Iconicity
Syntax rules
Transformation
Semantic rules
Pragmatic rules
Productivity
Polysemy
Universal v. culture- and context-bound meaning
Displacement
Reflexivity
Prevarication
Coherence mechanisms
Direct v. mediated response

Applicability to Verbal versus
Nonverbal Coding
Discrete v. continuous
Symbolic v. sign
Iconicity
Syntax rules
Transformation
Semantic rules
Pragmatic rules
Productivity
Polysemy
Universal v. culture- and context-bound meaning
Displacement
Reflexivity
Prevarication
Coherence mechanisms
Direct v. mediated response

Origins of Verbal and Nonverbal
Behavior
•
Alternative possibilities
–
Exclusively nurture (totally learned)
–
Physiological/anatomical predispositions but learned performance
– Universal needs but variability in environmental influences on enactment
– Exclusively nature (innate and part of biological heritage)

Origins of Verbal and Nonverbal
Behavior
•
Types of evidence
–
Comparative studies (primates, other vertebrates) e.g., laughing, smiling, threat stare, grooming, fright vocalizations, spacing patterns
–
Child development research stages of normal development common to all reflexive behaviors present in all infants (crying, toe curling, grasping) observations of blind, deaf, and limbless children

Origins of Verbal and Nonverbal
Behavior
•
Types of evidence
–
Comparative studies (primates, other vertebrates)
–
Child development research
–
Cross-cultural studies

•
Conclusions about nonverbal/verbal differences
– verbal
– nonverbal

Neurophysiological Processing
•
Early/traditional views of hemispheric processing
– bicameral brain function--horizontal perspective
– high lateralization--strong differentiation of functions
– analytic/holistic dichotomy
–
NV defined according to where it is processed

Neurophysiological Processing
•
Contemporary views
– triune brain function--vertical perspective
•
R-complex (brainstem, cerebellum)
• paleomammalian brain (limbic system-thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary, amygdala, hippocampus, olfactory cortex surrounding the R-complex)
• neomammalian brain (cerebral cortex)

Neurophysiological Processing
•
Contemporary views
– interdependence & coordination of functions
• coordinated via corpus collosum
• relative, not absolute, dominance
• right hemisphere is essential for many linguistic activities
• people with left hemisphere damage able to decode with right hemisphere

Neurophysiological Processing
•
Contemporary views
– lability in handling other hemisphere’s functions
– cultural and style differences
– two hemispheres communicate with each other
– dominance depends on nature of signal

melodies, music tonal patterns pitch, rate, volume laughing, crying coughing emotional stimuli distinguishing fingers recognition of faces familiar environmental noises location of geometric forms depth perception recognition of space & form topographic memory spatial disorientation body type distortions letters matched to words imagery recall strategies

•
vowels spoken digits rhythmic patterns semantic units (words) nonsense words function words letters verbal tasks visual verbal material free movement during speech skilled movements pictures matched to letters subvocal rehearsal recall strategies music perceived as notes

•
automatic speech serial speech (alphabet) social gestural speech strong emotional utterances artistic ability model building

•
free movement during speech

Relationship of Gestures to Language
•
Semiotic Functions
–
Ekman & Friesen approach
–
Scherer linguistic approach
• semantic
• syntactic
• pragmatic
• dialogic
– McNeill information-processing approach

Relationship of Gestures to Language
• development of interactional nonverbal cues
(e.g., gestures) coincides with the development of language
• baseball theory--stone throwing/gestures and language development

Message Production
• gestures that relate to speech
– ones referring to the ideational process
– gestures referring to the object: depictive gestures
– gestures referring to the object: evocative kinds

Message Production
•
Gestures and speech flow
– hierarchical nature of language
– phonemic clauses and chunking of speech
– gestures preceding speech, priming the pump
– illustrator gestures that trace thought

Message Production
•
Nonverbal cues and cognitive effort
– indicators of cognitive difficulty and effort
– indicators of level of abstraction

Message Processing and Decoding
•
Definition
–
How humans acquire, store, retrieve, and use information; how information is gleaned from messages and interpreted

Message Processing and Decoding
•
Related to:
– attention and priming
– comprehension and memory storage
– recall
– inference-making

Message Processing and Decoding
•
Nonverbal cues of attention, priming and distraction
– vocal cues
– immediacy cues
– facial and gestural cues
– physical appearance
– environmental influences

Message Processing and Decoding
•
Nonverbal cues related to comprehension, storage and recall
– paralinguistic and parakinesic cues
– speech primacy gestures (illustrators)
– motor primacy gestures (emblems)
– incongruent messages
– speaker self-synchrony
– interactional synchrony

Message Processing and Decoding
•
Cues in inference-making
– nonverbal impressions