1
LIBRARY MANAGEMENT AND
OPERATIONAL MECHANISMS
美国图书馆的管理与运营
Qi Chen
2011 5-6
Outline 提纲
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
The basis of American public libraries
 图书馆的基础

American public libraries system 美国公共图书馆系统

Library management and personnel图书馆管理和人员

Library funding图书馆资金来源

The role of library associations图书馆协会的作用
 American Library Association 美国图书馆
 State and regional library association

洲和地区图书馆协会
American Libraries美国图书馆
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
Academic Libraries (higher educational institutions)



Public Libraries 公共图书馆
School Libraries (Kindergarten through grade 12)


高校图书馆
学校图书馆（幼儿园至12年级）
Special Libraries (Dept. libraries in higher educational
institutions: medical, theological, scientific, law)

专业图书馆（有一些在高等院校设立，如医学，神学，
科学，法律图书馆）
Organizational Basis of American Public Library
美国图书馆的组织基础
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Public library is based on the needs of the
community 基于社区的需要
More public libraries are available in large
metropolitan areas 大都市有更多得图书馆
School districts 学区
County or state regions, or cities 洲, 县,市所在地
Legal Basis of Public Library
美国图书馆的法律基础
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
Library Law and legislation of US
 图书馆法和美国法律
 Constitutional –from the people 宪法- 来源于人们
 Statutory – enacted by legislative body –
congress…法定的- 如制定立法机构 -国会等
 Administrative legislatures, county commissions, city
councils. 行政议会，县委员会，市议会
Public Library Management
美国公共图书馆的管理
6

State grant the right to city, village, or district to
establish a library


州政府通过各种法律所建立的一个公共图书馆为本
社区,城区,或本地区的居民提供服务
To levy taxes & determine the structure and powers
of the library board州政府通过征税和确定和图书馆
委员会的结构和权力
图书馆在伊利诺宜州地产税中(举例）
Illinois Compiled Statutes Ch.75: Libraries (Example)
一个芝加哥居民房地产税2006年帐单中的一部分
A Report in a Chicago Resident Property Tax Statement
图书馆
表明政府是如何使用房地产税的，与每个方面直接挂钩。
居民据此可向当地政府表示是否同意。
Purpose of a Public library Purpose
建立公共图书馆
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
The economic gap between “haves “ and “have nots” 缩小有无产者间的
差距

Increase diversity and growth of the populations 提高人口和人员多元化

Quality of education and literacy 人口文化程度

Technology benefits and challenges 享受技术迎接挑战

Partnership and collaboration 与各界合作

Staying relevant – providing services and programs responsive to the
community and having the community aware of them
紧跟形势, 提供服务和方案回应社区,使社区对他们有所了解

Make sure the residents gain all kinds of necessary information they need.
确保居民获得各种社区信息
Establishing a Public Library
公共图书馆






Equity of Access
 平等使用图书馆资源和享受图书馆服务的机会
Gateway to knowledge
知识之门
Lifelong learning 提供终身学习的资源
Intellectual freedom 提供追求知识的自由
Community and information center，meeting the needs of
local communities
 社区和信息中心
Quality of life 提高个人及社区的生活质量
Public Library Services
公共图书馆服务
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
公共图书馆八种功能:

Community activities Ctr 社区活动中心、

Community information Ctr.社区资讯中心、

Formal education support Ctr 正规教育支持中心、

Independent Learning Ctr 独立自学中心、

Popular materials library 通俗资料图书馆、

Preschoolers door to learning 学龄前儿童学习入门、

Reference Library 参考图书馆、

Research Ctr. 研究中心
Public Library System
美国公共图书馆管理系统
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
Hierarchy system等级管理系统
 There may be one public library in a community or
there may be a public library system. A public
library system administers 该系统一个图书馆，可
以包括：
library, 中心图书馆
 Branch library, 分馆
 bookmobile, 流动图书馆
 books-by-mail service 图书邮寄服务
 central
Public Library
美国公共图书馆
12

A public library should have: 一个公共图书馆应有:





an organized collection 组织有序的馆藏;
paid staff;有正式工作人员
an established schedule in which services of the staff are available to
the public;有正常的业务时间,并有工作人员接待读者
the facilities necessary to support such a collection, staff, and schedule,
有支持馆藏,工作人员, 以及开馆时间所需要的各种设施
is supported in whole or in part with public funds.有部分或全部来自
公共资金的支持 (IMLS data, 2008)
Public Library美国公共图书馆
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
There are a total of 9,208 public libraries
 共有9,208 个公共图书馆,
 There are 819 mobile libraries serving 97% of the population
 有819个流动图书馆, 为各州的 97 % 的人口提供图书馆服务
 12 % of the libraries locate in a population of more than 50,000 up to
73% of the total population
 12% 的公共图书馆为73 %的人口服务,人口都在 50,000 以上
 53% of the library reside in city or school districts
 53%以上的公共图书馆直属市区管辖
 51% of the libraries open more than 40 hours
 51% 的图书馆每周开馆时间在 40 小时以上
 140,000 Library staff 有图书馆工作人员 140,000
Public Library美国公共图书馆
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
Average total staff per 25,000 population 12.18

每25,000人, 有图书馆工作人员
Highest 最高21.66 Ohio, lowest 最低:Arkansas 7.55,
Average librarians per 25,000 population 4.06 图书馆员
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
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Average ALA MLS librarians per 25,000 population 2.75

专业馆员
Highest 最高5.25 Connecticut, lowest最低.84 Arkansas
Average other staff per 25,000 population 8.13 一般工作人
员, Highest 最高15.59 Ohio, lowest 最低4.29 Montana

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highest最高8.39 New Hampshire,
lowest 最低2.00 N. Carolina
Public Library Management
美国公共图书馆的管理结构
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
Library management system
图书馆管理结构
 Library
Board of trustees董事会
 Library Director 馆长
 librarians and staff 馆员及一般工作人员
 Mission图书馆使命
 Policy 政策
Administration - Library Board of trustees
行政管理-公共图书馆董事会
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
Library board-A board of citizens (supported by national and state level
assn ) 图书馆董事会
 Responsibilities 责任
 Analysis of community needs 分析社区需要
 Hiring recommending the director 挑选推荐馆长
 Acting in an advocacy role to develop community support for bond
issues and taxation 作为地区为图书馆呼吁支持人
 Budget review and approval 审批预算
 Policy review and approval审批政策
 Commitment to freedom of inquiry and expression 确保自由知寻和
表达
 Formulation of long-range planning 制做长期计划
Library Director 图书馆馆长

Works closely with the library board
图书馆馆长与董事会紧密合作
 realize the public library mission
 实现公共图书馆的使命
 develop long range plans 发展长期规划
 implement policies for the library’s operations
 并执行图书馆的业务的各项政策
 strengthen the relationship between the community and the
library and its staff
 加强社区和工作人员之间的联系。
*McCook (2004). Introduction to Public Librarianship, p. 141
Library Director Responsibilities
图书馆馆长责任, 知识技能
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
From leading to organizing 主导规划组织
Liaison and representative 代言人

Managing and planning etc. 规划，设计

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Technical, Customer service, Problem-solving ability skills –
Self-renewal, Risk-takingable to recommend policies, ie, use
new technology, evaluate new info.


技术, 客户服务解决问题, 承担风险, 自我更新
People’s skills, vision, marketing, communication and
collaboration

人事技巧, 营销能力, 沟通交流能力, 协作技能
Public Library Staff and Services
公共图书馆员工和服务
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
Librarians with MLIS from ALA accredited schools 由
美图书协会认可的研究院毕业
Other supporting staff 一般人员

Library services: 服务

 Public
service: 公共服务
 References 参考咨询
loan 馆际互借
 Youth services 青少年读者服务
 Adult services 成人读者服务
 Interlibrary
Youth Service at a Public Library
公共图书馆青少年读者服务
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
Develop and encourage children‘s reading habit

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Support independent and formal teaching



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个人自学以及各级正规教育;
Provide opportunities for creativities
 为个人发展创造力提供机会;
Stimulate youth’s imagination 激发儿童和青年的想象力
Improve awareness and appreciation of cultural differences, art,
science, invention and creation


从小培养和加强儿童的阅读习惯;
提高对文化，对艺术的鉴赏力以及对科学成就和创造发明的了解
Provide path to understand cultural difference, art, science,
invention and creation 提供了解各种表演艺术, 文化的途径;
Youth Services - Professional Associations
青少年读者服务专业协会
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



National Organizations Serving Children and Youth 为儿童和青少年提供
服务的全国性机构
American Association of School Librarians (AASL) 学校图书馆员协会
Association for Educational Communications and Technology (AECT) 教育交
流与技术协会
Association for Library Services to Children (ALSC) 儿童图书馆服务协会–改进
和扩大针对儿童（学龄前儿童到八年级）的图书馆服务

Young Adult Library Services Association (YALSA) 青年图书馆服务协会- 宣传
，促进，和加强针对青年人的服务并支助为这一群组提供服务的工作
人员
Youth Services 青少年读者服务
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Youth education services- 儿童和青少年服务 －教育
 Parents education- good relationship among the family and
between children 家长教育，发展与儿童和家庭的良好
关系，
 Satisfy the literature needs of the community 满足社区
成员的阅读需求
 Basic Literacy services 基础扫盲服务
 Information literacy 信息教育
 Formal Learning Support 辅助正规教育
Youth Services 青少年读者服务
Librarians’ competencies 图书馆员资格
The Competencies of Children’s Librarian

儿童图书馆员的资格-证书
Knowledge of the readers

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Administrative & managerial skills

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行政和管理技能
Communication skills 交流技能
Advocacy, public relations & networking


了解服务对象
宣传，公关和建立合作网络的能力
Professionalism & professional development

专业精神和专业发展能力
Adult Services 成人读者服务
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Scope: 服务范围
materials 选择图书馆的藏书
 Library resources access 提供使用资源的途径
 Teaching, reading and consulting 教学,读者咨
询顾问和指导
 Reference and information 参考和信息服务
 Marketing & community reader services 鼓励
个人和社区团体使用图书馆资源
 Finding
Adult Services 成人读者服务
General public – every individual 为所有普通人服务




People from different cultures and ethnic groups,
 出身于不同文化或不同种族的人
People with disabilities
 身体有残障的人(盲人,只具部分视力的人,有听力障碍的
人)
Homebound/housebound people
 不能离开住房的人,
Institutionally confined people 被隔离的人(医院, 或监狱等)
Adult Services 成人读者服务
Service for institutions 服务于所有团体
Educational institutions 教育团体
 Cultural groups 文化团体
 Public services公益团体
 Business organizations 商业团体
 And all types of regional or local government
entities 各类团体的上一级机关,如地方政府等

Sources of Library Funding
图书馆资金来源
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
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Local tax dollars (primary) taxation 地方税元（主要）税收
State – grants, per capita support material grants lump sum grants 洲政府人均补助助或一次性补助金
Federal – library agencies- information access through technology and
provision of information access through empowerment

联邦政府- 通过图书馆组织项目-通过提供技术信息和信息接入服务
来提高能力


Foundation – public and private – the Gates program, community
foundations 基金会 – 公共私人
Individuals 个人捐款
Source of Library Fund
美国公共图书馆资金来源
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
Operating revenue
运营资金 (蓝色表示地方来源，红色表示州来源，
紫色表示联邦来源，绿色表示其它）
1%
local sources
9%
9%
state sources
82%
other sources
federal sources
Seeking and Advocating with local officials
寻求当地官方的支持
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
Presenting benefits to local government
向当地政府陈述支持图书馆的利益

Supporting the work of local government

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支持当地政府的工作
Understanding local priorities了解当地政府施政的重点
Establishing a relationship与当地政府建立良好关系

Being clear and to the point Not using library terms

要清晰，明确， 扼要 避免使用图书馆术语
/
/
Seeking funds - Fund Raising
向个人和商界筹措资金
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
Identify those who have interests in libraries asking them to donate
 确认对图书馆有兴趣的个人和商界团体, 对他们施以开导，恳请捐
款和沟通

Develop long time strategies
 有长期发展策略

Use mail, email, phone or in-person communication
 利用信件邮递，电话沟通，或访谈来恳请捐款

Develop collective efforts through the library and library staff
 由图书馆基金会或单位领导全图书馆共同努力
Budget and Operating Expenditures
美国公共图书馆运营支出
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
Operating expenditures 运营支出(蓝色部分
表示职工薪水，红色表示馆藏，绿色表示
其它)
21%
66%
13%
Staff Salaries
Collections
Other
Libraries and political process
图书馆与政治结构
32



Exist within a nested and overlapping structure 存在于各阶层的政治重叠
的结构中
Local, regional, state and national political entities 当地,地区,洲 及全国政
治组织
Each level, must work hard to educate policymakers about the fiscal and
legal needs of libraries 图书馆人员必须让每个政界知道图书馆的财经
与政治需要.
 ALA public awareness advisory committee ---advocacy, workshop and
programs 美国图书馆提供为图书馆呼吁的各类活动.
 National legislative day in May to talk with representatives and senators
library issues
 每年5月的全国立法日是大家与参众议员淡图书馆的事宜.
The building was designed by the architectural firm of Hammond, Beeby and Babka,
now known as Hammond Beeby Rupert Ainge, Inc., winners of a design competition held
in 1987 to replace the old central library, It is approximately 756,640 square feet
(70,294 m2).[1]
33







Population-服务人口: 2,896,016
Library Branches - 图书馆 79
Collection - 藏书量5,521,854 册
Visits - 访问图书馆人次2,860,862
Circulation - 图书借阅次数1,506,293
PC usage - 计算机使用次数2,600,000
Children programs: 儿童活动参加人次
262,208
Where in US is Chicago?
34
芝加哥公共图书馆中国城分馆

Fate of most public libraries in U.S. is entirely a
local matter 大部分公共图书馆的命运掌握当政府和居
民
Chicago Public Library Mayor Richard M. Daley joined Chicago
Public Library officials for the 17th Annual Bookamania event
36
芝加哥市长与公共图书馆官员参加第17届年度Bookamania在
图书馆与读者交谈
图书馆挑战 Two major challenges
37

Staff management – encouraging them so that they are
able to do their best.
 人员管理，激发工作积极性

Budget management – so to use financial resources to
the best advantage of the library.
 财政管理，使财政资源发挥最大优势用于图
书馆
Personnel Management 人员管理
38

A good organization has puts at its heart
qualified staff & it is paid competitive salaries
with good benefits
 以称职的员工为中心，并支付合理的工资

Three processes for managing people
 人员管理的三个核心程序
Recruitment, hiring, retention 招聘，雇佣，留住人才
 Evaluation of employees 工作绩效评估
 Disciplining of employees 工作纪律

Personnel Management
人员管理
39

Hiring招聘 – 人事处





Job announcement advertised 发布招聘广告
Applications reviewed by search committee 招聘委员会对工作申请人的
评审
Select applicants for interviews 选择人进行面试
Successful candidate chosen 录取最合适人选
Job description 岗位职责描述



job analysis and needs of library基于这个工作岗位
的分析和图书馆本身的需要
Qualifications 应具备的条件
Other information：benefits, salary， description
of the library
信息包括福利，工资或者浮动, 范围；对图书馆的介绍等
招聘广告二
参考咨询图书馆员 Reference and Instruction Librarian

Institution: Ashland University Posted: January 14, 2010

Location: Ohio Position Description: Non-Tenure Track Website: http://www.ashland.edu

Ashland University Library seeks an experienced librarian to provide reference and instruction services as
part of a three-member reference and instruction team. The position, available April 1, is a 12-month, full-time, nontenured faculty position that is renewed annually. The successful candidate will teach research and information literacy
skills to undergraduate and graduate students on Ashland's main campus and at regional sites. Primary responsibilities
will include reference service, course-integrated instruction and collection development. The selected candidate will
serve as library liaison to several academic departments, working to develop the collection to support the curriculum of
assigned departments and to facilitate faculty awareness of library resources and services. Ashland University
librarians are non-tenured faculty members who participate in faculty governance and contribute to service activities of
the Library and the University.
Requirements include a Master's Degree in Library Science from an ALA accredited institution; demonstrated
commitment to student-centered teaching and library outreach; excellent oral and written communication skills; strong
public service ethic; a willingness to learn new library and teaching technologies; the flexibility to work evenings and
weekends and to travel to off-campus university centers; and the ability to work collaboratively in a team environment.
Experience with library instruction, familiarity with concepts of information literacy and pedagogy; web design and
Library 2.0 skills, and the ability to plan and implement programs is desired. A subject-area master's degree is a plus.
Preference will be given to candidates with three or more years of experience as a reference and instruction librarian.

Salary is competitive and commensurate with experience. Review of applications will begin Feb. 1 and will continue
until position is filled.
Please mail or email resume and names and contact information of three references to Ed Krakora, director of the
Library, at ekrakora@ashland.edu or Ed Krakora, Reference and Instruction Librarian Search, Ashland University,
Ashland, Ohio 44805. Submission of portfolios with application is encouraged. Ashland University meets fully its
obligation of nondiscrimination under federal and state law and is actively committed to diversity in its workplace.
招聘广告一
哥伦比亚大学东亚图书馆馆长

Director, C.V. Starr East Asian Library

Search Re-opened



The Columbia University Libraries invite nominations and applications for the position of Director of the C.V. Starr East Asi an Library.
For more information about library collections and services, see http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/eastasian. The C.V. Starr East
Asian Library is one of the major collections for the study of East Asia in the United States with approximately 840,000 volu mes of
Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Tibetan, and Western language materials and over 7,200 periodical titles. The Director guides col lection
development, oversees technical and user services operations, and works closely with faculty and students to help shape the E ast
Asian scholarly enterprise at Columbia. In collaboration with instructional technology, preservation, and digital library program units,
the Director expands access to and preservation of the library's many unique materials in support of research, teaching, and learning.
The Director develops external fundraising and grants initiatives, implements outreach activities that advance collections an d services,
and develops and maintains international partnerships and agreements related to East Asian library collections. Reporting to the
Associate University Librarian for Collections & Services, the Director serves on the Management Committee of the Columbia
University Libraries and represents Columbia at regional, national and international meetings and organizations, including co operative
resource sharing programs for East Asian libraries. The Director manages a materials budget of $2.6 million and leads a staff of 22
FTE. The successful candidate will have: " a strong scholarly background in East Asian Studies " an accredited MLS or PhD i n a
relevant subject area or an equivalent combination of education and experience " the demonstrated ability to manage in a com plex
organization, including budget, staff supervision, and planning experience " knowledge of trends in education, research, an d the
scholarly communication process in East Asian Studies " a commitment to and understanding of technology's role in enhancing
information discovery and access " an ability to lead, motivate, and work in a strong team-based environment " an enthusiasm for and
demonstrated skill in fundraising " excellent interpersonal and communication skill. One of the world's leading research universities,
Columbia provides outstanding opportunities to work and grow in a unique intellectual community. Set in the Morningside Heigh ts
academic village, Columbia also presents the unmatched dynamism, diversity and cultural richness of New York City. The Univer sity
Libraries, grounded in collections of remarkable depth and breadth, are also building extensive electronic resources and serv ices. The
Libraries at Columbia are committed to collegiality, professionalism, innovation and leadership.
We offer a salary commensurate with qualifications and experience and excellent benefits including 100% Columbia tuition exem ption
for self and family and assistance with University housing. Columbia will also pay 50% tuition for your dependent child who i s a
candidate for an undergraduate degree at another accredited college or university.
For immediate consideration, please apply online at:http://academicjobs.columbia.edu/applicants/Central?quickFind=51850 The
Search Committee will begin reviewing resumes on September 8, 2009.
Professional 专业能力



Librarians and staff should work together to achieve the
goals and objectives of the library.
 图书馆长需馆员共同努力达成图书馆的制定的方向的目标。
Effective library services are decided by librarians’
competencies
 有效的图书馆服务是取决于馆员的职业能力
These competencies can be achieved by providing them
continuous professional training and development programs

通过继续教育和在职训练以达成任务
。
专业发展
Professional Development

计划和预算Planning and budgeting
 年度计划
Annually planning
专业发展内容, 形式, 次数
 专业会议和工作坊 Professional conferences and workshops

在职馆内培训 Professional in house training
 行政培训Administrative


training
校部或更高级 University or higher
院内各类培训 In house or general training
Library Management

问题与解答 
45
Thank You! 谢谢!
Dr. 士
伊利陈琦博士
美国阿格西大学东部地区图书馆馆长
责人，副教授
shyjiang@illinois.edu