








Major emergency arm of the community
1st gatekeeper
Awareness agents
Mediators
Public Reassurance/Marketing/PR agents
Status quo maintainers
Moral censors
Custodians of the public conscience
Enforcers of state wishes
Crime prevention was not and will not be listed, but it may
be soon.



750,000 sworn officers
400,000 PSO
17,500 agencies

Local:




City police
City attorney
Regulatory agencies
County:



Sheriff
County/District Attorney
Regulatory agencies

State:





State Police/State Patrol
Fish and Game Wardens
Correctional officials (probation, parole, pen)
Attorney General
Regulatory Agencies

Federal (70 agencies)
 Department of the Treasury:
 Internal Revenue Service
 (use to have more)
 Department of Justice:
 Federal Bureau of Investigation
 Marshals Service
 Drug Enforcement Administration
 Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms

Department of Homeland Security:
 Secret Service
 Customs and Border Protection
 Citizenship and Immigration Service
 Immigration and Customs Enforcement
 Coast Guard
 Transportation and Security Administration
 Air Marshals
 Federal Law Enforcement Training Center
 Federal Emergency Management Agency

Miscellaneous Agencies:
 Postal Inspectors
 National Park Service Officers
 Bureau of Indian Affairs
 Federal Probation Officers
 Supreme Court Police
 U.S. Capital Police
 U.S. Park Police


Federal Prosecutors
Federal Regulatory Agencies:



FDA
SEC
EPA



Interpol
Europol
United Nations?






Limited coordination
Limited cooperation
Turf battles
Service duplication
Crime displacement
Inconsistent crime responses




Get the police out of politics
Train the police
Screen applicants
Move the police into more of a kinetic, law
enforcement orientation (crime control)

Re-affirmed the first three points of the
Wickersham Commission:





Get the police out of politics
Train the police
Screen applicants
Added an educational component
Rejected the kinetic, law enforcer model for a
social service/due process orientation

Most positive image of the police is held by:










White
Middle-aged (50+ year of age)
Females
College Graduates
Married
White collar job
Husband has a white collar job
Good income
Lives in a good neighborhood
No police initiated contact

Most negative image of the police is held by:









Non-white
Young (under 20 years of age)
Male
Grade school educated
Single
Manual laborer, if employed
Lower income
Lives in a poor neighborhood
Some, but not extensive police initiated contact
Police tend to view the population in a negative light. In their study,
Chang and Zastrow asked police who deserves our highest admiration:
1 - me (the person filling out the questionnaire)
2 - police officers
3 - medical doctors
4 - prison security officers
5 - scientists
6 - women
7 - people
8 - businessmen
9 - lawyers
10 - college students
11 - politicians
12 - inmates

Characteristics of the citizen




Legal Characteristics of the problem
Characteristics of the local legal culture



Police department
Local justice system actors
Characteristics of officers



Behavioral
Demographic
Officers as a group
Officers as individuals
Corruption

Citizen to police contact time delays




911
311
Processing time delays
Police travel time delays




Code 0
Code 1
Code 2
Code 3





Kansas City Study
Community Policing
Problem Solving Policing
Community Partnership Policing
One strike “Hug-a-Thug”
Professional
Failure
Frustration
Recommit
Disenchantment
Cynicism
Anomie
Corrupt
Quit






Education
Training
Union involvement
Democratic leadership
Selflessness
Change the people vs. change the program








Proactive Social Service/Problem Solving Orientation
Citizen Involvement
Foot Patrol
Bicycle Patrol
Permanent Beat Assignments
4/10 personnel deployment
Greater use of civil sanctions
Greater use of creative sting operations

Electronic surveillance






Street cameras
Public transportation (buses/trains)
Traffic light motion detectors
Traffic photo-cops
Open microphone walkie-talkies on officers
Cameras in all police vehicles




Consolidation of rural departments
Prosecutor/police cooperation
Officer Friendly
More creative computer applications




Fingerprints
Data management tool
Personnel deployment (time and location)
Probability and solvability modeling






Weapons issues
311 and 911 phone options
Differentiated Police Response systems
Forensics
“Hot Spots” policing
Enhanced public police – private security
cooperation

Increase interaction with other involved and
active communal awareness agents






Probation and parole officers
Social welfare agents
Real estate agents
Insurance agents
Meter readers
Taxi drivers (use them to transport prisoners)

Outreach programs focused on immigrant and
minority communities






Officers learn their language
Translate brochures
Develop bi-lingual newsletters
Officers serve on their community boards
Invite them to serve on police committees/citizen
advisory boards
Hire them as officers and as PSOs