Lois – Singa Metili
Assistant Lecturer
Tumaini University, Makumira – Dar es salaam College
Dar es salaam, Tanzania
Objective of the Presentation
 This paper intends to establish the cultural challenges
in automating academic libraries in Tanzania. These
include:
 Poor reading culture
 Inadequate capital
 Availability of service
 Infrastructure barrier
 Inadequate ICT skills
 Lack of management support and
 Donor funded dependency syndrome
Introduction
 Tanzania has 28 academic libraries in both public and
private universities
 Majority of these libraries are operated manually
 15 libraries are in the process of automating their
libraries
 According to available literature, only the University of
Dar es salaam has completed automating its library
Defining ‘Academic Library’
 Academic libraries are libraries that are hosted in post-
secondary educational institutions, such as colleges
and universities.
 Functions of academic libraries include
 provide resources and research support for students and
faculty of the educational institution
 Provide specific course-related resources are usually
provided by the library
 offer workshops and courses outside of formal, graded
coursework
 offers both, a quite study place
 Many libraries have subscribed to electronic journals
databases and usually provide computer workstations
or computer labs for students to access journals,
library search databases and portals, institutional
electronic resources, internet access, and course- or
task-related software
 Tanzania is making an effort in automating the library
services in all its libraries through training, aiding
libraries with computers and building the capacity of
staff and other stakeholders
Defining the ‘Automated Library’
 An automated library is a robotically controlled device
designed to load and unload removable cartridges
without operator intervention.
 The archiving and staging processes use a site-defined
scheme for allocating the number of drives to use.
 Automated libraries are also known as media changers,
jukeboxes, robots, libraries, or media libraries.
University of Chicago Library
 The University of Chicago has spent over $80 million
on the Joe and Riko Mansueto Library, that is unique
and handy to its end users and staff.
 The Mansueto library houses its contents fifty feet
below the ground
 The books are retrieved by a robotic arm which returns
the storage bin containing the book or item.
University of Chicago Library
(cont.)
Defining
Librarian’
 A librarian, is ‘Automated
the person who looks after
the storage
and retrieval of information was previously
professionally trained and educated to deal with
information in a wide variety of formats and settings
 Today, the librarian is expected to helps users navigate
into the voyage of internet and evaluate information
efficiently.
 Librarian should be knowledgeable in a variety of
information sources and follow the new trends and
advancements in computers, media and publishing
 Challenges of automated libraries vary from country to
country
 Kamba (2011) identifies challenges in Nigeria as being
ICT illiteracy, ICT awareness and lack of ICT
framework
 Muller (2005), identifies challenges facing special
libraries in South Africa as being trend change, adding
value to the special library, inadequate education on
library information service, lack of or inadequate
proper benchmarking and lack of succession plan
 This paper identifies seven cultural challenges in
automating Tanzanian academic libraries
Poor reading culture of many
university/college students
 A survey shows poor tendency of individual reading at
the library, which resulted to poor assignments and
research reports and in some instances even
duplication of research reports
 60 percent of students enter the library for
assignments and research
 85 percent of those who do visit the library study
books that are relevant in their respective courses only
 Some students complete their three years in college
without having visited the library at all
Inadequate Capital
 Economical capital –financial implications in an
attempt to get connected, purchase of a computer,
train responsible staff and student’s, build a user
friendly infrastructure for the automated library and
the likes
 Cultural capital – knowledge acquired through
cultural expression learned from the family
socialization and education institutions
Inadequate Capital (cont.)
 Social capital – networking and relationships
benefits one can get from participating in certain
library networks and databases related to lending
books, journals, papers and research
 Institutional capital - issues that mediate all of
economic, political and social life
Inadequate capital results into poor libraries with
minimum automation, poor staff with little
qualification for automated libraries and poorly
developed students with limited resources for their
education.
Availability of Service
 According to a survey by TCRA (2010):
 46 (67%) out of 68 ASLs were found operating
 20 of them (30%) were not traced and
 2 (3%) were not operational.
 Out of 46 operational licensees only 38 (83%) of them
provide internet service.
 Uncertainty in availability of services acts as a
stumbling block in learning, using and
communicating in an automated library environment.
Infrastructure Barrier
 In Tanzania,
 if the staff are not well equipped, then they are in no
good position to assist students,
 If students don’t understand on how to use the
infrastructure, then the staff and equipment will not be
of any use.
 Should the staff and students understand the computer
and automated equipment, but lack computers and or
electricity, then that acts as a stumbling block.
 Should everything be in order but the service provider
are on and off, again it affects the operation of the
automated library.
Infrastructure Barrier (cont.)
 Unfortunately, in most of the academic libraries in
Tanzania, one of the above mentioned or more are offorder, hence acting as stumbling blocks to the library.
Inadequate ICT skills
 ICT staff and end users lack the proper know-how in
usage of ICT equipment.
 Shortage of computers and low computer – student
ratio, lead to some students not touching computer for
all the three years in their academic endeavor
Lack of Management Support
 Managements are not supportive to modernizing and
automating their services due to:
 minimal funds
 low enrolment
 never-ending priorities
 ever increasing competition
 They investing more in marketing, bettering
remuneration and modernizing buildings
Donor – Funded Dependency
Syndrome
 Definition: a situation in which a country cannot carry
out its activities without the assistance of funding and
expertise
 Waiting for sister-colleges to donate computers,
printers, books, experts in automation, construction,
tools, laboratory equipment etc
Conclusion
 Significance of automating academic libraries can
never be overlooked
 It has to be noted that the library is the heart of any
academic institution
 There should be campaigns to stress:
 Significance of automating libraries
 Providing ICT training to librarian academic staff and
students and
 Building a user friendly infrastructure that can facilitate
the smooth running of an automated library