Flaws in Arguments (3)
Appeals
Critical Thinking
D Gray
March 2007
Updated September 2009; February 2010
Appeals to …
Lesson objectives:
To be able to recognise when an author is
using an appeal to …
To be able to evaluate the weakness/
strength of the appeal.
To be able to evaluate and counter the
appeal.
To develop our critical analysis skills.
Appeals to …
• Authority
• Emotion (Pity/Fear etc)
• Popularity
• Novelty
• Tradition
• History
Appeal to …
• Authority
• Mr Gray said it was OK to have lunch
here!!
• There should be no exceptions to the ban
on public smoking as the chief medical
examiner says it is bad for your health.
Appeal to Emotion
• Fear
• If we don’t adopt the identity card scheme
it will allow terrorists to infiltrate the
country and you may get blown up!
• Work hard or you won’t get to university.
Appeal to Emotion
• Pity
• You should give the job to Fred as he has
three kids to support and is a nice chap.
• Please don’t put me in detention my mum
will be very upset!
Appeal to …
• Popularity
• Marlboro Lights are the best selling
cigarettes so you should smoke them too!
• Girls Aloud are musical geniuses – just
look at how popular they are!
Appeal to …
• Novelty
• This new shampoo is better than our
previous product. It comes in a new,
improved package! Much better than the
old one! Don’t be seen at the gym with
the old one!
Appeal to …
• Tradition
• My family have always supported
Accrington Stanley so I must too!
• Drink driving/ Domestic violence
• Homophobia/ Sex discrimination/ Racism
• Low expectations of future employment
Appeal to …
• History
• I’ve always passed my exams without revising so
I am not going to start now!
• She’s always loved me, she’ll never leave.
• Don’t believe him – he always lies
• Do believe her – she always tells the truth
Review: Appeal to …
• Authority
• Emotion (Fear/ Pity)
• Popularity
• Novelty
• Tradition
• History
Write an appeal to each of the following
supporting:
‘Smoking should be banned.’
• Authority
• Emotion (Fear/ Pity)
• Popularity
• Novelty
• Tradition
• History
‘Smoking should be banned.’
• What are the counter arguments?
• How would you discredit the evidence?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Authority
Emotion (Fear/ Pity)
Popularity
Novelty
Tradition
History
Write an appeal to each of the following supporting:
‘The banning of fox hunting
in the UK.’
• Authority
• Emotion (Fear/ Pity)
• Popularity
• Novelty
• Tradition
• History
‘The banning of fox hunting
in the UK.’
• What are the counter arguments?
• How would you discredit the evidence?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Authority
Emotion (Fear/ Pity)
Popularity
Novelty
Tradition
History
Write an appeal to each of the following supporting:
‘We should set 3 hours homework
every night in secondary schools.’
• Authority
• Emotion (Fear/ Pity)
• Popularity
• Novelty
• Tradition
• History
‘We should set 3 hours
homework every night in
secondary schools.’
• What are the counter arguments?
• How would you discredit the evidence?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Authority
Emotion (Fear/ Pity)
Popularity
Novelty
Tradition
History
Write an appeal to each of the following supporting:
‘Abolishing Capital punishment.’
• Authority
• Emotion (Fear/ Pity)
• Popularity
• Novelty
• Tradition
• History
‘Abolishing Capital punishment.’
• What are the counter arguments?
• How would you discredit the evidence?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Authority
Emotion (Fear/ Pity)
Popularity
Novelty
Tradition
History
Appeals to …
Plenary: Review of Lesson Objectives:
To be able to recognise when an author is using an appeal
to …
To be able to evaluate the strength/weakness of the
appeal.
To be able to evaluate and counter the appeal.
To develop our critical analysis skills
Flaws in Arguments
(3)
Appeals
Critical Thinking
D Gray
March 2007
Updated September 2009; February 2010