Chapter 7
Entering the World Stage
Starter #1: Tuesday 10/16
 Read the Inside Story, Why did the
United States buy Alaska? on pg. 200
 Define Imperialism
 Why was Russia interested in selling
Alaska in 1867?
 Why did many people think Secretary
of State Seward had made a big
mistake? Were they right? Explain.
Chapter 7 Section 1
The Lure of Imperialism
 Imperialist Activity
 1870s to 1910s a few industrialized
nations began to compete for territory in
Africa, Asia, and Latin America
 Imperialism: Extension of a nation’s
power over other lands
 Great Britain, France, Belgium, Germany,
and Japan had begun, US would soon
follow
Economic Interests
 Industrial Revolution brought great
prosperity
 Looking for other nations for new
customer and new places to invest
 Look for new sources of raw materials
for factories
Military Needs
 Created strong navies to defend
shores and protect trade interests
 Sought foreign territory so ships
could have a base to refuel and make
repairs
 Look for strategic places
Ideology
 2 popular ideologies contributed to
imperialism
 Strong sense of Nationalism: Love of
one’s country
 Felt territorial conquests enhanced a
nation’s power and prestige
Culture Superiority
 Felt conquered nations were
“backward” less industry
 Social Darwinism: when nations
competed against one another, only
the fittest would survive
 Wanted to “civilize” the inhabitants of
less developed countries, spread the
benefits of Western society
The Scramble for Territory
 Late 1800s European imperial powers had
taken control of vast territories in Africa,
Asia, and Latin America
 British Empire alone ruled about ¼ of the
world’s land and population
 American’s felt it was time, prospect of new
markets and military advantages made
attractive
 Mid 1800s Manifest Destiny allowed to
move west, now wanted to move beyond
shoreline to claim distant islands
Taking Control of Hawaii
 Background
 Became interested in Hawaii in late
1800s
 2000 miles west of California
 Ideal spot for coaling stations and
naval bases for ships traveling to and
from Asia
Early Contact
 1778 Captain James Cook from Great
Britain brought Hawaii to the attention of
the outside world
 After Cook’s arrival Chief Kamehameha
united 8 islands, established monarchy
 1820s US ships began arriving with traders
and missionaries
 Many began to settle and raise crops and
sugarcane
 Foreigners brought disease, population
when from 300,000 in 1770 to 40,000 by
1893
Sugar Cane
 1. Investors in sugar industry began
increasing their control with the influx of
Americans
 4. Kalakaua became king 1874, strongly
nationalistic
 5. He resented Americans; wanted
Hawaiians back in power
 6. Negotiated treaty in 1875 allowed
Hawaiian sugar to enter US tax free – made
Hawaiian sugar cheaper than others
Plotting against the King
 1. Hawaiian League: purpose was to
overthrow the monarchy and
establish democracy in Hawaii under
our control
 3. League forced the King at gunpoint
to sign a new constitution
 5. Economy suffered a huge blow
when US revoked Sugar Treaty
End of Monarchy
 Queen Liliuokalani
 Hawaiian nationalist, do away with
Bayonet Constitution
 Business community plotted to
overthrow her
 US sent Marines to go ashore and
surround royal palace
 Surrendered January 17, 1893
Annexation
 1. To append or attach, especially to
a larger or more significant thing.
 2. To incorporate (territory) into an
existing political unit such as a
country, state, county, or city.
 3. To add or attach, as an attribute,
condition, or consequence.
Annexation
 President Cleveland ordered
investigation
 Condemned overthrow
 Dole refused to step down & Cleveland
refused to send in military
 Standstill until McKinley was elected
 1898 became American territory
 1959 became our 50th state
Influence in China
 US traveling to China since 1784
 China primarily closed to outside
influence until 1842 when Britain
forced ports to open
 1895 Japan, Russia, France, & Germany
all joined
 Sphere of Influence: geographic
area where an outside nation exerts
special economic or political control
China
 Afraid we were losing money
 Open Door Policy: give all nations
equal trading rights in China
 No one agreed or disagreed
 Hay declared it’s approval
 Boxer Rebellion: anti-foreign
sentiment grew, began attacking
foreign ministers
 Western nations came to rescue
 Realized competition among themselves
would hurt their ability to exploit China
Influence in Japan
 Pressured by US, Japan signed a
treaty in 1854 agreeing to trade
with the US
 Embarked on program of rapid
modernization
 Russo-Japanese War
 Took toll on both sides
 Roosevelt negotiated peace treaty
 Knew Japan was hungry for territory,
very little natural resources
 Great White Fleet – 43,000 mile journey
Which of the following was NOT a
reason countries imperialized?
A.Ideology
B.Economic
C.Superiority
D.Military
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Which of the following DOES NOT
describe the economic reasons
countries imperialized?
A.Raw Materials
B.National Pride
C.New Markets
D.Money
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Which of the following DOES NOT
describe the reasons countries
imperialized for military reasons?
A.Social Darwinism
B.Strategic locations for trade
C.Coaling stations
D.Military bases
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One factor that motivated U.S.
imperialism during the late 19th
and early 20th centuries was the
A. Development of closer
political ties with
European nations
B. Closing of China to all
foreign trade
C. Support of
international
peacekeeping
organizations
D. Acquisition of new
markets and sources
of raw materials
In 1898, U.S. support for Cuban independence
led to war with Spain and contributed to the
United States becoming an imperial power
What was a decisive factor in the decision to go to
war?
A. The opportunity to
annex Hawaii
B. The desire to
acquire a naval
base
C. The protection of
U.S. commerce
and trade
D. The need for a
shorter route from
the Atlantic to the
Pacific
Which of the following DOES NOT
describe the reasons for Ideological
Imperialism?
A. Social
Darwinism
B. Christianize
C. Nationalism
D. Locations
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In the 19th century, European countries claimed
that the conquest of Africa would bring the
benefits of Western civilization to that continent.
From the perspective of African peoples, the
effect was
A. Loss of political
independence
B. Fewer agricultural
products for foreign
trade
C. New national
boundaries based on
ethnic and cultural
similarities
D. Global appreciation
for African cultures
and encouragement
of their development
There was a connection between
industrial expansion and European
imperialism in the late 19th and early
20th centuries.
 Did imperialism increase or decrease as a
result of industrialization?
 Explain why this change occurred.
Starter #10: Thurs 10/14
 Read the Faces of History on page
203
 What can you infer about the goals of
Queen Liliuokalani’s movement?
 Look at the Skills Focus on page 204
 How are the foreigners depicted in
the image?
Starter #2: Monday 10/22
 Read The Inside Story on page 206
 Why did William Randolph Hearst
send Frederic Remington to Cuba?
 What would Hearst’s motivation have
been for furnishing the war in Cuba?
Simmering Unrest in Cuba
 1890s only 2 Spanish colonies
remained in Western Hemisphere
 Cuba & Puerto Rico
 Cubans wanted independence
 Leaders were exiled
 Jose Marti
 Exiled to NYC, urged Cubans to fight for
independence through articles & poetry
Americans Get War Fever
 Sympathetic to Cuban cause
 Reminded them of American Revolution
Media’s Role
 Newspapers – main source of news
 New York Journal
 William Randolph Hearst
 New York World
 Joseph Pulitzer
 Yellow Journalism
 Scandalous stories, large shocking
illustrations, sensationalist reporting
 Both papers used only Cuban sources,
huge bias
 Sold papers
De Lome Letter
 Hearst felt US should intervene in Cuba
 Sent artist to Cuba to draw pictures of
Spanish cruelty
 McKinley reluctant to get involved
 De Lome Letter
 letter from Spain’s minster to US,
intercepted, ridiculed McKinley for
being “weak and catering to the rabble”
 Journal claimed – worst insult to US in
its history
Explosion of the USS Maine
 Final Straw
 Ship sent to Havana to protect American
lives & property
 Feb 15, 1898 Maine blew up
 Killed 260 sailors
 Journal blamed Spanish
 No proof
 Historians now claim it was a fire in the
coal room
 “Remember the Maine!”
 McKinley demanded Cuba’s independence
 Declared war April 25, 1898
 Spanish American War began
Spanish-American War:
Philippines
 4 months long – fought on 2 fronts:
Cuba & Philippines
 Philippines
 Spanish Colony
 George Dewey ordered to attack once
war declared
 Page 208-209
 Battle of Manila Bay
 Easy victory, few hours, no American
lives were lost
Spanish-American War: Cuba
 Teller Amendment: “leave the
government and control of the Island
to its people”
 War conditions in Cuba were bad
 Rough Riders
 Led by Theodore Roosevelt, college
athletes, cowboys, ranchers, supposed to
be cavalry unit, horses didn’t arrive
Consequences of the War
 Spain had to give up
 Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines
 “Splendid little war” (pg. 210)
 Costs: $250 million & 2000 lives
 US moved into the ranks of
imperialist nations
 More bases for trade & navy
 Expansionists happy – but not all agreed
Annexing the Philippines
 FOR
 Duty to spread values
 “educate the Filipinos, uplift, civilize, &
Christianize”
 Located on route to China, useful to
refuel & resupply ships
 Wanted to take before Germany or Japan
did
Annexing the Philippines
 AGAINST
 Violate ideal of self-government –
the foundation of the American
system
 African Americans – “the duty of the
President and country is to reform these
crying domestic wrongs and not attempt
the civilization of alien peoples by
powder and shot”
 Open doors to more immigrants
 Hurt American workers
American Rule
 Fierce debate – Senate narrowly
approved annexation Feb 6, 1899
 Filipino nationalists infuriated
 Trade one set of rulers for another
 Trying to fight for their independence
 Emilio Aguialdo
 Led fight against US –after 3 years and
4000 US lives, he was removed from power
 Independence given to Philippines on
July 4, 1946 (pg. 212)
What was Yellow Journalism?
A. Newspapers that
were yellow
B. Exaggerated,
Sensationalized
writings
C. Journalism used
in a mediocre
way
D. Pictures taken
during wartimes
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What was the final straw for US
entry into the Spanish-American
War?
A. De Lome Letter
B. Rough Riders
C. Bombing of
Pearl Harbor
D. Sinking of the
USS Maine
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Which of the following does
NOT describe Annexation?
A. Attach
B. Add in addition
to
C. Incorporate
D. Attic
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Starter #12: Tuesday 10/19
 Read Editorial on page 208
 Whom does the Journal blame for the
deaths on the Maine?
 What suggests that the Journal is biased
against Spain?
 Read the Counterpoints on page 211
 How does each senator invoke the
Declaration of Independence in his
argument?
Starter #8: Tuesday 10/25
 Read The Inside Story on page 213
 How was naval power a “big stick”?
 The new canal would save ships
traveling between the Atlantic and
Pacific from having to go around
South America. How would this be in
the American interest?
Roosevelt & Latin America
 After War – President McKinley
set up military governments on
each island
 CUBA
 Yellow Fever, very deadly during war
 85% people infected died
 Tracked it to mosquitoes, drained
standing water
 6 months, Yellow Fever eliminated
US control over Cuba
 Platt Amendment
 limited Cuba’s ability to sign treaties with
other nations
 allowed US to intervene in Cuban affairs
 required Cuba to sell or lease land to US for
naval stations
 gave US rights to naval base at Guantanamo
Bay
 Protectorate: a country under the
control and protection of another
country
 Amendment repealed, still received
Guantanamo Bay
Governing Puerto Rico
 Governed as a territory
 Foraker Act of 1900
 Established that US would appoint Puerto
Rico’s governor and upper house of its
legislature, voters would only elect lower
house
 1917 law gave US citizenship to
Puerto Rican voters, and allowed to
vote on leaders
 1952 self-governing commonwealth of the
USA
 US still controls certain matters
The Panama Canal
 Dreamed of a faster way to move
between the Atlantic & Pacific Oceans
 50 mile wide Isthmus of Panama
 French company tried to build canal –
went bankrupt & abanonded
US Interest
 1902 US bought rights to the canal
the French started
 Secretary of State John Hay began
negotiations with Columbia to
gain permanent use of land
 1903 treaty for Canal zone written
 Colombia Senate did not ratify
Panama’s Revolt
 Panamanian revolutionaries wanted
to break free from Columbian rule
 Roosevelt supported because he
wanted the canal land
 Revolt lasted one day
 Panama declared independence
 US recognized
 Treaty was granted that gave us
complete and unending sovereignty
over a 10-mile canal zone
Building the Panama Canal
 May 1904
 Harsh working conditions, shortages
of labor, yellow fever, malaria
 2 men appointed
 One to focus on canal, the other
to improve sanitation
 Drained swamps, cleared vegetation,
spread oil, breed spiders/ants to feed on
mosquitoes
 1913 malaria almost eliminated
Panama Canal
 Col. George W. Goethals
 Genius of the Panama Canal
 Coordinate canal & living conditions
for workers
 60 giant steam shovels dug out
hundreds of train car loads of
earth each day
 44,000 workers
 August 1914 first ship – SS Ancon
Hardships Faced by Canal
Workers





Yellow fever and malaria
Accidents
Lost equipment
Extreme Heat
Estimated death toll of more than
30,000 workers
The Roosevelt Corollary
 Monroe Doctrine: 1823 declared
the Western Hemisphere off limits
to further colonization by Europe
 US wanted to protect economic interests
in Latin American
 Roosevelt Corollary
 Tough stand, without approval from any
Latin American country
 “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you
will go far.”
Roosevelt Corollary
 US pledged to use armed forces so
that the Dominican territory would
not be taken over by Europe
 US began collecting customs duties, so that
we could pay back European loans
 Roosevelt Corollary
 Successful, brought stability to region
 US’s police powers worried many Latin
American countries
Reshaping US Diplomacy
 Dollar Diplomacy: promoting
American economic interests in
other countries and using that
economic power to achieve
American policy goals (Taft)
 Bought out European loans in Latin
America
 Nicaragua Taft sent in military to calm
uprising due to our influence
 Wilson did not support policy, but
continued to use military to back our
interests
Starter #14: Thurs 10/21
 Look & Read pages 218-219
 1. What made this part of Panama a
good location for a canal?
 2. What obstacles made the canal’s
construction difficult?
Starter #15: Monday 10/25
 LAST SHEET  Quarter 1 Week 10
 Look at the map on page 216
 Which continent was most affected by
imperialism? Least affected?
 What can you infer from the map
about the effectiveness of the
Roosevelt Corollary?
Starter #16: Wednesday 10/27
 Look at Document 3 on page 225.
 What expression is shown on the
woman’s face?
 How would you describe the
cartoonist’s opinion of annexation?