Welcome Back! Grab a
Computer

Bell Ringer:
 Agenda and
Objective: Through
 1.In groups answer
homework review
your manifest destiny
questions. 10 minutes students will identify
the impact of Manifest
Destiny in Western
 2. Using the PPT on
Politics
class page, fill in
chart. This must be
completed for
Tomorrow
Bell Ringer:
What does this
picture mean in
regards to Manifest
destiny?
Who coined the
phrase?
“American Progress”
by John Gast, 1872
Chapter 18 Rising
Sectionalism
Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny
 The
spread of settlers beyond U.S.
borders led to widespread calls for
annexation of newly-settled lands
 The term “Manifest Destiny” was
1st used in 1845 by newspaper
editor John O’Sullivan, who said:
– God wants the USA (“His chosen
nation”) to become stronger
– Expansion of American
democracy & economic
opportunities were a good thing
Joseph Smith’s murder led to resettlement in
Western
Trails
Salt Lake,
Utah where Brigham Young built
a Mormon
community
The Santa
Fe Trail(“Deseret”)
allowed
the U.S. to sell goods to Texas
In 1857, Mormon Utah
became a U.S. territory &
Young was named governor
The Oregon
led to massive
immigration of
TheTrail
California
Trail allowed
western farmers
in
1840s
& demands
Joseph&
Smith
founded
the Mormon
traders
ranchers
to move
toto end the
jointChurch
U.S.-British
occupation
of
Oregon
in
1830,
but
were
persecuted
in
California in 1830s & 1840s
the East for their unorthodox beliefs
The Oregon Trail – Albert Bierstadt, 1869
Overland Immigration to the West
Between 1840 & 1860, more than
250,000 people made the trek
westward
th
19
Century US
Territorial Expansion:
Maine
Texas
Oregon
California
Maine
Canada
Territorial Expansion by
•In 1839, fighting broke
out between residents in
Maine & Canada over
the disputed Maine
border
•Webster-Ashburton
Treaty (1842):
•The U.S. received ½
the disputed land
•Established a clear
border in Maine
Mid-19th Century
Texas
Territorial Expansion by Mid-19th Century
Texas
•In 1821, Mexico
won independence
from Spain
•The new Mexican
government opted
for a free-trade
policy with USA
•Thousands of U.S.
speculators
moved to Texas
The Texas Revolution
 In the
1820s,
encouraged
“Texans”
ignored
the Mexico
Mexican ban
on slavery
U.S. immigration to Texas but
“Texans” refused
to convert
to
problems
emerged
between
Catholicism
“Anglos” & the new Mexican gov’t
–Texans never fully accepted
Mexican rules
–In 1834, Santa Anna became
dictator & was viewed as threat
“Texans” refused to pay import
to Texans’ duties
interests
 An armed rebellion broke out in
“Texans” wanted self-rule like in the
1835, led by Stephen
F. Austin
U.S.
The Republic of Texas (1836-1845)
 In
1836 Texans
declared their
independence
from Mexico &
wrote a national
constitution
 But the war for
independence
still had to be
fought
Texans were defeated at the Alamo
Texans were defeated at
Goliad
In May 1836, Santa Anna recognized
Texas’ independence & its territory to the
Rio Grande
But…Texans won at San Jacinto
& captured General Santa Anna
Davey of
Crockett’s
Last Stand
The Battle
the Alamo
General Antonio Lopez de Santa
Anna recaptures the Alamo
The Republic of Texas
 Sam Houston was the 1st
president
of the Texas’
Republic
of Texas
& asked
population
soared
fromto30,000
142,000a by
the U.S.
maketoTexas
state
1845
 Presidents Jackson & Van Buren
both refused to annex Texas (to
avoid arguments over slavery)
 Texas offered free land grants to
U.S. settlers; white families in
search of land & opportunity
moved to Texas in 1830s & 1840s
Tyler and Texas
 In
1844, President Tyler called for
the annexation of Texas:
–Tyler (Whig) & Calhoun (Dem)
created a propaganda campaign
that
England
Tyler
neededwanted
to make Texas
Texas a
campaign issue
in the election
1844
–Northern
Senators
did notoffall
because he had been kicked out of the
for itParty
& refused
to to
ratify
theto the
Whig
& hoped
appeal
treaty to annex
Texas
common
man
–Tyler was not nominated by
either party in the 1844 election
Polk & Texas Annexation
 In
1844, the Whigs nominated
Henry Clay & the Democrats
Appealed
the
nominated
JamestoPolk
South
 Polk won on expansionist platform
– Called for Texas annexation
– Called for an end to the joint
U.S.-British control of Oregon
 Polk & Congress interpreted the
Appealed
to
the
election as mandate
for
expansion
North
& Texas was quickly made a state
Mexican-American War
 Causes
of the Mexican War:
–Mexico recognized Texas’
independence & U.S.
annexation, but disagreed over
Texas’ southern border
–In May 1846, Polk sent U.S.
General Zachary Taylor beyond
the Rio Grande River which led
to the Mexican-American War
John C Fremont won
The Mexican-American
War
in California
The disputed
Zachary Taylor won
area of Texas
in northern Mexico
Stephen Kearney
captured New
Mexico
Winfield Scott
captured Mexico City
Nottoeveryone
supported
Opposition
the Mexican
War the
Mexican-American War
Whigs opposed it
Northerners saw
it as a Southern
“slave-power”
plot to extend
slavery
Ending
thegrew
Mexican
War
The Added
U.S.
20%
by
the
the Gadsdenadding
Purchase
Mexican
Cession
(present-day
NM,
 In 1848,
U.S.
& Mexico
the war
in 1853
to build
aended
southern
Utah,of
NV,
& parts
of CO
&
withAZ,
theCA,
Treaty
Guadalupe
Hidalgo:
transcontinental
railroad
WY
The Rio Grande
became the
recognized U.S.
Oregon
th Century
Oregon
Territorial Expansion by Mid-19
• U.S. & Britain
jointly occupied
Oregon (Spain
relinquished its
claims to Oregon
in the Adams-Onis
Treaty of 1819)
• Britain claimed a
greater stake of
Oregon via
Hudson Bay Co.
(fur trade)
The Oregon
Boundary
Dispute
But, the USA &
England
Oregon
residents
compromised
&
demanded
the
divided Oregon
entire
territory:
th
In 1846, President Polk notifiedalong
Britain
49that
“54º40’ or fight!”
the U.S. wanted full control
of Oregon
parallel
in 1846
Territorial Expansion by Mid-19th Century
Benefits of Oregon:
the U.S. gained its 1st
deep-water port in
the Pacific &
Northern
abolitionists saw
Oregon as a balance
to slave-state Texas
California
Territorial Expansion by Mid-19th Century
California
•In 1833, the new
Mexican gov’t
awarded land
grants to rancheros
who quickly
replaced the
missionary padres
•In 1830s, the U.S.
was eager to enter
the cowhide trade
The Bear Flag Republic
Like Texas, California operated as an independent
nation; the California Republic existed for one month
from June 1846 to July 1846 when it was annexed by
the United States
 California
settlers
used John
Fremont’s
occupation of
California
California during
became a U.S. state as part of
the Compromise of 1850
the MexicanAmerican War as
an opportunity to
revolt from
Mexico in 1846
The California Gold Rush
 The
discovery of gold in 1848 led
to a massive influx of prospectors
in 1849 (the “forty-niners”):
–Few miners struck it rich
–The real money made in CA was
in supplying miners with food,
saloons, & provisions
–The gold rush led to a population
boom, increase in agriculture, &
multicultural Californian society
Where the 49ers Came From
80%
United
States
Europe &
Asia
13%
7%
Latin
America
Conclusions:
The Costs of Expansion
The Costs of Expansion
 The impact
of territorial expansion:
–Historian Fredrick Jackson
Turner noted in the 1890s that
expansion shaped Americans
into an adventurous, optimistic,
& democratic people
–But, expansion created sectional
conflicts between the North &
South, especially over slavery
U.S. Territorial Expansion
Sectionalism: complete chart
The Beginnings of Sectionalism
 As
Americans expanded West in
the 1840s, conflicts intensified
between the North & the South
regarding the issue of slavery
 But…the existence of two strong
political parties (Democrats &
Whigs) that were both popular in
the North, South, & West helped
keep America from splitting apart
The Slave Question Reemerges
 The
Constitution gave no definite
authority to abolish slavery other
than voluntary state action
–Abolitionists knew it would be
impossible to get enough votes
to pass an amendment
outlawing slavery
–But, northerners in Congress
could forbid slavery in new states
as they were added to the Union
The Slave Question Reemerges
 The
slavery issue in the West
had been settled by the
Missouri Compromise in 1820…
 But the
newwas
states
added in the
Slavery
not entrenched
either led
territory
1840s & in
1850s
to problems:
–Texas (slave state) balanced by
Oregon (free territory)
–What about California & New
Mexico? Both were south of the
Missouri Compromise line
The Wilmot Proviso
 The
Wilmot Proviso was presented
by Northerners in 1846 to:
–Ban
allshift
blacks
(free is
& looming
slave) from
A major
in politics
involving
sectional
political
the Mexican
Cession
inparties
order to
preserve land for white farmers
–Attempt to limit the perceived
“pro-Southern” Polk presidency
 The Wilmot Proviso did not pass in
Congress but its debate revealed
sectional (not party) divisions
Activity…
 With
your neighbor, and textbook
fill out the charts that deal with
sectional events that lead to the
civil war.
 Rank in importance the event
 What were the effects felt by both
the North and South regarding
these issues?
Northern Democrats
liked it (let
The Election
of settlers
1848 decide)
 Slavery
in
the
West
was
a
key
Southern
Democrats
liked
it
Northern Whigs supported Taylor
issue
the
Election
of 1848:
(let
state
conventions
decide)
because
he in
promised
to let Congress
decide
slavery inLewis
the territories
–Democrat
Cass proposed
Free Soilers were not abolitionists;
sovereignty
allow
Southern
Whigstosupported
Theypopular
were against
the expansion
of
Taylor
because
he owned
slaves
slavery
into
the West
territorial
settlers
(not
Congress)
to decide slavery in the West
–Whig candidate Zachary Taylor
evaded the slavery issue
–The Free Soil Party was created
by Northern abolitionists who
nominated Martin Van Buren
Taylor won the election, but
Free Soilers did well in the North
The Compromise
of 1850
Reasons for Compromise of 1850
 Southerners
were mad when
Taylor proposed admitting
New Mexico & California as states
– Popular sovereignty would make
California a free state
– New Mexico had no slaves or a
climate adequate for slavery
–John C Calhoun led the
Nashville Convention to discuss
Southern secession
The
Debate
Over
Slavery
Webster: The
Calhoun: The South
North will never
accept secession
must protect slavery &
will “peacefully” secede
The Compromise of 1850
was the last debate of the
“Great Triumvirate”
Clay: We must
compromise
The Compromise of 1850
Ended the slave trade
California was
in Washington DC
admitted as a free state (but not slavery)
Taylor threatened to veto the compromise
but his death in 1850 allowed VP Millard
Fillmore to sign the Compromise of 1850
Popular sovereignty
would decide slavery in
Utah & New Mexico
A stronger Fugitive
Slave Law was
created to appease
the South
Political Upheaval &
the Rise of Sectional
Political Parties
The Party System in Crisis
 With
slavery (temporarily) under
wraps, the parties needed new
issues for the election of 1852:
–Whigs nominated Mexican War
general Winfield Scott; Whigs
had difficulty finding an issue
–Democrats nominated Franklin
Pierce, claimed credit for national
prosperity, & promised to defend
the Compromise of 1850
The Election of 1852
By 1852, the Whig Party was in trouble
Had no significant platform issues
Had difficulty appealing to
voters in the North & South
Southern Whigs were angry
over the dominance of the
anti-slave Whig faction
The Know-Nothing Party
 The
collapse of the Whigs allowed
for the rise of the “Know-Nothings”
(the American Party)
–Fueled by nativism & a desire to
reduce immigrant influence
–Hoped to strengthen the
naturalization process to
decrease immigrant voting
 Appealed to ex-Democrats,
ex-Whigs, & industrial workers
The Know-Nothing Party
 In
1854, the American Party took
control of state legislatures in New
England, Maryland, Kentucky, &
Texas; seemed on the verge of
challenging the Democratic Party
 But, by 1856 the Know-Nothings
collapsed due to a lack of
experienced leadership & had no
response to slavery (which was
the REAL issue in America)
Shift in Party Power 1852-1855
The KansasNebraska Act
The Kansas-Nebraska Act
 In
1854, Democrat Stephen
Douglas hoped to organize the
Kansas & Nebraska territories
with
the
Kansas-Nebraska
Act:
Northern abolitionists were outraged
–because
The Missouri
Compromise
line
it allowed
slavery in an area
where
slavery was&already
prohibited
was repealed
popular
sovereignty was applied to
slavery in Kansas & Nebraska
– Many Northerners were now
convinced that compromise with
the South was impossible
Coalition
of
Whigs,
Northern
Democrats,
&
The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854
Free-Soilers formed the Republican Party;
became exclusively Northern by 1856
The Kansas-Nebraska Act changed
American politics & increased sectionalism
Southern Whigs defected to the
Democratic Party which became an
exclusively Southern party
The Rise of the Republicans
 The
Republican Party appealed to
Northerners:
–Believed in “free soil” & fought
against a “slave power” scheme
–Vowed to protect free white
workers & boost the economy
–Made up of seasoned politicians
who effectively built up the
power of the party by 1856
The Shift to Sectional
Political Parties
Watch American party politics become
sectional, rather than national, from
1848 to 1860
In 1848, both parties have
national appeal
In the election of 1852,
both parties have national appeal
Look at the Republicans in the North
& the Democrats in the South by 1856!
By 1860, the Republicans elected Lincoln
without even campaigning in the South!
Conclusions
 American
politics experienced a
significant change in the late
antebellum era (1800 to 1860):
–In the early antebellum era,
sectional rivalries were evident but
national parties kept the U.S. united
–In the 1840s & 1850s, westward
expansion forced the North & South
to protect their regional values
against an unseen conspiracy
Chapter 18 and 19 The
Nation Divided (18561860)
Dred
Scott
The
Lecompton
Political
Upheaval
in
the
1850s
decision in 1857 Controversy in 1857
John
Brown’ssectional
raid on
Lincoln-Douglas
 Manifest Destiny
intensified
Harper’s
Ferry
in
1859
debates
in
1858
differences between the North & the
Impending
Crisis
Lincoln’s
election
South regarding
slavery
in the
1840s
18591850s
in 1860
&in
early
 But…the
sectional quarrel
between
The Mexican
Texas & Oregon
Cession
in 1848
the
the South
became
in North
1845 && 1846
“irreconcilable”
in
the
mid-1850s,
Popular
sovereignty
The
& the
Kansasespecially
under
Buchanan
Compromise
of James
Nebraska Act in 1854
(1857-1860)
1850
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)
 Harriet
Beecher Stowe’s account
of slavery became the best selling
book of the 19th century:
–Uncle Tom’ Cabin depicted the
harsh reality of slavery
–The book became a vital
Lincoln said to
Beecher
Stowe in 1861,
antislavery
tool
among
“So you're the little woman who wrote the
book that made this great war!”
abolitionists
“Bleeding Kansas” (1854-1858)
 The
Kansas-Nebraska
Act (1854)
Pro-slavery
residents created
Kansas’
firstpopular
territorial
legislature
proposed
sovereignty
& wrote laws protecting slavery
–The vote to determine slavery in
Free soilers
created
Kansas
turned
into aa rival
bloody
territorial gov’t that was not
small-scale
war
recognizedcivil
by President
–RepublicansPierce
benefited from the
fighting by using “Bleeding Kansas”
propaganda to support their antislave cause
ThisThousands
incident became
known as
of pro-slavery
“Bleeding
Kansas”
Missouri
residents
crossed
the border & voted for
slavery
The vote revealed a pro-slavery victory
which led to a violent civil war in
Kansas
Free-soilers from Kansas
voted against slavery
“Bleeding Sumner”
SC Senator Preston Brooks beat Senator
Charles Sumner because of a speech
Sumner had made criticizing President
Pierce & Southerners who supported the
pro-slavery violence in Kansas
Sectionalism in Election of 1856
1856 was the first clearly sectional
presidential election in U.S. history
– Republican John C. Frémont
campaigned only in free states
– Know-Nothing Fillmore called for
sectional compromise
– Democrat James Buchanan endorsed
popular sovereignty & the Compromise
of 1850
 Buchanan beat Frémont in the North &
beat Fillmore in the South

Southerners
were
relieved
by
the
The Election
of
1856
victory but were threatened by the
existence of a party devoted to ending
slavery
Northerners realized that the
free-states had a large majority in
the Electoral College so a
Republican could become
president by only campaigning in
the North
wasCase
Missouri
slave
TheDred
DredScott
Scott
(1857)
transported to Wisconsin where slavery
was
outlawed;
Scott argued
he should
be

When
Buchanan
was
elected,
he
This
ruling
strengthened
the
free
wanted the Supreme Court to resolve the
Republican
fear
of
a
“slave
power
slavery question
conspiracy”in all branches of the U.S.
 In Dred
Scott v.toSanford
(1857),Court,
Taney &
According
the
Supreme
gov’t
theCongress
Supreme can
Court
ruled:
not
prohibit slavery
– Dred
Scottthe
hadgovernment
no right to sue
because
because
cannot
blacks
are nottheir
citizens
deny
citizens
right to property
– Congress had (slaves)
no authority to prohibit
slavery in western territories so the
Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional
The Lecompton Controversy
Republicans
were
enraged
 In 1857, Kansas held an election for
over
President
Buchanan’s
delegates to write a constitution & apply for
attempt to “force” slavery
statehood
upon Kansas
◦ A rigged election led to a pro-slavery
Lecompton
Constitution
Douglas
viewed
this as a perversion of
popular
sovereignty
& opposed
◦ Buchanan
tried to push
Kansas’ Southern
Democrats
admission through
despite the fraud but
Congress refused
◦ Kansas was made a free territory, not a
slave state
Lincoln
that popular sovereignty
The argued
Lincoln-Douglas
Debates is
wrongisbecause
it supports
spread
ofbut
Slavery
an acceptable
evil the
in the
South
 Democrat
Stephen
Douglas
ranwhere
slavery
it
must
be
kept
out
of
territories
Douglas
accused
Lincoln
of
favoring
racial
against
Republican
Abraham
Lincoln
slavery
is
not
protected
by
the
Constitution
equality & a radical plan to extinguish
for thethat
1858
Illinois
Senate
slavery
would
force
the U.S. into a civil
 In these Lincoln-Douglas
debates:
war
Lincoln lost the election, but the debates gained him a
national reputation & reaffirmed the Republicans’
uncompromising commitment to the free-soil position
“A house divided against
itself cannot stand.
I believe this government
cannot endure, permanently
half slave and half free.”
—Abraham Lincoln, 1858
The South's Crisis of Fear
 Two
events in 1859 increased
Southern fears of North:
 John
Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry, VA;
he & 18 men planned to end slavery in the
South by leading slave insurrections:
◦ Brown was caught & executed, but he
was perceived by many in the North to be
a martyr
◦ Witch-hunts, vigilante groups, & talk of
secession grew in South
John Brown:
John Brown’s Body
Northern Martyr orJohn
Southern
Brown'sVillain?
body lies
John Brown the
martyr
a-mouldering in the
grave,
John Brown's body lies
a-mouldering in the
grave,
But his soul goes
marching on
Glory, glory, hallelujah,
Glory, glory, hallelujah,
His soul goes marching
on
The South's Crisis of Fear

Hinton Helper’s Impending Crisis
of the South in 1859:
– Helper was a white southerner who
argued that slavery hurt the South &
small farmers
– Southerners saw the book as a plot to
rally yeoman against the elite & end
slavery
The Election of 1860

The election of 1860 was the final straw for the
South
 Republicans nominated Lincoln:
– Illinois was a crucial swing-state
– Lincoln was seen as a self-made man who
represented equality
– His platform of high tariffs for industry, free
homesteads in the West, transcontinental
railroad widened the party’s appeal
The Election of 1860
 Democrats
were fatally split:
◦ Northern Democrats nominated Stephen
Douglas who ran on a platform of popular
sovereignty
◦ Southern Democrats nominated John
Breckenridge who swore to protect
slavery in the West
 Ex-Whigs
& Know-Nothings formed the
Constitutional Union Party & ran John Bell
on a compromise platform
TheThe
1860Election
Election:of
A Nation
Coming
Apart
1860
North: Abraham
Lincoln vs. Stephen
Douglass
 During election, 4 nominees ran:
–Republicans
Competed
in North
–Douglas Democrats
–“Southern Rights Dems
Competed
–Constitutional Unionists
in South
South: Breckenridge
vs. Bell
The Election of 1860
Lincoln won & the South immediately
launched a campaign for secession from the
Union
Explaining the Crisis
 The
most significant underlying cause of
the Civil War was slavery; slavery (more
so than economic differences) divided the
U.S. into 2 irreconcilable factions
 The
North & South argued for two very
different ideals of liberty & independence
but by the 1850s, the sectional ideologies
made any form of compromise impossible
Class Discussion:
 What
was the most important
causes of the Civil War??