Chapter 17
The Tide of War Turns
1863-1865
I. The Emancipation Proclamation
A. Find Out
1. The reasons for the call for
emancipation
2. The significance of the Emancipation
Proclamation
3. The response to the Proclamation
4. The Role of African-American soldiers
in the war
B.
Calls for Emancipation
1. Abolitionists urged Lincoln to free all
enslaved persons
2. Frederick Douglas
a. Moral and practical reasons
b. Make war a war against slavery
3. Lincoln criticized for being too
cautious
4. Feared Constitution didn’t give power
to emancipate slaves (1)
5. Did not want to anger four border states
(1)
Frederick Douglas, an escaped slave,
was a strong voice for abolition for
many years before the Civil War. He
urged Lincoln to free all slaves on
moral as well as practical reasons.
Lincoln did not want to anger the
border states nor divide the nation any
further. Douglas wanted Lincoln to
make the war a war against slavery.
“If I could save the Union without freeing
any slave, I would do it. If I could save it by
freeing all the slaves, I would do it; and if I
could save it by freeing some and leaving
others alone, I would also do that.”
A. Lincoln
Lincoln decided in the summer of 1862 to emancipate slaves in the
Confederacy, hoping it would weaken the South. After the Union
victory at Antietam, Lincoln decided to act
C. The Emancipation Proclamation
1. Lincoln’s first priority was always to
preserve the union (2)
2. January 1, 1863
3. Freed very few slaves
4. Lincoln thought it would weaken the
South but wanted to wait until North was
in a position of strength (3)
5. Symbolic measure
6. Civil War became a war to preserve the
Union AND to free slaves
Emancipation’s Affect on
South’s Ability to fight the War
• Southerners had a dependence on slave labor
• It freed all slaves in Confederate territory and
had a tremendous impact on the public, but
freed very few slaves. (4)
• Some slaves did provide labor for Confederate
army but are not allowed to serve which freed up
more whites to serve in the army
• Not having slaves would make it difficult to provide
food for troops as well as civilians
• Lincoln only freed slaves in South because he saw
it as a military action and wasn’t sure if Constitution
gave him power. (5)
D.
Response to the Proclamation
1. Abolitionist were
thrilled
2. People in the North were angered
because they didn’t feel it went far
enough. Wanted all slaves freed,
including border states. No. Democrats
thought it would prolong the war. (6)
3. Most Union soldiers
welcomed it because it gave them a
reason to fight. (7)
4. White southerners
reacted with rage because slaves ran
away and joined the Union army. (7)
E.
African-American Soldiers
1. Emancipation Proclamation declared that
African-Americans would be welcomed
in armed services, and so they rushed to
enlist (8)
2. Frederick Douglas argued for recruitment
3. 180,000 Black soldiers served
4. All Black regiments with white officers (9)
5. Given worst jobs and paid less (9)
F.
The 54th Massachusetts
1. Fought without pay
(10)
2. Most famous black
regiment in War
(10)
3. July 1863, led a
heroic attack on Fort
Wagner in South
Carolina (10)
4. African-American
soldiers were
usually shot or sent to
slavery if captured
A. Analyzing Causes and Recognizing Effects As you read
this section, use the
boxes labeled Causes to explain why President Lincoln issued the Emancipation
Proclamation. Use the boxes labeled Effects to record the results of the proclamation.
Causes
It would weaken the South.
The North won a victory at
Antietam, giving them a
position of strength.
Effects
Emancipation
Proclamation
The proclamation only
Freed slaves in rebellion
against the U.S. It gave Union
soldiers a reason to fight. It
brought thousands of AfricanAmericans into the Union
army.
B. Identifying Opinions Use the chart below to record the different reactions to the Emancipation Proclamation.
Emancipation Proclamation
Group
Response
Abolitionists
They were thrilled by the proclamation.
They felt Lincoln should have freed all slaves,
not just those in the South.
Northern Democrats
Most were angered over the proclamation.
They felt it would prolong the war by angering
the South.
Union Soldiers
Most soldiers welcomed the proclamation.
They felt it would weaken the South, and it
gave them a reason to fight on.
White Southerners
They were enraged by the proclamation.
Slaves began running away which deprived
them of their labor.
Black Southerners
They welcomed the proclamation
Many left plantations to join the Union army.
C. Solving Problems After the North began recruiting African-American soldiers into
its army, Union officials wanted to pay black soldiers less than white soldiers. On the
back of this paper, briefly explain the response of the 54 th Massachusetts Regiment
to this plan.
Members of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment refused to accept their lower pay,
which was to be less than the white soldiers were paid. They decided they
would fight for the Union for no pay rather than lower pay.
II.
War Affects Society
A. Find Out
1. The discontent with the war
2. Anger over the draft laws
3. The economic effects of the war
4. How women aided the war effort and
conditions in Northern and Southern
prison camps
B. Disagreements About the War
1. South
a. Confederate soldiers leave army
b. Lost 40% of army by end of 1863 (1)
c. Many were deserters
d. Southern states didn’t coordinate war
effort. Each state acted independently (2)
2. North
a. Copperheads were northerners who
favored peace with the South (3)
b. Lincoln had protestors arrested (3)
c. Suspended writ of habeas corpus, preventing
the government from holding them without a
trial (3)
C. The Draft Laws
1. South
a. Able bodied men 18-45
b. Planters who owned 20 or more slaves
were exempt (4)
c. Could hire substitutes for up to $6000 (4)
d. “A rich man’s war but a poor man’s
fight”
2. Both sides passed laws of
conscription(5 Similar)
3. Both sides could hire substitutes (5 Similar)
4. North offered bounties of up to $300 but South
didn’t offer bounties (5 Different)
4. Draft was unpopular
5. New York City Draft riots took place in
1863 for four days
D. Economic Effects of the War
1. Both sides experienced economic
hardships
2. Food shortages in South (6)
3. Inflation in South (6)
4. ST-War production fueled Northern
industry and fueled Northern economy giving
North an advantage (7)
5. LT-Industry replaced farming as basis for
national economy(7)
6. Income tax laws
7. Issued greenbacks in North
Paper money called
greenbacks, because of its
green color, was printed by the
U.S. government during the
Civil War. The new currency
helped the Northern economy
by ensuring that people had
money to spend. It also help
the Union pay for the war.
New York City Draft Riots
The New York City
Draft Riots occurred
from July 13-16, 1863.
Most of the protesting
came from
overwhelmingly
working class men,
resentful because they
believed the draft
unfairly affected them
while sparing wealthier
men who could pay to
exclude themselves
from the war. Lincoln
eventually had to bring
in troops to end the
violence.
E. Resistance by Slaves
1. Slaves slowed pace of work or stopped (8)
2. Sabotaged crops and farm equipment (8)
3. Waited for Union army to free them
instead of going with planters (8)
4. Some rebelled or ran away
5. Many joined Union army (8)
F. Women Aid War Effort
1. Plowed fields and ran farms (9)
2. Worked front lines as volunteers, nurses,
washing clothes, gathering supplies, and
cooking (9)
Famous Civil War Women
Clara Barton was trained
as a teacher but worked as
a nurse during the Civil War.
After the war, she founded the
American Red Cross.
Belle Boyd was a confederate spy who
was arrested six times by the Union
army.
Dorothea Dix
worked as a
nurse during
the war. By
the end of the
war, over 3000
nurses
trained under
her
leadership.
G. Civil War Prison Camps
1. Extreme Conditions
2. North-24% of 12,121 prisoners died in Elmira,
NY,during just one winter (10 North)
3. Andersonville, GA
a. Housed 33,000 but built for 10,000
(10South)
b. Little shelter from heat or cold (10 South)
c. Slept in holes scratched in dirt (10 South)
d. Drinking water came from creek that
served as a sewer (10 South)
e. 100 men a day died from starvation,
disease, and exposure (10 South)
Andersonville, GA, Prison Camp
Civil War prisoners
suffered terrible hardships,
but one of the worst was
starvation. This soldier
was found at
Andersonville in Georgia, a
Confederate prison camp.
A. Categorizing As you read this section, take notes about the different economic,
social, and political changes that the Civil War brought about in the United States.
Civil War
Economic Changes
1. Food shortages were very common in the South
because food couldn’t get to the market as trains were
used to carry war materials or were seized by the Union
army.
2. Inflation increased prices 9,000% in the South but also
caused higher prices in the North.
3. Industry began to replace farming as a basis of the
national economy in the North because war production
boosted Northern industry.
4. An income tax law was passed in 1861.
Social and Political Changes
1. Slaves began to rebel or refuse to work.
2. Many slaves fled plantation and joined the Union lines.
3. Women began doing jobs previously done by men.
4. Women served in the front lines as workers and nurses
or as spies.
5. Nursing became a respectable profession.
B. Summarizing As you read about Civil War prison camps, make a list of the
conditions faced by prisoners in both the North and the South.
Conditions at Civil War Prison Camps
At Elmira, NY, prisoners from the South faced sickness and exposure to severe
weather-24% died in one year.
Anderson, GA, housed 33,000 Northerners but was built for only 10,000.
Inmates had little shelter from heat or cold and slept in holes scratched in the
dirt. Drinking water came from the same creek that served as a sewer. As many
as 100 men died per day at Andersonville from starvation, disease, and
exposure.
As many as 50,000 men died in Civil War prison camps.
People who saw the prison camps were shocked at the condition of the soldiers
after they returned from the war.
C. Analyzing Points of View
On the back of this paper, briefly explain why many
soldiers called the Civil War “a rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight.”
In both the North and the South, it was possible for wealthy individuals to avoid war by
paying for substitutes. By the end of the war, substitutes were costing up to $6000.
The South had exemptions for slaveholders who owned 20 or more slaves that kept
wealthy plantation owners from serving.
III. The North Wins
A. Find Out
1. The Importance of the Battle of
Gettysburg
2. The Importance of the Siege of
Vicksburg and Sherman’s March to the
Coast
3. The Virginia Campaign to Appomattox
4. The Surrender of Appomattox
B. The North Wins
1. September 1862–Battle of Antietam
2. McClellan didn’t finish Lee
3. Lincoln replaced McClellan with Burnside
4. December 1862–Battle of Fredericksburg
5. Burnside lost 12,600 men after attacking
Confederates who had dug trenches
6. Gen. Hooker replaced Burnside with
another Union disaster in May 1863 at
Chancellorsville, VA
7. Jackson’s death costly for South
8. Lee decides to invade North again
Battle of Fredericksburg
• After Antietam McClellan took a defensive position in
case Lee invaded the North again
• Lincoln ordered him to pursue Lee into Virginia and
either battle the enemy or drive him south while roads
were still good (Oct. 6)
• McClellan waited 24 days to obey orders
• Lincoln replaced McClellan on Nov. 5 with General
Burnside
• Union-120,000 troops Confederates-80,000
• After heaving fighting and over 12,000 casualties the
Union retreated
General Ambrose Burnside
replaced Gen. George B.
McClellan on Nov. 5, 1862, as
Commander of the Army of
the Potomac even though he
didn’t want the position. After
a horrible defeat at
Fredericksburg in December
of 1862, Lincoln replaced him
with Gen. Joseph Hooker.
Burnside is known more for
the term “sideburns” which
was taken from his facial
whiskers in the 19th century
known as “burnsides.”
Chancellorsville
• May 2-4, 1863, General Hooker crossed the Rappahannock
River near Fredericksburg
• Took a strong defensive position near Chancellorsville, 10 miles
west of Fredericksburg
• Lee attacked Hooker’s force
• Stonewall Jackson led the Confederates on a brilliant 15 miles
flanking move on the Union right but was shot in the left arm
that night by his own men
• Union forces were driven back over the next two days and
retreated
• Considered Lee’s greatest victory
TJ (Stonewall) Jackson was
mortally wounded by his own men
following the first day of the Battle
of Chancellorsville. Jackson
passed through his own lines and
was shot in the arm by
Confederate soldiers who didn’t
realize Jackson was passing
through.
Jackson had his left arm
amputated but died of pneumonia
several days later. General Lee
said, “He has lost his left arm, I
have lost my right arm .” Lee
again decided to invade the North.
C. The Battle of Gettysburg
1. Lee crossed into Southern Penn. in June
of 1863
2. Hoped to fuel Northern discontent with war (1)
3. Also hoped for European nations to recognize the
Confederacy and aid them (1)
4. Shoe factory in Gettysburg (1)
5. July 1 forces collided
6. Three day battle
7. 90,000 Union troops under Gen. Meade
8. 75,000 Confederate under Lee
9. Turning point of battle was “Pickett’s
Charge” with 13,000 men
10. North failed to finish Lee’s army again
11. 23,000 Union casualties; 28,000 Confed.
12. Lee retreats to Virginia
First
Day
Second
Day
Third Day
In November of 1863,
President Lincoln was
asked to speak at a
dedication for the first
national cemetery in
the nation’s history.
His Gettysburg
Address is one of the
most famous
speeches in US
history, lasting only 2
minutes.
" Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this
continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the
proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a
great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived
and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of
that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final
resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might
live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a
larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot
hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled
here have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract.
The world will little note, nor long remember, what we say here, but it
can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be
dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here
have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated
to the great task remaining before us, that from these honored dead we
take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full
measure of devotion, that we here highly resolve that these dead shall
not have died in vain, that this nation, under God, shall have a new
birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for
the people, shall not perish from the earth."
General George Pickett lead the Confederate charge from
Seminary Ridge to the Union positions at Cemetery Ridge.
Pickett took 13,000 men straight at the Union center across an
open field. Union soldiers bombarded the Confederates with
cannon and rifle fire. (2) “Pickett’s Charge” turned out to be
the turning point of the battle and the war. Gen. Lee lost 1/3 of
his men, crushing his hopes for a Confederate victory in the
North. Lee was forced to retreat back to Virginia. (3)
D. The Siege of Vicksburg
1. July 4, 1863 (Day after Pickett’s Charge)
2. Last Confederate stronghold on Miss. R.
3. Began attacks in May
4. Settled for long siege by surrounding
city and preventing supplies from getting
in
5. Ate mules, dogs, and rats (4)
6. Surrendered after month and a half
7. Fulfilled big part of Anaconda Plan, giving
North complete control of the Mississippi
River (5)
8. Tide of war turned for North
The Siege of Vicksburg
The Siege and Battle of Vicksburg lasted from May 18,1863 to July
4, 1863. The Union army had completely surrounded the city,
causing the Confederates in the city to finally surrender as
starvation set in.
E. Sherman’s Total War
1. General Grant promoted to commander
of Union forces in March 1864
2. Pursue Lee in Virginia while Sherman
pushed through deep South
3. Sherman took Atlanta in September 1864
4. Path of destruction to Savannah 60 miles
wide and 300 miles long
5. Waged total war on South or war against
everything that supports the enemy. His troops
tore up railroad, destroyed crops, and burned
and looted towns (6)
6. Lincoln was running for re-election and
Sherman’s victories helped Lincoln win (7)
Sherman’s March to the Sea
General William Tecumseh Sherman waged total war on the South as he
marched through Georgia in the fall of 1864. He destroyed anything that
helped support the South’s war efforts during his campaign.
G. Grant’s Virginia Campaign
1. Sherman began to move north through
Carolinas
2. Grant moved south toward Richmond to
capture the Confederate capital (8)
3. Battle of the Wilderness in May 1864
Grant loses 17,000 men but fights on (9)
4. Spotsylvania and Cold Harbor in June
Grant lost 7,000 (9)
5. June of 1864 Grant arrived at Petersburg
to the south of Richmond (9)
6. Dug trenches and settled in for siege
7. Lee retreated from Richmond
8. Richmond captured on April 3, 1865
H. Surrender at Appomattax
1. Grant followed Lee from Richmond
2. Lee wanted to continue fighting but knew
the situation was hopeless
3. April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered at a small
Virginia town called Appomattox
Courthouse (10)
4. Generous terms of surrender offered
On April 9,1865, General Lee
surrendered to General Grant at
the little Virginia town of
Appomattox Courthouse.
Generous terms of surrender
were offered as Confederate
soldiers were allowed to keep all
of their personal possessions
and a horse to use for the spring
planting. (11) Grant also fed
hungry soldiers and allowed
them to return home. After 4 long
years, the Civil War was finally
over.
A. Sequencing Events As you read this section, record the major events of the Civil War
between Antietam and the surrender at Appomattox.
1862
September 1862: McClellan stops Lee’s Forces at the Battle of Antietam
December 1862: Confederate Troops dug trenches and defeated Union at Battle of Fredricksburg,VA –
12,600 Union casualties
May 1863: Chancellorsville, VA. Confederate troops with ½ as many men as Union cuts Union into
pieces. Stonewall Jackson shot by own men.
July 2-4, 1863: Battle of Gettysburg raged for 3 days. North lost 23,000 men & South lost 28,000.
July 4, 1863: Union captures Vicksburg
March 1864: Grant named commander of Union forces
May 1864: Battle of Wilderness
June 13, 1864: Battle of Cold Harbor – 7,000 Union casualties
September 1864: Sherman takes Atlanta
December 1864: Sherman took Savannah, GA
April 3, 1865: Union forces take Richmond
April 9, 1865: Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court House, VA.
1866
B. Recognizing Effects Use the chart below to record the most important effects of the Union
successes at Gettysburg and Vicksburg in July 1863.
Union Successes at Gettysburg and Vicksburg
Tide turns in favor of North
1/3 of Lee’s army killed or
wounded
Lincoln found a general
who would fight
Britain gives up thoughts of
helping South
Heavy Union casualties
Anaconda Plan fulfilled
C. Making Inferences On the back of this paper, briefly explain how the following are
related.
William Tecumseh Sherman
total war
1864 Reelection of Lincoln
William Tecumseh Sherman was a Union general who waged total war in the deep South.
Sherman’s success in the South, called Sherman’s March to the Sea, and his capture of
Atlanta led directly to Lincoln winning the election of 1864 and being reelected to the
presidency.
IV. The Legacy of the War
A.
Find Out
1. The economic, physical, and
emotional costs of the Civil War
2. The significance of the Thirteenth
Amendment
3. The events related to President
Lincoln’s assassination
4. The consequences of the Civil War
B. Costs of the War
1. Lincoln wants to heal the nation’s wounds and
bring the North and South back together. He
offers generous terms of surrender. (1)
2. 620,000 soldiers died (2)
a. 360,000 Union
b. 260,000 Confederate
3. Number wounded (2)
a. 275,000 Union
b. 260,000 Confederate
4. 3,000,000 served in both armies-10%
of population
5. Economic costs were severe with the North and the
South spending 5 times the amount spent in the
previous 8 decades (3)
C. The Thirteenth Amendment
1. Union soldiers had been freeing slaves
on plantations
2. Slaves in border states not freed
3. Thirteenth Amendment passed Congress
in January of 1865
4. Must be ratified by states
5. Finally ratified by December of 1865
6. 8 Southern states voted for the
Amendment
D. Lincoln’s Assassination
1. 5 days after Lee’s surrender on April 14,
1865 (4)
2. Went to see play “Our American Cousin”
at Ford’s Theater in Washington, D.C. (4)
3. Shot in back of the head by John Wilkes
Booth, a famous actor (4)
4. Secretary of State Seward stabbed
5. VP Johnson supposed to be killed
6. Booth captured and killed
7. Lincoln died the next morning on
April 15, 1865
8. Stunned the nation and caused intense
grief. The whole Country mourned. (5)
E. Consequences of the War
1. Changed how people viewed nation in
the North (6)
2. Saw U.S. as a single nation instead of a
collection of states (6)
3. Caused national government to expand
and become more powerful
4. Established federal banking system,
funded railroads, gave away Western
land, and provided for state colleges
5. Northern economy changed
6. Industry began to replace farming
(7 North)
7. Economic disaster in South
8. Farms and plantations destroyed
(7 South)
9. Lost 40% of livestock (7 South)
10. 50% of farm machinery wrecked
(7 South)
11. Factories demolished (7 South)
12. Railroad tracks torn up (7 South)
13. Labor system abolished (7 South)
14. Economic effects lasted for decades
Other Challenges
• How would the South be brought back into
the nation (8)
• How would 4 million former slaves be
integrated into national life (8)
A. Comparing and contrasting As you read this section, compare and contrast the
human costs of the Civil War in the North and the South
Northern Soldiers
Southern Soldiers
All Soldiers
360,000
260,000
620,000
275,000
260,000
535,000
Killed
Wounded
B. Finding Main Ideas In the boxes below, write a short paragraph explaining the
significance of each event
Passage of the thirteenth Amendment
Because the Emancipation Proclamation
left many people enslaved, President
Lincoln urged Congress to pass a
Constitutional Amendment to end
slavery entirely. By the end of 1865, the
Thirteenth Amendment was ratified, and
slavery was banned everywhere in the
U.S.
Assassination of President Lincoln
Lincoln’s murder stunned the nation and
caused intense grief. The loss of
Lincoln’s vast experience and great
political skills was a terrible setback for a
people faced by a challenge of rebuilding
the nation.
C. Drawing Conclusions On the back of this sheet of paper, briefly explain the economic
consequences of the Civil War in the South