CHAPTER
11
The Civil War
Overview
Time Lines
SECTION
1 The Civil War Begins
SECTION
2 The Politics of War
SECTION
SECTION
3
4
SECTION
5
Life During Wartime
The North Takes Charge
The Legacy of the War
Chapter Assessment
Transparencies

CHAPTER
11
The Civil War
“Whatever may be the result of the contest, I foresee that the country will have to pass through a terrible ordeal . . . for our national sins.”
General Robert E. Lee
THEMES IN CHAPTER 11
Constitutional Concerns
Economic Opportunity
Science and Technology
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CHAPTER
11
The Civil War
“Whatever may be the result of the contest, I foresee that the country will have to pass through a terrible ordeal . . . for our national sins.”
General Robert E. Lee
• What do you already know about the Civil
War? Why did Americans choose sides and fight one another?
Read the quote above and answer the following:
• What is Lee’s vision of events to follow?
• What do you think he considers to be “our national sins”?
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CHAPTER
11
Time Line
April 1861 Fort Sumter is taken by Confederates.
July 1861 Union loses at Bull Run.
April 1862 Union avoids defeat at Shiloh.
September 1862 Antietam results in huge casualties.
Lincoln issues the preliminary
Emancipation Proclamation.
January 1863 The Emancipation Proclamation takes effect.
July 1863 The Union wins at Gettysburg and
Vicksburg .
1865 Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox.
Lincoln is assassinated.
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CHAPTER
11
Time Line
February 1861 Victor Emmanuel II’s Kingdom of
Italy is inaugurated.
March 1861 Serfs in Russia are emancipated by
Alexander II.
September 1862 Otto von Bismarck is named minister-president of Prussia.
June 1863 Shir ‘Ali Khan becomes amir of
Afghanistan.
June 1864 Maximilian of Austria becomes the new emperor of Mexico.
July 1864 Taiping Rebellion in China ends with the fall of Nanjing.
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SECTION
1 The Civil War Begins
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Learn About the military strategies and actions of the first two years of the Civil War.
To Understand how the war became a more prolonged, deadly conflict than anyone had predicted.

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1 The Civil War Begins
Key Idea
The secession of Southern states causes the
North and South to take up arms.
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SECTION
1 The Civil War Begins
Section 1 Assessment
SUMMARIZING
What are some newspaper headlines that summarize the key
Civil War battles fought in 1861 and 1862?
Month
• April
• July
Month
• February
• April
• September
1861
Headline
• Confederates Shell Ft. Sumter –War
• Confederate Triumph at Bull Run
1862
Headline
• Grant Beats Back Attack at Shiloh –
Farragut Seizes New Orleans
• Grant’s Forces Capture Fort Henry and Fort Donelson
• McClellan Falters After Victory at Antietam
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SECTION
1 The Civil War Begins
Section 1 Assessment
HYPOTHESIZING
What if Virginia had not seceded from the Union in 1861?
Speculate on how this might have affected the course of the war.
THINK ABOUT
• Virginia’s influence on other Southern states
• Virginia’s location and its human and material resources
• how the North’s military strategy might have been different
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SECTION
1 The Civil War Begins
Section 1 Assessment
DRAWING CONCLUSIONS
What were General McClellan’s major tactical errors?
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THINK ABOUT
• the North’s and South’s military strategies
• the outcome of the Seven Days’ Battles and the Second
Battle of Bull Run
• events at the Battle of Antietam

SECTION
2 The Politics of War
Learn About the political issues that arose during the Civil War.
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To Understand how divided Americans were over the course and purpose of the war.

SECTION
2 The Politics of War
Key Idea
President Lincoln issues the Emancipation
Proclamation and makes slavery the focus of the war.
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SECTION
2 The Politics of War
Section 2 Assessment
SUMMARIZING
What were some of the political measures President Lincoln took to solve the problems his administration faced?
Slavery
Issued the Emancipation
Proclamation
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Dissent
Shortage of soldiers
Suspended the writ of habeas corpus
Spurred Union to adopt draft laws

SECTION
2 The Politics of War
Section 2 Assessment
FORMING OPINIONS
Do you think that Lincoln’s measures to deal with disloyalty and dissent represented an abuse of power?
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THINK ABOUT
• conditions of wartime versus peacetime
• Lincoln’s primary goal
• Supreme Court Justice Roger Taney’s view of
Lincoln’s powers

SECTION
2 The Politics of War
Section 2 Assessment
ANALYZING ISSUES
Why might the Emancipation Proclamation be considered a turning point of the Civil War?
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THINK ABOUT
• how the Emancipation Proclamation redefined the purpose of the war
• the Proclamation as a political maneuver
• the Proclamation’s effect on military action

SECTION
3 Life During Wartime
Learn About the wartime experiences of civilians, soldiers, and
African Americans.
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To Understand the social and economic changes created by the Civil
War.

SECTION
3 Life During Wartime
Key Idea
The war creates social and economic changes as people struggle with the loss of family members, property destruction, and the impending end of slavery.
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3 Life During Wartime
Section 3
3
Assessment
SUMMARIZING
What economic changes occurred in the North and South as a result of the Civil War?
NORTH
ECONOMIC CHANGES
SOUTH
• expansion of many industries
• increase in labor-saving machines
• lower wages for white male industrial workers
• decline in standard of living
• more employment opportunities for women
• rampant inflation
• decline of the plantation system
• shortage of food and other items
• more employment opportunities for women
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3 Life During Wartime
Section 3 Assessment
3
COMPARING AND CONTRASTING
What effects did the Civil War have on women and African
Americans?
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THINK ABOUT
• new opportunities in both the North and the South
• discriminatory practices that persisted for both groups

SECTION
3 Life During Wartime
Section 3 Assessment
SYNTHESIZING
Imagine you were one of the Northern women and doctors who convinced the government to establish the Sanitary
Commission. What reasons would you have offered to justify this commission?
THINK ABOUT
• the health dangers soldiers faced
• the twofold task of the Sanitary Commission
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SECTION
4 The North Takes Charge
HOME
Learn About the battles and political events of the final two years of the war.
To Understand why the Union won the Civil War.

SECTION
4 The North Takes Charge
Key Idea
Key victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg help the Union wear down the Confederacy and win the war.
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SECTION
4 The North Takes Charge
Section 4 Assessment
SUMMARIZING
What were some of the major battles and political events relating to the final two years of the Civil War?
May 1863
South defeats North at Chancellorsville.
November 1863
Lincoln delivers
Gettysburg Address.
September 1864
Sherman takes
Atlanta.
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July 1863
North defeats South at
Gettysburg and Vicksburg.
March 1864
Lincoln appoints Grant commander of Union armies.
April 1865
Lee surrenders at Appomattox.

SECTION
4 The North Takes Charge
Section 4 Assessment
ANALYZING ISSUES
Grant and Sherman presented a logical rationale for using the strategy of total war. Did the end—defeating the
Confederacy—justify the means—causing harm to civilians?
THINK ABOUT
• their reasons for targeting the civilian population
• Sherman’s quoted remarks on page 336
• Eliza Frances Andrews’s observations about
Sherman’s march
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SECTION
4 The North Takes Charge
Section 4 Assessment
EVALUATING
Is a general’s win-loss record on the battlefield the best gauge of measuring his greatness as a military leader? Why or why not?
THINK ABOUT
• Grant’s campaign in Virginia, Sherman’s march to Atlanta, and Lee’s surrender
• Democrats’ and Northern newspapers’ criticism of Grant
• the criteria you would use to evaluate a military leader
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SECTION
5 The Legacy of the War
Learn About the economic, political, military, and social consequences of the Civil War.
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To Understand why historians consider the Civil War a crucial turning point in U.S. history.

SECTION
5 The Legacy of the War
Key Idea
The Civil War settles long-standing disputes over states’ rights and slavery.
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SECTION
5 The Legacy of the War
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Section 5 Assessment
SUMMARIZING
What were the political, economic, technological, and social consequences of the Civil War?
POLITICAL: freed enslaved people; ended secession threat; increased federal government’s power
CONSEQUENCES OF
THE CIVIL WAR
ECONOMIC: strengthened banking system; stimulated economic growth of the North and contributed to the economic decline of the South; created sizable war debt
TECHNOLOGICAL: heightened importance of weaponry in warfare; led to new military strategies, such as trench warfare
SOCIAL: disrupted families because of staggering loss of lives; many disabled veterans

SECTION
5 The Legacy of the War
Section 5 Assessment
ANALYZING ISSUES
What political and social issues from the Civil War era do you think are still issues today?
HOME
THINK ABOUT
• the Thirteenth Amendment
• the changing role of the federal government during and after the Civil War
• the new weapons used to fight the war

SECTION
5 The Legacy of the War
Section 5 Assessment
HYPOTHESIZING
Imagine that you are a member of a group of Southern leaders who must rebuild the South after the war. What would you recommend that the government do to help the
South?
THINK ABOUT
• the economic devastation of the South
• the human costs of the war
• the numbers of newly freed slaves
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11
1. What were the military strategies of the North and
South at the onset of the Civil War?
2. What advantages did the North have over the South?
What advantages did the South have over the North?
3. How did each of these groups—slaves, free-born
African Americans, Democrats, Union soldiers, and the
Confederacy—react to the Emancipation Proclamation?
4. What precedent in governing the nation did Lincoln set for future wartime presidents?
5. What acts of protest or resistance occurred in both the
North and the South because of economic and social changes during the war?
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11
6. Briefly describe the war crimes committed against prisoners at Fort Pillow and Andersonville.
7. Cite events that illustrate the South’s deteriorating morale after defeats at Gettysburg and Vicksburg.
8. What was Grant and Sherman’s rationale for using the strategy of total war?
9. How did the Civil War provide the economic foundation for the United States to become an industrial giant?
10. Give examples of new military machinery and technological improvements in weapons used during the Civil War.
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