MAIN OUTLINES OF FINNISH HISTORY AND CULTURE Esa Sundbäck 4.4.2014 Basic information • population 5.2 million • the third least densely populated country in Europe (after Iceland and Norway) • territory: the fifth biggest country in Europe (after Germany, France, Spain and Sweden) • bilingual country: Finnish 93%, Swedish 6% Finnish culture What are the Finns in mental sense? 1) Nation of silence -" if there is nothing important to be said, be quit" consequently, the Finns are NOT talkative (don’t blame yourself!) 2) Finns are restricted - not easy (and fast) to became a deep friend; but if it happens, the Finn is a really faithful and loyal friend let say throughout the life (?) 3) Finns are obedient to rules and laws – for the Finns things are either black or white, but not grey Origin of the Finns • in the prehistory, population from different directions, then mixtured: origin partly from the east (FinnoUgric people), partly from Western Europe • language from the east = Finnish language belongs to the Finno-Ugric languages (together with Estonian, Hungarian in Europe - Mari, Udmurt and Komi in Russia History Periods of Finnish History • 1) Finland under Swedish reign 1155- 1809 • 2) Finland under Russian reign 1809- 1917 • 3) Independency 1917- Finland under Swedish reign 11551809 • 10th-12th centuries - Finland a battlefield between Sweden (catholic church) and Novgorod (forthcoming Russia; orthodox church) ► Swedish influences to the western part, Russian influences to the eastern part of the country (diversity) Diversity of the Finnish Culture • Swedish dominance ► Catholic religion = Western Finland as a part of medieval Europe – in a cultural sense, Finland became a part of Europe (not Russia) • Reformation in a Lutheran form to Sweden ► consequently, contemporary Finn's respect of law, rules and the obedience of the state • consequence of Swedish rule over Finland = Swedish became the language of the ruling upper class - Finnish that of ordinary people Finland under Russian reign 18091917: a Grand Duchy of Finland • separate entity as a part of Imperial Russia = 1) autonomious administration 2) Swedish law as contrary to Russian law in Russia 3) Lutheran religion as contrary to Orthodox religion in Russia • awakening of Finnish nationalism in the 19th century = improvement of the Finnish language's position in terms of Swedish language idea of Finnish culture and selfconsciousness characterizing Finnish speaking population • Finnish nationalism was not addressed against Russia but the ruling Swedish-speaking elite in Finland (exception in European scale: the Finns did not rebel against Russia) = • National Myth = Kalevala (Harry Potter) National composer = Jean Sibelius Independent Finland 1917- • February and October Revolutions in Russia 1917 ► detachment out of Russia as an independent country in the end of 1917 • Civil War in the Spring 1918: as a background, social and political unequality between the wealthy minority and the poor majority • 1920s and 1930s: idea of a bilingual country as equal rights for both Finnish and Swedish throughout the country (not based on territorial distinction between Swedish or Finnish-speaking areas) why? - Finland aimed at cooperation with Sweden against the threat of Communist Soviet Union • Second World War: Winter War 1939-1940: Soviet invasion on Finland "Continuation War" (Finnish concept) against Soviet Union 1941-1944 as ally of Nazi Germany Finland at the time of the Cold War 1945-1991: “Finlandization” and Kekkonen as President • Finland was under Soviet pressure and political influence: "Finlandisierung" or “Finlandization” (= a small country under the great power's influence, not really independent) • in spite of Soviet dominance, Finland managed to stay as western democracy and avoided to be transformed to a Communist country as contrary to other Eastern European countries Kekkonen as President 1956-1981 (you read correctly, 25 years!) • concentration of power to his hands however, not illegal because Finnish Constitution gave lot of power to the President • used his personal connections to Soviet leaders as a weapon against domestic political opponents in Finland • censorship in Finland: did not allow to publish negative information on Soviet Union • after Kekkonen's era, the power of Finnish President was diminished • for further information: Jason Lavery: The History of Finland