Chapter 14—Revolution
and Nationalism
Setting the Stage for Revolution in
Russia
Alexander III ruled with an iron fist.
Anyone who was different-not an
Russian Orthodox or who spoke a
different language was called
dangerous and a target of persecution.
He made Russian the official
language of the country and he
persecuted Jews. He wouldn’t allow
them to live amongst other
Russians. The people of Russia had
riots or pogroms against Jews in the
country.
Nicholas II
 Nicholas vowed to rule like his father as an
autocrat.
Russia was behind the
rest of Europe’s industry---this led
Sergey Witte (Russian minister) to
help finance industry in Russia. By
1900, Russia was 4th in steel
production in the world. He also
pushed for the Trans-Siberian
Railway---the worlds longest railroad
connecting east Russia to the west.
The Revolution Grows
With industrialization came an increase in the
gap between the rich and the poor. An industrial
class began to grow and with them came the
idea of overthrowing the government. The
industrial class wanted to form a state where the
workers would rule—they used Marxist ideas as
basis for their new ideas
 2 groups emerged: Mensheviks—they wanted a
broad base of popular support for the revolution.
And the Bolsheviks….

Bolsheviks

The Bolsheviks believed in a small number
of revolutionaries who would fight for
radical change. They were led by Vladimir
Lenin—Lenin was ruthless and would stop
at nothing to win. He was forced to flee
to western Europe to avoid being arrested.
While there he waited for his people to
revolt and pave the way for his return to
Russia.
Crisis at home
Russo-Japanese War—The Russians were
defeated in the Korea and Manchuria by the
Japanese.
 Bloody Sunday—A group of protestors went the
Czar’s palace and demanded better working
conditions for the people—the Czar wasn’t home
but his troops were and they killed between
500-1000 unarmed people. Russians protested
the violence and Nicholas created a DUMA or a
parliament—the leaders of DUMA wanted to
model themselves after a constitutional
monarchy, but they were quickly shut down of
after 10 weeks of being in session.

Crisis at home
WWI-Russia was unprepared for war and was
defeated time and time again.
Nicholas thought if he moved to the front he would
be more successful in the war. He left his wife
Czarina Alexandra to take care of the country on
an every day basis.
Alexandra relied on the help of Rasputin—a “holy
man” He put all of his friends into positions of
power and refused to make any reforms---this
and his increased control over Russia caused
him to be murdered by nobles.

The March Revolution
A group of textile workers protested their
working conditions in 1917. Their protest
spread throughout Russia and forced the Czar
to step down.
 A provisional government, made up of the
defunct DUMA, attempted to fix Russia. The
Soviets, organized councils of workers, held
most of the power in the country and the Duma
was essentially powerless.

Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution
Lenin is returned to Russia by the
Germans. He begins to rally people
around him through his campaign slogan,
“PEACE, LAND, and BREAD”.
 With increased support of the people the
Bolsheviks take over the provisional
government in Nov 1917. When the
Bolsheviks take over, they immediately put
Lenin into power.

Lenin




Immediately after Lenin takes over, he signs the Treaty
of Brest-Litovsk.
The agreement left the people humiliated and mad.
Civil War-A group of those who opposed the treaty
created the White Army. The leader of the RED Army
was Leon Trotsky. For 2 years the white army (with
support from the US) and the Red Army fought each
other. Over 15 million men died due to war, famine, and
disease during this period.
In the end the RED ARMY was successful at defeating
the White Army.
LENIN RESTORES RUSSIA

Lenin introduced the New Economic
Policy—this included some capitalistic
ideas. Peasants would be able to sell their
surplus crops instead of turning them over
to the government. The gov’t would
maintain control over major industries, but
would let small companies operate under
private ownership.
Political Reforms
Lenin recognized that nationalism would cause problems
with Russia. He organized Russia into several selfgoverning republics under the common government
called Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).
The Republic would be controlled by the capital of
Moscow.
 The Bolsheviks called themselves Communist
after Karl Marx.
 He created a gov’t based on socialist and democratic
principles—in reality the communist controlled the
government.
 Lenin was not able to see the recovery of Russia
because he died in 1924 as a result of several strokes.
He left behind a power struggle over who would control
USSR.

TOTALITARIANISM---STALIN
Joseph Stalin “man of steel” was the
Secretary of the Communist Party. He
worked behind the scenes to put his
friends into key positions in the
government.
By 1928, he got complete control of the
Communist Party. He was able to put his
competitor, Trotsky (favored by Lenin),
into exile.
Stalin wanted to create a totalitarian state
in Russia with him as the leader.
 Totalitarianism describes a gov’t that takes
total centralized state control over every
aspect of public and private lives.
EXAMPLES Of Totalitarianism States and
leaders—Hitler, Mussolini, and Mao
(China).

Stalin Builds a Totalitarian State




Stalin creates a command economy---a system in
which the government made all the economic
decisions.
Stalin creates a 5 Year Plan-the goal of the plan
was to have the gov’t rapidly increase industry
and strengthen its defense. To reach its outrageous
goals—it limited production of consumer goods. The
people were left with food, housing, and clothing
shortages.
The gov’t controlled all aspects of life: it assigned jobs
for people, told them when/if they could move, people
would arrest those who didn’t contribute to society,
The goals were not met, but USSR did have increase in
production in their country.
Totalitarian Traits
Dictatorship-One Party Rule
 Dynamic Leader
 Ideology—Set of beliefs to support govt
 State Control over all sectors of Society
 State Control over individuals
 Dependence on Modern Technology—
Weapons Communication to spread ideas
 Organized violence to force cohersion

Weapons of Totalitarianism
Police Terror-Stalin used the police to
destroy his enemies. In 1934 Stalin had
the Great Purge-it killed anyone who
went against Stalin’s power.
Thousands of Bolsheviks were helped in
the Revolution were killed for crimes
against the USSR.
 Even the Director of the Moscow Zoo
faced his wrath when the monkeys got TB

Weapons of Totalitarianism
Indoctrination and Propaganda—
Indoctrination is when the people are
instructed in the beliefs of the gov’t.
Socialist Realism-this was an artistic style
that promoted Communism
 Censorship
 Religious Persecution

LIFE UNDER STALIN
Women gained equal rights.
 By 1950, 75 % of the women were
doctors. Women were still responsible for
housework and childcare.
 Education-The government controlled all
education and created schools that taught
the benefits of the communist way of life.

China
Imperial China collapses by nationalist groups.
Sun Yixian was a nationalist who led the new
Republic of China. He wanted to build a modern
government using these 3 principles:
Nationalism, democracy, and economic security.
 When Yixian turned over his presidency to one
of his generals, the country quickly went under
the control of a dictator and the country became
perfect for a revolution.

China

China underwent a period of revolutions
and when WWI occurred the people of
China were angry about the Treaty of
Versailles—Japan got all of Germanys
territory in Asia. The Chinese people were
angry and revolutionaries began to protest
imperialist/Europeans—this is when Mao
Zedong( China’s greatest revolutionary
leader) emerges as a leader of the
revolutionaries.
The Communist Party





Mao seeks out help in repairing the Chinese government
from the West, but when the U.S. and its allies refuse to
help the struggling country Mao looks to Russia for help.
Mao bases his revolution on Lenin.
When the leader Sun Yixian dies he leaves Chiang KaiShek to take over the govt.
Kai-Shek (Jiang) believes in more democratic ideas and
he gets support from the allies.
A civil war develops between those who support Mao
(mostly peasants) and those who support Kai-Sek
(Jiang).
As the civil war occurs, the Communist pushed
further and further out of China during a period
called the LONG MARCH.
 Just as the nationalist are able to push the
communist out to the outskirts of China, China is
invaded by the Japanese.
 “Little Red Book”—1949 A list of Mao’s speeches
that the people of China were required to have
after Mao and the Communist were able to take
over China.

India
Mahatma Gandhi led the protest against
the British control of India.
 The Amristar Massacres
was supposed to be a
peaceful protest against the
Brittish but the British soldiers
Open fired on peaceful
Protesters killing over 400 pple

Gandhi

Mahatma means “GREAT SOUL” in Indian.
His teachings blended Hindu, Islam, and
Christianity. He encouraged a policy of
non-cooperation . He encouraged civil
disobedience—deliberate and public
refusal to obey an unjust law. He called
on Indians to refuse to do the following:
buy British goods, attend government
schools, pay British taxes, and vote in
elections.
Indian Independence

In 1935, British allowed for self rule in and
limited democratic elections. The RAJ had
ended.
Turkey




Under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Turkish
nationalist were able to overthrow the last Ottoman
Emperor.
Kemel separated Islamic law from the laws of Turkey and
tried to modernize the Republic of Turkey.
Persia and Iran-Before WWI both Russia and Britain had
interest in Persia. When Britain tried to take Persia the
people protested and a revolution occurred. Reza Shah
Pahlavi took over the country and renamed it Iran.
In Arabia, several countries united to form Saudi Arabia.
In the 1920s this area developed because of the
discovery of oil reserves in the area.
The Age of Uncertainty
Einstein created his theory of relativity—as
moving objects get near the speed of
light, space, and time become relative.
 Freud changed the way people thought
about the human mind. He said human
behavior was irrational-due to urges and
desires buried in the unconscious mind of
each person.

Literature
 Existentialism-there is no universal meaning to the
world. Each person much give meaning to their life
through his or her own actions.
 T.S. Eliot was a American Poet who wrote, “The
Wasteland”.
Art
Artist began to rebel against traditional
painting. They didn’t recreate realistic
art—they created a new style of art called
Surrealism-this showed art in a
dreamlike existence outside of
reality.
 Pablo Picasso came out of this time period
using a style called Cubism-this broke
objects down into geometric shapes.

The Jazz Age

Jazz developed by African Americans in
the US. This was a form of lively, loose
music

People began to express themselves in a
new way. Women began to dress in a
new risky style and they became known as
Flappers.
Women during the time period began to
smoke and drink with men in public at
places called speakeasies.
Speakeasies were illegally run
Nightclubs during the 1920s.
Alcohol was outlawed by the 18th
Amendment and these illegal
Nightclubs allowed people to enjoy.

Al Capone, one of the most famous mafia
leaders ever, made his $$ through illegally
selling alcohol in places like speakeasies.
A hero…

Charles Lindberg was the 1st pilot to fly
alone across the Atlantic Ocean in 1927.
Later in 1932, Amelia Earhart became the
1st woman to fly solo.
KDKA was the 1st
Commercial radio station.

DEPRESSION
The government in Germany, known as the
WEIMER REPUBLIC, was very weak. They had
high inflation and money was losing its value.
U.S. banks tried to help German economy to
recover.
 Charles Dawes, an American banker, loaned
Germany the $$ to survive. The Dawes Plan
gave $200 million to Germany in order for it to
improve its economy (money situation).

1929 Stock Market Crash
Stock Market

The U.S. stock market was the financial capital
of the world. People were buying stocks on a
margin meaning they would pay a stockbroker
for a part of the stock and the broker would
cover the rest of the cost of the stock. People
began to question the high value of some stocks
and they began selling stocks. Other people got
nervous because of the selling of the stocks and
no one was buying stocks. The market crashed
–people who owed money for margin stocks
couldn’t pay for the stock and the economy went
into a depression.
The Great Depression
This period of financial despair was known as
the Great Depression.
 People, unable to afford homes, began to live in
makeshift homes called shantytowns.
 In the U.S. Franklin Roosevelt began a program
called The New Deal—it was a large public
works program designed to make jobs for the
unemployed. Regulations were imposed to
reform the stock market and the banking
system.

Fascism
Since the economy was so poor, people in
countries wanted a strong leader to solve
their problems.
 Fascist were a group that appealed to
people –they were very nationalistic, they
believed in authority and strong militaries.
Within a fascist government, the party was
ruled by one person called a dictator.
They didn’t allow individual rights.

Mussolini- IL DUCE
The economy in Italy is poor and
Mussolini appeals to the people that he can
Improve the economy and increase the power of Italy by
having a strong, large military.
Mussolini gained power by using “thugs” to intimidate his
political opponents—who does that remind you of?
The King of Italy decided Mussolini was the answer to his
problems and he allowed him to rule Italy.
As the leader of Italy, Mussolini abolished democracy,
outlawed all political parties and controlled the economy.

Hitler
Hitler

The Fascist party was gaining political popularity
in other countries—especially in Germany. Adolf
Hitler emerged as the leader of the Nazis. He
tried to take over the government using a
revolution, so the government sent him to
prison. In prison he wrote, Mein Kampf—My
Struggle. The book was extremely popular and
Hitler ran for president. He lost to Hindenburg,
but was given a position in the govt—chancellor.

The economy in Germany was horrible
and with the depression the people of
Germany were looking for a solution to
their problems. The people were getting
more and more angry with the effects of
the Treaty of Versailles. Hitler promised to
return Germany to the power it had prior
to WWI. When the depression hit,
Germany Hitler became the leader of the
country.
Hitler

Hitler became the fuehrer or leader. Anyone
who opposed him would be immediately
arrested. He took away all the rights of the
German people—he burned books that were
against his beliefs or his policies. He attacked
anyone who was different from the ideal German
that he imagined in his head—Jews, physically
and handicapped people, Gypsies, and anyone
else who was believed to be against Germany.
Japan…
During the 1920’s Japan’s economy was good
and a civilian government controlled the country.
When the economy went bad, the military took
over the government. This government decided
that the way to make Japan more self sufficient
was to get more raw materials to help to boost
it’s economy. The way to get more raw goods is
through conquering other countries.
 The Emperor was powerless against the
military—if he stopped militarism the military
would remove him from office.

Japan continued…





Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931 to get coal and iron. In
1937, Japan invaded China and 200,000 people were
killed during the capture of the Chinese capital. By
1939, Japan had used up a lot of China’s resources and
it was looking at Southeast Asia to get more resources.
The U.S. stopped sending fuel and metal to Japan and
the Japanese attacked Indochina to get more supplies.
In 1940, Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany
and Italy. It said each country would help the other
countries if the U.S. attacked it.
When the U.S. found out about Indochina FDR quickly
stops trade with Japan.
Hideki Tojo became a prime minister and he promoted
expansionism.