ART 31 Final Review
Paleolithic:
“Venus” of Willendorf
Paleolithic:
“Venus” of Laussel
“The Neolithic Revolution”
The Shift from Paleolithic to Neolithic
Paleolithic
(Old Stone Age)
Neolithic
(New Stone Age)
Nomadic
Hunter-Gatherers
Cave Dwellings and
Shrines
Portable sculpture
Cave Paintings
Settled in Permanent
Villages
Domesticated Agriculture &
Animal Husbandry
Megalithic Architecture
“Birth of Civilization”
Neolithic: Stonehenge
Salisbury Plain, England
the beginning of Post and Lintel Architecture
Characteristics of Near Eastern Art
•Use of hierarchical proportion/scale to depict leaders or
gods larger than everyone else
•Use of cuneiform
•Stylized
Major themes:
Rulers, Military Conquest, Gods and Religious
Practices, Animals
Cuneiform
Hierarchical Scale
Victory Stele of Naram-Sin
Akkadian
Characteristics of Egyptian Art
•Use of canon of proportions
•Static and un-changing
•Combined frontal and profile views
•Use of hieroglyphics
•Stylized
•Gender color differentiation:
(male/red : female/yellow)
Major themes:
Unification, Divine Kingship, Gods and Religious
Practices, and Rebirth
Menkaure and Queen
Old Kingdom, Dynasty 4
Egyptian Canon of Proportion
The Pyramids of Giza
Old Kingdom, Dynasty 4
(tombs of the Pharaohs Menkaure, Khafre and Khufu)
Characteristics of Greek Art
•Idealized forms
•Contrapposto pose
•Emphasis on balance and proportion
•Marble and bronze sculpture
Major themes:
Gods and Goddesses, Religious Events, Funerary
Practices, Mythology
Greek Pottery Painting
Black Figure Painting
Red Figure Painting
Early Classical: Kritios Boy
Marble, c.480 B.C.E.
Contrapposto:
The “s-curve” used in Classical
Greek sculptures showing the
body standing at rest, with one
leg bearing the weight while the
hips and shoulders are
asymmetrical. Perfected by the
Greek sculptor Polykleitus.
The Classical Orders of Architecture:
Doric
Ionic
Corinthian
3 major parts of column: base, shaft, and capital
Classical Greek Architecture:
Iktinos and Kallikrates [Architects]
The Parthenon, Athens, c.447-438 B.C.E.
Post and Lintel Architecture. Doric. Dedicated to the goddess Athena.
Decorated with sculpture showing battles between Greeks and
barbarians, and the Panathenaic Festival
Plan of the Parthenon
Gray Block represents the location of the
original Athena Parthenos statue.
Characteristics of Hellenistic Greek Sculpture
•Exploration of youth and old age
•Theatricality and Melodrama
•Extremes of Emotion
•Formal Realism
Laocoön and Sons
Materials and Techniques:
Terra-cotta:
an orange colored earthenware (clay) material used for
pottery and sculpture.
Buon or True Fresco:
a technique of painting of the plaster surface of a wall or
ceiling. In buon fresco the paint is applied while the
plaster is still damp, so that the pigments bond with the
wall.
Mosaic:
the use of small pieces of glass, stone, or tile (tesserae)
to create an image on a wall, floor, or ceiling.
Innovations of Roman Architecture
Techniques:
Types of Structures:
coffer
oculus
concrete
dome
vault
true arch
aqueduct
amphitheater
triumphal arch
basilica
rotunda
forum
Roman Architecture: The Colosseum
Roman Architecture: The Pantheon
Roman Architecture: The Arch of Titus
In 313 C.E. the Roman Emperor Constantine issued the
Edict of Milan, a document granting tolerance of all
religions.
This effectively
legalized Christianity.
chi rho
Characteristics of Early Christian Art
and Byzantine Art
•Stylized individuals
•Mosaic decoration
•Incorrect human proportions
•The illusion of weightlessness or floating
•Religious themes
•Illuminated Manuscripts made of vellum (calfskin)
Major components of a basilica or early church
apse:
a projecting part of the building, usually a half-dome,
often on the East end.
Nave:
the long, narrow, central area used to house the
congregation.
apse
nave
Gothic Architecture:
Created by Abbot Suger . First used in his re-design of
the French Royal Monastery, St. Denis.
Characteristic Elements:
•Pointed Arches
•Stained Glass
•Rose windows
•Clerestory
•Lancet windows
•Triforium
•Piers
•Flying Buttresses
Tympanum:
the hemispheric section above the
portals (doorways) in
Romanesque or Gothic cathedrals
Flying Buttresses
Rose Window
Characteristics of the Renaissance
•Artists began to think of themselves as artists as well
as craftsmen
•Religious art was combined with the visual
conventions of the Greek and Roman traditions
•Art was interpreted according to the philosophy known
as “Humanism”
Giotto
The Betrayal of Christ (The Kiss of Judas)
1305-06, Arena Chapel, Padua
Masaccio (Tommaso Guidi),
Holy Trinity, fresco, 1425
Donatello, David, bronze c.1430-40
Italian Artists Working During the High Renaissance
•Leonardo da Vinci
e.g. The Mona Lisa, The Last Supper
• Michelangelo
e.g. The Sistine Chapel Ceiling, The Sistine Chapel
Last Judgment, David, Pieta
• Raphael
e.g. The School of Athens
Illusions of Depth:
linear perspective: a method of creating the illusion of 3dimensional space on a 2-dimensional surface by
delineating a horizon line and multiple “orthogonal”
lines. These lines recede into the supposed distance
and meet at one or more points on the horizon, called
“vanishing points.”
foreshortening: a method of perspective used to
represent a single object extending back into space at
an angle to the picture plane
Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper, c.1495-98
Leonardo da Vinci
Mona Lisa , c.1503-05
Sfumato was favored by da
Vinci.
sfumato:
a technique of applying
many thin layers of paint to
create a “smoky” effect.
Raphael, The School of Athens, 1509-11,Vatican, Rome
Portraits of Renaissance artists as Greek philosophers,
Mathematicians, and scientists.
Michelangelo
David, 1501-04
Galleria dell’Accademia, Florence
Michelangelo
Last Judgment, 1534-41
Sistine Chapel, Rome
Titian (Tiziano Vecelli, 1490-1576)
The Venus of Urbino, c.1538
Northern Renaissance or
Netherlandish Painting
•Characterized by highly symbolic religious or genre
(daily life) scenes.
•Major artists were Jan van Eyck, Robert Campin,
Albrecht Durer
Diptych (two panels), triptych (three panels), and
polyptychs (many panels): paintings on hinged panels
of wood, typically altarpieces for churches.
Jan van Eyck
The Arnolfini Wedding
Portrait,
oil on wood,1434
Characteristics of Mannerism
•Bright colors
•Elongated bodies
•Lack of linear perspective
•Complex human poses
•Unusual combinations of elements
Agnolo Bronzino, Allegory of
Venus (Venus, Cupid, Folly and
Time), c.1546
Leading Baroque Artists
•from Italy: Caravaggio, Gentileschi
•from Holland: Rembrandt, Vermeer, Rubens
•from Spain: Diego Velazquez
Peter Paul Rubens (Flemish, 1577-1640)
The Raising of the Cross, 1609
chiaroscuro / tenebrism:
Strong, dramatic use of light and dark in contrast, to focus on an
important element or to build of volume.
Vermeer, The Geographer, 1668, oil on canvas
Neoclassicism:
A late 18th to early 19th Century style of art
characterized by a return to the rational arts of the
Classical world. Coincided with the French Revolution.
Jacques-Louis David, Oath of the Horatii
Romanticism:
A late 18th to early 19th Century style of art
characterized by heightened emotions, dramatic scale
and impact, and spiritualism. Romantic artists, like
Goya, Delacroix, Gericault, preferred to depict actual
historical events and allegory.
Theodore Gericault, The Raft of the Medusa, 1818
Realism:
A 19th Century style of art characterized by focus on the working
class and influenced by the writings of Marx and Engels. These
artists, including Courbet, Millet, Daumier, and early Manet, were
dedicated to depicting the world as they experienced it, without
fictionalizing or romanticizing.
Gustave Courbet,The Stonebreakers, 1849
Edouard Manet
Le Dejeuner sur l’Herbe, 1863
Characteristics of Impressionism
•An interest in color theory
•Painting outdoors
•Painting urban leisure scenes (dances, bars)
•An interest in the effects of light and atmosphere
•A quick and obvious brush stroke
•The use of only primary colors
and their compliments
•Japonisme: the influence of Japanese art, seen
especially in the work of Monet, Cassat, and Degas
Color Terms
primary colors: red, blue, and yellow
their complimentary colors: green, orange, and violet
value: relative lightness or darkness
Auguste Renoir (1841-1919)
Le Moulin de la Galette, 1876
Pointilism/Divisionism: a post-impressionist technique,
developed by Seurat, that used contrasting points of
pure color to build an image.
Fauvism:
An early 20th Century style of art characterized by an
emphasis on the emotive powers of pure color.
An innovator and major artist of this style is Matisse.
Cubism:
An early 20th Century style of art characterized by an
revolutionary approach to space: the geometrical
surfaces of an object are opened out in order to give a
complete representation of it from all angles and
perspectives. An innovator and major artist of this style
is Picasso.
Influences on the Development of Cubism
•Cezanne’s experiments with form and perspective
•African art, especially masks
•The Color theory of the Fauves
Pablo Picasso (1881-1973)
Les Demoiselles d’Avignon, 1907
Surrealism:
A 20th Century style of art characterized by an interest in
the subconscious mind. Influenced by Sigmund Freud’s
theories on psychoanalysis and dreams, these artists
favored spontaneity.
Abstract Expressionism:
A New York based, 20th Century, style of art that is nonfigurative and non-objective. It includes:
Action Painting:
characterized by an interest in the artist’s physical
involvement in creation. Influenced by Picasso and
Expressionism. E.g. Jackson Pollack
Color Field Painting:
characterized by the calm and meditative use of colors.
Influenced by Matisse. E.g. Mark Rothko
A Characteristic Action Painting, by Jackson Pollock
A Characteristic Color Field Painting, by Mark Rothko
Trompe l’oeil (Illusionism): a representation that is so
realistic it is meant to trick the eye.
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