Slavery, Politics, and North

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Slavery, Politics, and Westward
Expansion
Political Strife Between North and
South from 1819 up to the Election of
1860
1819-20
1844-5
Missouri Crisis
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
• Northern concern over the growing
“slave power”
• Populations in slave areas seem to be
growing faster than in free areas.
• Missouri’s statehood threatens an
imbalance between free and slave
states.
1819-20
1844-5
Missouri Crisis
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
• Congress arrives at a political
compromise with 3 parts:
– Maine added as 12th free state
– Missouri added as 12th slave state
– Agreement on the “Missouri Compromise
Line” of no slavery in the Louisiana
Purchase above 3630’
1819-20
1844-5
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
Missouri Crisis
1819-20
1844-5
Missouri Crisis
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
• Why would southerners have been
satisfied with the Missouri
Compromise when so little additional
land fell below the 3630’ line?
• Are Maine and Missouri wholly equal?
1819-20
1844-5
Annexation of Texas
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
• Texas had been settled largely by
southerners who brought with them
slavery - particularly into Eastern
Texas
• Mexico had outlawed slavery with its
independence from Spain
• Texas independence in 1836
reestablished slavery as the law of
the land
1819-20
1844-5
Annexation of Texas
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
• The annexation of Texas as a state
became the political issue of the early
1840s and the central factor in the
Presidential election of 1844
• Southern Democrats used the political
issue of Texas to damage the hopes
of their political rivals, the Whigs.
1819-20
1844-5
Annexation of Texas
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
• Southern Democrats play up fears
that Texas will fall under the
protection of England or France if the
U.S. fails to act
– Such an action would lead to the
abolition of slavery in Texas
– Abolition in Texas would be perceived as
a grave threat to slavery in neighboring
southern states
1819-20
1844-5
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
Republic of Texas, 1844
1819-20
1844-5
Annexation of Texas
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
• Pro-Texas candidate James K. Polk of
Tennessee emerges as the
Democratic Presidential candidate in
1844
• Henry Clay runs as the Whig
candidate and proposes vague
measures toward Texas annexation
1819-20
1844-5
Election of 1844: Polk vs. Clay
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
James K. Polk of
Tennessee
Henry Clay of
Kentucky
Democrat
Whig
1819-20
1844-5
Annexation of Texas
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
• In the election of 1844, region and
slavery often trump loyalty to political
party
• Texas and slavery drown out all other
political issues
• Polk wins big
1819-20
1844-5
Mexican War
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
• Once President, Polk takes a more
expansive view of western expansion.
• Has eyes on California
• Provokes Mexicans into war.
1819-20
1844-5
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
Mexican War: Northern
Opposition
• War is enormously unpopular in the
North
• Northerners again feel as though they
have been pulled into a war they do
not want by a southern president and
the political power of slavery
• Northerners believe the war is only
about expanding slavery
1819-20
1844-5
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
Mexican War: Northern
Opposition
• Among the most vocal opponents are
the Transcendentalists and northern
intellectuals like Henry David Thoreau
1819-20
1844-5
Mexican War: Opposition
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
• Wilmot Proviso - proposed but never
passed - would prohibit the expansion
of slavery into any territory gained by
the war.
• Proposed by David Wilmot, a northern
Democrat from Pennsylvania
• Debate again divides Congress into
North vs. South.
1819-20
1844-5
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
Mexican War: A Southerner’s
War
• Southern officers & men fight
overwhelmingly in Mexican War
• Victories greeted with enthusiasm in
the South
1819-20
1844-5
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
• After suffering a
humiliating defeat,
the Mexicans sign
the Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo,
ceding present-day
California, Nevada,
Arizona, and New
Mexico
1819-20
1844-5
Zachary Taylor
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
• The Whigs luck-out in the election of
1848: They recruit a slaveholding
Louisiana planter and hero of the
Mexican War as their candidate -Zachary Taylor
• The election is not even close
• Southerners feel reassured that
Taylor will protect their interests in the
new territories
1819-20
1844-5
1850: California
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
• The discovery of gold in California in
1849 leads to a huge increase in
population
• California will apply for statehood
• Some slaveholders go to California,
but slavery does not have enough
time to become established
1819-20
1844-5
1850: California
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
• Like Missouri had thirty years earlier,
California’s admission as a free state
threatens the balance of power in
Washington D.C.
1819-20
1844-5
1850: The “Fire-Eaters”
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
• Zachary Taylor, the southern Whig
President, goes against his region
and supports California’s admission
as a free state
• The “Fire-Eaters” - Southerners
enraged at Taylor and the prohibition
of slavery in California meet in
Nashville to discuss secession
1819-20
1844-5
The Compromise of 1850
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
• Henry Clay promotes his last great
compromise in 1850
• The Compromise has these four
components:
–
–
–
–
Admission of California as free state
Outlawing of slave trade in D. C.
A strong Fugitive Slave Act
Slavery in Utah and New Mexico
territories to be decided by residents
1819-20
1844-5
Fugitive Slave Act
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
• The Fugitive Slave Act compelled law
enforcement in northern states to
cooperate with the returning of
escaped slaves
• Gives slave catchers federal authority
• Backfires on South: Turns thousands
of northerners against slavery and the
South
1819-20
1844-5
Fugitive Slave Act
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
• The Fugitive
Slave Act
compelled many
northerners to
take a stand
against slavery
• Saw the evil in
their midst
• Felt loss of
sovereignty
1819-20
1844-5
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
Railroads and the Gadsden
Purchase
• Even significant economic and
internal improvement issues began to
split along sectional lines
• The debate over the northern vs.
southern routes for the
transcontinental railroad reflected this
divide
• Jefferson Davis as Secretary of War
allows for the Gadsden Purchase making a southern route plausible
1819-20
1844-5
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
Railroads and the Gadsden
Purchase
1819-20
1844-5
Kansas-Nebraska Act
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
• The debate over the addition of
Kansas will render the Missouri
Compromise line of 3630’ null and
void.
1819-20
1844-5
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
Kansas-Nebraska Act
1819-20
1844-5
Kansas-Nebraska Act
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
• Stephen Douglas and
“popular sovereignty”
• Occupants of Kansas
will decide the fate of
slavery in their future
state
• Douglas trying to
build his image as a
national political
figure - a moderate
voice
1819-20
1844-5
Birth of Republican Party
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
• The Republican Party emerges out of
opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska
Act.
• Dominated by Free-Soilers, but
includes abolitionists
• Will be a strictly northern party
1819-20
1844-5
“Bleeding Kansas”
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
• Election violence erupts in Kansas
over slavery referendum
• “Popular Sovereignty” leads to a
bloodbath and a preview of the Civil
War
1819-20
1844-5
“Bleeding Kansas”
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
• Emergence
of John
Brown
1819-20
1844-5
The Caning of Sumner
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
• Senator Charles Sumner of
Massachusetts delivers his “Crime
against Kansas” speech
• Preston Brooks, a Representative
from South Carolina canes Sumner
senseless in the Senate chamber
1819-20
1844-5
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
The Caning of Sumner
1819-20
1844-5
Dred Scott
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
• The Supreme Court rules on the case
of Dred Scott vs. Sandford
• Refuses to intervene on behalf of
Scott, a slave brought to Minnesota
• Recognizes slaves as property, even
in free states
• Declares that blacks are not citizens
and slaves cannot sue for freedom
1819-20
1844-5
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
Dred Scott
1819-20
1844-5
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
• Lincoln of Illinois challenges Douglas
to a series of debates about “popular
sovereignty”
• Lincoln unable to deliver a majority to
the Republicans in the Illinois
statehouse, but makes a national
reputation
1819-20
1844-5
John Brown’s Raid
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
• John Brown’s raid on the Harper’s
Ferry Arsenal is a flop, but it gets
people excited
• Brown, a true nut, becomes a hero
and martyr to anti-slavery forces
1819-20
1844-5
The Election of 1860
1846-8
1848
1850
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
• The election of 1860 provided the last
phase of the sectional crisis over
slavery and led America into the
secession crisis.
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