Chapter 5 Toward Independence
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Lady Liberty Crowning Defiant
American Democracy
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King George III
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5.2 Before 1763
Patriots (Whigs)
Americans who believe that the colonies
have the right to govern themselves.
Loyalists (Torries)
Americans who feel a deep loyalty to
Great Britain.
*By 1750 the colonies are bursting
with growth.
*Population now 1,000,000.
*For over a century, colonies have
learned to govern themselves.
*Each colony elects its own
assembly; each assembly
passes laws and creates taxes.
*Americans have more freedom
to run their own lives than any people in Europe.
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Test Prep.
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Before 1763, the American colonies had been…
A) ruled with a firm hand by Parliament.
B) left alone to govern themselves.
C) heavily taxed by the British government.
D) denied religious freedom by the king.
• Answer: B) left alone to govern themselves.
5.2 Continued…
Conflict in the Ohio Valley
*Colonists want to move west across
the Appalachian Mountains into the
Ohio Valley.
*1754 French build Fort Duquesne
At present-day Pittsburgh.
*Virginia governor chooses George
Washington lead a militia to drive
the French out.
*This battle proves to be the first
battle of The French and Indian War.
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5.2 Continued…
The French and Indian War
*1755 Britain sends 1,400 British soldiers
to Virginia to finish the job Washington
had begun.
*They are to clear the French out of the
Ohio Valley. French do not give up easily.
*War rages for seven years.
*1759 British troops capture Canada.
*This proves to be the turning point of
the war.
*1763 Britain and France sign a
peace treaty.
*France cedes (gives up) Canada to
Great Britain.
*Colonists feel proud to be British.
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Test Prep.
• Which was not a major effect of the French and Indian War?
• A) Reduced colonists’ need for protection against the French in
Canada.
• B) Opened the Ohio Valley to settlement by removing Native
Americans.
• C) Led Parliament to tax the colonies to help pay off Britain’s war
debt.
• D) Greatly expanded Britain’s empire in North America.
• Answer: B) Opened the Ohio Valley to settlement by removing
Native Americans.
5.3 Early British Actions
*1760 George III becomes new King of
England.
Proclamation of 1763
*To keep colonists and Indians from killing
each other as settlers
push westward, a line is
drawn down the center
of the Appalachian
Mountains. Settlers told
to stay east of that line.
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is acting like a tyrant.
British government
ignores colonists’
complaints; expands
the British army in
America to 7,500 troops.
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October 7, 1763
Test Prep.
• While the Proclamation of 1763 was designed to promote peace,
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instead it…
A) triggered wars between Indian groups.
B) smelled of tyranny to many colonists.
C) sparked a boycott of British goods.
D) led to riots in colonial cities.
• Answer: B) smelled of tyranny to many colonists.
5.3 Continued…
The Stamp Act of 1765
*Britain needs to raise funds to help pay off the large
debt left over from the French and Indian War.
*Prime Minister George Grenville proposes making
the colonists buy stamps for every piece of paper they
use.
*Colonists feel this tax is unfair
since they have no representation
in Parliament.
*“No Taxation without representation!”
*Loyalists refuse to buy stamps.
*Patriot mobs (Sons of Liberty)
attack tax collectors.
*Parliament decides to repeal (cancel)
the Stamp Act several months later.
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Notice of the Stamp Act
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Official Stamp Act seal
HONI SOIT MAL Y PENSE
“Shamed be he who thinks
evil of it.”
Test Prep.
• What upset American colonists most about the stamp act?
• A) Colonists did not want to pay taxes to keep British troops in the
colonies.
• B) The stamp tax raised the price of paper goods sold in the
colonies.
• C) Colonists believed that Parliament had no right to tax the
colonies.
• D) Parliament had not warned the colonies about the new stamp tax
in advance.
• Answer: C) Colonists believed that Parliament had no right to tax the
colonies.
5.3 Continued…
The Quartering Act
*1765 Parliament passes act
ordering colonists to provide
British troops with housing and
supplies (candles, firing, bedding,
cooking utensils, salt, vinegar,
and beer or cider).
*Colonists protest this act as
another tax.
*Tempers rise on both sides of
the Atlantic.
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5.4 The Townsend Acts
*1767 New British Prime Minister
Charles Townsend persuades
Parliament to place taxes on
certain goods the colonies import
from Britain, including glass, paint,
paper, and tea.
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A notice to the public from Simeon Coley regarding
the duties imposed by Lord Townsend.
Simeon Coley was a colonial silversmith.
5.4 Continued…
A boycott of British Goods
*Boston Patriot Samuel Adams leads
opposition to the Townsend Acts.
*All of the colonies agree to boycott
(refuse to buy one or more goods from
a single source) British goods.
Repeal of the Townsend Acts
*1770 new British Prime Minister Lord
North persuades Parliament to repeal all
of the Townsend duties (taxes)
except one, the tax on tea.
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Punishment to tax collectors, 1770’s
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Samuel Adams
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Test Prep.
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The Townshend Acts and the Tea Act were…
A) opposed as “taxation without representation” by most colonists.
B) approved by most Patriots, but opposed by most Loyalists.
C) failures because they raised the price of goods too high for
colonists to buy.
• D) accepted and obeyed by all but a few hotheads in Boston.
• Answer: A) opposed as “taxation without representation” by most
colonists.
5.5 Boston Massacre
Mob Violence Breaks Out
*March 5, 1770 a crowd begins throwing
rocks at British troops guarding the Boston
Customs House.
*Troops panic and open fire.
*Five Boston citizens are killed in the
massacre.
Massacre or Self-Defense?
*Patriots see the Boston Massacre
as proof that the British should pull
out all their troops from the colonies.
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*Loyalists see the massacre as proof
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that troops are needed more than
ever to control the Patriots.
*Murder trial is held; two troops found
guilty of manslaughter.
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This is an actual notice of the trial of
the soldiers accused of murdering five
people in Boston on March 5, 1770.
Notice the date on the bottom of the
Page, MDCCLXX. Those are Roman
numerals for the year one thousand,
seven hundred and seventy.
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Test Prep.
• The Boston Massacre was a…
• A) smallpox epidemic that killed a large number of Native
Americans.
• B) noisy protest against the Stamp Act by the Sons of Liberty in
Boston.
• C) fierce battle that took place in Boston during the French and
Indian War.
• D) deadly riot between colonists and British troops stationed in
Boston.
• Answer: D) deadly riot between colonists and British troops
stationed in Boston.
5.6 Boston Tea Party
Tea Act of 1773
*Lowers the cost of tea that is sold
by the British East India Company in
the colonies.
*Gives the British East India Company
a monopoly (complete control) over
tea sales in the colonies.
*Colonists see this as another attempt
to tax them without their consent.
Tea Ships Arrive
*December 16, 1773 about 50 men
dressed as Mohawk Indians board
three British ships and dump 90,000 lbs
of tea overboard.
*Boston Tea Party serves to excite and
unify the Patriots even more.
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5.7 The Intolerable Acts
Parliament Punishes Massachusetts
Angered by the Boston Tea Party, British Parliament passes a new series
of laws in 1774 so harsh that many colonists consider them “intolerable.”
First law closes
Boston Harbor to all
shipping until ruined
tea is paid for.
Second law places
Massachusetts under
British control.
Third law says that
British soldiers
accused of murder
will be tried in
England, not in the
colonies.
More troops are sent
to Boston to enforce
the new laws.
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5.7 Continued…
The Colonies begin to Unite
*Merchants in other cities show
their support for Boston by closing
their shops.
*Virginia calls for a congress of
delegates from all the colonies.
The First Continental Congress
*September 1774, 50 leaders
from 12 colonies meet in
Philadelphia.
*Patrick Henry from Virginia
declares, “I am not a Virginian,
I am an American.”
*Delegates agree to send a
respectful message to King
George urging him to recognize
their rights.
*Delegates also call for a boycott
of British goods until Parliament
repeals the Intolerable Acts.
*They also agree to meet the following
May if the boycott doesn’t work.
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Carpenters Hall,
Philadelphia
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5.7 Continued…
The Colonies Form Militias
*In towns and cities throughout the
colonies, Patriots appoint
committees to enforce the boycott.
*They also begin organizing local
militias.
*New England volunteers call
themselves Minutemen because
they can be ready to fight in just
60 seconds.
*Rather than forcing the colonies to
give in, the Intolerable Acts bring the
two sides to the brink of war.
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Test Prep.
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The Intolerable Acts…
A) forced the colonies to give in to Britain.
B) united the colonies against Britain.
C) divided the colonies against each other.
D) turned the colonies against Boston.
• Answer: B) united the colonies against Britain.
5.8 Lexington and Concord
*Rather than consider the colonists’
complaints, King George refuses to
answer their message.
*April 1775 British General Gage
orders 700 troops to Concord to
seize the colonists’ supply of
gunpowder and weapons.
*Paul Revere and William Dawes
ride through the countryside warning
the colonists that the British were
coming.
*Minutemen meet the British at
Lexington. Both sides open fire; eight
colonists die, and the British march on
to Concord.
Paul Revere’s Ride
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“If they mean to have war, let it begin here!”
5.8 Continued…
*British are in Concord by breakfast time.
*Captain Isaac Davis marches his
volunteers down to meet the British.
*Both armies meet at Concord’s North
Bridge.
*Davis is killed with a bullet to the heart.
*Minutemen stand their ground and fire
back. Redcoats retreat in panic.
*As British return to Boston, Minutemen
line the route and shoot them at every
chance they get. By the end of the day
74 British soldiers are dead and
another 200 are wounded or missing.
*At Lexington and Concord, Americans
prove they are not only willing to fight for
their rights, they are willing to die for them.
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Captain Davis fatally shot at Concord Bridge
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Minutemen firing on the British
Test Prep.
• The clashes between colonists and British troops at Lexington and
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Concord proved that…
A) General Gage was a weak military leader.
B) colonists no longer felt any loyalty to Great Britain.
C) Americans were willing to fight for the right to govern themselves.
D) militia troops were no match for well-trained British soldiers.
• Answer: C) Americans were willing to fight for the right to govern
themselves.
5.9 Chapter Summary
*The French and Indian War
leaves Britain with huge debts.
*Parliament tries to deal with
this by imposing new taxes and
laws.
*These actions divide the
colonists into opposing camps.
*Patriots want liberty
*Loyalists urge obedience to
Britain.
*1774 Delegates meet at the
First Continental Congress in
Philadelphia. Send formal
complaint to the King.
*Patriots form militias to defend
themselves.
*At Lexington and Concord, Patriots
show they would rather fight than
give up their rights.
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Liberty poles used to promote patriotism