An Emerging World Power
1890-1917
Chapter 18
How did the United States
become a global power?
Standards
• Standard - SSUSH14 Description: The student will
explain America's evolving relationship with the
world at the turn of the twentieth century.
a. Explain the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and
anti-Asian immigration sentiment on the west coast.
b. Describe the Spanish-American War, the war in the
Philippines, and the debate over American
expansionism.
c. Explain U.S. involvement in Latin America, as
reflected by the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe
Doctrine and the creation of the Panama Canal.
The Roots of Imperialism
Section 1
• “How and why did the United States
take a more active role in world
affairs?”
• Vocabulary:
imperialism
extractive economy
Alfred T. Mahan
Queen Liliuokalani
Frederick J. Turner
Matthew Perry
Social Darwinism
The Roots of Imperialism
The Causes of Imperialism
Main Idea: The United States became one of many nations
interested in expanding control around the world in order to
increase their wealth.
America’s First Steps Toward World Power
Main Idea: America developed trade with the previously closed-off
Japan, purchased Alaska, and established trade, highways, and
other investments in Latin America.
The United States Acquires Hawaii
Main Idea: After long-term debate between American planters and
Hawaiian natives, Hawaii became a U.S. territory in 1898.
Imperialism
• Policy by a stronger
nation to extend their
political, military, and
economic control over
weaker territories
• Extracted economies:
removed raw materials
from the colony and
shipped them to the home
country
Pressures for Expansion
• 1. Overproduction of food and goods;
business and farmers needed new markets
• 3. To spread democracy
• 4. To spread Christianity
• 5. Social Darwinism
*What factors influenced Americans to play a
more active role in the world?
Americans had surplus goods and wanted to
find other markets for them. Imperialists
embraced Social Darwinism and believed in
America’s Manifest Destiny.
Reasons for Imperialism
• 1. Economic factors: countries needed natural
resources such as rubber and petroleum and
new markets for manufactured goods due to
overproduction
• 2. Nationalist factors: competition among
nations for empires resulted from nationalism
• 3. Military factors: advances in technology
and the need for military bases for fuel and
supplies
• 4. Humanitarian factors: spread Western
civilization, including law, medicine, and
Christian religion
United States Navy
• Alfred T. Mahan
asserted in The
Influence of Sea
Power Upon History
that the U. S. needed
a modern fleet and
foreign bases
• By 1900, U.S. had the
third largest navy
U. S. Navy
Security: Naval Power
• Naval Act 1890: construct battleships,
gunboats, torpedo boats, and cruisers
• Great White Fleet – one of the most
powerful navies in the world
Fredrick J. Turner
• Argued that the
frontier was closed
due to settlement of
the West
• Believed U.S. needed
overseas expansion
as a “safety valve” to
avoid internal conflict
Time Line
• 1796: Washington said, “ steer clear of permanent alliances”
• 1853: Commodore Matthew C. Perry opened Japan to trade
• 1866: 50,000 American soldiers sent to Mexico to stop French
from placing an emperor on the throne
• 1867: Seward bought Alaska from Russia
• 1867: Annexed Midway Islands
*Why did journalists criticize Seward for his purchase of Alaska?
They criticized him because of the distance between Alaska and
the U.S. and because they thought the area lacked natural
resources.
Matthew C. Perry in Japan 1853
U. S. Foreign Affairs
• Began trade with China in 1860s
• Treaty with Hawaii 1870s to sell sugar to the U.S.
duty-free
• 1913 Minor C. Keith of United Fruit Company
dominated the governments of Costa Rica,
Guatemala, and Honduras; known as “banana
republics”
• Growth of U.S. Navy: Alfred T. Mahan wrote The
Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660-1783;
stated that economy needed markets abroad; by
1900 the U.S. had a powerful navy
U.S. Involvement in Latin America
• Chile: forced Chile to pay money to families
of slain U.S. sailors
• Brazil: navy put down rebellion to protect
U.S. business interests
• In a dispute between Britain and Venezuela,
the U.S. forced them to go to arbitration to
settle the dispute over territory between
Venezuela and British Guiana
Pacific
• Hawaii: leased Pearl Harbor
-Queen Liliuokalani: Dole removed her in 1893
-Annexed in 1898
• Samoa: Divided islands with Germany; got Pago Pago
*How did American planters react to Queen Liliuokalani’s actions
when she gained power?
American planters overthrew the queen when her actions
threatened to limit their powers and affect their profits.
United States and Imperialism
• Promote economic
growth: expand
markets for sale of
overproduction of
goods
• Protect American
security; Large Navy
and need for Pacific
bases
• Preserve American
spirit; social Darwinism
NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Identify Main Ideas
QUICK STUDY
Causes of Imperialism
TRANSPARENCY
American Imperialism
The Spanish-American War
Section 2
• “What were the causes and effects of
the Spanish-American War?”
• Vocabulary:
José Martí
George Dewey
Emilio Aguinaldo
Rough Riders
Yellow Press
Treaty of Paris
William Randolph Hearst
jingoism
The Spanish-American War
Causes of the War
Main Idea: When Cuba rebelled against Spanish rulers, the United
States sympathized with Cuba. The press heightened the desire for
war, and when the U.S. battleship the Maine exploded in Havana
harbor, America declared war on Spain.
American Troops Battle the Spanish
Main Idea: American troops were successful in battling the Spanish
in Cuba and other Spanish territories, including Puerto Rico and the
Philippines.
Effects of the War
Main Idea: When the war ended, the United States took over land
previously controlled by Spain. This caused debate among
Americans, but ultimately gave the U.S. new stature in world affairs.
Continued…
Key Words
• Spheres of Influence: areas of economic and
political control in China
• Open Door Policy: American approach to
China, favoring open trade relations between
China and others
• Arbitration: settlement of a dispute by a
person chosen to listen to both sides and
come to a decision
• Jingoism: intense burst of national pride and
desire for an aggressive foreign policy
Cuban Rebellion
• 1895 Cuba rebelled against Spain
• José Marti led rebels
• 150,000 troops under General Valeriano
Weyler, “The Butcher” sent to stop
• Concentration Camps
U. S. Position
• Cuban rebels attacked
sugar plantations to get
U.S. help
• American newspapers
used “yellow
journalism” to get U. S.
support for Cuba
*Why did Americans
object to Spanish actions
in Cuba?
Brutal treatment of
Cubans by the Spanish
William Randolph Hearst
• Publications (The New
York Journal)called
Yellow Press because
they featured a character
called The Yellow Kid
• Used sensational
headlines to sell papers
• Exaggerated Spanish
atrocities
Joseph Pulitzer
• New York World
competed with
Hearst’s newspapers
by exaggerating
stories about Cuba
• Pulitzer Prize is
named for him
CHART
New York Journal Sales
De Lôme Letter
• Letter written by ambassador to Washington,
Dupuy de Lôme, describing President
McKinley as “weak and a bidder for the
admiration of the crowd”
• U. S. citizens were angry
U.S.S. Maine
• U.S. battleship U.S.S. Maine and sank in
Havana Harbor
• Americans believed that Spain had blown up
the ship
• (Ships boiler blew up)
• Pressure to declare war
U.S.S. Maine
Causes of War
• 1. Explosion of the U.S.S. Maine “Remember
the Maine
• 2. Yellow journalism
• 3. The de Lôma Letter
• 4. Sympathy for the Cubans
• Why did Americans object to Spanish
actions in Cuba?
• Americans believed that Spain had treated
Cuban rebels brutally and that Spain had
destroyed the Maine
Battles
• Admiral George
Dewey attacked the
Spanish Pacific
Fleet in Manila Bay,
Philippines
• Spanish fleet sunk
• U.S. controlled the
area
Emilio Aguinaldo
• Filipino leader who helped the U.S. contain
Spanish troops, hoping for independence
• U.S. did not grant independence until 1946
Battle in Cuba
• Navy attacked the
Spanish Atlantic
Fleet in Santiago,
Cuba, sinking the
ships
• Land war: Rough
Riders, under
Theodore Roosevelt
charged up San
Juan Hill
• “A splendid little
war”
TRANSPARENCY
Charge of the Rough Riders at San Juan Hill
CHART
Causes of American Deaths in the Spanish-American War
NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Identify Causes and Effects
Question
*How did the Rough Riders and African
American cavalry units contribute to the
war effort?
Both fought in battles that secured the
surrender of Santiago, Cuba.
Treaty of Paris 1898
• Cuba gains independence
• U.S. gains Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam
• U.S. paid Spain $20 million
*Why did American leaders think it was important to keep the
Philippines?
Believed that a presence in the Philippines would be valuable in
increasing U.S. trade with China
Results of War
• Fought Aguinaldo for three years
• Teller Amendment promised that the U.S.
would not annex Cuba
• Constitution of Cuba 1900
Imperialism’s Appeal
• Many Americans felt that imperialism offered
a New Frontier abroad.
• Many supported the effort to gain foreign
markets for U.S. products
• The U.S. became a powerful player on the
world stage
• Roosevelt sent part of the Navy on a cruise
around the world to demonstrate the Great
White Fleet.
Anti-Imperialists
• Moral and political arguments: nation was
founded on “liberty for all”
• Racial arguments: some Americans believed
that people Anglo-Saxon heritage were
superior
• Economic arguments: some felt that
expansion cost too much in maintaining
necessary armed forces or that people from
annexed territories would take jobs
William McKinley
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1900 McKinley defeats Bryan
U.S. has an empire and new
stature in world affairs
Reelected in 1900
Assassinated in 1901
Vice President Theodore
Roosevelt becomes president
Why did American leaders think
it was important to keep the
Philippines?
Some leaders believed that a
presence in the Philippines
would be valuable in increasing
U.S. trade with China.
The United States and East Asia
Section 3
• “How did the United States extend its
influence in Asia?”
• Vocabulary:
insurrection
Open Door Policy
guerrilla warfare
John Hay
Russo-Japanese War
Boxer Rebellion
William Howard Taft
Great White Fleet
”Gentlemen’s Agreement”
sphere of influence
The United States and East Asia
Filipinos Rebel Against U.S. Rule
Main Idea: Filipinos were angry that the United States did not
grant them independence after the Spanish-American War and
rebelled. The Americans fought the rebels, but eventually the
Philippines became independent.
The United States Pursues an Interest in China
Main Idea: The United States tried to establish a system of fair
trade in China, so that they could have as much access to goods
as European powers.
Tensions Rise Between America and Japan
Main Idea: Asian prejudice in America and resentment of
western interference in Japan led to growing conflict between
the two regions in the early 1900s.
Key Words
• Concession: grant for a piece of
land in exchange for a promise to
use the land for a specific purpose
• Dollar diplomacy: encourage
investment abroad
Key Words
• Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe
Doctrine: extension of a previously
accepted idea
1. Not use the Monroe Doctrine for territorial
aggression
2. U.S. intervene to prevent intervention
from other powers
• Racism: belief that differences in character
or intelligence are due to one’s race
Filipinos Rebel
• Emilio Aguinaldo used guerilla
warfare to try to win
independence from the U.S.
• After his capture in 190a, the
insurrection ended, taking the
lives of 5,000 Americans and
200,00 Filipinos
• Why did hostilities erupt in the
Philippines after the SpanishAmerican War?
• The U.S. took possession of
the Philippines, and Filipinos
wanted their independence.
INFOGRAPHIC
War and Peace in the Philippines
China
• Vast market
• Sphere of Influence
• John Hay developed “Open Door Policy” – America wanted free
trade in China
• “Boxer” Rebellion 1900 rebellion against foreigners; Righteous
and Harmonious Fists ; European powers forced China to pay
for damage
• How did the U.S. protect its commercial interests in China?
• The U.S. protected its interests with the Open Door Policy,
asserting its right to trade on the same footing as European
countries.
TRANSPARENCY
The Boxer Rebellion
Russo-Japanese War
• In 1905, Roosevelt
mediated the conflict.
• He received the Nobel
Peace Prize for his role
as mediator.
• Japan received land
and control over Korea;
Russia left Manchuria;
China remained open to
all for trade.
Gentlemen’s Agreement
• 1906 San Francisco
banned Asian
children from
attending schools with
whites
• TR convinced the city
to back down, and
Japan limited
emigration to the U.S.
• Caused hostility
Great White Fleet
• Roosevelt promoted military
preparedness to protect
American interests in Asia
• 1907 sent 16 battleships on a
“good will cruise” around the
world
• What were some of the
difficulties America faced in
maintaining good relations with
Japan?
• American prejudice in CA
schools was an impediment to
good relations with Japan.
NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Recognize Sequence
The United States and Latin America
Section 4
• “What actions did the United States
take to achieve its goals in Latin
America?”
• Vocabulary:
Foraker Act
Panama Canal
Roosevelt Corollary
Platt Amendment
”big stick” diplomacy “dollar diplomacy”
”moral diplomacy”
Francisco “Pancho” Villa
The United States and Latin America
U.S. Policy in Puerto Rico and Cuba
Main Idea: After the Spanish-American War, Puerto Rico remained
under direct U.S. rule and Puerto Ricans were given some
citizenship rights. The United States also continued to have
influence in Cuban government.
Roosevelt Pursues “Big Stick” Diplomacy
Main Idea: Theodore Roosevelt thought it was important to take a
strong stand in international affairs, and wanted the United States
to act as “police” for all of Latin America.
Wilson Pursues Moral Diplomacy
Main Idea: When Wilson was elected President, he criticized the
imperialist actions of his predecessors. However, under his term
the United States continued to intervene in Mexico and Latin
American affairs.
Platt Amendment - Cuba
• Cuban government could
not enter foreign agreements
• Had to give the U.S. two
bases (Guantanamo Bay)
• U.S. had right to intervene
• Why did Cubans dislike the
Platt Amendment?
• The Platt Amendment brought
Cuba under U.S. control,
restricted Cubans’ rights, and
allowed the U.S. to intervene
in Cuban affairs.
Puerto Rico
• No independence
• People given citizenship in 1917
• Recently voted on statehood
Theodore Roosevelt’s Foreign
Policy
• U.S. a world power
• Intervenes in the affairs
of countries that were
of economic and
strategic interest
• Spanish-American War
shows the need for a
shorter route between
the Pacific and Atlantic
Oceans
Foreign Policy
• “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.”
This quote by TR alluded to the threat of military
force to conduct an aggressive foreign policy.
• Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine” the U.S.
government would intervene to prevent intervention
from other powers.
• Santo Domingo: U.S. took over finances and paid
European debt
• U.S. continued to intervene in Latin America
The Panama Canal
Panama Canal
• Isthmus of Panama: belonged to Columbia
• Ferdinand de Lesseps bought a concession in 1879
to build a canal.
• After 10 years, the company abandoned the project.
• Congress passed the Spooner Act in 1902,
authorizing the purchase of the French assets for
$40 million.
• Colombia would not negotiate with the U.S.
Lease
• Roosevelt indicated that the U.S. would not interfere
if the French company organized a Panamanian
revolt against Colombia.
• In November, 1903 a revolt broke out with U.S.
warships offshore to provide support for the rebels.
• The U.S. recognized Panama as an independent
country and ratified the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty in
1904.
• The treaty gave the U.S. a grant of a 10-mile-wide
strip for a Canal Zone for $10 million.
Construction
• Construction, which began
in 1904, was finished in 1914
• William C. Gorgas virtually
eliminated malaria and
yellow fever.
• Roosevelt’s tactics used to
acquire the Panama Canal
caused ill-will among Latin
Americans toward the U.S.
• In 1921, Congress paid
Colombia $25 million in
recognition of the illegal
means used to acquire the
Canal Zone
TRANSPARENCY
Building the Panama Canal
Panama Canal
NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Identify Supporting Details
William Howard Taft
• Elected in 1908
• Foreign policy goals
were to maintain the
open door in Asia and
preserve stability in
Latin America
• “Dollar diplomacy”
substituted dollars for
bullets, although the
results were not always
profitable.
Question
• What were Roosevelt’s most important
foreign-policy initiatives in Latin
America?
• Roosevelt’s initiatives in Latin America
were his Corollary, which claimed the U.S.
right to intervene in the affairs of Latin
America, and his “big stick” diplomacy,
which emphasized a strong U.S. military.
Wilson’s Moral Diplomacy
• Stated that he would not use
imperialism, but would
promote “human rights,
national integrity, and
opportunity”
• Used military power in Latin
America and Haiti
• What was “moral diplomacy”?
• “Moral diplomacy” was a policy
that stressed respecting the
rights of other nations to
govern and not using force to
impose U.S. policies on other
sovereign governments.
INFOGRAPHIC
Intervention in Mexico
NOTE TAKING
Reading Skill: Compare