Ch. 18.
The Politics of Protest
(1960-1980).
Tom
Hayden,
2007.
I. Youth Actions.
A. Students for a Democratic Society (SDS).
1. Port Huron Statement (1962) –
Stop apathy & letting country be
run by big corporations.
2. Tom Hayden.
 Port Huron Statement written largely by Tom Hayden.
 “New” left of liberalism different from “Old” left of Socialism / communism.
 Protested Vietnam War; poverty, nuclear power, and racism.
 “Don’t trust anyone over 30.”
These UC-Berkeley
students are protesting
the government's
actions in Vietnam.
B. Counterculture – Alternative ways of
living, called “Hippies.”
1. Communes – Group living.
This was the
center of the
hippy world in
San Francisco.
 Communes – Group living arrangement where they shared everything.
 Haight-Ashbury district in San Francisco – Hippy destination in mid-1960’s.
Andy Warhol,
with painting
of Che.
The peace symbol was developed
in the UK as a logo for the
Campaign for Nuclear
Disarmament, and was
embraced by U.S. anti-war
protestors
in the 1960s
 Tie-dyed shirts; Andy Warhol, Hair musical in 1967.
► The Beatles perform “I want to hold
your hand” on the Ed Sullivan
Show (1964).
► Bob Dylan and Jimi Hendrix.
THE SUMMER
OF LOVE
The Summer of Love refers to the summer of 1967, when nearly
100,000 hippies converged on the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood of
San Francisco, creating a phenomenon of cultural and political
rebellion. It was a melting pot of music, psychedelic drugs, sexual
freedom, creative expression, and politics. The Summer of Love
became a defining moment of the 1960s, as the hippie
counterculture movement came into public awareness.
WOODSTOCK !!


Woodstock – Aug 1969, over 400,000 descended on a farm in
upstate NY for “3-days of peace and music.”
Much of hippie style had been integrated into mainstream American
society by the early 1970s.
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Silent Spring is a book written by Rachel Carson in
1962.
The book is widely credited with helping launch the
environmental movement.
Silent Spring spurred a reversal in national pesticide
policy—leading to a nationwide ban on DDT and other
pesticides—and inspired the creation of the
Environmental Protection Agency.
Rachel Carson, 1940
Three Mile Island in Pennsylvania
The Three Mile
Island accident
in 1979 was the
most
significant
accident in the
history of the U.S.
commercial
nuclear power
generating
industry.
Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station consisted
of two pressurized water reactors each inside its own
containment building and connected cooling towers.
TMI-2, suffered a partial meltdown, is in the background.
Three Mile Island
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A recent study has noted that the counties
surrounding TMI have the highest radon
concentrations in the United States and that this
may be the cause of the increased lung cancer
noted in the region.
Fewer Nuclear reactors built.
The clean-up cost was around
$975 million. From 1985 to
1990 almost 100 tons of
radioactive fuel were removed
from the site.
Federal requirements became
more stringent, local opposition
became more strident, and
construction times were
The full damage to the reactor core
significantly lengthened.
was not known for many years
after the accident.
II. The Feminist Movement.
A. Feminism – Men & women equal
politically, economically, and socially.
B. Women’s Movement Reawakens.
1. Equal Pay Act (1963) – Same pay for
same job.
2. Betty Friedan – The Feminine Mystique
(1963).
Betty Friedan
was an American
feminist, activist,
and writer, best
known for starting
the "Second Wave“
of feminism through
the writing of The
Feminine Mystique.
 Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique (1963).
 Shirley Chisholm – 1st African American woman in Congress (NY) in 1968.
3. National Organization for Women
(NOW) – 1966, Bring women into
mainstream of U.S. society.
NOW Organizing Conference, October, 1966.
 NOW was created by Betty Friedan.
4. Title IX (1972) – Schools can’t
discriminate against females.
5. Roe vs. Wade (1973) – Supreme Court
ruled that states can’t regulate
abortions (first 3 months).
 Title IX – no school discrimination from admission to athletics.
III. New Approaches to Civil Rights.
A. Hispanic Americans Organize.
Raymond L. Telles, the first
Hispanic elected mayor
(1957), El Paso, Texas.
Hispanic immigrants protest for
civil rights in Birmingham, Alabama.
1. United Farm Workers (UFW) – Rights for
farm workers.
a) Started by César Chávez and
Dolores Huerta.
Cesar Chavez lived on a small farm near
Yuma, Arizona until his family lost it during
the Great Depression and moved to CA.
At age 10, Chávez became a migrant farm
worker, laboring in fields and vineyards.
 Early 1960’s, combined groups to organize against CA growers to demand
union recognition, better wages, and better benefits.
 National Boycott of table grapes (no uvas) with help from AFL-CIO,
students, churches, and civil rights groups; about 17 million people
stopped buying them; market plunged.
 Started in 1965 and ended in 1970.
The UFW is a labor union that evolved from unions founded in 1962 by
César Chávez, Philip Vera Cruz, Dolores Huerta, and Larry Itliong. This
union changed from a workers' rights organization that helped workers get
unemployment insurance to that of a union of farmworkers almost overnight,
when the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA) went out on strike in
support of the mostly Filipino farmworkers of the Agricultural Workers
Organizing Committee (AWOC).
2. La Raza Unida (the united people) –
1969, Texas group led by José Angel
Gutiérrez for better job training, banking
services, and bilingual education.
B.
Stonewall Riots(1969) – Beginning of
Gay rights movement.
The Stonewall riots were a series of
violent conflicts between New York City
police officers and 2,000 gay
and transgender people that began
during the early morning of June 28,
1969, and lasted five days. The
Rebellion was a watershed moment for
the worldwide gay rights movement.
The Stonewall Inn
in Greenwich
Village, NYC.
President Nixon
President Nixon greets Chinese Party
Chairman Mao Zedong (left) in a historic
visit to the People's Republic of China, 1972.
 Nixon won the 1968 election (against Humphrey) by appealing to the
“silent majority” of conservatives.
 With support from national security advisor Henry Kissinger, Nixon forged
better relationships with China and the Soviet Union.
Chapter 19, Sec II. The ‘Watergate’ Scandal.
A. President Richard Nixon forced to resign
(1974).
The Watergate Hotel and office
complex in Washington, D.C.
Tricky Dick
 President Nixon sought reelection amid a scandal over the Watergate
break-in.
“People have got to know whether
or not their President is a crook.
Well, I'm not a crook. I've earned
everything I've got.”
-- President Nixon
 A break-in at the Watergate complex (Dem National Committee (DNC)
headquarters) soon developed into a political scandal.
 Re-election was not assured; Nixon supporters tried to steal information
from the DNC (June 17, 1972).
 One of the burglars, James McCord, was an ex-CIA official and on the
Committee for the Reelection of the President (CRP).
 Cover-up – Nixon administration officials began destroying incriminating
evidence and provided false testimony to investigators.
 Nixon may not have ordered the break-in, but he did order the cover-up;
Asked the CIA to get the FBI to stop investigating – it would
threaten national security; Nixon denied any involvement.
 Counsel to the President, John Dean, said that the Attorney General John
Mitchell ordered the break-in and Nixon was involved in cover up;
Nixon still denied everything.
 White House aid Alexander Butterfield informed the Senate committee of
Nixon’s tape recording system.
 Nixon pleaded Executive privilege and refused to give up tapes; Nixon
fires special prosecutor Cox (wanted Nixon’s tapes); bad publicity.
 The Vice President, Spiro Agnew resigns in disgrace due to discovery that
he accepted bribes from state contractors while governor of Maryland
and still took bribes as VP.
 Gerald Ford, leader of the Hose of Representatives, is now VP.

Nixon’s ‘Enemy List’:
included politicians, actors,
journalists, etc.

The Pentagon Papers –
Leaked in 1971, detailed
30 years of deception and
escalation in Vietnam.

Nixon’s criminal activities
included breaking and
entering, illegal wiretaps,
espionage, sabotage,
witness tampering,
obstructing justice, perjury,
and blackmail.
Nixon departing the White House
aboard a helicopter after resigning, 1974.
 New special prosecutor demanded unedited tapes (not just edited
transcripts); Nixon reluctantly agrees.
 Several days later, Senate judiciary committee votes to impeach Nixon
(obstruction of justice, misuse of federal agencies, and defied the
orders of Congress).
 Unedited tapes revealed that 6 days after break-in, Nixon ordered the CIA
to stop the FBI’s investigation.
 Aug 9, 1974, Nixon resigns in disgrace to avoid impeachment.
Gerald Ford went from
Minority Speaker of the House
to the President between 1973-74,
without being voted to either office.
Once president, Ford issued a full
pardon to Nixon for any wrongdoing
while he was president.
The Watergate scandal left such an
impact on the national and international
consciousness that many scandals since
Then are labeled with the suffix "-gate".
 Gerald Ford now the 38th president.
 Affects: A number of new laws to limit campaign contributions, have more
financial disclosure, means of appointing an independence counsel
for investigations, but left many with deep distrust of public officials,
lack of respect for presidency, and skeptical about politics.
OPEC and the Oil Crisis
(of the 1970’s)
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The Organization of the
Petroleum Exporting
Countries (OPEC) is a
group of 13 countries:
Algeria, Angola, Ecuador
(which rejoined OPEC in
November 2007),
Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,
Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria,
Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the
United Arab Emirates, and
Venezuela.
Their principal goal is to
determine the best means
for safeguarding their
interests and devising
ways of ensuring the
stabilization of prices in
international oil markets.
OPEC nations still account for 2/3
of the world's oil reserves, and, as of
March 2008, 35.6% of the world's oil
production, giving them considerable
control over the global market.
The GAS Shortage !!
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On October 6, 1973, Syria
& Egypt launched a military
attack on Israel starting the
Yom Kippur War.
The 1973 oil crisis began on Oct 17, 1973,
when the members of OAPEC (Arab
members of OPEC plus Egypt and Syria)
announced, as a result of the Yom Kippur
War, they would no longer ship oil to nations
that had supported Israel in its conflict with
Syria and Egypt (the U.S., its allies in
Western Europe, & Japan).
The same time, OPEC members agreed to
use their leverage over the world pricesetting mechanism for oil in order to raise
world oil prices.
President Nixon and Ford’s price controls
led to gas shortages.
Oregon,
1973.
In the U.S., drivers of vehicles with license plates having an odd number as the last digit
were allowed to purchase gasoline for their cars only on odd-numbered days of the month,
while drivers of vehicles with even-numbered plates were allowed on even-numbered days
Gas rationing system is
announced in an afternoon
newspaper being read at a
service station with a sign in
the background stating no
gas is available in 1974.
Jimmy Carter defeats Ford
in 1976 election.
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Carter was the 39th U.S. President
from 1977 - 1981 and received the
Nobel Peace Prize in 2002.
After the Yom Kippur War, Carter
negotiated a peace treaty between
Israel and Egypt (Camp David
Accords) in 1978, calming the
troubles in the Middle East.
The Iran hostage crisis led to his
defeat to Ronald Reagan in 1980.
Known for his humanitarian work,
including assistance with Habitat for
Humanity.
He is still considered a respected
diplomat today.
The peanut farmer
from Georgia.