Algeria
Devin
Krystal
Luke
French Rule
• In the 1500’s, Algeria was a powerful country that controlled the
Mediterranean Sea.
• They were made a French colony in 1834.
• Under French Rule, Algerians were given the lowest form of
labor and were not allowed government representation.
• Only French citizens could work in skilled jobs with high pay.
•Struggles for independence began and the French created a
parliamentary assembly made of half European and Algerian
delegates in attempt to uphold French colonial rule.
• The assembly failed and more struggles for independence
continued.
Algerian Independence
• French Occupation: 1830-1962
• November 1, 1954 FLN begins
attacks on government
installations
• FLN uses guerilla attacks to
combat French
• French launch genocide against
Algerian villages
• War of Independence: 1954-1962
• Ahmed Ben Bella is elected first
president of Algeria in 1962
• Constitution was completed in
1963
Post-Independence
• Unemployment problems because of lack of
established industries (like factories)
• Land and education reforms
• Return to islam by government
• Political power struggles continue
• Debates over separation of church and state
• Economy is based on exporting raw-materials
ie: oil, and agricultural products like: wheat,
barley, grapes and olives
Ahmed Ben Bella
• An ex-sergeant of the French army, deported to Egypt
for his Republican beliefs
• Joined 8 other Algerian exiles and formed the National
Liberation Front (NLF) in 1954
• In 1954, he waged a guerilla war against the French
government and attacked government buildings and
military and police posts.
• In 1962, he was elected the first president of Algeria
• Declared Algeria a Arab-Islamic state and installed the
FLN as a single-party political system
Pan-Africa
• Pan-africanism: the belief of a greater nation
consisting of all of Africa. This would establish free
trade within all of Africa and would also establish
majority rule.
• We the delegation of Algeria do not support PanAfricanism because we are still ruled by the white
minority and they still don’t want to relinquish power
to a higher, black authority
Bibliography
• http://www.marxist.org/history/algeria/
• http://www.arab.net/algeria/aa_independence
.htm
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/featu
res/storyofafrica/14chapter6.shtml
• http://www.answers.com/topic/algeria
• http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook
Cameroon
By
David
Dominique
Daniella
Francophone and
Anglophone
•Mostly Francophone, partly
Anglophone
•After World War I, the League of
Nations gave the French a
mandate over 80% of Cameroon
and 20% to the British near
Nigeria
•French Cameroons and the
British Cameroons were created
•1961- the Federal Republic of
Cameroon was created, unifying
southern British Cameroons with
the Republic of
Cameroon(French)
H.E. Amado Ahidjo
•Amadu Ahidjo is the leading independence
leader and first president of an independent
Cameroon
•He was first prime minister of the new selfgovernment of French Cameroons in 1958
•French Cameroons gains independence
with Ahidjo as president of the new Republic
of Cameroon in 1960
•He led the National Cameroonian Union,
the leading political party of Cameroon in
1966 of the Federal Republic of Cameroon
•In 1972 he created the United Republic of
Cameroon under a unitary government
Independence
•1955 - Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC) begin an
armed struggle for independence and union with British
Cameroon
•Independence for French Cameroon was denied by France
until 1960 because France wanted a union with all its colonies
called the French Union
•1960 - French Cameroon receives its independence
•1961 - British Cameroon joins French Cameroon after the UN
holds a plebiscite
Post-Independence
Cameroon
•1972- Cameroon became a one-party
state with Ahidjo as president and the CNU
controlling the government.
•1982- Paul Biya established authoritarian
rule, generating opposition and calls for
democratic reform
•1990- Biya ended one-party rule following a
nationwide strike
•1992- Cameroon’s first democratic
elections were held and Biya was reelected
•1990’s- economic problems and
accusations of corruption
Position on Pan•The continent of Africa needs to be united
Africanism
to eliminate the legacy of colonialism in
Quic kTime™ and a
TIFF (Unc ompres sed) dec ompres sor
are needed t o s ee t his pict ure.
our land and to develop as a whole
•Share resources to end fighting over
areas rich in resources
•End lasting border disputes that started
when the European colonial powers
divided up the continent
•We are an example:
•the British Cameroon has been divided
and redivided between Nigeria and
Cameroon, leading to fighting
•Competition with Nigeria to control the
oil-rich Bakassi peninsula has led to more
fighting
Sources
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/country_profiles/102
1488.stm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cameroon
http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107382.html
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26431.htm
http://www.southerncameroons.info/map.htm
http://www.ambaFrancecm.org/lmth/camero/histoir/camr1p.htm
http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?his
toryid=ad39
Ethiopia: Through The
Ages
Ethiopia: Through The Ages
By Adam Miller and
Robert Saunders
Ethiopia: Important Dates and
People
18961896-1950
Modern
Ethiopia 1930-Empress dies,
emerged cousin Tafari Makonnen
under
crowned emperor Haile
Menelik II Selassie I.
1941- British remove Italians
from Ethiopia, Selassie returns
to Addis Ababa. Ethiopia
placed under British control
18961917Menelik’s
1935death 1931brings Ethiopian Selassie
daughter Constitution exiled by
Italy
to throne created
1950
1944-Ethiopia regains
independence in AngloEthiopian Treaty, making
Ethiopia one of 2 independent
black nations.
Ethiopia: Important Dates and
1952- U.N.
People
establishes
Federation of
19501965
Ethiopia and
Eritrea, Ethiopia
never accepted
Eritrean
independence
1950
1955- Eritrean
political
parties
dissolved
1960-Coup
d’etat failed
1956- Selassie
1955- Selassie cut ties from
Patriarch of
created new
Alexandria,
constitution
claimed right to
without
appoint members
consulting
of the church
Parliament
1965
1962- Eritrean
parliament
eliminated
Ethiopia: Important Dates and
1977-USSR changes
People African policy
providing Ethiopia with
1966- 1980financial and military
1974- Selassie
forced into exile by
military coup d’etat
1966
1976-Politically
1973- Thousands die discontent group
of famine in parts of in province of
country as result of
Tigray take up
oil crisis and closure weapons against
of Suez Canal
Addis Ababa
regime
support, realizing
Ethiopia was more
populous then Eritrea
and Somalia
1980
1977- Mengistu Haile
Miriam gains control of
military junta known as
Derg after internal
disputes known as “Red
Terror”
Ethiopia: Important Dates and
1981-Ethiopian
People
army regains
1981- Present
control of Eritrea
with newly 1985- Villagization put into 1991- Ethiopian
acquired
effect, concentrating
people
supplies from people in large
revolt,Democratic
USSR
settlements to reduce
party takes control
effects of famine
or Eritrea
1981
Present
1984- Severe 1989- Soviet
199819812000famine
Union falls
Dispute
Mengistu
Border
strikes
apart, leaving
between
rule found to Ethiopia
dispute
Ethiopia without Ethiopia
be as
again,
aid, leaving the and Eritrea turns
oppressive
thousands
government
arises over into
as Selassie
war
dying a week powerless
borders
Haile Selassie I
(Tafari Makonnon)
● Born Tafari Makonnen , July 23, 1892
●At age 13 became the Dejazmach, “commander or
general of the gates”, in Ethiopia
●1907, Tafari appointed governor over part of the
province of Sidamo.
●Tafari becomes Regent, making him the actual ruler
of the Ethiopian Empire.
●Tafari Makonnen made governor of Harar, April 11,
1911 due to a poorly executed previous ruler
Haile Selassie (cont.)
●Regent Tafari developed the idea of careful modernization,
secured Ethiopia's admission to the League of Nations in 1923,
and abolished slavery in 1924
●Tafari crowned as emperor by Empress Zewditu in 1928; this
was the first time in Ethiopian history that two
emperors/empresses ruled in the same region in the same time
●After Zewditu's sudden death in 1930, Makonnen proclaimed
Emperor and King of Kings in Ethiopia. He was crowned on
November 2nd. Crowned Haile Selassie because Haile Selassie
was the baptismal name given to him at his christening as a baby.
●Selassie made Ethiopia's first written constitution on July 16,
1931, made an appointed bicameral legislature. This was the first
time a non-noble subject could have a role in government
Haile Selassie (cont.)
●The League of Nations failed to stop Italy from invading Ethiopia
in 1935, so Selassie was exiled for five years
●Selassie returned to Ethiopia in 1941 after Italy was defeated
by Ethiopia and the United Kingdom, after this Ethiopia became a
charter member of the United Nations
●1955, Selassie introduced revised constitution, retained
effective power, while extending political participation to the
people by allowing the lower house of to become an elected body.
●In 1963 Selassie headed the establishment of the Organization
of African Unity with the new organization setting up its
headquarters in Ethiopia’s capital, Addis Ababa.
●In 1975, Haile Selassie I died
Bibliography
"Ethiopia." World History At KMLA. 15 Feb. 2006
<http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/eastafrica/ethiopia
194474.html>.
"Ethiopia." Introduction to Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. 15
Feb. 2006
<http://macalester.edu/courses/geog61/kshively/intro.h
tml>.
"Ethiopia." A Country Study Of: Ethiopia. 15 Feb. 2006
<http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/ettoc.html>.
"Ethiopia." Mengistu. 15 Feb. 2006 <www.lemonde.fr>.
"Ethiopia." Haile Selassie I. 15 Feb. 2006
<www.time.com>.
G
H
A
N
A
G
H
A
N
A
GHANA
By:
Andrew
Alex
Rebecca
Colonial Background
• Under British rule, Ghana was known as the Gold Coast.
•Economic development also led to political development
•Government power shifted to the Ghanaians from the British
governor and his officials.
• Ghana gained independence
on March 6, 1957
Political Development
• The Constitution of 1925 created provincial councils of chiefs.
• In the 1930’s, six African newspapers provoked discontent about a lack
of adequate representation.
• In 1943, two “unofficial members” were added to the council, and in 1946,
representatives from a previously unincluded region, Asante, were
added.
• After rioting about issues such as the political domination of
foreigners and shortages of housing in early 1948,
government power was put into African hands.
Dr. Kwame Nkrumah
• He was appointed general of the United Gold Coast Convention
in 1948.
• Dr. Kwame Nkrumah revolutionized presidential elections in Ghana.
• Nkrumah was the pan-africanist leader of Ghana.
• Kwame Nkrumah was elected President of Ghana on April 8, 1950.
• On March 5, 1952 Kwame Nkrumah was named Prime Minister of Ghan
More About Kwame Nkrumah
Nkrumah campaigned throughout
the country and set up summits to
spread Pan-African ideas
Ghana
contributed
$5 million
to the
African Fund
Nkrumah pursued
a radical policy for
Pan-Africanism
President Nkrumah was the leading
supporter of Pan-Africanism
Post-Independence Ghana
•In 1960, Ghana became a republic with Nkruma as president.
•On February 24, 1966, Nkrumah is overthrown by the military.
•In 1979, the Provisional National Defense
Counsel (PNDC) comes into power.
•In 1984, PNDC creates the National
Commission of Democracy.
•In 1993, a fourth party, the National
Democracy Congress, is formed.
•John Kufuor is now the president of Ghana.
Bibliography
http://www.countrystudies.us/ghana
http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/curriculum/exploreafricapics/afri
capromaps/ghana.jpg
http://www.greatepicbooks.com/epics/november97.html
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1961nkrumah.html
http://www.africawithin.com/nkrumah/nkrumah.htm
http://www.tlcafrica.com/john_kufuor.JPG
http://www.tlfq.ulaval.ca/axl/images/ghana.gif
Kenya
By:
Davis
Matt
Joseph
Hurdles to Independence
1930’s • Kenyans had almost no claim to land
• Had to work on itinerant farms
• Hut tax introduced by the British
1950’s • Mau Mau (Kenyan rebel group) began attacks
• Supporters sent to detention camps
• Had to fight against both the British and Africans (King’s African Rifles)
Similarities towards other African Nations
•
•
•
Dependency on European goods
Treated as inferior
Had no history of self governing
Jomo Kenyatta
leader of Kenya
1945 -
•
Organized 5th Pan African Congress (PAC)
1947 •
Becomes president of Kenya African Union (KAU)
1948 - 1951
•
Gave lectures around the country condemning idleness, robbery and
urged hard work
April 8, 1953 - Sentenced to 7 years in prison for managing Mau Mau
1960’s -
•
Elected Kanu president while still in jail
•
Forms a “self-government”
•
Helped to convince white settlers to work for a free Kenya and to
“forgive and forget”
Post-Independence History
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Post independence history marked by stable yet dictatorial rule
Kenya gained independence in December of 1963
Due to the stability in Kenya, it has been able to play an active role in keeping
peace in neighboring countries
Jomo Kenyatta became the first president in 1963
From the beginning of its independence, Kenya’s only political party, KANU
crushed all attempts at opposition
In 1982, the national Assembly made Kenya a one-party state
Revolts and tension forced the one-party system to be repealed in 1991
Squabbling between young opposition parties diminished their initial success
In 2002, several powerful opposition groups joined together into NARC
Its candidate, Mwai Kibaki became the first non-KANU president
Though his rule has been less dictatorial than that of the KANU presidents, the
power of the president is still considered to be too large
Legacy of Imperialism
•Kenya fought against Somalia and Uganda
because under British rule, the three countries
had been ruled together and borders had been
unclear
•Kenyan farmers protested the unfair land leases they were forced to accept under
British rule
•Kenya’s economy remains focused around raw material exportation
•Because British had crushed all opposition groups during their rule, after independence
the government easily became dictatorial
•Ethnic tensions are a result of the grouping of a myriad of ethnicities
Position on Pan-Africanism
•Pan-Africanism is a movement to unite all of
Africans and the desendents of africans under one
politcal and economic entity
• Kenya has an interest in the success of the Pan-African movement
Reason why
•Kenya has an economy based on agriculture and needs
of import a lot of goods
Bibliography
•
•
•
•
•
Bowen, Rich. "Mzee Jomo Kenyatta." RCBowen Kenya Page. 10 Feb. 2006
<http://kenya.rcbowen.com/government/kenyatta.html>.
"Case Study: Kenya." The Story of Africa. BBC News. 8 Feb. 2006
<http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/14chapter8.shtml>.
"Kenya." Answers.com. 2003. 10 Feb. 2006 <http://www.answers.com/Kenya>.
"Jomo Kenyatta." MSN Encarta. 2005. 14 Feb. 2006
<http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761552618/Kenyatta_Jomo.html>.
"Kenya." MSN Encarta. 2005. 14 Feb. 2006
<http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761564507/Kenya.html>.
"Kenya." U.S. Department of State. 8 Feb. 2006
<http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2962.htm>.
•
•
•
"Kenya." Wikipedia.com. 10 Feb. 2006 <http://www.wikipedia.com>.
“Somalia.” Answers.com. 2003. 10 Feb. 2006 <http://www.answers.com/Somalia>.
”Uganda." Answers.com. 2003. 10 Feb. 2006 <http://www.answers.com/Uganda>.
By: Chris
Sarah
Daniel
Nigeria: A British Sphere Of Influence
1885 - Great Britian declares Nigeria its Sphere of Influence
1900 - Royal Niger Company goes under British
government control
-Britain consolidates control to present-day Nigeria
1914 - Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria
-divided into NORTH, SOUTH, and LAGOS regions
Post-WWII - increase in Nigerian nationalism
October 1960 - Nigerian independence under a federal
government
-divided into NORTH, EAST, and WEST regions
Nnamdi Azikiwe
•Born in Nigeria in 1904
•Attended college in the United States
•Was inspired by the works of W.E.B. DuBois and Marcus Garvey
•Founded NCNC in 1944
•Became governor in general of Nigeria in 1963
•Was elected president of Nigeria in 1966
•Founded Nigerian peoples party in 1979
Important Nigerian Political
Leaders
Emeka Ojukuwu (1967-1970) - declares
“Republic of Biafra” in Eastern Nigeria
Alhaji Shenu Shagari (1979-1983) - part of the
National Party Of Nigeria, won his position in
an election, later he was overthrown because
his elections were rigged
Muhammadu Buhari (1983-1985) - tried to
reform the government and economy but could
not handle the responsibility
Ibrahim Babangida (1985-1993) - reformed
the government and economy, wanted civilian
participation in the government
Nigeria After Independence (post 1963)
• New constitution made.
• 1966- for the first time of many, army
officers overthrow the current government.
• The leaders divided Nigeria into more and
more separate states.
• 1977- a new constitution was drafted that
ended military rule.
•1983- Military leaders take control of the
state again.
•Similar to situation in Latin America with the
Creole leaders after countries gained
independence.
Nigeria Post Independence (Cont.)
• Finally during 90’s attempts at democratic elections made.
• The current corrupt government tried to prevent these
election.
• Sanctions by other countries and pressure by citizens forced
the government to allow elections.
• In late 90’s, Nigeria finally became a democracy ruled by
people.
• Nigeria is still in major debt though, their economy is 98%
oil based.
• Agriculture suffered because of lack of irrigation and
mismanagement.
• Current debt is 32 billion dollars.
Pan African Support
• We support Pan-Africanism!
• Pan-Africanism will help our struggling economy.
• Pan-Africanism will also help create stability in our
government, and help us create a stronger government.
• It will unify our many ethnic groups.
Works Cited
http://countrystudies.us/nigeria/20.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nnamdi_Azikiwe
http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images
/pho/t043/T043490A.jsm
http://www.nigeriavillagesquare1.com/Articles/mobolaji_aluko/zi
k.jpg
http://www.greatepicbooks.com/epics/november98.html
http://countrystudies.us/
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/
http://www.africaunion.org/root/au/AboutAU/FOUNDERS/oau_Founders.htm
The Sudan
By Austin, Jeff, and Brennan
The Sudan is located in North Eastern Africa
General Information
•Sudan is an English-speaking, or “anglophone”, country.
•The ruling style which the Sudanese people faced was that of
the British, in which they were treated as inferiors and faced
racism.
•Britain was reluctant to support her colonies that were breaking
free, because they did not want to lose their land.
•Britain and Egypt shared Sudan as a condominium, a political
territory over which two sovereign powers agree to share
sovereignty without dividing it.
Legacy of Imperialism
1896- Anglo-Egyptian forces invade Sudan
1898- Battle of Omdurman: France and England almost fight over control of
Sudan’s nile banks.
1899- England and Egypt become rulers of sudan
1899-1845- Military campaigns take place to reinforce Anglo-Egyptian rule
1953- Anglo-Egyptian rule ends and Sudan moves toward self-rule
Sudanese Independence
•Struggled to gain independence from both
Egypt and Great Britain.
•Civil war broke out between the North and
the South in 1955.
•Southern Sudan was forced by Britain to join
Northern Sudan.
•Became independent in 1956.
Post independence in
Sudan
Corruption, chaos, disorder
•After Sudan gained independence in 1956
there were many power struggles.
•In 1962 conflict in the south intensified.
•October revolution ousted Abboud regime
ousted.
• after this there were many other revolutiuons
and to this day there are many conflicts
especially in the darfur region.
Darfur Conflict
Conflict between Janjaweed and non-Arab peoples of the region
•Ethnic Cleansing and Genocide
•The Government denies connections with Janjaweed even though they
support them
•There has been a large amount of violence between the two groups
•Currently, UN peacekeepers are offering to put troops in Sudan
Sources:
www.bbc.co.uk
Ias.berkeley.edu
www.Cia.gov
www.wikipedia.com
By Sarah
Elana
Kara
Julius Kambarage Nyerere
1954 - formed TANU
1958 - entered Legislative Council
1960 - became chief minister of Tanganyika
1961 - achieved internal self-government
1961 - accomplished full independence in December
1962 - became president of Tanganyika
1964 - Republic of Tanzania was formed
Road to Independence
•
•
•
•
Colony of Germany in 1885
Tanganyika became independent on Dec. 9th 1961
Zanizbar made independent on Dec. 10th 1963
after six months Zanizbars new government was thrown
out by armed groups and the island merged with
Tanganyika to form Tanzania
• On April 26 1964 Tanzania became an independent
country
Predictions for the Future of
Tanzania
Successes:
Failures:
•Gaining independence as
a republic
•Rivalries between Chama
Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) and
Civic United Front (CUF)
•The ruling class will be the
African majority
•Economic, social, and
political unity of the
country’s multiple tribes
•Dialogue between political
parties
•Continued and conflict
between supporters and
opposers of African unity
•Villages have control over
land rather than individuals
•Becoming economically
behind other African
countries
Pan-Africa
• Economic unification
– One currency
• Greater African Congress
– Leaders/Representatives meet
once a year
AFRICA
List of Sources
http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108028.html
http://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nyerere/biography.htm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/country_profiles/1072386.stm
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/
http://timelines.ws/countries/TANZANIA.HTML
http://travelmax.startravel.co.uk/sisp/?fx=destination&loc_id=135557&secti
on=culture
http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/eastafrica/tanzaniand.html
http://members.aol.com/dpaterson/eamusic.htm
http://www.leksikon.org/images/nyerere_julius.jpg