Islam
en Amérique du Nord
Patrice Brodeur, Ph.D.
Chaire de recherche du Canada
Islam, Pluralisme et Globalisation
Faculté de Théologie et de
Sciences des Religions
30 juin, 2010
Contenu :
1) Chronologie de l’islam dans le « nouveau
monde »
2) Défis post-9/11
3) Islam aux États-Unis aujourd’hui
4) Islam au Canada
5) Islam au Québec
Diversité en Islam
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Différences communautaires par
rapport à l’interprétation de l’histoire
initiale de l’islam:
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Différentes approches discursives:
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Sounnite - Chiites - Kharijites/Ibadites
philosophique, juridique, mystique
Vecteur des degrés de pratique : très
pratiquants à non-pratiquants
Portrait statistique – Visions du Monde
Chronologie de l’islam aux États-Unis
1178 A Chinese document know as the Sung Document records the voyage of
Muslim sailors to a land know as Mu-Lan-Pi (America). Mention of this
document is contained in the publication, the Khotan Amiers, 1933.
1310 Abu Bakari (Abu Bakar), a Muslim king of the Malian Empire, spearheads a
series of sea voyages to the New World.
1312 African Muslims (Mandinga) arrive in the Gulf o Mexico for exploration of the
American interior using the Mississippi River as their access route. These
Muslim explorers were from Mali and other parts of West Africa.
1513 Pri Ries completes his first world map, including the Americas, after
research maps from all over the world. The practicality and artistry of his map
surpassed any from his time or before.
1530 African slaves arrive in America. During the slave trade, more than 10
million Africans were uprooted from their homes and brought to American
shores. Many of these slaves were from the Fulas, Fula Jallon, Fula Toro, and
Massiona as well as other areas of West Africa. These areas were governed
from their capital, "Timbuctu." These slaves were sent to Mexico, Cuba, and
South America. More than 30 percent of these 10 million slaves were
Muslim. They became the backbone of American economy.
1539 Estevanico of Azamor, a Muslim from Morocco, lands in Florida with the illfated expedition of Panfilo de Narvaez in 1527. Estevanico remained in
America to become the first of three Americans to cross the continent. At
least two states owe their beginnings to this Muslim, Arizona & New Mexico. .
1732 Ayyub ibn Sulaiman Jallon, a Muslim slave in Maryland, is set free by
James Oglethorpe, founder of Georgia, and provided transportation to
England. He arrived home (Boonda, Galumbo) from England in 1735.
1790 Moors from Spain are reported living in South Carolina and Florida.
1807 United States Congress prohibits the importation of slaves into America
after Jan. 1, 1808. Despite suppression of the slave trade during the next
60 years, slavery reached its peak between 1840 and 1860.
1807 Yarrow Mamout, an African Muslim slave, is set free in Washington DC,
and later becomes one of the first shareholders of the second chartered
bank in America, the Columbia Bank. Yarrow may have lived to be more
than 128 years old, the oldest person in American history.
1809 Al Haj Umar ibn Sayyid is enslaved in Charleston after running away. In
jail, he is visited by John Owen and taken to Blade County and placed on
the Owen plantation. John Owen later became Governor of North
Carolina. It has been reported that Umar lived to be 100 years old.
1828 Abdulrahman Ibrahim Ibn Sori, a former prince from West Africa and
now a salve on a Georgia plantation, is freed by the order of Secretary of
State Henry Clay and President John Quincy Adams. He was known to
many during his lifetime as "The Prince of Slaves." A drawing of him, done
by Henry Inman, is displayed in the Library of Congress. His life has also
been well-documented.
1839 Sayyid Sa'id, ruler of Oman, orders his ship The Sultana to set sail for
America on a trade mission. The Sultana touched port in New York, April
30, 1840. Although the voyage was not a commercial success, it marks
the point of successful friendly relations between the two countries that
continue to this day.
1856 The United States cavalry hire a Muslim by the name of Hajji Ali to
experiment with raising camels in Arizona.
1865 The American Civil War ends. During the war, the "scorched earth"
policy of the North destroyed churches, farms, schools, libraries, colleges,
and a great deal of other property. The libraries at the University of
Alabama managed to save one book from the debris of their library
buildings. The volume selected was a rare copy of the Qur'an.
1889 Edward W. Blyden, noted scholar and social activist, traveled throughout
the eastern and southern parts of the United States, proclaiming Islam. In
a speech before the Colonization Society of Chicago, Blyden told his
audience that the reasons Africans choose Islam over Christianity is that,
"the Qur'an protected the Black man from self-depreciation in the
presence of Arabs or Europeans."
1893 Muslim immigrants from the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire,
Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, etc. arrive in North America. They are mainly
Turks, Kurds, Albanians, and Arabs.
1913 Timothy Drew (Noble Drew Ali) establishes an organization in Newark,
NJ, known as the Moorish Science Temple of America (MSTA). Drew Ali
reportedly was commissioned by the Sultan of Morocco to teach Islam to
Negroes in the United States. The MSTA is also responsible for many of
today's African-American converts to Islam.
1915 Albanian Muslims build a Masjid in Maine and establish an Islamic
association. By 1919, they had established another Masjid in Connecticut.
Theirs was one of the first associations for Muslims in the United States.
1920 The Red Crescent, a Muslim charity modeled after the International Red
Cross, is established in Detroit.
1921 A branch of the Ahmadiyya Movement is founded in Chicago by Dr.
Mufti Muhammad Sadiq. This movement converted many African
Americans to their brand of Islam.
1926 Duse Muhammad Ali, mentor of Marcus Garvey and the person who had
a considerable impact upon Garvey's movement, establishes an
organization in Detroit known as the Universal Islamic Society. Its motto
was: "One God, One Aim, One Destiny."
1926 Polish-speaking Tatars build a mosque in Brooklyn, NY which is still in
use.
1930 African American Muslims establish the First Muslim Mosque in
Pittsburgh, PA.
1933 The Nation of Islam (NOI), one of the most significant organizations in
American Muslim history, is founded. A high percentage of African
Americans who were members of Nation of Islam later (1975) converted
to Islam. NOI was also effective in highlighting American Christians'
difficulties combating the effects of slavery and racism among African
Americans. The NOI's philosophy was introduced in the United States by
Fard Muhammad (Wallace Ford), a mystic who disappeared in 1933. The
late Elijah Mohammed, who succeeded Fard in 1933, helped build the
organization into a strong ethnic movement advocating a deviant brand of
Islam as a way of life. Two of the most famous African Americans,
Muhammad Ali, and Al Hajj Malik al-Shabazz (Malcolm X), were early
adherents of this movement. Both later embraced the sunni Islam.
1934 The Lebanese Community of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, opens its first Masjid.
1939 The Islamic Mission Society is founded in New York City by Sheikh
Dawood. It publishes a magazine entitled "Muslim Sunrise."
1952 Muslims in the Armed Services sue the federal government to be
allowed to identify themselves as Muslims. Until then, Islam was not
recognized as a legitimate religion.
1955 The State Street Masjid in New York City is established by Sheikh
Dawood Ahmed Faisal. It is still in use today and represents a special
point in the development of the American Muslim community. From this
Masjid was born the Dar-ul-Islam movement.
1960 The NOI's University of Islam schools flourished and drew the attention
of the American media. Coverage focuses upon the Black Muslims' selfhelp programs for Blacks, but considered them a "threat" to the white
establishment.
1962 The Dar-ul-Islam movement, another important groups among the
African American Muslim community is born. Until its disappearance in
1982-1983, it made a serious impact upon the development and practice
of traditional Islam in America.
1962 The newspaper Muhammad Speaks is launched. It later becomes the
largest minority weekly publication in the country and reached 800,000
readers at its peak. In subsequent years, it underwent some name
changes, and the NOI itself underwent various transformations. It has
also been know as Bilalian News the A.M. Journal and currently, the
Muslim Journal.
1963 The Muslim Students Association (MSA) is established as an
organization to aid foreign Muslims students attending schools in the
United States. MSA now has more than 100 branches nationwide. In the
1970s, it gave birth to the Islamic Medical Association (IMA), The
Association of Muslim Social Scientists (AMSS), and the Association of
Muslim Scientists and Engineers (AMSE).
1965 Al Hajj Malik al-Shabazz (Malcolm X) is assassinated in New York . He
was one of the most outstanding Muslims in American history as well as a
dedicated fighter for justice and equality for African Americans and other
oppressed people.
1968 The Hanafi Movement is founded by Hamas Abdul Khaalis. The Hanafi
Madh-hab Center was established in New York, but later moved to
Washington DC. This movement had a membership of more than 1000 in
the United States. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar a famous basketball player, is
one of the Muslims who first came into contact with Islam through this
movement. In 1977, Khaalis and some of his followers seized control of
three District of Columbia buildings, holding hostages for more than 30
hours. One man was killed. Khaalis is now incarcerated in Washington
DC, serving a sentence of 41 to 120 years. This movement marks a
challenging period in American Muslim History.
1971 The Association of Muslim Scientists and Engineers is established.
1972 The Association of Muslim Scientists is launched.
1975 Elijah Muhammad, leader of the Nation of Islam, dies and is succeed by
his son Warith Deen Mohammed, who has been credited with moving the
NOI toward the broader universal concepts of Islam. He is now regarded
as one of the leading Muslim spokesmen in the United States.
1981 The first American Islamic library is established in Plainfield, Indiana.
1982 The Islamic Society of North America (ISNA) is established in Plainfield,
IN. ISNA is now an umbrella organization for many active Islamic groups
seeking to further the cause of Islam in the United States.
1986 Dr. Isma'il R. Al-Faruqi and his wife are murdered in their home outside
Philadelphia. Dr. and Mrs. Faruqi are the authors of the Cultural Atlas of
Islam as well as many other books and research papers. Dr. Faruqi is the
founder of AMSS and the International Institute of Islamic Thought,
located in Northern Virginia. This truly remarkable Muslim family is
responsible for some of the most constructive programs to promote Islam
in the United States.
1990 Muslims hold the first solidarity conference called "Muslims Against
Apartheid." This was the first conference of its kind in support of Muslims
for the struggle against apartheid in South Africa. The conference was
organized by the American Muslim Council.
1991 Imam Siraj Wahhaj offers an invocation (opening prayer) to the United
States House of Representatives. He was the first Muslim to do so.
1991 The Muslim Members of the Military (MMM) organization hold their first
"Unity in Uniform" conference. The conference took place at Bolling Air
Force Base in Washington DC. According to the Untied States Department
of Defense, there are more than 5000 Muslims in uniform on active duty in
the military.
1991 Charles Bilal, Kountze, TX becomes the nation's first Muslim mayor in an
American city.
1992 Imam Warith Deen Mohammed gives the invocation in the Senate.
2001 September 11.
2001 Patriot Act
2008 Election of Barak Hosein Obama
Population américaine musulmane:
• Statistics are unreliable:
– Between 2.8M and 6.5M, maybe more
• Number of Mosques:
– 1994: 394
– 2003: more than 750
Portrait statistique: États-Unis
http://www.adherents.com/rel_USA.html#religions
http://religions.pewforum.org/reports
http://www.google.ca/search?q=islam+history+america&hl=fr&rls=com.micro
soft:enUS&rlz=1I7GGIT_fr&tbs=tl:1&tbo=u&ei=bnIrTL2QBMP38AaQnPTRCA&
sa=X&oi=timeline_result&ct=title&resnum=12&ved=0CFoQ5wIwCw
1 Rapport & 2 Études Statistiques:
• March, 2001: “The Status of Muslim Civil
Rights in the United States”
• April 26, 2001: “The Mosque in America:
A National Portrait”
• December 19, 2001: “American Muslim Poll”
Portrait statistique - Canada
Principales confessions religieuses, Canada
12,3
16,2
Aucune religion
Sikh
0,5
0,9
Hindoue
0,6
1
Bouddiste
0,6
1
Juive
1,2
1,1
CANADA 1991
Musulmane
0,9
2
CANADA 2001
1,3
2,6
Chrétienne, non incluse ailleurs*
1,4
1,6
Chrétienne orthodoxe
Protestante
29,2
34,9
45,2
43,2
Catholique Romaine
0
10
20
30
40
50
Portrait Statistique: 2001 (2005)
Voir: http://www40.statcan.gc.ca/l02/cst01/demo30b-fra.htm
(Comparaison entre Canada versus différentes provinces)
Portrait statistique - Québec
Immigrants selon le pays de naissance, Québec 2006
10%
7%
38%
7%
5%
5%
5%
2%
2%
4%
2%
2% 2% 3% 3% 3%
Algérie
France
Maroc
Chine
Colombie
Roumanie
Liban
Haïti
Inde
Mexique
Philippines
Pakistan
Tunisie
Pérou
États-Unis
Autres pays
71
Mosquées et Musallas:
5
9
8
8
8
14
11
3
5
Organisations et Association Sunnites
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Association Bel AGIR
Congrès Islamique Canadien
IFRAN CANADA
AMQ- Association musulmane québécoise
Présence musulmane
Muslim Welfare Association
Scout Musulman
Amal Center for Women
Organisations et Association Chi’ites
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Ahlul Bait Mosque
Alhawraa Zeinad Foundation
Association Islamique Al-Rissaleh
Centre communautaire musulman de Montréal
Centre Islamique Imam El-Khoei
Centre Islamique Iranien
Centre Islamique Libanaise
Cimetière Islamique Hamza
Fondation Internationale Azzahra
Journal Sada Al Mashrek
Bibliographie / Webographie
http://nationalhumanitiescenter.org/tserve/twenty/tlinksislam.htm
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States#Islam
http://www.cbc.ca/littlemosque/episodes.php#
Histoire: Islam aux États-Unis
http://www.amazon.ca/History-Islam-America-WorldOrder/dp/0521614872/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1277904194&sr=11#reader_0521614872 (livre: Kambiz GhaneaBassiri, 2010)
http://www.islam101.com/history/muslim_us_hist.html (chronology, Fareed H.
Numan, 1992)
http://www.google.ca/search?q=islam+history+america&hl=fr&rls=com.microsoft:enUS&rlz=1I7GGIT_fr&tbs=tl:1&tbo=u&ei=bnIrTL2QBMP38AaQnPTRCA&sa=X&oi=timeli
ne_result&ct=title&resnum=12&ved=0CFoQ5wIwCw (en français)
Sociologie religieuse: aux Etats-Unis:
http://pluralism.org/
http://pluralism.org/resources/statistics/islam_distribution.gif
Organismes principaux:
http://www.cair.com/ et http://www.caircan.ca/
http://www.isna.net/home.aspx et articles:
http://www.cair.com/AmericanMuslims/ReportsandSurveys.aspx
Shoukran jazîlan !
Merci beaucoup !