Rwanda
Lawrence Ahn
A.P. Music Theory
About 10,000
Square Miles
10,746,311
Hutu (84%)
Hutu (84%)
Tutsi (15%)
Hutu (84%)
Tutsi (15%)
Twa (1%)
Roman
Catholic
(56.5%)
Protestant
(26%)
Seventh-Day
Adventist
(11.1%)
Muslim (4.6%)
None (1.7%)
Tribal
Religions
(0.1%)
“All these sites are very remarkable when you consider
the trauma this country endured 16 years ago during
the conflict that took place here.”
– http://www.yorkshiretea.co.uk/media/blog/?cat=11
1900s
1800s
1700s
1600s
1500s
1400s
History of
Rwanda
1900s
1800s
1700s
1600s
1500s
1400s
History of
Rwanda
Region was
already
inhabited by
Twa and later
dominated by
the Hutus
(1000 C.E.).
The Tutsis
move into
Rwanda and
start to
establish
states.
Later dominate
the region.
1400s
Headed by king
called mwami,
who controls Tutsi
vassals who rule
different regions.
1900s
1800s
1700s
1600s
Single Tutsi state
ruling almost all of
Rwanda.
1500s
History of
Rwanda
Hutus still make
up majority.
1600s
1700s
1800s
d
1900s
Becomes part of
German East Africa
1500s
1400s
History of
Rwanda
1894 Count von
Götzen from
Germany enters
Rwanda.
Visits mwami
Rwabugiri, but
mwami dies 1895.
Political turmoil
follows (conflict
over succession),
and Germans
move in from
Tanzania 1897.
Rwanda and
Burundi colonized
into RuandaUrundi.
1900s
1800s
1700s
1600s
1500s
1400s
History of
Rwanda
German influence
minimal in colony
and WWI begins
1914.
Germany invades
Belgium.
Belgium retaliates
by attacking and
taking RuandaUrundi in 1916.
Becomes part of
Belgian League of
Nations as the
mandate RuandaUrundi. Christian
missionary work
slowly begins.
≥10 Cows = Tutsi
<10 Cows = Hutu
Caused racism
and a notion that
Tutsis were better
than Hutus.
Conflict grows;
Hutu Manifesto
published 1957.
1800s
Party for Hutu
Emancipation
1926 – Belgium
distributes identity
cards to separate
Hutus and Tutsis.
1959 – the mwami
Rudahigwa dies.
1900s
1962 – Rwanda declares
its independence.
1700s
1600s
1500s
1400s
History of
Rwanda
1961 – Grégoire
Kayibanda wins
election.
Party for Hutu
Emancipation
1600s
1900s
1800s
Intense period of genocide
of Tutsis around 1994. RPF
now committed to equality
and calms the violence by
1999.
1700s
Hutus would naturally
dislike this surrender.
1500s
1400s
History of
Rwanda
1973 – Kayibanda
removed and
replaced with
Habyarimana.
1986 – Declares
that Rwandan
refugees fleeing
the country can’t
return.
1987 – Rwandan
exiles form RPF –
Rwandan Patriotic
Front.
Habyarimana
signs peace treaty
with RPF 1993.
Rwandan
Environment
• War has damaged
environment.
• Overused/infertile
soil has made
agriculture difficult.
• Soil erosion and
overgrazing.
• Deforestation from
constant cutting of
wood for fuel.
Flora: Mostly savanna
grassland.
Fauna: Elephant, Gorilla,
Antelope, Crocodile, Lion,
Hippos, Cow, Monkey.
Instruments and
Culture
• Rwandan Ballet unique to
Rwanda.
• “Ballet” – Belgium.
• Traditional music mainly
vocal, but instruments often
used. Oral tradition.
• Igitaramo – family gathers
to dance, sing, and discuss
accomplishments of day.
• 5/8 rhythm ( ) unique to
Rwanda.
• Dance/music for celebrate.
Ingoma drums made with
wood and cow hide.
Inanga – wood, 8 strings
from cow hide.
Iron ikembe –
Belgians
Aerophones (aero = air,
phone = sound): Trumpets introduced
metals;
made of antelope horns,
hollow.
bamboo flutes.
Instruments and
Culture
• Rwandan Ballet has
3 parts.
1. Ballet
2. Intore (Dance of
Heroes)
3. Ingoma (Drums)
Rwandan Intore Dancers
“Intore” means elite.
Battle cries, celebration of
victory.
Instruments and
Culture
5/
1
8
2
Time
3
4
5
http://www.youtube.com/wa
tch?v=eow2kewqYK8
(0:30)
Intore
Professional drum makers use trees
and animal hide (cow skin). 1 tree
can provide 4-5 drums. Membrane
heated to tune.
http://www.youtube.com/wa
tch?v=osyPPI9MdKo&featu
re=related
Jean Paul Samputu
(Pronounced “John”)
Born 1962, songwriter from
Rwanda.
Survivor of genocide, working
towards peace for his country.
Lost parents and siblings from the
genocide.
Became an alcoholic, used drugs.
“It was in 2002 when I decided to
forgive – to free myself…the
power of forgiveness helped me
to overcome the anger and the
bitterness…”
-Jean Paul Samputu
(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=
24cZLZEGaoc)
Album: Testimony from Rwanda
Singizwa (Praise Be To God) –
Christian influence. Try to hear the 5/8
beat. Can sing in 6 languages!
According
to Wikipedia:
Ngarambe
– Drum
beat.
Kinyarwanda, Swahili,
http://www.amazon.com/TestimonyLingala, Luganda, French,
Rwanda-Samputu/dp/B0002VGR0E
English.
(Tambourine)
Western Composer: George Winston
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Considered New Age Artist.
New Age Music – gentle,
melodic music originating in
U.S. in 1980s; combination of
jazz, folk, and classical music
(Winston doesn’t like being
tagged by this genre; some
claim it’s not exactly New
Age).
New Age – 1980s Western
spiritual movement without
adherence to a single, specific
religious doctrine.
“Relaxing” music.
Western Composer: George Winston
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Background
Born 1949. Grew up mainly in
Montana. Inspired by R&B, blues,
jazz, and rock, began playing organ
1967. Later moved to MI/FL.
Switched to acoustic piano 1971 after
hearing stride pianists Thomas Waller
and Teddy Wilson. Developed his
own style at the same time.
First album 1972 – Ballads and Blues.
Montana has a variety of wildlife (elk,
deer, bear, moose, waterfowl). Left
half of Montana is mountainous.
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Winter Into Spring
Rain
(Winston does not limit himself
to seasons)
Other Albums:
Montana: A Love Story
Gulf Coast Blues & Impressions
– A Hurricane Relief Benefit
Love Will Come – The Music of
Vince Guaraldi, Volume 2
Left hand repetition.
He will talk about Montana.
6/ Time.
8
http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=DFM3vMHh9XE
Differences
Constant
left hand repetition and
dynamics (crescendo, diminuendo)
reflect varying intensities of rain.
Single instrument piano – produce
melody instead of beat.
6/8 time.
Purpose of music is relaxation or
entertainment for audience.
Unique 5/8 time signature necessary
for dance.
Drums maintain clear beat, inanga
and aerophones add a melody.
Historical Impact – Peace after
genocide, Christian influence.
Similarities
Environmental and Cultural Impact: Cows and savanna grasslands required to form
instruments (Samputu). Montana rain influences deep, resonant notes (Winston).
There is no strict beat (Common Time/Alla Breve) because complex time signatures
are necessary to produce a feeling of continuity/flow.
Strong bass sound: Lower keys in Rain, drums in Ngarambe.
Citations/Bibliography
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http://www.indexmundi.com/rwanda/demographics_profile.html
http://www.tourismwithapurpose.com/?page_id=2
http://maps.aridocean.com/maps_of_maryland_en.php
http://www.johomaps.com/af/africablank.html
http://www.bbc.co.uk/ahistoryoftheworld/objects/E_MxmxQERO
uumEh9XbYBDQ
http://www.webflags.com/flags/r/rwanda.htm
http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/RwandaLOCATION-SIZE-AND-EXTENT.html
http://www.tourismwithapurpose.com/?page_id=2
http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90115.htm
http://peachesaresweet.wikispaces.com/
http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/photo/zbEnmGRUIX4UuvG6vr0
BBg
Citations Cont.
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http://www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/press_corner/kenya-rwandavisit.html
http://www.adventisti.lv/en/about-adventist-logo_en.php
http://www.illinoisfamily.org/informed/default.asp?s=754
http://www.maps.com/map.aspx?pid=12324
http://www.in-terreactif.com/english/fichier/Rwanda_FactSheet.pdf
http://allafrica.com/stories/200909280661.html
Cultures of the World: Rwanda
http://www.rwanda-direct.com/rwanda-intore-dancers/
http://www.sendacow.org.uk/rwanda
http://www.rwandahotelguide.com/wpcontent/uploads/2010/04/rwanda7216.jpg
Citations Cont.
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http://guitarteacher.wordpress.com/2007/12/26/using-unusual-timesignitures/
http://www.yorkshiretea.co.uk/media/blog/?cat=11
http://www.authenticword.org/IssueNo5.html
http://www.mapsofworld.com/rwanda/people-culture-festivals/intoredancers.html
http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=a
d24
http://www.kenbrown.info/stokes/wwi_map.htm
http://www.midlifegamer.net/2010/03/playing-awaygermany/german_flag/
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http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_nSAd9u9WA5I/TCxEZqlLTLI/AAAAA
AAAAcc/7_lKmlrkNiQ/s1600/Akagera+031.jpg
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http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_qEnQFL9KeAY/S8orqgLjE8I/AAAAAAAAGA
A/j-qwm0R1qVw/s1600/Habyarimana.jpg
Citations Cont.
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http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0860866.html
Clipart
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0860866.html
http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?hist
oryid=ad24
http://www.customdigitalmaps.com/custom-maps/freemaps/africa-map.gif
http://img.freebase.com/api/trans/image_thumb/en/gustav_adolf
_von_gotzen?pad=1&maxheight=110&mode=fillcropmid&maxw
idth=110
http://www.olny.nl/RWANDA/Archives/rwabugiri.jpg
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http://hutuandtutsis.wordpress.com/what-is-themain-problem-of-our-research/
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http://nangamadumbu.tripod.com/ukozivuze/Kayibanda_Gregoi
re.jpg
Citations Cont.
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http://www.newtimes.co.rw/photos/14138-FRONT-PLANE.jpg
http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2690/4285463922_e7119e8c05.jpg
http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/Rwanda-FLORAAND-FAUNA.html
http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Africa/RwandaENVIRONMENT.html
http://www.rwanda-direct.com/rwanda-intoredancers/Traditional/traditional.html
http://www.asza.com/iinanga.shtml
http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/thumb/3/33/Rwanda_ba
mboo_flute.jpg/200px-Rwanda_bamboo_flute.jpg
http://music.africamuseum.be/instruments/english/burundi/ingo
ma.html
http://music.africamuseum.be/instruments/pic/rwanda/ingoma.jp
g
Citations Cont.
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http://www.thefreedictionary.com/New+Age+music
http://www.newagemusic.nu/george-winston-still-soloing/
http://www.georgewinston.com/us/biography
http://www.reedsburg.com/diane/winston.htm
http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/us/A0859751.html
http://happyinmontana.com/MAPS/Montana_Map_Physical_Geograph
y.jpg
http://mp3.uzhgorod.name/uploads/posts/200803/1206742220_gw_autumn.jpg
http://mp3.uzhgorod.name/uploads/posts/200803/1206742220_gw_summer.jpg
http://img3.nnm.ru/2/8/8/d/6/288d6ce0b0dc46b99f0ec66adb78ff1d.jpg
http://mp3.uzhgorod.name/uploads/posts/200803/1206742220_gw_plains.jpg
http://mp3.uzhgorod.name/uploads/posts/200803/1206742220_gw_winter2spring.jpg