1st World War in history
•Great War or War to End all War
•Not called WWI until after
WWII
•Total war
•Involved 60 nations and 6
continents
Cost of War
•$400 billion
•$10 million dollars an hour
16 million deaths
•First war of the Industrial
Revolution……
New Weapons vs old tactics of
fighting
 Imperialism-
European powers were
going to all parts of the world to gain
land.
 Africa, Asia, The Pacific
 By 1910, the most desirable
colonies had
been taken.
 Germany envied France and Britain b/c
they had the most richest colonies.
 They soon realized that the only way to
get land in Africa was to take it away
from the colonizers.
European nations competing for colonies around the
world…..Imperialism
2
forms- 1: to act in the country’s own
national interest.
 Ex: Alsace-Lorraine-strip of land on the
boarder of France and Germany.
 Had been taken by Germany in 1871 and
France was expecting to gain it back.
 Germany did not want to give it up.
 This caused problems in their
relationship.
 2. The
longing for an ethnic minority
independence in a nation where there
are many different/diverse groups.
 Ex: Austria-Hungary- Hungarians and
German speaking Austrians governed
millions of Czechs, Slovaks, Poles Italians,
Romanians and Serbs.
 These different groups wanted their own
independent self government and lands.
 This often caused conflict within the
nation itself.
 Building
up a nation’s military for war
and giving them more power than the
government.
 Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Great
Britain, Russia
 Spend large sums of money on new
weapons and warships.
 All of these countries were preparing for
war.
Alliances
•European nations began forming
military alliances with one another to
maintain a balance of power ……..
Triple Alliance
Central Powers
Triple Entente
Allied Powers
Germany
Austria-Hungary Empire
Bulgaria
Great Britain
France
Russia
Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
Franz Ferdinand’s funeral procession
Garvillo Princip, a Serbian nationalist
assassinated the Archduke. He was
trying to gain allowances for his
fellow Serbs who lived under Austrian
rule.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and
his family. Archduke was heir to
the throne in the Austrian
Hungarian Empire. His
assassination June 28, 1914
eventually led to WWI.
 When
the Archduke was assassinated,
Bosnia along with Serbia were annexed
to Austria-Hungary.
 Austria-Hungary was convinced Serbia
has something to do with the killings.
 They used this excuse to declare war on
Serbia on July 28, 1914.
 This set off the chain reaction of alliances
throughout Europe.
 July
29, 1914- (Russia was Serbia’s
protector) began mobilization.
 Germany demanded Russia stop. They
didn’t. Germany declared war on Russia.
 Russia’s
ally France declared war on
Germany.
 Germany
 Great
declares war on Belgium.
Britain declared war on Germany.
 Quick
sweep through France to knock
the French out of the war then turn east
and defeat Russia.
 Germany
 This
is between France and Russia.
plan was put in order to avoid
fighting both countries at the same time.
 Germany
had to pass through Belgium to
get to France
 Belgium was neutral.
 Germany
hoped Britain would stay out of
the war.
 The invasion of Belgium brought Britain
into the war.
 1 week after the conflict started all of
Europe’s great powers were involved.
 Central
Powers
 Allies
 Germany
 Russia
 Austria-Hungary
 France
 Bulgaria
 Serbia
 Great
Britain
Archduke and
Wife
Assassinated
Germany
Demands Russia
Stop
Germany’s
Schlieffen Plan
Austria-Hungary
Declares war on
Serbia
July 28, 1914
Russian’s ally
France readies
troops
Britain Enters War
after invasion of
Belgium
August 4, 1914
Russia Begins
Mobilization
July 29, 1914
Germany
Declares war on
Russia
August 1,1914
Central Powers
and Allies Formed
 Stalemate-
Both sides can’t gain the
advantage.
 Germany
and France and Britain
 1914
Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria join
Central Powers
 Italy
and Romania join Allies
 Central
Powers
 Allies
 Germany
 Russia
 Austria-Hungary
 France
 Ottoman
 Serbia
 Bulgaria
Empire
 Great
Britain
 Italy
 Romania
 Machine
guns and
rapid fire artillery
 Air
Planes
 Zeppelins
 Grenades
 Tanks
 Submarines
 Poison
Gas
 Battle
of Somme in
1916 British troops
lost 20,000 troops in
one day.
 Trench
foot
 Contracted
 Constant
 No
lice from rats
fear
man’s land
 Casualties
(French had 1,000,000
casualties in first 3 months of war)
Trench Warfare
 Some
felt personally involved b/c 92
million were immigrants or children of
immigrants.
 Germans
 Most
and Irish for Central Powers
Americans for Allies
 Wilson
wanted Americans to remain
neutral.
•Panama Canal was completed in
August of 1914 just a week before
WWI began in Europe.
•Woodrow Wilson became President
in 1912.
•Americans were shocked by the
outbreak of war but…………..it was
in Europe.
•US was officially NEUTRAL
 American
Neutrality- Influenced by trade
 Preparedness
Movement- Be ready for
war. Patriotic education (Propaganda)
 Peace
Movement- Progressives, social
reformers and women. (Women
marching down streets proclaiming
peace).
3
groups
 Isolationists-
Stay out of war
 Interventionists-
U.S. should intervene on
side of Allies
 Internationalists-
Get involved only to
solve the problem and promote peace.
 Britain
blockades Germany for its
contraband.
 Later
Britain took all of the goods that
were supposed to go into Germany.
(Food, cotton, medicine, gasoline)
 German
response = blockade of Britain
 U-Boats-
Britain and Germany competed
to build the largest and strongest navy.
 Germany blockaded Britain by navy.
 Propaganda used by Britain to sway U.S.
opinion.
 Lusitania- 128 Americans killed
 Germany agreed to stop blowing up
passenger ships.
 March 24,1916 Sussex was sunk by
Germans
 Killed
2 Americans
 Sussex
Pledge- Germans would warn
ships before they sank them.
 Wilson
authorized banks to make a huge
loan to the Allies.
•May 7, 1915, the Germans sunk the
Lusitania which was British passenger liner.
•Germans believed it was carrying
contraband (weapons) to the British.
•Killed 1,198 civilians including 128 Americans.
•U.S. and other countries outraged towards
Germany because of “unrestricted submarine
warfare”.
•US believed the Germans had violated
international law of targeting civilians
 Jan. 31, 1917
Germany informs U.S. that
the Sussex pledge would be ended.
 Feb. 3
U.S. cuts off diplomatic ties with
Germany.
 Zimmerman
Note- Germany promises
lost land to Mexico if they declare war on
U.S.



War Industries Board
(Bernard Baruch)
coordinated production
and price controls
Food Administration
(Herbert Hoover)
voluntary efforts to
conserve food for
soldiers
Financing - Liberty
Bonds
America and the War Effort (p. 636)
“Remember Your First Thrill of American Liberty” (p. 649)
 Committee
on
Public Information propaganda agency
in America (George
Creel) “do your bit”
for the war
 Hate the Hun,
Liberty Cabbage,
Salisbury Steak,
Can the Kaiser


Espionage and Sedition
Acts (1917-18) jail
sentences for those
critical of disloyal or
abusive remarks toward
US war effort
Schenck v. United States
(1919) “clear and
present danger” - free
speech could be
limited
 Selective
Service Act (1917) draft: 2.8
million draftees, 2.9 million volunteers
 Eventually 2 million were sent to Europe
 Blacks - 400,000 served, few officers
 Blacks hoped for service abroad = equal
rights at home (not so)



Women took mens jobs
while men were “Over
There” led to
Nineteenth
Amendment
Mexicans - left Mexico
(upheaval and
revolution) and took
jobs in American West
Blacks - Great
Migration to northern
cities for job
opportunities and to
escape poverty
 Russian
revolution and withdrawal
(Treaty of Brest-Litovsk) allowed
Germany to focus on Western front
entirely
 Naval shipping losses = huge. Led to
“Convoy System” and record ship
construction
 American
Expedition
ary Force
(AEF)
 General
John J.
Pershing
 First major
action in
spring
1918






German Counteroffensive
Chateau-Thierry (2nd
Battle of the Marne)
Belleau Wood (June
1918)
Meuse (river) Argonnes (forest)
Offensive (Fall 1918)
St. Mihiel
November 11, 1918 Armistice (cease-fire)
Map 22.2 U.S Participation on the Western Front, 1918 (p. 644)
 50,000
Americans died in 1918 combat
 1918 Influenza epidemic (worldwide)
killed thousands of soldiers and millions
of people around the globe
 112,000 American fatalities from flu
 Paris
and Palace of
Versailles
 Big Four:
• Woodrow Wilson
(USA)
• David Lloyd George
(GBR)
• Georges Clemenceau
(FR)
• Orlando Vittorio (IT)



Russia excluded
Defeated powers
humiliated
Wilson’s 14 points the
major proposal
 To “make
the world
safe for democracy”
 #1-5 - international
law
recommendations
 #6-13 - European
boundary
restructure
 #14 - League of
Nations
Map 22.3 The Great Migration and Beyond (p. 650)