Southern Colonies
Chapter 3, Lesson 4
Forgive me… These are the
longest notes yet… like… really
long… No really, its REALLY
long… 44 Slides ;_;
Coming to America
► By
1660, tobacco prices fell, large plantations
prospered because they were able to maintain
higher profits better than small farms.
► As plantations grew, the needing workers
increased in the newly settled Southern Colonies.
► Establishing colonies was no easy process.
 Settlers had to clear the land, construct homes and
churches, plant crops, and tend the fields.
 This too results in the need for more capable workers.
► Not
everyone who came to work in the
colonies came of their own free will.
Coming to America
► Not
everyone who came to work in the colonies
came of their own free will.
 English criminals and Scottish and Irish prisoners
of war were brought to the colonies.
 They could eventually earn their release after a
set time (usually seven years).
 Colonist often complained that their settlements
became a dumping ground for “His Majesty’s
seven-year passengers”
► African rulers also took prisoners during wars and
raids.
 Would sell them to European slave traders who
took them to the colonies.
Coming to America
► Many
others came to America as
indentured servants.
 These were people who agreed to work without
pay for a certain period of time in exchange for
their passage to America.
Establishing Maryland
► Maryland
came about thanks to the dreams of Sir
George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, a Catholic.
 He hoped to create a safe place for his fellow
Catholics who were being persecuted.
 BUT ALSO HE WANTED MONEY (thought the
colony would bring him a fortune!
► His dream comes true when King Charles I gave
him a proprietary colony North of Virginia.
 However, he dies before receiving this grant
and his son, Cecilius Calvert inherited the
Colony.
Establishing Maryland
► It
was named Maryland possbily after the
English Queen Henrietta Maria, or after the
Virgin Mary.
► The Cecilius, the new Lord Baltimore never
lived in Maryland.
 He instead sends two of his brothers to run the
colony.
 They arrive with 200 settlers on two ships in
1634.
 They sailed up the Potomac River through the
fertile countryside and eventually settle a site
they named, St. Marys.
Establishing Maryland
► Knowing
that tobacco was the crop that
saved Virginia, they too begin to plant it.
 However, to keep the company from becoming
to dependent on it, Maryland declared a law
that, “every person planting tobacco shall plant
and tend two acres of corn.”
 Additionally, wheat, fruit, vegetables, and
livestock were produced.
► Baltimore,
port.
founded 1729, was Maryland’s
 Before they knew it Baltimore became the
colonies largest settlement.
Sir George Calvert,
First Lord Baltimore
Cecilus Calvert,
Second Lord Baltimore
Aristocrats and Farmers
► Lord
Baltimore gave large estates to his
relatives and other English Aristocrats.
 This ends up creating a wealthy and powerful
class of landowners in Maryland.
 He promised 100 acres of land to each male
settler, another 100 for his wife, 100 for each
servant, and 50 for each of his children.
 The intention was to get people to work the
land and will eventually result in importing
indentured servants and enslaved Africans.
The Mason-Dixon Line
► For
years, the Calvert family and the Penn
family argued over the boundary between
Maryland and Pennsylvania.
 They end up hiring two British astronomers in
the 1760’s to map out the line dividing the two
colonies. (Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon.)
 They used stones to be the boundary line.
 One side of the stone had the Penn Family
Crest and the other side had the Calvert Family
Crest.
The Mason-Dixon Line
► Another
conflict was that the Calverts had
welcomed protestants as well as Catholics in
Maryland.
 Protestant settlers outnumbered the Catholics
from the start.
Act of Toleration
► To
protect Catholics from any attempt to make
Maryland a Protestant colony, Baltimore passed a
law called the Act of Toleration in 1649.
 Granted Protestants and Catholics the right to
worship freely, but tension would continue
between them.
► In 1692, with help from the English government,
The Protestant controlled assembly made the
Anglican Church the official church in Maryland.
 It also imposed the same restrictions on
Catholics than existed in England.
Virginia Expands
► Virginia
continued to grow as other colonies were
being founded.
► Wealthy tobacco planters held the best land by the
coast, so new settlers had to move further inland.
 This of course means moving onto Native
American lands.
 In 1640, to avoid any conflict, Virginia’s
governor William Berkeley, told the Natives that
if they received a large piece of land, he’ll stop
settlers from moving in further west into their
lands.
William Berkeley,
Virginia’s Governor
Bacon’s Rebellion
► Nathaniel
Bacon was a wealthy young
planter as well as a leader in the western
part of Virginia.
 Opposed the colonial government because it
was dominated by easterners.
 They did not like Berkeley’s pledge to stay out
of the land and would settle in the forbidden
land anyway.
 They then would blame the government from
not protecting them from Native American raids.
 Bacon would lead the westerners in attacks on
Native American villages.
Bacon’s Rebellion
► Berkeley
in





declared, “the greatest rebel that ever was
Virginia.”
His army would then march up to Jamestown, set
fire to the capital, and drove Berkeley into exile.
His sudden illness and death were the only thing
keeping him from taking charge of Virginia.
England then recalled Berkeley and sent troops to
restore order.
Bacon’s Rebellion showed that colonist were
not going to be restricted to the coast.
The colonial government created a militia to
control the Native Americans and opened up
more land to settlements.
Nathaniel Bacon
Settling the Carolinas
► In
1663 King Charles II created a large proprietary
colony south of Virginia.
 It was named Carolina, which means “Charles’
land” in Latin.
 The land was given to eight prominent
members of his court who helped him regain
the throne.
► The Carolina proprietors carved out large estates
for themselves and hoped to make money by
selling and renting the land out.
 They provided money to bring colonists over
from England.
Settling the Carolinas
Settlers began arriving in 1670.
► By 1680, they had founded the city of Charles Town
after the king.
 It would later become known as Charleston.
► John Locke, (remember him?) wrote a constitution for
the Carolina colony.
 This constitution (plan of government) covered land
distribution and social ranking.
 He was also concerned with principles and rights
arguing,
“every man has a property in his own person. This
nobody has any right to but himself. The labour of his
body, and the work of his hands, we may say, are
properly his…”
►
Settling the Carolinas
► Carolina
did not develop to plan.
 The people of northern and southern Carolina
soon went on to create two separate colonies.
John Lock,
English Philosopher
Northern and Southern Carolina
The northern part of Carolina relied on tobacco and
forest products such as timber and tar.
 They relied on Virginia’s ports and merchants to
conduct trade.
 They were mostly settlers from Virginia’s back
country.
► The southern part was more prosperous.
 It had fertile farmland and a good harbor in Charles
Town.
 Settlements spread and traded deerskin, lumber and
beef.
 Also soon realized that rice grew well in the wet
coastal lowlands and would become the colonies
leading crop.
►
Northern and Southern Carolina
► In
the 1740’s, Eliza Lucas developed
another important crop known as indigo.
 It was a blue flowering plant used to dye
textiles.
 She experimented with seeds from the West
Indies.
 It became known as the “blue gold” of Carolina.
Eliza Lucas
Indigo,
Carolina’s “blue gold”
Slave Labor in the Carolinas
► Most
settlers of South Carolina actually came from
another English Colony Barbados in the West Indies.
 In Barbados colonist used enslaved Africans to
produce sugar and brought these workers with
them.
 Many of these slaves would end up working in the
rice fields.
 Some were knowledgeable because they came
from rice-growing areas in Africa.
 Growing rice required much labor and so the
need for slaves increased.
 By 1708, more than half of southern Carolina’s
population were slaves.
Slave Labor in the Carolinas
► By
the early 1700’s, Carolina’s settlers were upset
at the proprietors.
 They wanted a stronger role in the colony’s
government.
 In 1719, the settlers of Southern Carolina seized
control from the proprietors.
 10 years later (1729), Carolina became the two
royal colonies of North Carolina and South
Carolina. (Now we have 4 Royal Colonies!
Almost about a third are now Royal Colonies.)
Georgia
►
►
Georgia is the last of the British Colonies in America to be
established in 1733.
 A group led by James Oglethorpe received a charter to
create a colony where poor people and debtors (those
who are unable to pay their debt) could have a fresh
start.
 Debtors were usually thrown into prison back in Great
Britain.
Georgia also served the purpose of protecting the other
English colonies from an attack from Spain.
 It was intended to be a military barrier between Spanish
Florida and South Carolina.
 New conflicts over territory were breaking out between
England and Spain.
James Oglethorpe
Oglethorpe’s Town
Oglethorpe led the first group of “sober, industrial, and
moral persons” to Georgia in 1733.
 Built the town of Savannah and forts for protection
against the Spanish.
 Wanted the people of Georgia to be hard working,
independent, and Protestant.
 He banned slavery, Catholics, and rum.
► In actuality, Georgia received few debtors.
 Its population consisted more of poor people from
Great Britain, religious refugees from Germany and
Switzerland, and a small group of Jews.
 Georgia had the higher percentage of non-British
settlers than any other British colony in the Americas.
►
The Colony Changes
►
Settlers would complain about the limits on the size of
landholdings and slave labor.
 Didn’t like the rules Oglethorpe had set up on their
daily lives, either.
 He was often referred to as “our perpetual dictator.”
 He would grow frustrated with the colonies slow
growth.
 He eventually grants more land and lifted the ban on
slavery and rum.
 In 1751 he gave up altogether and turned the colony
back over to the king.
 At this point, the British had lined the Atlantic coast
with colonies and had settled for almost a century
and a half.
New France
► The
British were not the only ones colonizing
North America.
 The French founded Quebec in 1608.
 Mainly concerned with Fish and Fur and not
large-scale settlements.
 Went further into the interior and established
forts and missionaries to protect their profitable
trade.
► In 1663 new France became a royal colony.
 King Louis XIV limited the privileges of fur
companies and appointed a royal governor who
strongly supported new exploration.
King Louis XIV of France
Down the Mississippi River
► In
1670 two Frenchmen named Louis Joliet (fur
trader) and Jacques Marquette (priest) explored
the Mississippi River by canoe.
 Hoped to find gold, silver, and other precious
metals.
 Also, searching for a new water passage to the
Pacific.
 Sailed as far south as the junction between
Arkansas and Mississippi River.
 When they realized it flowed all the way into the
Gulf of Mexico they turned back.
Louis Joliet
Jacques Marquette
Down the Mississippi River
►A
few years later René-Robert Cavelier, Sier de La
Salle followed the Mississippi into the Gulf.
 Claimed the region around the river for France and
named it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV.
 In 1718 the French port of New Orleans is founded near
the mouth of the Mississippi.
 Eventually, French explorers traders, and missionaries
traveled west to the Rocky Mountains and southwest to
the Rio Grande.
René-Robert Cavelier,
Sier de La Salle
(Seriously? Say that 10
times fast x_x)
Growth of New France
► French
settlements in America advanced very slowly.
 Settlements existed as a system of estates along
the St. Lawrence River.
 Estate holders received land for bringing settlers
to the colony.
 The settlers were known as tenant farmers,
who paid their lords an annual rent and worked
for him for a fixed number of days each year.
► French got along better with the Native Americans
than any other European group.
 Learned their language, lived amongst them, and
respected their ways.
Growth of New France
► French
missionaries came with the intent to
convert the Natives but did not force them to
change their customs.
 Since the French settlements grew so slowly
they also did not push the Natives off their land.
New Spain
► The
Spanish still controlled most of Mexico, the
Caribbean, and Central and South America.
 Also expanded into western and southern parts
what would one day be part of the United
States.
► Determined to control their empire in North
America Spain sent missionaries, soldiers, and
settlers, into present-day New Mexico.
 They established the settlement of Santa Fe
around the end of 1609 or the start of 1610.
 Another group of missionaries and settlers went
to present-day Arizona in the late 1600s.
New Spain
► As
the French claimed up areas around the
Mississippi, the Spanish settled into presentday Texas.
 They wanted to control the area between the
French territory and Mexico.
 Established San Antonio and seven other
military posts in Texas.
Missions in California
►
Spanish priests built a string of missions along the Pacific
coast.
 Missions are religious settlements created to convert
people to a certain faith.
 The missions also allowed for them to stake claims in
California.
 Unfortunately, the Spanish would also bring Natives to
the missions (often by force) to serve as laborers in
fields and workshops.
 In 1769 Junípero Serra, a Franciscan monk, founded a
mission in San Diego.
 He set up eight more missions in California along a
route call El Camino Real (The Royal Highway) that
would eventually become cities such as Los Angeles and
Monterey
Missions in California
► The
distance between one mission and the
nest was usually a days walk.
 Serra would travel to each one and advise
them.
 He fought for the rights of Native Americans
often preventing army commanders in the
region from mistreating them.
Junípero Serra
European Conflicts in North
America
► The
rivalries from Europe continued into
North America.
 Britain and France fought several wars in the
1700s and when fighting broke out in Europe
the British and French would fight in North
America too.
► They
were the principle rivals of the of
colonial period.
 Both were expanding in North America and
these constant battles would inevitably shape
events across the Atlantic even more decisively.