Russia and Japan: Industrialization
Outside of the West
Chapter 27
Introduction
• By the 19th century Russia and Japan had
managed to launch industrialization programs
and strengthened their social and political
systems.
– They were the only countries outside of the West
that industrialized before 1960
• Both maintained economic and political
independence
Russia’s Reforms and Industrial
Advance
I. Russia Before Reforms
• Anti-Westernization began under the reign of
Catherine the Great
– Napoleon’s invasion of 1812
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Conservative intellectuals support isolation
Serfdom still exists
Improvements in bureaucratic training
Alexander I
– Forms Holy Alliance with Prussia and Austria to defend
religion and established order
Russia’s Reforms and Industrial
Advance
• Western artistic style was welcomed by the
ruling elite
– Russia contributes to the cultural movement
• Decembrist Revolt
– Political revolt in 1825 advocating western type
reforms
– Put down by Tsar Nicolas I
• Secret police expand
• Schools and newspapers tightly supervised
Russia’s Reforms and Industrial
Advance
• Russia avoids a revolution from 1830-1848 due
to political repression
• Russia remains conservative
• Territorial expansion
– Poland
• Congress of Vienna of 1815
– Ottoman Empire
• Russia supports Balkan independence
• France and Britain support Ottomans
Russia’s Reforms and Industrial
Advance
II. Economic and Social Problems
• Russia falls behind the West in terms of
industrialization & trade
• Russia increases their exports by tightening
labor obligations of the peasants
• Russia remains an agricultural society
– Based on serf labor
Russia’s Reforms and Industrial
Advance
• Crimean War (1854 – 1856)
– Nicholas I provokes conflict with Ottomans in
1853 arguing Russia was responsible for
protecting Christianity
– France and Britain aid Ottomans
• Britain worried about threat to their holdings in India
• France sought diplomatic glory and believed they were
the defenders of Christianity
• The West wins due to their advanced
technology
Russia’s Reforms and Industrial
Advance
• After the war Russia’s new Tsar Alexander II
turns to industrialization
• Reforms essential to economic growth
Russia’s Reforms and Industrial
Advance
III. The Reform Era and Early Industrialization
• Emancipation of the serfs in 1861
– Aristocrats retained part of their land, but the
serfs were given most of it
– Serfs obtained no political rights
– Tied to land until they could pay for it
• Redemption payments went to aristocrats to preserver
their class
Russia’s Reforms and Industrial
Advance
• Emancipation brought about a new urban
labor force
• Agricultural productivity remained stagnant
• Alexander II introduces more reforms in the
1860’s and 1870’s
– Zemstvoes – local political councils created
– Military reforms
– Educational reforms
Russia’s Reforms and Industrial
Advance
• Industrialization
– Trans-Siberian Railroad
• Stimulates Russian exports of grain
– Factories open building an urban working class
• Count Sergei Witte
– Minister of finance
– Enacted high tariffs
– Improved banking systems
– Encouraged western investments
Protest and Revolution in Russia
I. The Road to Revolution
• Alexander II’s reform & economic change
encouraged minority nationalities to make
demands
– Nationalism was divisive for minorities
– Russian nationalists mainstreamed the superiority
of Russian tradition
Protest and Revolution in Russia
• Social protest over reforms, famines,
redemption payments, and taxes
• Intelligentsia (Russian intellectuals as a class)
became active in arguing for liberal reforms
– Wanted political freedom
– Wanted to keep Russian culture different from the
West
• Some seen as radicals and many became
anarchists
Protest and Revolution in Russia
• Anarchists wanted to abolish all formal
government
– First large terrorist movement
– Assassinations and bombings
• Anarchists try to gain peasant support, but fail
• Alexander II pulls back from reforms and tightens
tsarist control
– Censors newspapers and political meetings
• Alexander II assassinated by terrorists in 1881
Protest and Revolution in Russia
• By the 1890’s protest gained new force
• Marxist Socialism spread
• Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov aka Lenin
– Argued that because of international capitalism
that a proletariat was developing
– Proletarian revolution couldn’t occur without
going through a distinct middle-class phase.
– Bolsheviks (majority party who were actually the
minority) backed Lenin
Protest and Revolution in Russia
II. The Revolution of 1905
• Expansion continues
• New Slavic states form in the Balkans
– Causes nationalism among Slavs
• Serbia
• Bulgaria
• The trans-Siberian railroad allows Russia to
push into Manchuria and obtain long-term
leases to Chinese territory
Protest and Revolution in Russia
• Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905
– Caused by Russia’s overextension
– Japan worried about Russia pushing father into
China near Korea
– Japan wins and moves into Korea
Protest and Revolution in Russia
• Russian Revolution breaks out in 1905
– Urban workers go on strike for political gains
– Peasant insurrections
– Agitated liberals
• Police brutality infuriates crowds causing more
problems
• Duma
– National parliament created by liberals
– Stolypin reforms
Protest and Revolution in Russia
• Tsar Nicholas II strips the duma of power and
police repression resumes
• Russian government focuses on the Ottoman
Empire and being an ally to the Balkan states
Protest and Revolution in Russia
III. Russia and Eastern Europe
• Russian patterns were paralleled in smaller
Eastern European countries
• Most new nations established parliaments,
but restricted their power
• Some became monarchies
• Serfdom is abolished
Protest and Revolution in Russia
• Cultural productivity helps create a sense of
Slavic & Russian heritage
– Tchaikovsky
– Chopin
• Scientific gains
– Gregor Mendel
– Ivan Pavlov
Japan: Transformation Without
Revolution
• Western pressure forced Japan to consider
reforms in the 1850’s
• They combined existing strengths and
conditions with significant reforms
Japan: Transformation Without
Revolution
I. The Final Decades of the Shogunate
• Tokugawa Shogunate still in power
– Allies with samurai and daiymos
• Culture thrives under the Tokugawa
• Terakoya schools
– Teach Neo-Confuciansims
• Dutch studies
• Ban of western books ended in 1720
Japan: Transformation Without
Revolution
• Commerce expanded and monopolies form
– Silk
– Soy sauce
• By the 1850’s economic growth slows
– Technological limitations on agriculture expansion
and population increase
• Rural riots
Japan: Transformation Without
Revolution
II. The Challenge to Isolation
• Commodore Matthew Perry
– American who forces Japan to open ports for
trade in 1853
• Shogunate Bureaucrats
– Some reluctant to open doors to Westernere
– Other want to end isolation
Japan: Transformation Without
Revolution
• 1860’s Civil War breaks out
• Samurai attack foreigners
• Meiji restoration
– Emperor Meutsuhito (Meiji)
Japan: Transformation Without
Revolution
III. The Challenge to Isolation
• Meiji government abolishes feudalism
– Daimyos replaced with prefects in 1871
• The state centralized and expanded
• Samurai sent abroad to study and promote
change
– Western Europe and US
• 1873-1868 Samurai class is abolished
– Some find new roles
– Iwasaki Yataro established the Mitsubishi Company
Japan: Transformation Without
Revolution
• Political reconstruction in the 1880’s
• British-style Parliament
– House of Peers – upper house
– Diet – lower house
• Constitution of 1889
• Emperor command the military
Japan: Transformation Without
Revolution
IV. Japan’s Industrial Revolution
• Westernization of:
– Military
– Banks
– Railroads
– Steam ships
– Agricultural methods
Japan: Transformation Without
Revolution
• New Economic structure depended on the
removal of tariffs and guilds
• Land reforms
– Allows individuals to own land
• Ministry of Industry created in 1870
– Set overall economic policy
– Operated specific sectors of government
– Establishes model factories, shipyards, and
arsenals
Japan: Transformation Without
Revolution
• By 1900 the Japanese economy was fully
launched by industrial revolution
– Private enterprise
– Careful management of foreign advice
– Dependent on exports to pay for needed imports
Social & Diplomatic Effects
• The Industrial Revolution, manufacturing,
commercial agriculture, and political change
had significant ramifications with Japanese
Culture and Society
– Massive pop. Growth
– Reduction of death rates
• Pop growth strained Japan’s resources
• Ensured low-cost labor
Social & Diplomatic Effects
• Japan’s government introduced a universal
education system
• Western fashions copied
• Western standards of hygiene
• Shintoism grew
– few converted to Christianity
– Buddhism loses ground
• Traditional family life
– Divorce introduced
Social & Diplomatic Effects
• Economic changes
– Change in foreign policies
– Imperialism