IRAQ WAR 2003
KAZUKI AND KIN 
REPUBLIC OF IRAQ
• Government:
Arabic Socialist Ba’ath party
Regime of
Saddam Hussein
• Official Language:
Arabic and Kurdish
• Population:
27.5 million(2007)*
*Iraq Index:
http://www.brookings.edu/fp/saban/iraq/index20070830.pdf
IRAQ WAR 2003
• 2003 Mar. 20th ~2011 Dec. 18th
• Reason: A Nation with Weapons of Mass Destruction
• Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Eliminate Saddam Hussein’s regime
Search and destroy WMD
Provide humanitarian assistance
Protect Iraq’s oil and other natural resources
TIME LINE 1: BEFORE IRAQ WAR
Sep. 12th
2002
Oct. 10~11th
2002
Nov. 8th
2002
Feb. 6th
2003
7th
Mar.
2003
• Bush addressed the general assembly of the UN to outline the complaints of
the U.S. government against the Iraq government
• The U.S. house of Representatives and the Senates pass the authorization
for the Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution
• UN Security Council passed Resolution 1441
• Security of the State Colin Powell claims Hussein is making nuclear
weapons and developing missiles
• The Chief UN weapons inspector and the IAEA tell the UN Security Council
they have found no evidence of biological weapons and nuclear weapon
TIME LINE 2: DURING IRAQ WAR
Mar. 17th
2003
Mar. 20th
2003
Mar. 30th
2003
May 1st
2003
• Bush gives Hussein 48 hours to leave Iraq or face war
• The US-led war on Iraq begins
• ABC News: Donald Rumsfeld is asked whereabouts of Iraq supported
WMD: “We know where they are, they’re in the area around Tikrit, and
Baghdad and east, west, south, and north somewhat”
• The invasion period ends and the military occupation period begins
TIME LINE 3: AFTER IRAQ WAR
Dec. 13th
2003
30th
Jan.
2005
Oct. 19th
2005
Dec. 30th
2006
Dec. 15th
2011
• Saddam Hussein is captured alive by the U.S. troops in Tikrit,
Hussein’s hometown
• Iraqis vote in the first democratic, multi-party parliamentary elections
in 50 years. Shiites and Kurds vote in large numbers. Sunnis do not
• Saddam Hussein’s trail begins in Bagndad
• Saddam Hussein is executed by hanging
• U.S. declares the Iraq war over
RESOLUTION 1441*
• Adopted date: 8 November 2002
“Recognizing the threat Iraq’s non-compliance
with Council resolutions and proliferation of
weapons of mass destruction and long-range
missiles poses to international peace and
security…”
• Gave Iraq "a final opportunity to
comply with its disarmament
obligations" and set up inspections by
the UNMOVIC and the IAEA
*Resolution 1441 (2002):
http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N02/682/26/PDF/N0268226.pdf?OpenElement
PROS: MULTI-NATIONAL FORCE
• United States of America (148,000)
• United Kingdom (45,000)
• Australia (2000)
• Poland (194)
• With the support of Korea, Denmark,
Japan, Italy, Ukraine…49 other
countries.
AGAINST
• The invasion of Iraq was strongly
opposed by France, Germany, New
Zealand, and Canada
• Former Secretary-General of United
Nation Boutros Boutros-Ghali*:
• “The invention is illegal” because there is
not authorized by the United Nation
• “Other countries may use this argument
in the future to intervene on the basis of
this precedent”
*Former UN Head calls Iraq war “illegal :”http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2003/03/19/boutros_iraq030319.html
FAILURES OF
THE INTERNATIONAL
COMMUNITY
Stop US and UK.
CONSPIRACY THEORY
Oil
Military
•US Base Out of Saudi Arabia
• US Base Closer to IRAN!!
OIL
Before the 2003 War
• Iraq National Oil Company (INOC) nationalised
all oil projects in 1972.*1
• Started to allow foreign investment since 1997.
• But only 3 projects were allowed. *1
After the 2003 War
• The Oil reconstruction was planned to be led
by USAID. *1
• Iraq Ministry of Oil plans to boost it oil
production led by EP, EXXON, Shell. *2
*1 IEEJ: 対イラク戦争後の国際経由情勢に関する調査
*2 JOGMEC: イラク：石油大国イラク復権への道筋-石油政策の行方-
MILITARY (SAUDI
ARABIA)
US Needed to move the base away from
Saudi Arabia as it is the Islamic Religious
Centre (MECCA and MEDINA).
• Anti US feeling within the Islamic World.
• The government in Riyadh depends on the
United States for its defence, but has found
itself walking a tightrope, with increasing
uneasiness among many Saudis over the
presence of US troops. *1
• US citizens act as if there in the US.
*1 BBC: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1782188.stm
MILITARY (IRAN)
Surround Iran to PRESSURE them.
• Get Afghanistan
• Get Iraq
Peace Pledge Union: http://www.ppu.org.uk/peacematters/2003/pm2003_37.html
WHEELER’S CRITERIA 1
Criteria
Evaluatio
n
Notes
Supreme Humanitarian
Emergency
×
“by the time of the March 2003 invasion,
the government’s killing has ebbed.” *1
Necessity or Last Resort
×
“all alternative options had not been
exhausted,”*2
Proportionality
×
Period of Major Combat:
19 March 2003 – 1 May 2003*3
BUT the tragedy is continuing.
Positive Humanitarian
Outcome
×
Civilian Death toll: 106,695-116,548*4
Destabilised Iraq
*1 Kenneth ROUTH, “Was the Iraq War a Humanitarian Intervention?” pp86
*2 Ramesh THAKUR, “Iraq and the Responsibility toProtect”
*3 Al Jazeera: http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/12/2011121512028408950.html
*4 Iraq Body Count: http://www.iraqbodycount.org/database/
WHEELER’S CRITERIA 2
Criteria
Evaluatio
n
Humanitarian Motives
×
Humanitarian
Justification
Notes
President Bush
×
“our mission is clear, to disarm Iraq of weapons of mass
destruction, to end Saddam Hussein's support for terrorism,
and to free the Iraqi people.”*1
Legality
×
• Lack of UN Mandate
•Kofi Annan, has said he believes the American-led invasion
of Iraq last year was illegal*2
Selectivity
×
US most likely had other objectives.
*1 White House:http://georgewbushwhitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030322.html
*2 BBC: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3661640.stm
WHEELER’S CRITERIA 3
Criteria
Supreme Humanitarian
Emergency
Necessity or Last Resort
Proportionality
Positive Humanitarian
Outcome
Humanitarian Motives
Humanitarian Justification
Legality
Selectivity
Evaluation
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
×
CURRENT IRAQ
Government
• President TALABANI (Kurdish)
• Prime Minister MALEKI (Shiite)
Killing and the Disorder Continues
• The Iraq war: No clean break*1
US troops have now left Iraq, but the war's ghosts
will haunt the world for many years to come.
• Deadly Iraq blasts hit several cities*2
Refugees(Mostly after 2003)*3
• Domestic:1,900,000 people
• Aboard: 2,000,000 people
*1 Al Jazeera http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/12/2011121810575487918.html
*2 BBC: イラク： http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17766542
*3 UNHCR イラク危機: http://www.unhcr.or.jp/ref_unhcr/photo_galleries/photogallery/gallery_crisis_in_Iraq/photo0.html
FUTURE CONCERNS
Relation with other Arab world.
• Iraq is now a Shiite Government
• Split of Iraq
• Kurds in
Turkey
and Iran
Intervention for
Humanitarian
Purpose
OR
Stability?