The Indian National
Congress
 1885  The Indian National Congress
was founded in Bombay.
 swaraj  “independence.”
* the goal of the movement.
Rammohun Roy 1773- 1833
”Father of Modern India”
Scholar of Islam, Hindu
and Western Culture
Monotheist
Brahmo Samaj
– Society of the Divine
No image worship
No caste
Universal church open to all
Equality and charity toward
others
Elimination of prejudices!
Admired teachings of
Jesus
The Arya Samaj
(Aryan Society)
• Inspired by Brahmo
Samaj.
• He did not accept
idea that
Christianity offered
anything for India!
• Looked back at
Vedas
• Military glory good,
Jainism corrupt –
why say that?
• No caste - charity
1824 –
1883
Arya Samaj =
Aryan Society, the
true foundation of
Indian society
Men of superior
principles
Ramakrishna and
the Soul of India
• Late 19th C was an
exciting time in
India
• Intellectual activity
in Calcutta,
Bombay, Madras
• Universities and
news papers; they
spoke English,
dressed in Western
style
• Traveled in Europe
• Ramakrishna (1836-1886) was
different (why?)
• Tireless quest for spiritual
knowledge
• Yogic discipline
• found all religions valid and
true in their essence
• Don’t argue over religion
• Idols help believers visualize
the shore less ocean of God
• Service to mankind
• Found Vivekananda to carry
this message to rest of the
world!
Vivekananda 1863- 1902
• Chosen by
Ramakrishna as
Hindu saint
• Neither West nor
India had fully
realized itself:
must learn from
each other
• Toured the West –
need spirituality as
well as technology
• “Spirituality
must
conquer the
West”
• “They are waiting
for it, they are
eager for it”
Jawaharlal Nehru
1889 - 1964
the Muslim League
 1905  partition of Bengal based on
religions and languages.
 1906  creation of the Muslim
League.
Mohammed Ali Jinnah
1876 - 1948
Young Mohandas K.
Gandhi,
1876
1869 - 1948
Gandhi with the london
vegetarian society,
1890
Gandhi as a Young
Barrister in Natal
Gandhi as a Lawyer in
Johannesburg, So.
Africa
Gandhi and His Wife,
Kasturba, 1915
Amritsar Massacre,
1919
379 dead; over 1200 wounded!
Salt March, 1930
Making
Salt
Gandhi spinning cloth
Indian weaving was ruined by
the competition of British
machine-made textiles!
Gandhi and His
Grandaughters, 1947
Last Viceroy of India
Lord Louis & Lady Edwina Montbatten
Partition!