Unit 2
1607-1754
Review
Similarities and Difference in
Settlement by Spain, England and
France
• Settlement Patterns
• Motivations
• Relations with the Native Americans
• Spain sought to establish tight control over the
process of colonization and to convert and/or
exploit the native populations
• Intermarriage and cross-race relationships were
more accepted than in the English colonies
– Social hierarchy still existed (but was based on racial
gradations)- Casta system
• The Spanish colonizing efforts saw some
accommodation with American Indian culture
Depiction of Racial Mixtures by Miguel Cabrera
Depiction of Racial Mixtures by Miguel
Cabrera
One of the few extant depictions of a
mixed-race family in eighteenth-century
North America, by the Mexican artist
Miguel Cabrera, 1763. The Spanish
father and Indian mother have
produced a mestiza daughter. Families
such as this would have been frequently
seen in New Mexico as well. (Private
Collection )
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
San Esteban Rey, Ácoma Pueblo, New Mexico
San Esteban Rey, Ácoma Pueblo, New Mexico
San Esteban Rey, a Catholic church built at Pueblo de Ácoma in about 1642, stands as
a monument to the mixing of cultures in colonial New Mexico. The building's adobe
construction, rising towers, and curving corners reflect traditional Pueblo
architecture, while the crosses on the top identify its European purpose. Churches
like this provided an anchor for the multicultural society that emerged in the region.
(Lee Marmon)
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France
• French and Dutch colonization involved
relatively few Europeans and used trade
alliances and intermarriage with American
Indians
• Acquired fur and other products for export to
Europe
View of Quebec, 1699, showing Canadian Indians
View of Quebec, 1699, showing
Canadian Indians
New France's security was built on its
rising commercial economy and its close
ties to Canada's Indians. (National
Archives of Canada)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
England
• The English sought to establish colonies based
on agriculture
• Relatively large numbers of men and women
migrated to the colonies to establish
settlements
– Led to relatively hostile relationships with
American Indians
New England
• Founded primarily by Puritans seeking to
establish a community of like-minded
believers
• Developed close-knit, relatively homogeneous
society
• Economy was a mixture of agriculture and
commerce
Middle Colonies
• Demographically, religiously, and ethnically
diverse
• Export economy based on cereal crops
Southern Colonies
• Chesapeake and North Carolina
– Production of tobacco using white indentured
servants and, increasing, African slaves
• Deep South and British West Indies
– Rice in the Carolinas
– Sugar in Barbados
Native Americans
• Contact with Europeans increased the flow of
trade goods and diseases into and out of
native communities
– The result was cultural and demographic changes
King Philip’s War
• 1675-1676
• Initially settlers trades with the Indians
• As they more settlers arrived and they became
more self-sufficient, they pushed further west
• Metacom (King Philip)- son of Massasoit, chief of
the Wampanoag
• Bloodiest war between Indians and settlers in
New England
• The defeat of King Philip and the Indians opened
the way for further colonial settlement
King Philip
King Philip
No portrait of Metacomet, or King Philip, was painted during his lifetime. In this
nineteenth century painting, Metacomet wears traditional New England Indian
clothing, yet he is armed with a European musket. This provides a stark reminder
that even the bitterest enemies borrowed from one another's culture. (Library of
Congress)
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New England
• The Puritan system of congregational church
government logically led to greater democracy
in political government
Interior of the Old Ship Meeting House in Hingham,
Massachusetts
Interior of the Old Ship Meeting House
in Hingham, Massachusetts
The meetinghouse, or church, stood at
the center of every Puritan community
in colonial New England. Built in 1681,
the Old Ship Meeting House of
Hingham, Massachusetts, was designed
to resemble the hull of an upside down
ship. Although the Hingham church is
simple and unadorned, the placement
of the pews and their assignment to
local families based on their wealth,
background, and social standing, makes
clear that the Puritans were not radical
egalitarians like the Quakers. (Peter
Vanderwarker )
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The Quaker Meeting by Egbert Van Heemskerk
The Quaker Meeting by Egbert Van
Heemskerk
This sketch of a Quaker meeting
highlights one of the most radical of
Quaker practices: allowing women to
speak in church. Most Protestant
denominations, because of their reading
of Saint Paul, enforced the rule of
silence on women. But Quakers struck a
blow at seventeenth-century gender
notions by granting women an active
ministerial role, a voice in church policy,
and decision-making responsibilities on
issues relating to the church and the
family. (The Quaker Collection,
Haverford College Library)
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• By the late 17th century, social and religious
tensions developed in New England as the
Salem witch hysteria dramatically illustrates.
• Puritan belief remained, but religious zeal was
weakening
– Half-Way Covenant- unconverted children of
members could be baptized but not admitted to
full communion
• Weakened distinction between elect and others
Salem Witch Trials
• One cause was the unsettled changing social
and religious conditions evolving in
Massachusetts.
Salem Witch Trials
• 1692- Twenty accused witches were killed
• Most of the accused came from families
associated with Salem’s growing market
economy; the accusers from subsistence
farming families
• Widening social stratification was one cause
• Other causes?
Map: The Geography of Witchcraft: Salem Village, 1692
The Geography of Witchcraft: Salem Village, 1692
Geographic patterns of witchcraft testimony mirrored tensions within Salem Village. Accused witches and their defenders
lived mostly in the village's eastern division or in Salem town, whereas their accusers overwhelmingly resided in the village's
western sector.
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Social Developments
• Increasing social stratification
• Increasing social tensions
– Causes?
Attempts at British Control
• Late 17th century
– Mercantalist economic aims (to build economic
strength, a nation must export more than it
imports)
– Navigation Acts (first in 1651)
-Attempt by England to control colonial trade
-Many were ignored or disobeyed (smuggling)
• The Dominion of New England
– 1686 Connecticut and Rhode Island were merged
with Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth
– New York and New Jersey were then added
– Control given to Edmund Andros
• After the Glorious Revolution in England,
Andros is overthrown
• The uprisings of 1688-1689 restored colonial
self-government and began a period of
salutary political neglect
– How will this contribute the American Revolution?
Nathaniel Bacon
Nathaniel Bacon
Nathaniel Bacon came to Virginia as a
gentleman in the 1670s, but his
resentment of the economic and
political domination of the colony by a
small group of planters transformed him
into a backwoods rebel. In 1676, Bacon
led an army of discontented farmers,
servants, and slaves against the
powerful coastal planters--and almost
won. In this stained glass window,
discovered and restored in the
twentieth century, Bacon's social class
and his commanding presence are both
evident. (The Association for the
Preservation of Virginia Antiquities at
Bacon's Castle, Library of Virginia)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Slavery
• Reasons for expansion of Atlantic slave trade
– Abundance of land (need for labor to work it)
– Shortage of indentured servants
– Lack of ability to enslave native peoples
– Growing demand for colonial goods
Tobacco plantation
Tobacco plantation
While a planter smokes a pipe and confers with his overseer, slaves on this Chesapeake
plantation perform all of the tasks related to planting, cultivating, harvesting, sorting,
packaging, and delivering the profitable tobacco. Slaves also fashioned the tools for
coopering and made barrels for transporting hogsheads of "the weed." Ships in the
background navigate right up to the edge of the plantation lands. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
• British system evolved into a race-based form
of chattel slavery
– Led to racial stereotyping and the development of
strict racial categories
• This system undermined African gender and
kinship relationships in the colonies
• Africans developed both overt and covert
means to resist the dehumanizing aspects of
slavery
– Rebellion, sabotage, escape,
– Development of a new African-American culture
Developments in Europe and their
impact on the colonies
• Conflicts in Europe spread to North America
– Beaver Wars (1600s)- Iroquois League, supported
by the English and Dutch, fought the Huron and
Algonquin tribes who were backed by the French
– Fought over control of the fur trade
The Glorious Revolution
• 1688
– William and Mary (Protestants) replace Catholic King
James
– England becomes a constitutional monarchy
– Sparks rebellions by Protestant colonists in
Massachusetts, Maryland, and NY
• Puritan leaders seize Governor Andros and send him back to
England
• Protestant uprising against Catholic proprietors in Maryland
• Jacob Leisler rebellion in NY
18th Century
• As regional distinctiveness among the British
colonies diminished over time, they
developed generally similar patterns of
culture, laws, institutions, and governance
within the context of the British system
Anglicization in the British Colonies
• Factors
– Growth of autonomous political communities
based on English models
– Development of commercial ties
– Emergence of a trans-Atlantic print culture
– Protestant evangelism
– Religious toleration
– Spread of European Enlightenment ideas
The “Atlantic World”
• Growth of an Atlantic economy throughout
the 18th century
• Development of a shared labor market
• Wide exchange of New World and European
goods