The Great Compromise
 There was this very emotional debate raging between the large
and small states over the issue of representation.
 The convention finally approved a resolution establishing
population as the basis for representation in the House of
Representatives, and also agreeing to proposal that the states
have equal representation in the Senate.
 There was also another compromise between the North and the South
over the method by which slaves were to be counted for purposes of
taxation and representation.
 The Three-Fifths Compromise settled the argument by stating that each
slave counted as three-fifths of a person regarding both the distribution
of taxes and the apportionment of the members of the United States
House of Representatives.
 With this compromise the members gave their approval.
The Ratification
Process begins
 The creation of the Constitution consisted of hours of
debate and compromise, and even when it was
completed, some delegates were unhappy with it.
 Still, after they agreed on the final draft, the
Confederate government was not complete, each state
had to ratify, or approve the Constitution.
 The Delegates were divided into two groups, the
Federalists and the Anti-Federalists.
 Each group had very valid concerns.
The anti-federalists
The Anti-Federalists did not want to ratify the Constitution.
Basically, they argued that:
It gave too much power to the Central government at the expense
of the state governments.
 There was no Bill of Rights.
 The Central government could maintain an army in peacetime.
 A Central government would promote a `necessary and proper clause,' which
would wield too much power.
 The Executive Branch held too much power.
 Of these complaints, the lack of a Bill of Rights was the most effective. The
American people had just fought a war to defend their rights, and they did not
want a intimidating Central Government taking those rights away again. This
was the focus of the Anti-Federalist campaign against ratification.
The Anti-federalist
 In essence, the Antifederalists thought the Constitution
took too much power away from the states and did not
guarantee rights for the people.
 Some feared that a strong president might be declared a King.
 Others feared the Senate might become a powerful ruling
class. In either case, they thought, the liberties fiercely won
during the Revolution might be lost.
 Antifederalists received support from rural areas, where people
feared a strong government that might add to their tax burden.
Large states and those with strong economies, such as New
York, which had greater freedom under the Articles of
Confederation, also did not support this new Constitution.
The federalists
 The Federalists, on the other hand, had answers to all of
the Anti-Federalist complaints.
 The separation of powers into three independent branches
protected the rights of the people.
 Each branch represents a different aspect of the people, and because
all three branches are equal, with no one group assuming control over
another.
 Their response to a proposed Bill of Rights was that a listing of rights
can be a dangerous thing.
 Since they couldn’t list all the rights, the Federalists argued that it's
better to list none at all.
 This new Central government might in fact end up violating rights
that weren’t listed.
Federalists Concerns
 The Federalists (correctly) realized that people would be afraid that
the Constitution would take too much power away from the states.
 To address this fear, the Federalists explained that the Constitution was
based on the idea of federalism.
 Federalism is a system of government in which power is shared between a central (or
federal) government and the states.
 Therefore the people who supported the Constitution took the name of Federalists to
promote this ideology.
 The Federalists promoted their views and answered their critics in a series of essays, known
as The Federalist papers.
 Three well-known politicians wrote The Federalist papers—James Madison, Alexander
Hamilton, and John Jay.
 These essays first appeared as letters in New York newspapers which called for the
ratification of the Constitution.
 The Federalist papers appealed both to reason and emotion.
Conflicting viewpoints
brings tension
 Because of its size and influence Pennsylvania was
the first state to call for a ratifying convention
 The positions of the Federalists, those who supported the
Constitution, and the anti-Federalists, those who opposed it,
were printed in all of newspapers across the country.
 When the Federalist-dominated Pennsylvania assembly lacked a
quorum to vote for ratification, a Philadelphia mob, dragged
two anti-Federalist members from their homes and were forced
to stay while the assembly voted.
The strength of the
federalists
 Overall, the Federalists were more organized in their efforts.
 By June of 1788, the Constitution was close to ratification. Nine
states had ratified it, and only one more (New Hampshire) was
needed.
 To achieve this, the Federalists finally agreed that once the
Constitution was ratified, they would immediately draft a Bill of
Rights.
 Finally, New York and Virginia approved, and the Constitution
was a reality.
In summary
 Interestingly, the Bill of Rights was not originally a part of
the Constitution, and yet it has proved to be highly important to
protecting the rights of the people.
 The proposed U.S. Constitution contained no guarantee that the
government would protect the rights of the people, or of the states.
 Some supporters of the Constitution, including Thomas Jefferson,
wanted to add a Bill of Rights—a formal summary of citizens’ rights
and freedoms, as a set of amendments to the Constitution.
In summary
 Antifederalists wanted written guarantees that the people
would have freedom of speech, of the press, and of religion.
 They demanded assurance of the right to trial by jury and the right to
bear arms.
 Federalists insisted that the Constitution granted only limited powers
to the Central Government so that it could not violate the rights of the
states or of the people.
 They also pointed out that the Constitution gave the people the power
to protect their rights through the election of trustworthy leaders.
 In the end, Federalists yielded to the people’s demands and promised
to add a Bill of Rights.
In summary
 James Madison, who took office in the first Congress in
winter of 1789, took up the cause of the Bill of Rights.
the
 He submitted ten amendments, or additions to a document, to the
Constitution.
 Congress proposed that they be placed at the end of the Constitution in a
separate section.
 These ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution became known as the Bill of
Rights.
 Of these amendments to the Constitution, the first nine guarantee basic
individual freedoms.
 Jefferson and Madison believed that government enforcement of religious
laws was the source of much social conflict.
 They supported freedom of religion as a way to prevent such conflict.
In summary
 The Bill of Rights was the first step in making
the Constitution a living document, one that can be
amended to reflect the changes in society.
 The Constitutional Convention provided for such changes. Twothirds of each house of Congress or two-thirds of the state
legislatures can propose an amendment.
 To become law, an amendment then needs the approval of threefourths of the states.
 By this process, the Bill of Rights became the first ten
amendments.