道教

• Chuang Tzu
– He gave little thought to social status, reputation, or appearances.
- He was critical of the Confucian approach to life through rituals and etiquette.
- He did not look to the ancients for guidance.
- He thought that reality was
“dynamic and ever-changing.”

• Lao-tzu
– Actual person credited with the creation of Taoism.
– He was influenced by Chuang Tzu.
– He was the original author of Tao-te
ching (The Classic of Tao and its
Characteristics).
– He explained Taoist concepts like
Nondoing, Fu, and Emptiness.
– He applied Taoist philosophy to human conduct.
– He attempted to explain the Dao.
Picture of Lao-tzu and his donkey. After declining an invitation to be a royal advisor by a messenger, Lao-tzu washed his donkey and his own ears claiming that even a messenger was filled with political corruptness that needed to be washed away. This was especially true for his donkey who Lao-tzu claimed to be easily politically pursuiaded by the “donkeys” in the government.

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Mythical origin:
Lao Tzu was sick of the decline of his civilization and he decided to go west and abandon civilization. On his way out, a gatekeeper asked if he would write down his teachings. Lao Tzu agreed, and, after a few days, gave the gatekeeper the Tao Te Ching.

Pa-kua
- Ying-Yang Symbol
- Has 8 Kua
Ying-Yang
- Circle represents the world
- Black= yin
- white= yang
Kua
- The 8 Kua symbolize different elements of nature
1) Fire
2) Earth
3) Mountain
4) Water
5) Wind
6) Thunder
7) Lake
8) Heaven

I-ching coin
- Square represents Earth
- Circle represents Chi or Heaven
- The Chinese used these coins as a source of payment
Symbolizes "Tien-Di-Ren,”
= "Heaven-Earth-Man"
Tortoise
- Symbolized immortality
- Sacred
- One tortoise is believed to have carried world on its back
Tiger= Yin Dragon= Yang

• Tao is a higher power but only a force of the universe.
It is not a god.
• Taoists worship and pray to several different entities including:
– Yu-huang is the highest god.
– Thousands of lower gods
• Example is the Kitchen god.
– The Three Pure Ones (the highest gods of all)
• Yu-ch'ing, Shang-ch'ing, and T'ai-ch'ing.
• Manifestations of Lao Tzu.
• Seek to save mankind by teaching and benevolence.
– The Eight Immortals
• They were once humans but were tested by the gods or did a miraculous task that made them immortal.
• Seven were men and one was a woman.
– Ancestor worship is also common.
Three Pure Ones
The Eight Immortals

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• During the reigns of Emperor Shundi (126-144), Zhang Ling, and Emperor Lingdi (172-178)
These marked the real formation and spread of Taoism.
• It was originally a upper class religion, but in the 12 th century it started to decline.
– As a result, lower class people started to become involved in the religion, and it therefore spread throughout Asia.
• In Modern times, Taoism has started to become integrated into Western society because people are opening their minds to the harmonistic philosophies that create harmony in a hectic world.

• The Tao Te Ching (dow day jing)
– "The Scripture of the Way and its Efficacy”
– It is the foundational text of Taoism.
– It was written by Lao Tzu around 475-221 BCE.
– It contains many proverbs and paradoxical statements.
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– "Master Chuang”
– It was written by Chuang Tzu around 475-221 BCE.
– It contains stories and anecdotes and philosophy.

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• gender equality
• men try to be more feminine, women try to be more masculine
• priests try to take on more feminine duties such as housekeeping
• Taode Jing: compliation of writings about
Taoism
• refers to women as “Mother of All Things”
• encourages reader to be in the mindset of a woman
• Women could become priests, with no limit on their rank

• men and women = ying/yang
(balanced each other)
• - sexual intercourse was encouraged not by sexual desire, but instead to merge masculine and feminine energies
• - “There should be balance, not victory over each other.”
• - Although these were general
Taoist beliefs, this did not necessarily mean that it appeared in Taoist society

• Five Sacred Mountains of Taoism:
– Cities did not play an important role in important holy sites. Chinese mountains are the basis of holy sites in China. There are five major mountains that played a great deal in the development of Taoism.
1.
Tai Shan: huge mountain in which pilgrims have climbed the steps to for 3,000 years in order to get to the temples along the slopes (5,028 ft.)
- 6,500 steps, 22 temples, 11 gates, 14 archways, 14 kiosks, 4 pavilions, 819 stone tablets, 1,018 stone side/Cliffside inscriptions
2.
Hua Shan: Taoist temple at the base of the mountain. Taoists believed that in the mountains lived the God of the Underworld. The temple of the base of the mountain was used to contact spirits and underlings of the God.
Hua Shan
Tai Shan

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Hunan: lesser known of the five great mountains. There is a Taoist temple on the base, like the Hua Shan. The Hunan Mountain is not known for anything quite significant, but it was a holy site for the Taoists for its large temple.
4.
Hengshan: also one of the less significant mountains. There is a large Taoist presence there, but because of the size of the mountain, it was impossible for Taoists to hike it for thousands of years since its emergence as a holy site during the Zhou Dynasty
5.
Song: Although it has a great Buddhist presence, Mount Song is one of the five sacred mountains of Taoism. Located here are important temples such as the Zhongyue
Temple. It is the most insignificant of the five sacred mountains.
Hunan Hunan Song

• Creation Story:
– Everything used to be gas
– Heaven and Earth formed from 2 substances:
• Heavier substances = yin and the Earth
• Lighter substances = yang and the heavens.
– This created Pan Ku, a giant
• Assisted by: a tortoise, dragon, unicorn, and phoenix.
• He molded the Earth to make it look like it does today.
• When he died, his left eye became the sun and his right eye became the moon, and his blood became water, his breath became the wind, and his sweat from his labor became the rain.

• End times story:
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• It’s scenic and displays the balance in nature.
• Many paintings show mountains and some sort of body of water.
These usually symbolized the balance and connections of nature.
Often paintings of Taoism were scroll paintings. Scroll paintings were paintings that people would see from top to bottom and left to right, much like reading. The main object of the scroll paintings would be at the bottom.
• Taoists also made sculptures of symbolic creatures. For example, this shows the tortoise that assisted Pan Ku in the creation story.
• Taoist architecture consists of palaces, holy temples, altars, nunneries, and huts. All of these were affected by religion, and were used to perform religious activities that Taoists believed would help the flow of energy throughout their bodies in which they can achieve immortality. Taoists also enjoyed using furnaces in a spiritual sense, for they believed that it would lengthen one’s life. It is centered in the middle of much Taoist architecture and is symbolic of lengthier life.

1) Do not kill but always be mindful of the host of living beings.
2) Do not be lascivious or think depraved thoughts.
3) Do not steal or receive unrighteous wealth.
4) Do not cheat or misrepresent good and evil.
5) Do not get intoxicated but always think of pure conduct.
6) I will maintain harmony with my ancestors and family and never disregard my kin.
7) When I see someone do a good deed, I will support him with joy and delight.
8) When I see someone unfortunate, I will support him with dignity to recover good fortune.
9) When someone comes to do me harm, I will not harbor thoughts of revenge.
10) As long as all beings have not attained the Tao, I will not expect to do so myself

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Yoga

• Taoist art is very scenic and displays the balance in nature. Many paintings show mountains and some sort of body of water. In fact, the Chinese word of landscape literally means “mountains and water.” These usually symbolized the balance and connections of nature. Often paintings of
Taoism were scroll paintings. Scroll paintings were paintings that people would see from top to bottom and left to right, much like reading. The main object of the scroll paintings would be at the bottom.
• Taoists also made sculptures of symbolic creatures. For example, this shows the tortoise that assisted Pan Ku in the creation story.

• Taoist architecture consists of:
– Palaces
– holy temples
– altars
– nunneries
– huts.
Taoist furnace
• All of these were affected by religion, and were used to perform religious activities that Taoists believed would help the flow of energy throughout their bodies in which they can achieve immortality.
• Taoists enjoyed using furnaces in a spiritual sense, for they believed that it would lengthen one’s life. It is centered in the middle of much Taoist architecture and is symbolic of lengthier life.

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