​Module 2: Geological Structures Matter and Minerals​
​Topic 2:​
​Chemistry Recap:​
​○​ ​Atom =​​consists of protons, neutrons, and electrons​
​■​ ​Atoms of the same element always have the same # of protons but can have​
​different number of neutrons​
​●​ ​Isotopes​
​○​ ​Thus characterized by their different mass #​
​○​ ​Atomic # = # of protons in the nucleus​
​○​ ​Atomic mass = mass of the neutrons + mass of the protons​
​○​ ​Atomic nucleus = proton + neutrons​
​○​ ​Electron cloud = electrons​
​■​ ​Outer shell electrons determinant eh valence​
​Earth materials​
​●​ ​Foundational building blocks of the geosphere​
​●​ ​The minerals and rock that compose the solid earth​
​Rock​
​●​ ​A solid aggregate or mass of minerals​
​●​ ​Building blocks:​
​○​ ​Minerals​
​■​ ​Naturally occurring​
​■​ ​Inorganic solid material​
​■​ ​Has a definite chemical composition and orderly crystalline structure​
​■​ ​Building blocks:​
​●​ ​Atomic elements​
​○​ ​Atoms​​= consists of protons, neutrons and electrons​
​○​ ​Elements =​​most fundamental substance that matter can​
​be separated into by chemical means​
​○​ ​118 known elements​
​■​ ​Only 92 are naturally occurring​
​●​ ​Only 8 are abundant in the earth’s crust​
​○​ ​These are the ones that​
​rock-forming minerals are composed​
​of.​