VLOOKUP stands for Vertical Lookup. The data in the lookup table is organized vertically and the lookup
value, which is a value in the main table of data, can be compared to the values in the 1st column of the
lookup table. VLOOKUP looks for the match to the lookup value in the leftmost column of the lookup
table and then returns a value in the same row from a column that is specified. The table must be sorted
in ascending order by the values of the 1st column.
The function takes 4 arguments but typically uses only 3 arguments:
=VLOOKUP(lookup_value, table array (lookup table),column index number, range lookup)

the 1st argument is a lookup value, which is the value from the main table that will be compared
to the data in the first column of the lookup table,

the 2nd argument is the lookup table, which is a table of text, numbers or logical values from
which data is to be retrieved. The lookup value is compared to the data in the 1st column of the
lookup table to find a match,

the 3rd argument is the column number in the lookup table from which the matching value
should be retrieved. The first column of data is column 1, the 2nd column 2 etc. Once the lookup
value has been matched to a value in the 1st column of the lookup table, the corresponding row
value in the specified column will be retrieved,

the 4th argument is range_lookup, which is a logical value, either TRUE or FALSE, and controls
whether values need to match exactly or not. It is not required, but when omitted or if TRUE, the
function will find the closest match in the 1st column (sorted in ascending order); to find the
exact match = FALSE is used.
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The AVERAGEIFS function extends the usefulness of the AVERAGEIF function to allowing you to set
conditions on two or more ranges of date rather than using just one.
AVERAGEIFS looks for specific criteria in two or more fields within the records. Only if it finds a match in
the fields specified, is the data for that record included in the average.
The criteria used can be either:

Numeric values including integers, decimals, dates, times and logical values (e.g. 100,
05/25/2012, TRUE)

Text strings (e.g. "Text", "Word", "ABC123"). The function is not case sensitive, "TEXT" is the
same as "Text".

Expressions (e.g. ">25", "<>0")

Wildcards can be used for text related criteria (e.g. ? matches a single character and * matches a
sequence of characters)
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The SUMIFS function extends the usefulness of the SUMIF function by allowing you to specify from 2 to
127 different criteria rather the just one as in SUMIF.
SUMIFS looks for specific criteria in two or more fields in the record. Only if it finds a match for each field
specified, is that data for the record summer up (Total).
The COUNTIFS function extends the usefulness of the COUNTIF function by allowing the user to specify
from 2 to 127 different criteria compared to just 1 with COUNTIF.
=COUNTIFS(Criteria_Range1, criteria1, Criteria_Range2, criteria2,Criteria_RangeN,criteriaN)
Using multiple IF functions together extend the decision-making capabilities of a single IF by allowing
multiple conditions to be tested and multiple actions to be taken. Nested IFS statement essentially
creates a IF THEN ELSE Statement. Up to 7 IF Functions can be nested together.
The Syntax
=IF(condition1,value-if-true1,IF(condition2, value-if-true2, IF(condition3, value-if-true3, value-if-false3)))
Note: The 2nd IF Function is entered where the value-if-false argument would be entered.
Ex: IF the employee has a rating of 1, then the value in cell J5 will be entered in the cell. IF the employee
has a rating of 2, then the value in cell J6 will be entered in the cell, otherwise the value in cell J7 will be
entered.
Solution:
=IF(E16=1,$J$5,IF(E16=2,$J$6,$J$7))

Each IF function is entered like an ordinary IF function which has 3 arguments: The 2nd IF
function is entered in the FALSE argument of the 1st IF function and the 3 arguments are entered
for this 2nd IF function

the condition to be tested

the action to be taken if the test is TRUE

the action to be taken if the test is FALSE

IF there were a 3rd IF Function, then this one would be entered in the FALSE argument of the
2nd IF function and so on

There can be a total of 64 nested IFS

If Nesting IF functions gets too complex then can be problematic

Instead of doing too many nested IF functions Use VLOOKUP instead.
The SUBTOTAL function:

is typically used with columns of data,

allows the user to include or exclude values in the range that have been hidden using the ‘Hide’
command within rows,

the ‘ignore hidden values’ option will ignore data in hidden rows but will not ignore data in
hidden columns,

by using function_num 1 to 11, any hidden values in the rows (hidden using the ‘Hide’
command) are automatically included in the calculation,

by using function_num 101 to 111, any hidden values in the rows (hidden using the ‘Hide’
command) are automatically excluded from the calculation

Cells which have been filtered are automatically excluded from any calculation using the
SUBTOTAL function.
MATCH is a function that scans the whole array or range of data in order to find the specified value (the
lookup value) and returns its relative position in the range of data.
There are three arguments in the MATCH function: =MATCH(lookup_value, lookup_array, [match_type])
The MATCH function looks up a value in a table or range of values and finds the closest match. The
match may be:

the closest value that is just lower than the specified value - use 1 as match type,

the closest value that is just higher than the specified value - use -1 as match type,

the value that is equal to the specified value - use 0 as match type
The arguments:

lookup-value - this is the value to be searched for in the array, table or range of values

array is the range of values to be searched in order to find a match,

match_type can have three values 1, 0 or -1:
If the match_type is 1: it means that the match function will find a value that is less than or equal to the
lookup_value. It can only be applied if the range is sorted in ascending order.
If the match_type is 0: it means that the match function will find the first value that is equal to the
lookup_value. Sorting of the range is not important.
If the match_type is -1: it means that the match function will find the smallest value that is greater than
or equal to the lookup_value. It can only be applied if the range is sorted in descending order.

The MATCH function is not case sensitive,

If the match_type, the third argument of the match function, is omitted, then the function
uses 1 as the default value,

If the MATCH function cannot find any matches, it returns the #N/A error. This error also results
if the array (range) is not sorted in ascending order for match_type 1 or descending order for
match_type -1.

The MATCH function does not return the matching value; it only returns the relative position of
that value within the range of data.
INDEX is a simple function that returns the value of a cell based on the grid coordinates you provide it.
In the simplest use of the INDEX Function you can provide a single column of data (the array) and the
row coordinate only.

The INDEX Function is used along with the MATCH function which returns the row location of the
lookup value.

Since data in Excel is typically stored in tables, the row location of the lookup value in a
particular column of the table can be cross matched with the same row in another column in the
same table.

Data from the new column can then be accessed by giving the row location and the range of
data for the specific column to the INDEX function.

The INDEX function will return the value stored in that row of the specified column.