Evolution of
Management
Thought
Management has evolved alongside humanity. From ancient times to the
modern era, management practices have shifted to meet new challenges
and opportunities.
Lecture 2. Timur Kogabayev, MSc, PhD Cand. MNU University,
Estonian University of Life Sciences
Classical Management Theories
Scientific Management
Bureaucratic Management
Frederick Winslow Taylor pioneered
Administrative
Management
scientific management, focusing on
Henri Fayol's administrative
emphasizes clear hierarchy, rules, and
efficiency and productivity through
management principles emphasized
procedures, aiming for objectivity and
standardized work processes and
planning, organizing, commanding,
efficiency.
scientific methods.
coordinating, and controlling.
Max Weber's bureaucratic management
Scientific Management
Scientific management, pioneered by Frederick Winslow Taylor, emphasized efficiency and productivity in the workplace.
This approach focused on breaking down tasks into smaller, more manageable units, and then optimizing the execution of
each unit for maximum output.
Time and Motion Studies
1
Analyzing and refining work processes to improve efficiency.
Differential Piece Rate System
2
Rewarding workers based on their output to incentivize productivity.
3
Selection and Training
Matching workers to jobs based on skills and providing
training to improve performance.
Scientific management principles led to significant improvements in productivity in many industries, but also sparked
debate over its impact on worker well-being and its potential for exploitation.
Administrative Management
Focus on Organizational Structure
Principles for Effective Management
Henri Fayol developed this theory, emphasizing the
Fayol proposed 14 principles, such as division of work,
importance of defining clear roles and responsibilities.
unity of command, and scalar chain, to guide managers in
He identified five key management functions: planning,
achieving organizational goals. These principles aimed to
organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling.
create a more efficient and effective work environment.
Bureaucratic Management
1
1. Hierarchy and Rules
2
2. Impersonality
Bureaucratic management emphasizes a rigid
Decisions are made based on objective criteria,
hierarchy with clearly defined roles,
minimizing personal bias and ensuring fairness.
responsibilities, and procedures.
3
3. Formal Communication
4
4. Specialization of Labor
Formal channels are used for communication,
Employees are trained in specific tasks, leading to
ensuring clear documentation and accountability.
increased efficiency and expertise.
Human Relations
Movement
The Human Relations Movement emerged in the 1930s and emphasized the
importance of employee morale, motivation, and job satisfaction. This
movement shifted the focus of management from solely productivity to
also considering the social and psychological needs of workers.
Key figures in the Human Relations Movement included Elton Mayo, who
conducted the Hawthorne Studies, and Abraham Maslow, who developed
the hierarchy of needs theory. The insights from this movement
influenced later management theories and practices, leading to a more
holistic approach to managing organizations.
Behavioral Management Theories
Focus on People
Individual and Group Behavior
This approach emphasizes the human element in
This approach delves into understanding how individual
organizations. It recognizes that employees are not
behavior influences group dynamics and overall
just resources but individuals with needs,
organizational performance.
motivations, and feelings.
Leadership and Motivation
Human Relations Movement
Behavioral management explores effective leadership
This significant movement in the 1930s helped shape
styles and motivation techniques to enhance employee
behavioral management by highlighting the importance
engagement and productivity.
of social interaction and employee morale.
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
Abraham Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, proposed a
hierarchy of needs, a motivational theory suggesting that
humans are motivated by a series of needs. These needs
are arranged in a hierarchy, with basic needs at the
bottom and self-actualization needs at the top.
The hierarchy progresses in a pyramid shape, with the
lower level needs being more basic and essential for
survival. Individuals must fulfill these lower-level
needs before they can move on to higher-level needs.
McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y
Theory X
Theory Y
This theory assumes that employees are inherently lazy and
This theory proposes that employees are motivated and seek
need close supervision.
responsibility.
Contingency Management Theories
Flexibility
No One-Size-Fits-All
Situational Analysis
Contingency theory emphasizes
There is no single best way to manage.
Leaders must carefully assess the
adaptability to different situations.
The most effective approach depends on
environment, organization, and team to
Leaders must adjust their approach
the unique characteristics of the
determine the most appropriate
based on the specific context,
situation.
management style.
environment, and circumstances.
Situational Leadership
1
2
3
Flexible Approach
Situational leadership adapts to the skill level and maturity of individuals. Leaders change their style
based on the specific situation and the follower's readiness.
Leader-Follower Interaction
Leaders must assess the follower's ability, willingness, and confidence. Leaders can adjust their guidance,
support, and direction accordingly.
Dynamic and Responsive
Situational leadership is a dynamic process that requires constant assessment and adaptation. It promotes
collaboration and empowers individuals to grow and develop.
Systems Management Theories
Interconnectedn
ess
Organizations are viewed as
complex systems with
interdependent parts, with
inputs, outputs, and
feedback loops.
Holistic Perspective
Systems management
Data-Driven
Decision Making
Adaptive and
Flexible
emphasizes understanding
Systems thinking relies on
Systems management
the whole organization and
data analysis and
approaches emphasize
its environment, rather
information flow to
continuous improvement and
than focusing on individual
identify patterns, trends,
adapting to changing
parts.
and potential problems.
environments.
Total Quality Management
Focus on Customer
Satisfaction
Employee
Empowerment
Continuous
Improvement
Data-Driven
Decision-Making
Total Quality Management
TQM encourages employee
TQM embraces a continuous
TQM relies on data to
(TQM) emphasizes meeting
participation and
improvement mindset,
track and measure quality
customer needs and
empowerment to identify
fostering a culture of
performance. This provides
exceeding expectations.
and address quality
ongoing learning and
objective insights to
This involves continuous
issues. This fosters a
improvement. This includes
inform decisions and drive
improvement and innovation
collaborative culture and
implementing quality tools
continuous improvement
to deliver high-quality
promotes ownership of
and techniques to identify
efforts.
products and services.
quality across all levels
and eliminate quality
of the organization.
problems.
Lean Management
Eliminate Waste
Lean management focuses on
Continuous
Improvement
identifying and eliminating
It emphasizes continuous
waste in all aspects of a
improvement through a process
business process. This can
of ongoing analysis and
include unnecessary movement,
refinement to optimize
inventory, defects, and
efficiency and effectiveness.
delays.
Customer Focus
It aims to deliver value to
Employee
Empowerment
customers by streamlining
It promotes a culture of
processes and reducing lead
employee empowerment, where
times.
employees are actively
involved in identifying and
solving problems.
Conclusion: The
Ongoing
Evolution of
Management
Thought
Management thought is a dynamic field, constantly evolving. New
theories emerge, while older ones are adapted or refined.
Management is a never-ending journey of learning and adapting,
constantly striving to find the best ways to lead and achieve
organizational goals.