T.R.
IZMIR KATIP CELEBI UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
AND ARCHITECTURE
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
PRINCIPLES OF TESTING AND MEASUREMENT COURSE
FIELD SURVEY REPORT
GROUP6
GROUP MEMBERS:
1.Mehmet Tolga
AKAN 210408084
2. Hilal Yıldırım
230408088
3. Revan Nur
ALICI 230408022
4.Emirhan Teke
220408079
5. Eren ÇİNİCİ
230408037
6.Talha Mercan
220408058
CONTENTS
Abstract…………………………………………………….3
Equipment………………………………………………….4
……………………………………………………………..
Introduction…………………………………………………6
Method………………………………………………………7
Result………………………………………………………..8
Conclusion……………………………………………………9
References…………………………………………………….10
1. ABSTRACT
The focal point of this assignment is the measurement of horizontal angles, a
critical technique employed in fields such as surveying, construction, and
navigation. The study introduces essential instruments, such as theodolites and
digital angle meters, and explores their accuracy and potential sources of error. An
experiment was conducted with the objective of measuring the horizontal angle
between two points. The experiment took into consideration various factors,
including instrument calibration, environmental conditions, and measurement
precision. The findings of the study highlight common error sources and provide
recommendations to minimise these inaccuracies, ultimately improving the
reliability of horizontal angle measurements in practical applications.
2. EQUIPMENTS
1) A total station is a modern surveying instrument used to measure angles,
distances, and elevations with precision. It combines a theodolite, an (EDM)
device, and a data processor for recording and analyzing measurements. Mounted
on a tripod, it is widely used in topographic surveys, construction layouts, and
structural monitoring. Total stations provide fast, accurate results and integrate with
mapping software, making them essential for modern surveying and engineering
projects.
Figure 2.1
2) A measuring tape (or meter) is a fundamental tool used for accurately measuring
lengths. In total station operations, it often serves as an auxiliary instrument, and in
this study, the meter was used to precisely determine the instrument height of the
electronic distance measurement (EDM) unit above the ground.
Figure 2.2
3) This is a reflector prism. These prisms are essential for total station operations.
The surveyor positions the prism at the desired location. The total station then
calculates the distance and angles to the prism, helping determine the precise
coordinates of the point. This setup is crucial for tasks like land surveys,
construction layout, and topographic mapping.
Figure 2.3
3. INTRODUCTION
In this study, the working principles, measurement techniques, and data
analysis procedures of the total station are examined in detail. The total station is
one of the most widely used instruments in modern surveying applications, as it
integrates the functions of an electronic theodolite and an electronic distance
measurement (EDM) device. This advanced technology allows surveyors to
measure horizontal and vertical angles, slope distances, and point elevations with
high precision and efficiency.Total stations play a crucial role in many
engineering and mapping fields such as geomatics engineering, civil engineering,
cartography, construction, and infrastructure projects. They are extensively used
for tasks including topographic surveying, construction layout, deformation
monitoring, volume calculations, and control surveys. The ability of the total
station to collect accurate and reliable spatial data makes it an indispensable tool
in both fieldwork and office-based data processing stages.The main objective of
this experiment is to understand the operational structure of the total station, apply
correct field measurement techniques, and analyze the obtained measurement
results using the two-half-set (double-face) observation method. By performing
angle and distance measurements under real field conditions, the accuracy of the
measurements is evaluated and instrument errors are minimized.Furthermore, this
study aims to improve the practical surveying skills of students, enhance their
understanding of error control in measurements, and demonstrate the importance
of precise data acquisition in engineering applications. The results obtained from
this experiment contribute to the overall understanding of modern surveying
techniques and their role in producing reliable engineering data.
4. METHOD
To perform horizontal angle measurements for this experiment, the total
station was set up in accordance with field conditions and the measurement area
was determined. Before starting the measurement, the tripod was firmly placed on
the ground, the device was carefully assembled and balanced. The instrument was
then centered at the station point, and the axis position of the device was checked.
The reflector prism is positioned at the target point to be measured.
For horizontal angle measurements, the device was directed toward the first target
and then rotated toward the second target to observe the first face (Face I). The
device was then rotated 180° and the same procedure was repeated for the second
face (Face II). These two sets of measurements were performed to reduce potential
observation errors and increase accuracy.
In the final stage, all measurements were recorded, the values obtained
between the two faces were averaged, and the results were checked for error.
Thus, the experiment ensured reliable horizontal angle measurements.
5. RESULTS
D
N
N
B
N
DIRECTION
REDUCED
DIRECTION
FACE I
FACE II
DISTANC
E
A
21.7201 g
221.7180 g 46.108 m
B
FINAL
FINAL
DIRECTION DISTANCE
FACE I
FACE II
0
0
0g
46.108 m
158.1194 g 358.1546 g 136.111 m
136.3993
g
136.4366 136.4179 g
g
136.111 m
C
55.6473 g
255.6682 g 103.976 m
33.9272g
33.9502
g
33.9387 g
103.976 m
D
39.1220 g
239.1057 g 103.942 m
17.4019 g
17.3877
g
17.3948 g
103.942 m
REDUCED DISTANCE= FACE IB - FACE IA
REDUCED DISTANCE = RAW DIRECTION - RAW DIRECTION OF A
FINAL DIRECTION = TWO REDUCED ANGLE /2
FINAL DISTANCE= FACE I +FACE II /2
6. CONCLUSION
The angle and distance measurement survey was carried out successfully,
and all horizontal angles and line distances were measured with precision using
the appropriate surveying instruments. By applying the principles of traverse
computation, the observed angles and distances were processed to determine the
bearings and coordinates of each station. The consistency between measured
values and computed results shows that the measurement procedure was
performed carefully and systematically.
Throughout the survey, instrumental errors, observational mistakes, and
environmental effects were minimized through proper setup, repeated readings,
and adherence to standard surveying practices. The final adjusted values remained
within acceptable limits, demonstrating both the reliability of the instruments and
the accuracy of the fieldwork.
Overall, the survey provided a clear and accurate representation of the
traverse network, proving the effectiveness of angle–distance methods in
engineering surveying. The results align well with theoretical expectations,
confirming that the methodology used is appropriate for practical applications
such as mapping, design, and construction planning.
7. REFERENCES
1.CE201 Lecture Notes – Levelling, Izmir Katip Celebi University
2. https://www.wikipedia.org/