Q1.
Atp provides energy
anabolic reactions such as protein synthesis
for muscle contraction, cell movement, DNA replication active transpiort etc
1
matrix of mtocondrion (in Krebs cycle)
cytoplasm(during glycolysis)
inner membrane/cristae of the mitochiondrion
A tp produced via substrate phos. has less yield of ATP than the A tp
produces in ooxidative
that is 6 ATP per glucose and 34 ATP per glucose respectively
Because oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor. If theres no oxygen e cant pass along
the ETC. Also, the reduced NAD cannot be oxidised.
Q2.
2
it has folded
cristae providing large surface area
intermembrane space allow the accumulation of H+
the inner membrane is impermeable to h+ hence mantains the H+ gradient
3
Lack of oxygen stops electron flow across the ETC. Also without 02,
NADH cannnot be oxidised. Also, O2 acts the final e acceptor so no O2
to combine with e-
Krebs cycle is stopped
Q3.
4
it has 3 phosphate group
it has a nucleotide
It has a 5C sugar(ribose)
It has nitrogenous base ie adenine
ATP is small and water soluble hence it can be transported more easily
its serves a s a intermediate between energy requiring and energy yielding rxns
Energy is realeased
oxidative phosphorylation ;
NA DH2 to, cristae / inner membrane ;
oxidised to NA D ;
ref. transfer of electrons to electron carriers / ETC ;
H* pumped into intermembrane space ;
ref. to H* gradient ;
H* (diffuses) through ATP synthase / stalked particle ;
results in A DP and Pi to ATP ;
Q4.
5
cytoplasm
fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
hexose energy rich ;
does not react easily / AW ;
phosphorylation activates hexose ;
maintains concentration gradient of glucose inside and outside cell
6
pyruvate is decarboxylased and forms ethanal. Ethanal then accepts a H from NADH to form
ethanol whichs a
waste product that cant be further broken down
This is catalysed by ethanol dehydrogenase and is irreversible
Q5.
ATP
NADH
Pyruvate
CO2
ATP
NADH
FADH
H20
ATP
NAD/ FAD
7
Q6.
8
9
increase in rate of respiration ;
kinetic energy increases / more enzyme-substrate complexes / enzyme activity increases ;
effects of too high a rise in temperature ; e.g. denaturation of enzymes
Q7.
glycolysis
cytoplasm
4
cristae
10
11
12
pyruvate is decarboxylated
glucose is present during glycolysis which takes place in the cytoplasm instead
so pyruvate can enter the mitochondrion but glucose cannot.
Pyruvate is made in glycolysis
if cynadie inhibits oxidative phosp. therefore inhibits cytochrome oxidase whichs
a non competitive inhibitor hence theres lack of oxygen so NADH is not oxidised and pyruvate is
reduced instead thereby forming lactate in cytoplasm by anaerobic resp
kreb's cycle is stopped
hence
Q8.
13
lossof CO2
loss of H2
P,Q
3
14
after pyruvate is decarboxylised and
converted to ethanal. The
NADH is oxidised
is and ethanal is reduced to form ethanol. This rxn is catalysed by alchol dehydrogenase and is
irreversible
15
no, decarboxylation/carbon dioxide removed
single step ;
lactate dehydrogenase ;
reversible ;
Q9.
active transport
ribose
water
dephosphorylation/hydrolysis
heat
16
17
used in glycolysis
less ATP produced per glucose. Lactate still contains nergy
Its not sustaianable
cytoplasm
mitochondrial matrix
mtochondrial matrix
cristae
18
it cannot pass throughphospholipid bilayer
too big to fit through prtein channel
oxygen debt
Q10.
19
decarboxylation
dehydrogenation
substrate level phosphorylation
NADH
oxaloacetate
20
Q11.
21
22
ATP is made, in the electron transport chain/by oxidative
phosphorylation;
oxygen is the final electron acceptor;
in the, inner membrane of the mitochondrion/cristae;
transfer of electron (between electron carriers) provides energy;
energy used to pump hydrogen ions (into intermembrane space);
creates proton gradient;
diffusion of hydrogen ions down their electrochemical gradient
causes ATP to be synthesised;
23
24
Q12.
25
cristae
from the hydrogen released (when NADH was oxidised )
that splitted into protons and electrons
Also the H could have also been from substances in the Kreb cycle.
oxygen acts as the final e acceptor so that electrons can keep flowing.
Oxygen also binds with H+ to form water
26
27
28
Q13.
29
krebs cycle
matrix
cristae
oxidative phosphorylation
30
it has folded cristae to increase surface area available.
It allows diff pH.
Its membranes are separate from the cytoplasm.
The matrix contains enzymes. It has ATP synthase and allows linear ETC
NA D is a coenzyme that can be reduced to form NA DH. When NA DH is oxidised, it release H
atoms that split into protons and e into the ETC. The energy released is used to form ATP
P hoto. uses light to split water. ANd this happens in the chloroplasts on thylakoid memebranes
whereas ox. uses oxygen and occurs in the cristae of miyochondrion
In photo. the coenzyme NADP is used whereas in oxid. the coenzyme used is NAD
In phto, the products formed are, oxygen, and in oxidative. the products formed are ATP, FAD, NAD
Q14.
and water
31
in the matrix and
in the cytoplasm
Its a coenzyme that when reduced forms NADH. This NADH is then carried to the ETC hwere it
release the h atom. H
atom splits into protons and e . It also plays a role in glycolysis where it
accepts a hydrogen when triose phosphate is oxidised to consequenty form pyruvate
NADH cannot be oxidised.
Theres no electron flow/ etc doesnt work because Oxyegn is the final electron acceptor at end of
etc
It stops the Krebs ycle
32
aerobic respiration produces more ATP / (ora);
to produce the same amount of ATP more glucose broken down in glycolysis ;
glycolysis is the only part of respiration used / no ETC or oxidative phosphorylation
Q15.
33
Q16.
34
matrix
35
In oxidative phosphorylation, when NADH is oxidised and releases h atoms
in krebs cycle ATP formation is less
and its produced via substarte link phosphorylatiion
Q17.
its the ratio of volume of C02given off divided by the volume 02 taken in per unit time
18C02
lipid
36
18H20
less C-C bonds and more oxygen
Q18.
1\
0.7
37
38
Q19.
39
40
Q20.
41
adenine
ribose
42
cristae
cytoplasm
Q21.
43
phosphorylation
lysis
oxidation (of tp)
it
Q22.
44
45
Q23.
46
47
matrix
48
Q24.
49
So that NAD can be regenerated
50
goes above one
Q25.
51
adenine
ribose
cell uses ATP as source f energy
ATP is broken down
so cell must regenerate ATP
FROM ADP and Pi
52
glyxocgen has less C-H bonds per mole
hydorgens needed for ATP production/oxidative phosphorylation
starvation
after anaerobic respiration
Q26.
53
54
Q27.
55
protein synthesis
substrate level
active transport
water
ATP synthase
Q28.
56
57
hydrolysis
Q29.
58
59
Q30.
60
61
Q31.
62
63
64
65
Section B
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
66
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
67
68
69
70
71
72
73