COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND FOOD SCIENCE
Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering
ETERNAL TERRARIUM MICROCLIMATE DESIGN
AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL MONITORING:
AN EXPERIMENT
Ebona, Jennifer M. (Professor VI)
Abando,
Myryss
Kryss
Cortez, Ace Jaser
Baldovino,
Karyl
Paula
Emila, Jethro
Borromeo, Ryan
Emmanuel
Botis, Edjay Buendia, Michael
Mañabes, Jovelyn
Cariño, Jeff Caudilla, Abel
Olarve, Erica Mae
Paqueo,
Sharmaine Rose
Reonico, Jessi
I.​
INTRODUCTION
A.​ BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
A terrarium is a small, enclosed glass container designed to create a selfsustaining plant environment by trapping moisture, heat, and gases within a
limited space (MU Extension, 2017). Terrariums mimic natural ecological
processes on a miniature scale, allowing plants to grow under controlled
conditions with minimal external input. They are widely used for studying
plant–environment interactions because they provide a stable microclimate where
variables such as humidity, temperature, and soil moisture can be carefully
monitored and regulated. In such a system, evaporating water condenses on the
glass and drips back down, creating a self-contained water cycle that sustains the
plants (Pam, 2025).
A semi-closed terrarium operates as a miniature self-sustaining ecosystem.
It generates its own microclimate and internal “weather” through natural cycles
(Dan, 2024). During the day, the plants perform photosynthesis: absorbing light
and CO₂ while releasing O₂. At night, they switch to respiration, consuming some
O₂ and emitting CO₂. This day–night gas exchange balances the air inside, so that
the enclosed plants continually recycle the same oxygen and carbon dioxide. In
parallel, water continuously cycles within the system. The substrate (soil and
moss) holds the initial water supply, which the plants absorb through their roots.
The plants then transpire water vapor through their leaves. This vapor condenses
on the cool interior glass and eventually drips back down into the soil.
These intertwined cycles mean that processes such as photosynthesis,
respiration, decomposition, and nutrient recycling all occur continuously in the
terrarium. For example, any fallen plant matter or organic debris inside will
decompose (often aided by microbes or springtails), returning nutrients into the
soil. The semi - closed terrarium can maintain a stable humidity and air
composition, driven entirely by its internal biotic and abiotic interactions.
In this study, a semi - closed terrarium contains three drought-tolerant
species: snake plant (Sansevieria), succulent, and cactus. These plants were
selected
because they can thrive in low-water, controlled environments, making them
suitable for long-term observation in a sealed container (Rani, 2025). The growing
medium is prepared using a layered soil system to support plant health and
simulate engineered soil setups used in agricultural projects. The base layer of
pebbles acted as a drainage reservoir, reducing the risk of waterlogging. Above
this, we added coco coir, which improves aeration and moisture retention,
followed by black soil, which provides essential nutrients for plant growth. This
study also incorporated moss as mulch, which helps reduce water evaporation,
moderates surface temperature, and contributes to a more stable internal
environment.
To strengthen the analytical aspect of the terrarium, integration of several
environmental sensors, including light intensity, soil moisture, temperature, and
humidity sensors. This allows them to collect quantitative data and monitor
real-time changes inside the terrarium over a two-month observation period. This
data analyzes how the closed system responded to daily environmental variations
and how these conditions influenced overall plant growth and behavior.
This project aligns closely with key concepts in Agricultural and Biosystems
Engineering, particularly the principles in Plants and Livestock Systems and
Environmental Control Engineering. This will show how temperature, humidity,
light intensity, and soil moisture affect the physiological processes of plants.
Applying this knowledge in a semi-closed terrarium helped us understand the
practical importance of controlled environments in agriculture, like greenhouse
operations, plant nurseries, and climate-controlled production systems used in
modern farming. Techniques such as mulching, soil layering, and microclimate
regulation directly connect to real-world practices in crop production and
environmental management.
B.​ STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study seeks to address the following questions:
1.​ How do environmental conditions, specifically soil moisture, temperature,
humidity, and light intensity, change inside a semi-closed terrarium over time?
2.​ How do these conditions affect the growth and adaptability of snake
plants, succulent, and cactus species within the system?
3.​ How​
can​
sensor-based​
monitoring​
enhance​
the​
understanding​
of plant-environment interactions within a closed microecosystem?
C.​ OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The general objective of this study is to evaluate the environmental
conditions and plant adaptability within a sensor-monitored semi - closed
terrarium system. Specifically, it aims to:
1.​ Design and construct a semi - closed terrarium system with an
appropriate layered growing medium suited for plant growth.
2.​ Integrate environmental sensors that measure soil moisture, light
intensity, temperature, and humidity inside the terrarium.
3.​ Monitor and record environmental data continuously over a
two-month observation period.
4.​ Analyze the microclimate behavior of the terrarium in relation to
daily environmental variations.
5.​ Assess the growth, condition, and adaptability of snake plant,
succulent, and cactus species inside the closed system.
II.​
METHODOLOGY
A.​ MATERIAL
i.​Terrarium Container and Base
Materials
●​ Glass aquarium
●​ Black soil
●​ Mos
●​ Pebbles
●​ Coco coir
ii.​Plants
●​ Cactus
●​ Snake plant
●​ Succulent plant
iii.​Decorative Elements
●​ Popsicle sticks
●​ Stick glue
●​ Toy animal
●​ Artificial leaves/flowers
iv.​Electronic Components
●​ ESP32 microcontroller
●​ Capacitive soil moisture sensor
●​ Temperature and humidity sensor (DHT22)
●​ Light intensity sensor (BH1750)
●​ 2.8" TFT display (ILI9341)
●​ Stranded wire (AWG #22 and #24)
●​ Prototyping board (9’’ x 15’’)
●​ Terminal Block
●​ Header Pins
v.​Power Supply Components
●​ DC–DC step-up converter (MT3608)
●​ Charging module (TP4056)
●​ Battery holder (2 × AA)
●​ Rechargeable battery (2200 mAh)
B.​ PROCEDURE
1.​Construction of the Terrarium
1.1​Preparation of the Container and Materials
The glass aquarium was cleaned using distilled water and a lint-free
cloth to remove dust and contaminants. All required materials, including
pebbles, coco coir, black soil, moss, decorative items, and plant species,
were prepared and inspected before use.
1.2​Establishment of the Substrate Layers
A drainage layer approximately 1-2 cm thick was formed by
spreading pebbles evenly across the bottom of the aquarium. A 1-2 cm
layer of coco coir was added and lightly compacted, after which a 4–5 cm
layer of black soil was placed as the primary growing medium. The
substrate was moistened lightly to stabilize its structure.
1.3​Planting and Internal Arrangement
Planting holes were created in the topsoil, and the snake plant,
succulent, and cactus were inserted into their respective positions. Soil was
firmed gently around the roots to provide support. Moss was distributed
across the soil surface to serve as mulch and assist in moisture regulation.
Decorative materials were arranged to complete the interior design.
2.​Assembly of the Electronic Monitoring System
2.1​Wiring Plan and Pin Assignment
A wiring plan and pin assignment schematic were prepared before
any physical assembly. This document contains connector types, ESP32
pin allocations, and power routing to reduce rework during prototyping and
final installation, as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1a: Wiring Diagram
2.2​Wiring and Initial Prototyping
All electronic components, including the ESP32 microcontroller, the
2.8”​ TFT​ display, sensors,​
and​ the​ power supply​ modules,​ were
interconnected temporarily on a breadboard. Jumper wires were used to
complete all initial connections. The DC–DC step-up converter, TP4056
charging module, and battery holder were prepared as part of the power
system.
3.​Programming, Calibration, and Soldering
3.1​Sensor Testing and Calibration
Basic test code was first written in the Arduino IDE to check the
functionality of each sensor on the breadboard. Using this test sketch, the
DHT22 readings were compared with a reference thermo-hygrometer, and
minor code adjustments were applied when discrepancies appeared. The
BH1750 sensor was exposed to different light levels to verify its
responsiveness.
The capacitive soil moisture sensor was also calibrated at this stage:
readings were recorded in dry soil and fully saturated soil to identify
baseline values and determine the appropriate calibration range and
sensitivity for the final program.
3.2​Development of the Control Program
After confirming that all sensors were stable and calibrated, the full
ESP32 program was developed. The TFT display interface was designed in
SquareLine Studio, and the overall workflow was simulated through the
Wokwi extension for VS Code. All sensor-processing routines, GUI
updates, and basic power-management logic were finalized before
uploading the program to the ESP32. Initial program verification was done
using the serial monitor.
3.3​Flowchart of System Process
The operation of the electronic monitoring system is summarized in
the flowchart shown in Figure 1b. The flowchart illustrates the step-by-step
workflow of the system, beginning with sensor data acquisition, followed by
data processing, display updates, and power management routines.
Figure 1b: System Process Flowchart
3.4​Permanent Assembly Through Soldering
Once the program and calibration were finalized, the components
were soldered onto a prototyping board to improve durability. Excess wire
was trimmed, and all modules were secured to avoid movement during
operation.
4.​Integration of Electronics into the Terrarium
4.1​Installation of Sensors Inside the Container
The soil moisture sensor was positioned in the upper soil layer
without disturbing the plant roots. The DHT22 and BH1750 sensors were
suspended at mid-air level. All connecting wires were routed through the
designated exit point.
4.2​Activation of the Monitoring System
The TFT display was mounted externally for visibility. Rechargeable
batteries were inserted into the power module, and the electronic system
was activated to confirm continuous display of temperature, humidity, soil
moisture, and light intensity readings.
4.3​Final Verification and Start of Observation Period
A final inspection was conducted to ensure stable sensor outputs,
proper condensation behavior, and undisturbed plant placement. Once
system reliability was confirmed, the two-month observation period was
initiated.
C.​ SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
​
This study focuses on monitoring the microclimate of a semi-closed
terrarium using sensors that measure temperature, humidity, soil moisture,
and light intensity. The experiment was conducted inside a room, which
means that environmental conditions were influenced by the indoor setting
rather than natural external fluctuations.
As a result, the study does not attain the most accurate representation
of natural temperature, humidity, and light intensity behavior, since indoor
lighting, room temperature, and limited air movement may have moderated or
altered the terrarium’s microclimate. Additionally, only air-level environmental
conditions were measured, and no destructive plant analysis was performed.
External disturbances such as insects and the presence of a snail were also
beyond the control of the study.
Despite these limitations, the findings still provide valuable insights into
how drought-tolerant plants respond to a semi-closed system under indoor
conditions.
D.​ OBSERVATION METHODS
The study used both quantitative (sensor-based) and qualitative (visual)
observation methods to assess the terrarium's microclimate throughout the
experiment. Continuous sensor readings gave measurable environmental data,
and visual assessments helped comprehend observable changes in the
terrarium's internal conditions. Because no damaging or plant-measurement
approaches
were
used,
the
research
focused
on
monitoring
air-level
environmental factors and surface-level reactions.
D.1​Sensor-Based Observations
Environmental parameters were measured using a student-created digital
sensor system designed specifically for the objective. The following variables were
assessed: temperature (°C), relative humidity (%), soil moisture (%), and light
intensity (lux). During the later portion of the experiment, a hygrometer was used
to validate the relative humidity data obtained from the digital sensors.
The sensors were positioned inside the terrarium based on their intended
measuring functions. The temperature, humidity, and light sensors were
suspended in mid-air to record atmospheric microclimatic variables, while the soil
moisture sensor was set up near the soil surface to estimate substrate moisture
without inserting a probe into the soil. All sensors were externally connected to the
display module, enabling real-time presentation of the data.
D.2​Visual and Qualitative Observations
In addition to sensor-based measurements, systematic visual observations
were made to document observable changes in the terrarium throughout the
experiment. These findings focused on plant condition, biological activity, and
general environmental responses that sensors could not measure quantitatively.
Daily visual inspections were conducted, noting the development, decline, or
alteration of any biological or physical components.
Several sprouts emerged from the substrate early in the experiment,
indicating that germination had begun. However, later checks indicated that some
of the sprouts wilted and died. The snake plant (Sansevieria trifasciata) showed a
steady physiological decrease over time. The first indicators were the slow fading
of the leaves, followed by the appearance of only one surviving leaf. Continued
monitoring revealed that the surviving leaf degraded till the plant perished.
The terrarium also demonstrated biological interaction with non-plant
species. During the early stages of monitoring, a snail was found within the
enclosure. In later phases, the presence of insects became more visible, implying
that micro faunal activity could have altered plant conditions.
Furthermore, the grass species inside the terrarium showed noticeable
wilting as the experiment progressed. All main visible changes were documented
using images taken from fixed angles (front or top) to ensure consistency in
morphological comparison over time. Observations not captured photographically
were documented with written notes based on direct visual observation.
D.3​Observation Schedule
Environmental data were collected according to a scheduled measuring
plan. Sensor measurements for temperature, relative humidity, soil moisture, and
light intensity were manually recorded twice a day, at 8:00 AM and 2:00 PM, to
capture realistic morning and afternoon microclimate conditions. This constant
timetable reduced temporal bias and ensured consistency between days.
Visual observations were made once a day, with an emphasis on plant
condition, the existence of sprouts or wilting, the advent of animals (such as
insects or snails), and any noteworthy changes in substrate appearance or
condensation patterns. Major visual changes were photographed, while smaller
observations were noted with written notes.
A hygrometer was added later in the study to validate the humidity values
generated by the student-developed sensor system. No replication trials or zonebased sensor positioning were used because the terrarium design and sensor
placement remained constant throughout the experiment.
D.4​Data Processing and Quality Assurance
All sensor data was entered into spreadsheet software for processing and
categorization. Descriptive summaries, such as daily recorded values and
morning- afternoon discrepancies, were created to examine oscillations in the
terrarium microclimate across the observation period. Although advanced
statistical methods were not used for this investigation, tabulation was used to
display
observable
trends
in temperature, humidity, light intensity, and
surface-level moisture data.
Quality assurance procedures were implemented to ensure data reliability:
1.​ The hygrometer served as a validation tool for measuring relative humidity.
2.​ Discrepancies between visual observations and sensor data were reviewed
to ensure proper interpretation of plant decline and environmental behavior.
These steps ensured that the recorded data were sufficiently organized,
reliable, and appropriate for subsequent presentation and discussion in the
Results and Discussion chapter.
III.​
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A.​ PRESENTATION OF THE RESULTS
0
B.​ DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS
The observation period produced both quantitative and qualitative data that
helped describe the terrarium’s microclimate and how it affected the plants. The
twice-daily sensor readings showed that the system maintained a stable
temperature and moisture environment, which is typical for closed setups.
Temperatures stayed within a narrow range, usually around 28°C to 30°C. As
expected, the afternoon readings were slightly higher than the morning ones due
to light and heat exposure.
Humidity remained consistently high, mostly between 85% and 90%. This
showed that the internal water cycle was working well, with moisture from plant
transpiration condensing and returning to the soil. When a hygrometer was added
in late November, its readings matched the digital sensors, confirming that the
high humidity levels were accurate.
Soil moisture started high in October, around 60% to 70%, but steadily
dropped to about 20% to 30% by late November and early December. Even in a
closed system, this decline suggests that water use by the plants and loss through
transpiration may not have been fully balanced. It’s also possible that placing the
moisture sensor near the soil surface didn’t accurately show the true moisture
available to the roots.
Once soil moisture approached 20% or lower, water was added through
light spraying to bring the substrate back to a more suitable level. This helped
prevent extreme dryness that could compromise the plants further, while keeping
conditions aligned with the terrarium set-up.
Light intensity showed the most noticeable fluctuation. The changes
depended heavily on outside lighting and the position of the sensor. High readings
on days like October 22 and 28 reflected moments when the terrarium received
direct or very bright light, showing how sensitive the internal microclimate was to
external conditions.
Qualitative observations helped make sense of the sensor data. Visual
assessments showed that the drought-tolerant plants did not adjust well to the
environment. The snake plant declined steadily, with fading leaves, wilting, and
eventually dying. The high humidity seen in the data does not match the needs of
these plants, which prefer drier conditions. The early sprouts that later wilted,
along with the presence of a snail and insects, also point to biological activity that
may have added stress, whether through competition or damage to the plants.
Overall, the sensor data confirmed that the terrarium produced a stable,
high- humidity environment, but the visual observations made it clear that this
microclimate was not suitable for the drought-tolerant species included in the
study.
Effect of Emissivity and Reflectivity on the Terrarium Microclimate
The materials used in the terrarium, especially the glass walls, significantly
influenced the recorded environmental conditions through their emissivity and
reflectivity properties.
Glass has moderate emissivity, meaning it absorbs and re-emits heat
slowly. This contributed to the stable temperature readings inside the terrarium,
particularly during daytime when absorbed heat was gradually released back into
the enclosure. This slow release also helped maintain the high humidity observed,
because warm surfaces encouraged evaporation and condensation cycles.
The reflectivity of the glass affected the light intensity measured by the
sensor. External light entering the terrarium could reflect off the glass surfaces,
causing fluctuations or amplifications in recorded lux values depending on the
angle and strength of the light source. This explains sudden high light intensity
peaks on specific days.
The emissivity and reflectivity of the terrarium materials played a role in
heat retention, moisture recycling, and light distribution, all of which influenced
plant performance and the sensor data throughout the study.
IV.​
CONCLUSION
This experiment examined how the microclimate inside a semi-closed terrarium
changed over time and how these conditions affected the growth of drought-tolerant
plants. Continuous sensor readings of temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and light
intensity taken at 8:00 AM and 2:00 PM showed that the terrarium followed typical
closed- system cycles such as transpiration, condensation, and internal water recycling.
These patterns answered the first SOP by showing that environmental conditions inside
a sealed microecosystem fluctuate daily and gradually stabilize due to limited air
exchange and moisture retention.
In relation to the second SOP, the plant responses revealed that not all species
adapted equally to the terrarium environment. Among the plants, the snake plant was
the only one that failed to survive, and the moss layer eventually died, indicating that
the microclimate became unsuitable for species that require better airflow or lower
humidity. Meanwhile, the succulent and cactus species showed better adaptability but
still experienced slow or minimal growth, suggesting that excessively moist and humid
conditions inside the terrarium are not ideal for arid-adapted plants. The presence of a
snail and insects may have further influenced plant health by contributing to decay or
disturbing the root zone.
For the third SOP, the sensor-based monitoring system successfully enhanced the
understanding of plant–environment interactions by providing accurate daily data on
microclimate shifts. These measurements allowed clearer interpretation of how
fluctuating humidity, limited ventilation, and soil moisture retention impacted plant
performance over time. The findings demonstrate that while a semi-closed terrarium
can maintain a stable microclimate, this environment may not support certain
drought-tolerant species. The study also shows that sensor-based monitoring is an
effective tool for
analyzing and managing closed microecosystems, offering valuable insights for future
designs and species selection.
V.​
RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on the results, several improvements can help future versions of this
study or similar terrarium projects perform better:
Plant selection and environment matching: The decline of the drought-tolerant
species shows that the high and constant humidity inside the closed setup didn’t
fit their needs. It would be better to use plants that naturally thrive in moist, enclosed
environments, such as ferns, mosses, or small tropical species.
Sensor calibration and validation: Although a hygrometer was used later, future
setups should start with proper calibration. Comparing digital sensors to a reliable
reference tool, such as a commercial hygrometer or thermometer, will help ensure
accurate readings from the outset.
Data resolution and logging: Instead of relying only on manual readings taken
twice a day, an automated data logger would give more detailed results.
Recording temperature, humidity, moisture, and light at shorter intervals would
capture daily changes more clearly and provide a fuller picture of the
microclimate.
Soil moisture measurement: The current moisture readings were based on a
sensor placed near the surface, which does not accurately reflect the actual
moisture levels around the roots. A future setup should use a probe placed
deeper in the soil to measure moisture where it matters most for plant growth.
Micro faunal control: The presence of snails and insects may have contributed
to plant stress. Cleaning or sterilizing the soil and materials before building the
terrarium can help reduce the chance of pests or unwanted organisms affecting
plant health.
Replication and controls: To make the findings more reliable, future work should
include multiple terrarium setups tested under the same conditions. Adding an
open-air control group with the same plant species can also help show the
difference between growth in a closed system and normal conditions.
VI.​ REFERENCES
BaloghTerrarium​ plants:​ 16​ best​ houseplants​ for​ stunning​ terrariums.
GardenDesign.com.
https://www.gardendesign.com/houseplants/terrariums.html#:~:text=Closed
%20terrariums%20are%20ideal%20for,excess%20moisture%20condensati
on%20on%20the
Dan. (2024, March 16). How do terrariums work? A scientific guide (By a scientist!).
Terrarium Tribe.
https://terrariumtribe.com/how-do-terrariums-work/#:~:text=Photosynthesis
%2C%20respiration%2C%20decomposition%2C%20and%20nutrient,play
%20out%20in%20terrariums%20too
Pam (2025, November 13). The Discovery of the Terrarium: How a simple accident
changed plant science forever. Highland Moss.
Rani, S. (2025, July 6). 10 best indoor succulents that need little water: Easy care
guide.​
Tree​
Care​
Zone. https://treecarezone.com/indoor-succulents-that-need-little-water/
Terrariums​
|​
MU​
Extension.​
(2017,​
1). https://extension.missouri.edu/publications/g6520
July​
VII.​
DOCUMENTATION
​
​
Terrarium Before and After Observation
Before
After
VIII.​
APPENDICES
Table 1.1 Data
Date
8:00 AM
Temp
(℃)
2:00 PM
10/0
6
7
29.20
Soil
Moist
u re
(%)
57.31
Humi
d ity
(%)
85.90
Light
Intens
i ty
(Lux)
50.00
Hygr
o
meter
Temp
e (℃)
Humi
d ity
(%)
29.29
Soil
Moist
u re
(%)
61.79
86.19
Light
Intens
i ty
(Lux)
33.33
28.70
67.23
84.30
34.17
28.89
64.50
90.49
15.83
8
28.79
64.82
87.40
40.83
29.20
65.10
87.80
11.67
9
27.89
65.97
90.09
12.50
29.79
65.58
79.90
48.33
10
28.60
66.33
87.00
47.50
29.09
65.94
82.95
53.75
11
27.70
66.48
89.00
35.00
28.39
66.30
86.00
59.17
12
28.20
63.19
87.30
56.67
28.70
66.79
86.40
13.33
13
28.20
63.73
87.50
99.17
28.65
68.94
87.20
17.50
14
27.85
66.39
90.50
57.92
28.60
71.09
88.00
21.67
15
27.50
69.05
93.50
16.67
29.39
67.90
88.00
60.00
16
28.00
68.26
86.30
61.67
28.29
70.33
91.30
11.67
17
29.00
63.00
86.00
78.33
29.50
61.46
87.80
95.00
18
28.60
63.45
91.69
20.83
28.70
62.48
92.50
40.83
19
27.79
62.74
88.50
72.50
28.60
62.36
86.30
106.67
20
28.15
61.72
89.25
74.17
28.85
61.31
87.75
65.00
21
28.50
60.70
90.00
75.83
29.10
60.25
89.19
23.33
22
28.60
59.75
90.59
249.17
29.29
59.48
92.50
50.83
23
29.00
58.01
86.69
60.83
29.20
59.90
86.50
41.67
24
29.00
56.93
85.90
70.00
29.50
57.86
86.69
78.33
25
28.89
57.69
87.59
147.50
28.89
56.56
91.50
20.00
26
28.29
56.34
91.50
19.17
29.10
56.09
89.09
7.50
27
29.10
56.00
86.09
106.67
28.89
56.88
88.90
111.67
28
28.79
55.48
86.50
76.67
29.39
54.88
86.69
164.17
29
29.00
53.88
86.30
101.67
29.50
52.88
86.69
10.83
30
28.70
51.59
90.00
75.83
29. 39
50.81
89.59
121.67
31
29.60
51.20
88.09
122.50
29.21
88.81
11/0
1
2
29.36
49.97
87.99
84.72
29.03
50.31
4
49.81
88.03
109.5
0
97.33
29.12
48.74
87.89
46.94
28.85
49.32
87.25
85.16
3
28.89
47.50
87.80
9.17
28.67
48.82
86.47
72.99
Hygro
meter
4
28.50
48.61
85.19
80.83
28.50
48.33
85.69
60.83
5
28.39
47.01
85.69
50.00
29.50
47.55
85.00
80.00
6
29.10
45.95
86.00
103.33
29.70
45.48
91.69
29.17
7
29.07
45.21
86.41
96.94
29.60
44.82
91.14
38.33
8
29.048
44.48
86.83
90.55
29.51
44.16
90.59
47.50
9
29.02
43.75
87.25
84.16
29.42
43.50
90.04
56.67
10
28.99
43.02
87.66
77.77
29.33
42.84
89.49
65.83
11
28.97
42.29
88.08
71.39
29.24
42.18
88.94
75.00
12
28.94
41.55
88.55
65.00
29.14
41.52
88.39
84.17
13
28.91
40.82
88.91
58.61
29.05
40.86
87.84
93.33
14
28.89
40.09
89.33
52.22
28.96
40.20
87.29
102.50
15
28.86
39.36
89.75
45.83
28.87
39.54
86.74
111.67
16
28.84
38.63
90.16
39.45
28.78
38.88
86.19
120.83
17
28.81
37.89
90.58
33.06
28.70
39.09
86.00
120.83
18
28.79
37.17
91.00
26.67
28.29
33.73
86.30
142.50
92.5%
28.8°
C
19
28.29
33.73
86.30
142.50
20
28.50
26.03
83.90
116.67
86.8%
28.65
30.63
86.05
118.34
29.00
27.53
85.80
94.17
28.4°
C
90.25
%
29.10°
C
88.0%
29.4°
C
21
28.65
24.72
84.90
98.33
86.90
%
28.60°
C
29.35
25.24
78.85
109.59
22
28.80
23.41
85.90
80.00
87.0%
29.70
22.95
71.90
125.00
80.40
%
29.45
°
C
72.8%
50.00
28.8°
C
86.6%
35.83
29.5°
C
92.5%
23
28.70
21.47
85.40
24
28.20
21.28
88.60
83.34
28.9°
C
82. 20
%
28.20
26
27.70
21.09
91.80
116.67
96.6%
27.5°
C
29.29
22.33
85.80
29.00
21.48
87.15
43.75
28.70
20.63
88.50
51.67
28.8°
C
93.85
%
28.60
°
C
95.2%
28.4°
C
27
28.29
21.64
91.30
93.33
95.9%
28.2°
C
29.20
20.10
90.50
107.50
96.6%
29.0°
C
28
28.89
22.36
90.00
85.00
87.45
%
28.8
0
29.40
22.13
88.15
78.75
29
28.70
23.30
84.80
112.50
87.6%
29.60
24.16
85.80
50.00
93.40
%
29.30
°
C
90.2%
48.33
28.7°
C
89.3%
113.33
29.6°
C
89.3%
30
29.89
22.61
85.69
12/0
1
29.89
21.96
84.09
108.33
2
30.60
21.25
80.09
150.00
3
30.10
20.16
77.80
99.17
4
29
19.58
80.40
85.83
29.7°
C
107.5
%
29.
4
135.6
%
30.
5
98.9%
29.8
80.9%
29.1°C
29.89
23.96
85.50
29.7°
C
47.8%
22.02
30.00
22.05
84.00
48.33
30.60
20.96
80.40
165.00
160.3
20.2
30.10
26.71
87.40
83.33
86.8%
29.60
20.04
74.59
112.50
30.2°
C
74.4%
29.7°C
Table 1.2 Bill of Materials
BILL OF MATERIALS
Qty
Item
Microcontroller
ESP32 Development
1
Board
Sensors
1
DHT22
1
BH1750 (GY-302)
Capacitive Soil
Moisture Sensor
1
Description / Remarks
DevKit V1 (38 pins)
Temperature C Humidity
Sensor
Light Intensity Sensor
Non-corroding type
Price
(Php)
Total Amount (Php)
200
200
180
180
60
60
36
36
250
250
52
104
38
38
23
23
30
14
30
14
Display
2.8" TFT, SPI interface,
240×320 resolution
Power Supply (Rechargeable System)
2
Li-ion / LiPo Battery
Single cell, 3.7 V,
2200mAh
AA/18650 Battery Holder
1
Battery Holder
Box
With battery protection,
1
TP4056 Module
Micro-USB input
1
Boost Converter
3.7 V → 5 V, ≥2A output
1
On/Off Switch
SPST, for battery line
Passive Components
1
TFT Display
1
Resistor
3
(opt.)
Capacitors
10 kΩ, for button pullup/pull-down
100 nF – 100 µF, for power
smoothing
Wiring s Assembly
3m
Stranded Wire
6m
Stranded Wire
2 pcs
3 pcs
1 pc
Screw Terminal Block
Screw Terminal Block
Screw Terminal Block
Perfboard / Prototype
PCB
24 AWG, for
perfboard/stripboard
22 AWG, for sensors C
external wiring
2-pin type
3-pin type
4-pin type
15
45
15
90
8
9
10
16
27
10
For permanent soldering
60
60
For detachable sensor
connections
(2.54mm 40pin)
50
100
Succulent Plant
100
100
Decorative Elements
3 Popsicle Sticks
1 Stick Glue
29
50
87
50
1
Pin headers /
Dupont female
2
Plants
1
Total
​
1520