Speed control of DC motor using pulse width modulation Rupesh Kumar er al and titas ray (2019)
his project report details the design and implementation of a DC motor speed control system
utilizing Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) and a 555 timer IC. The primary objective was to develop an
efficient, cost-effective method for industrial and consumer applications, such as CPU fans and
traction drives, where precise speed regulation is essentiall where precise speed control is required.
The technical implementation is a 555 timer running in astable mode, generating a constant square
wave signal. By varying the duty cycle of this signal with a potentiometer, the average voltage
delivered to the 12V DC motor is changed and the rotational speed of the motor is controlled. The
study shows that PWM is better than traditional linear or rheostatic control methods, as it reduces
heat dissipation and greatly improves power conversion efficiency. The system also exhibited high
capability to maintain high starting torque over a wide range of speeds and therefore it is very
suitable for modern variable speed drive requirements.
DC motor speed control using PID controller, IR sensor and PWM hysteresis Hardik S. jain, Akshat
palak, Sandesh Agrawal (2019)
The research presented an analysis of three methodology for DC motor speed regulation a software
based proportional integral Derivative (PID) controller, a software-based Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM) Hysteresis scheme, and a hardware configuration utilizing an Arduino microcontroller with
an Infrared (IR) sensor. The investigation primarily focuses on solving common industrial challenges,
specifically slow response times and precision errors that can lead to equipment damage.
Experimental data demonstrated that the PWM Hysteresis method outperformed the other
techniques, achieving an actual speed of 195 RPM against a target of 200 RPM, thereby exhibiting
the highest degree of accuracy. Consequently, it was concluded that PWM Hysteresis represents the
most effective solution for high-precision industrial applications, such as conveyor systems and
turntables.
Comparative study of MPPT and PWN charge controllers Djimbi Makoundi, Wan Shuting and
Zhang Bolin (2024)
This technical article evaluates Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) and Pulse Width Modulation
(PWM) technologies for small scale photovoltaic systems. MPPT controllers can maintain high
efficiency level around 95% at different solar irradiance. Technically, MPPT is better for extracting
the maximum power. However, optimized PWM controllers are a viable alternative for budget
constrained or rural applications. While the efficiency of PWM is typically 80-85%, the lower
complexity and capital cost make it a practical solution for resource constrained energy transitions.
Pulse width modulation based DC motor closed loop speed controller Ashwitha Ratnam, nakka
saritha, g.swapna (2024)
The paper describes the technical implementation of a closed loop speed control system for DC
motors using PWM microcontroller. Unlike the resistive control method, the PWM method is more
energy efficient as it changes the average voltage to the load by changing the duty cycle with little
energy wasted as heat. Hardware components are Arduino Uno platform, L293D/L298N motor
drivers, IR sensors for Real time feedback and speed data is monitored through integrated LCD. The
system provides accurate speed control and high torque, making it ideal for industrial automation,
robotics and energy-saving environmental controls
Design of PWM or standard charge controller for photovoltaic system in akwa Nigeria Ikeh, C. IK.
And Uzor, C. E; (2019)
The study explores the application of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) and Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM) for controlling the flow of electrical power from solar photovoltaic modules to
battery storage. MPPT systems operate like DC-DC transformers, optimizing the amount of power
extracted by adjusting the solar output to match the battery voltage, potentially increasing efficiency
by up to 30%. PWM controllers are fast switches that directly connect solar panels to batteries and
are a straightforward, durable, and inexpensive solution for small-scale applications where the solar
and battery nominal voltages are identical. While MPPT is the technically superior choice for
maximizing energy yield, PWM remains a viable option for budget-constrained projects due to its
reduced complexity and cost.
Summary
this project proposal outlines the design and construction of a cost-effective and efficient PulseWidth Modulation (PWM) DC motor speed controller. A variable duty cycle signal is generated by a
NE555 timer, a BC547 transistor serves as the driver stage and an IRFZ44N MOSFET is used for power
switching. This provides smooth control over a 12V DC motor and minimizes energy wasted as heat
which is typical of traditional resistive controllers. The project is scheduled for completion by June
3rd, 2026 and has an estimated cost of ₦7,832. The project seeks to provide an affordable, openhardware alternative for educational and small-scale industrial applications, thus contributing to
Sustainable Development Goals 7 and 9