Complete Sustainability & Cell Biology Test Review
Sustainability Indicators
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Social: healthcare access, education, safety, community support
Economic: jobs, income, affordable housing and food
Environmental: clean air and water, low pollution, green spaces
Fertilizers & Ecosystems
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Runoff enters water systems
Causes algal blooms
Reduces oxygen levels
Harms aquatic life and sustainability
Ways to Make Communities Sustainable
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Reduce, reuse, recycle
Conserve water and energy
Use public transportation, walk, or bike
Support local and sustainable food
Dispose of waste properly
Cell Theory
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All living things are made of cells
Cells are the basic unit of life
All cells come from pre-existing cells
Exceptions to Cell Theory
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Viruses
Multinucleated muscle cells
Large algae
Red blood cells without nuclei
Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic Cells
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Prokaryotic: no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotic: nucleus and membrane-bound organelles
Animal vs Plant Cells
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Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and large vacuole
Animal cells lack a cell wall and chloroplasts
Organelles & Functions
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Cell wall – support and protection
Cell membrane – controls entry and exit
Cytoplasm – holds organelles
Nucleus – contains DNA
Nucleolus – makes ribosomes
Ribosome – protein synthesis
Rough ER – protein production
Smooth ER – lipid production and detoxification
Golgi apparatus – packages proteins
Mitochondria – energy (ATP)
Lysosome – breaks down waste
Vacuole – storage
Chloroplast – photosynthesis
Vesicle – transports materials
Centrioles – cell division
Cilia – movement
Flagella – movement
Pilus – attachment (bacteria)
Cell Transport
Passive transport uses no energy (high → low). Active transport requires energy (low → high).
Diffusion: small molecules | Facilitated diffusion: uses proteins | Osmosis: water only.
Phospholipid Structure
Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails form a bilayer with heads facing outward.
Proteins & Enzymes
Protein types include enzymes (amylase), transport (hemoglobin), motor (myosin), signaling
(hormones), receptors (insulin receptor), immune (antibodies), storage (ferritin), and structural
(collagen).
Enzymes are specific, reusable, lower activation energy, and denature due to high temperature or
extreme pH.