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(ICS 13.220)
SINGAPORE STANDARD
Code of practice for fire hydrant, rising
mains and hose reel systems
(Formerly CP 29)
Published by
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SS 575 : 2012
(ICS 13.220)
SINGAPORE STANDARD
Code of practice for fire hydrant, rising mains and
hose reel systems
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this Singapore Standard may be
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying and microfilming, without permission in writing from SPRING Singapore at the
address below:
Standards
SPRING Singapore
1 Fusionopolis Walk,
#01-02 South Tower, Solaris
Singapore 138628
Email : standards@spring.gov.sg
ISBN 978-981-4353-36-6
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This Singapore Standard was approved by the Building and Construction Standards Committee on
behalf of the Singapore Standards Council on 10 August 2012.
First published, 1984
First revision, 1998
Second revision and re-numbered as SS 575, 2012
The Building and Construction Standards Committee, appointed by the Standards Council, consists of
the following members:
Name
Capacity
:
Mr Goh Peng Thong
Member, Standards Council
:
Er. Lee Chuan Seng
Member, Standards Council
:
Mr Tan Tian Chong
Member, Standards Council
Secretary
:
Ms Wang Wei Ting
SPRING Singapore
Members
:
Mr Boo Geok Kwang
Er. Chan Ewe Jin
Mr Chan Kok Way
Er. Chee Kheng Chye
Mr Chng Chee Beow
Singapore Civil Defence Force
Institution of Engineers, Singapore
Individual Capacity
Housing & Development Board
Real Estate Developers’ Association of
Singapore
Land Transport Authority
National Environment Agency
Singapore Contractors Association Ltd
Ministry of Manpower
Singapore Institute of Architects
Building and Construction Authority
Nanyang Technological University
Association of Property and Facility
Managers
Association of Consulting Engineers
Singapore
Urban Redevelopment Authority
National University of Singapore
Singapore Manufacturing Federation
Individual Capacity
JTC Corporation
Singapore Institute of Surveyors and
Valuers
Chairman
st
1 Dy Chairman
nd
2
Dy Chairman
Mr Paul Fok
Mr Anselm Gonsalves
Mr Desmond Hill
Er. Ismadi Mohd
Mr Benedict Lee Khee Chong
Ms Andris Leong
Assoc Prof Leong Eng Choon
Dr Lim Lan Yuan
Er. Lim Peng Hong
Mr Larry Ng Lye Hock
Assoc Prof Gary Ong Khim Chye
Mr Davis Ong Wee Choon
Dr Tam Chat Tim
Er. Tang Pei Luen
Mr Teoh Wooi Sin
Co-opted
Member
:
National University of Singapore
Prof Choo Yoo Sang
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The Technical Committee on Building Maintenance and Management appointed by the Building and
Construction Standards Committee and responsible for the preparation of this standard consists of
representatives from the following organisations:
Name
Capacity
Chairman
:
Dr Lim Lan Yuan
Member, Building and Construction
Standards Committee
Dy Chairman
:
Er. Tang Pei Luen
Member, Building and Construction
Standards Committee
Secretary
:
Ms Barbara Bok
SPRING Singapore
Members
:
Mr Eric Chan Kim Mun
Mr Lee Wee Keong
Mr Leo Hee Long
Mr Lim Chong Yong
Mr John Min
Er. Ng Eng Kiong
Mr Ramahad Singh
Dr Sun Qiqing
Mr Tan Ann Kiong
Mr Tan Chee Hoon
Er. Joseph Toh
Association of Property and Facility
Managers
National University of Singapore
SETSCO Services Pte Ltd
CNA Group Ltd
Housing & Development Board
Fire Safety Managers’ Association
(Singapore)
Institution of Facilities Management
EM Services Pte Ltd
Association of Consulting Engineers
Singapore
Singapore Civil Defence Force
Energy Market Authority
Building and Construction Authority
Singapore Institute of Building Limited
Singapore Green Building Council
Public Utilities Board
TÜV SÜD PSB Pte Ltd
Singapore Contractors Association Ltd
Public Utilities Board
Institution of Engineers, Singapore
Mr K Ramanathan
Er. Yeow Mei Leng
Individual Capacity
Individual Capacity
Assoc Prof Chandra Sekhar
Mr Bernard Cheng Kwang Meng
Mr Chue Fook Chee
Er. Fan Foo Whai
Mr David Goh
Dr Kang Kok Hin
Mr Kua Soo Chong
Er. Callan Lam
Co-opted
Members
:
The Working Group appointed by the Technical Committee to assist in the preparation of this
standard comprises the following experts who contributed in their individual capacity:
Name
Convenor
:
Er. Yeow Mei Leng
Members
:
Er. Matthew Kwek Yoong Yoong
Cpt Lim Boon Hsing
Er. Ng Han Siong
Er. Siew Yee Cheong
Er. Wong Tak Ming Denis
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The organisations in which the experts of the Working Group are involved are:
Association of Consulting Engineers Singapore
Housing & Development Board
Institution of Engineers, Singapore
Singapore Civil Defence Force
The Institution of Fire Engineers (Singapore Branch)
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Contents
Page
Foreword
8
CLAUSES
1
Section One - General
1.1
Scope
9
1.2
Normative references
9
1.3
Rules and regulations
10
1.4
Definitions
11
1.5
Design, installation and as-built plans
14
2
Section Two – Locations and other provisions of fire hydrants and rising mains/downcomers
2.1
Fire hydrants
15
2.2
Rising mains/downcomers
17
2.3
Breeching inlets
19
2.4
Landing valves
21
3
Section Three – Design considerations for fire hydrants and rising mains/downcomers
3.1
Water supply and pumping arrangements
24
3.2
Gravity feed
27
3.3
Automatic air release valve for rising mains
27
3.4
Electrical earthing
28
3.5
Pipes, valves and fittings
28
4
Section Four – Water supplies and storage
4.1
Minimum capacity
29
4.2
50 % availability
29
4.3
Non-domestic purposes
29
4.4
Tank construction
29
4.5
Automatic inflow
29
4.6
Tank refill time
29
4.7
Overflow and air gaps
30
4.8
Tank compartments
30
4.9
Drain valves
30
4.10
Water level indicators
30
4.11
Access openings and ladders
30
4.12
Tank signage
30
4.13
Effective capacity
31
4.14
Vortex inhibitors
31
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Page
5
Section Five – Fire pumps
5.1
Fire pumpsets
35
5.2
Electrical wiring
37
5.3
Electric motor driven pumps
38
5.4
Compression ignition drivers
43
6
Section Six – Hose reels
6.1
Conformity to standards
54
6.2
Provision and siting
54
6.3
Installation of hose reels
55
6.4
Water supply for hose reels
56
6.5
Hose reels notices
57
7
Section Seven – Components and materials
7.1
Conformity to standards
8
Section Eight – Hydraulic calculations
8.1
Formulae
58
8.2
Pressure loss in pipe fittings
58
9
Section Nine – Installation
9.1
Work on site
59
9.2
External pipework
60
9.3
Underground pipework
60
9.4
Internal pipework
60
9.5
Support of fire hydrant pipework
60
9.6
Protection of buildings under construction
60
10
Section Ten – Initial inspections and acceptance tests
10.1
Pre-test preparation of the system
60
10.2
Hydrostatic test
61
10.3
Fire hydrants
61
10.4
Tests on dry rising mains
61
10.5
Tests on wet rising mains
62
10.6
Commissioning tests
62
10.7
Hose reel tests
62
10.8
Test records
63
57
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Page
11
Section Eleven – Maintenance of systems and rectification of defects
11.1
Fire hydrants
63
11.2
Rising mains
63
TABLES
3.1
Water supply and storage requirements (assisted water supply) for private hydrant
25
3.2
Water flow rates for wet rising mains
26
4.1
Values of dimensions `A’ and `B’ as defined in Figure 4.1
33
5.1
Minimum metering device size
37
8.1
Equivalent length of pipes for fittings
59
FIGURES
2.1a
Details of typical installation of double outlet pillar hydrant in turf area
16
2.1b
Details of valve pit
17
2.2
Mounting height of breeching inlet
20
2.3
Recess clearance of landing valve
23
4.1
Vertical cross-section showing effective capacity of storage
32
4.2
Vortex plate size and location
34
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Foreword
This Singapore Standard was prepared by a Working Group appointed by the Technical Committee
on Building Maintenance and Management which is under the purview of the Building and
Construction Standards Committee.
This Code is intended to provide good guidance on fire hydrants, rising mains and hose reel systems in
the area of fire protection. The information therein serves to promote the understanding of such
systems by architects, engineers, contractors and owners.
The revision is to bring the standard up-to-date with the Fire Code and the relevant overseas
standards and practices, in the following areas:
1.
Terms and definitions
2.
Design considerations for hydrants and rising mains
3.
Water supplies and storage
4.
Fire water pumpsets
5.
Omission of Annex A which will be covered under the Fire Code.
In preparing this standard, reference was made to the following publications:
1.
AS 2419.1 : 2005
Fire hydrant installations – Part 1: System designs, installation and
commissioning
2.
AS 2941 : 2008
Fixed fire protection installations – Pumpset systems
3.
BS 5306-0 : 2011
Code of practice for fire extinguishing installations and equipment on
premises – Part 0: Guide for selection of installed systems and other fire
equipment
4.
BS 5306-1: 2006
Code of practice for Fire extinguishing installations and equipment on
premises – Part 1: Hydrant systems, hose reels and foam inlets
5.
NFPA 14 : 2007
Installation of standpipe and hose systems
6.
SS CP 48 : 2005
Code of practice for water services
7.
SS CP 52 : 2004
Code of practice for automatic fire sprinkler systems
8.
SS 532 : 2007
Code of practice for the storage of flammable liquids
9.
Code of practice for fire precautions in buildings (Singapore Civil Defence Force)
Table 4.1, Figure 4.2 and Subclause 4.14 are reproduced from AS 2419.1 : 2005 with permission of
SAI Global under licence 1202-c039. Australian Standards can be purchased at
http://www.saiglobal.com.
Acknowledgement is made for the use of information from these publications.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this Singapore Standard may be the
subject of patent rights. SPRING Singapore shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all of
such patent rights.
NOTE
1.
Singapore Standards are subject to periodic review to keep abreast of technological changes and new
technical developments. The revisions of Singapore Standards are announced through the issue of
either amendments or revised editions.
2.
Compliance with a Singapore Standard does not exempt users from legal obligations.
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Code of practice for fire hydrant, rising mains and hose reel
systems
Section One – General
1.1
Scope
This Code shall apply to the planning, installation, testing and upkeep of fire hydrant, wet and dry rising
mains and hose reel systems on building premises. It does not apply to street fire hydrants used in lieu
of on-site fire hydrants or to supplement the coverage afforded by street fire hydrants.
1.2
Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this standard. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
BS 143 and 1256
Threaded pipe fittings in malleable cast iron and cast copper alloy
BS 1212-1
Float operated valves – Specification for piston type float operated valves
(copper alloy body) (excluding floats)
BS 1212-2
Float operated valves – Specification for diaphragm type float operated valves
(copper alloy body) (excluding floats)
BS 1212-3
Float operated valves – Specification for diaphragm type float operated valves
(plastics bodied) for cold water services only (excluding floats)
BS 2869
Fuel oils for agricultural, domestic and industrial engines and boilers
BS 5041-1
Fire hydrant system equipment – Part 1: Landing valves for wet risers
BS 5041-2
Fire hydrant systems equipment – Part 2: Landing valves for dry risers
BS 5041-3
Fire hydrant systems equipment – Part 3: Inlet breechings for dry riser inlets
BS 5041-4
Fire hydrant systems equipment – Part 4: Boxes for landing valves for dry
risers
BS 5041-5
Fire hydrant systems equipment – Part 5: Boxes for foam inlets and dry riser
inlets
BS 5163 series
Valves for waterworks purposes
BS EN 694
Fire-fighting hoses – Semi-rigid hoses for fixed systems
BS EN 671-1
Fixed fire fighting systems – Hose systems – Part 1: Hose reels with semi-rigid
hose
BS EN 837-1
Pressure gauges – Bourdon tube pressure gauges – Dimensions, metrology,
requirements and testing
BS EN 1092 series
Flanges and their joints
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BS EN 1947
Fire-fighting hoses – Semi-rigid delivery hoses and hose assemblies for pumps
and vehicles
BS EN 1982
Copper and copper alloys – Ingots and castings
BS EN 10226-1
Pipe threads where pressure tight joints are made on the threads – Taper
external threads and parallel internal threads – Dimensions, tolerances and
designation
BS EN 10241
Steel threaded pipe fittings
BS EN 10255
Non-alloy steel tubes suitable for welding and threading – Technical delivery
conditions
BS EN 13709
Industrial valves – Steel globe and globe stop and check valves
BS EN 50342-1
Lead-acid starter batteries – General requirements and methods of test
BS EN 50342-2
Lead-acid starter batteries – Dimensions of batteries and marking of terminals
BS EN 60034 series Rotating electrical machines
BS EN 60623
Secondary cells and batteries containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes
– Vented nickel-cadmium prismatic rechargeable single cells
BS EN 60947 series Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear
SS CP 5
Code of practice for electrical installations
SS CP 48
Code of practice for water services
SS CP 52
Code of practice for automatic fire sprinkler system
SS 299-1
Fire resistant cables – Performance requirements for cables required to
maintain circuit integrity under fire conditions
SS 508-3
Graphical symbols – Safety colours and safety signs – Safety signs used in
workplaces and public areas
SS 532
Code of practice for the storage of flammable liquids
SS 555 series
Code of practice for protection against lightning
Code of practice for fire precautions in buildings
1.3
Rules and regulations
The provision and installation of fire hydrant, rising mains and hose reel systems shall be in accordance
with the following rules and regulations:
(a)
Building Control Act 1999 and the regulations made thereunder;
(b)
Public Utilities Act and the Public Utilities (Water Supply) Regulations made thereunder;
(c)
Professional Engineers Act 1991 and its amendments;
(d)
Fire Safety Act 1993 and its amendment acts; and
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(e)
Any other relevant rules, regulations and by-laws.
1.4
Definitions
For the purpose of this Code, the definitions below apply.
1.4.1
Accessway
A metalled or paved or laid with strengthened perforated slabs to withstand the loading capacity of
Fire Authority’s fire fighting appliances.
1.4.2
Authority
The authority having jurisdiction over the subject matter in Singapore.
1.4.3
Break tank
Either
(a)
a tank into which the incoming supply connection from the Water Authority’s mains discharge;
or
(b)
an intermediate tank for limiting the system pressure.
1.4.4
Building height
The vertical distance measured from the mean level of the ground pavement or road abutting outside of
the building to the highest habitable floor level of the building.
1.4.5
Competent person
Person, suitably trained and qualified by knowledge and practical experience, and provided with the
necessary instructions to enable the required task(s) to be carried out correctly.
1.4.6
Controller
An enclosed group of devices (including a power disconnect device by which the conductors of a circuit
can be disconnected from the source of supply) that serves to govern, in some predetermined manner,
the power delivered to the apparatus to which it is connected.
1.4.7
Coupling
A device for connecting lengths of hose so as to secure continuity from the source of a water supply to
the delivery point.
1.4.8
Design pressure
The pressure, at a defined reference point used in the system design, necessary to maintain the
required flow and pressure at the most hydraulically disadvantaged hydrant or landing valves that are
required to operate simultaneously.
1.4.9
Downcomer
A vertical pipe for fire fighting by means of down-feed pipe connected to roof tanks or inlet connections
at ground floor.
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1.4.10 Driver
An engine or motor used to drive a fire pump.
1.4.11 Emergency responder
A trained or certified individual who, upon arriving early to an incident or emergency, assumes
immediate responsibility for the protection and safety of life, property and environment.
1.4.12 Fire Code
The code of practice for fire protection in buildings published by the Fire Authority.
1.4.13 Fire compartment
The total space of a building, or any part of a building required by the Fire Code to be separated from
the remainder by walls and/or floors each having a fire rating not less than required for a firewall for that
type of construction and where all openings in the separating construction are protected in accordance
with the Fire Code.
1.4.14 Fire hydrant, pillar
An assembly installed on a branch from a water pipeline which provides a valved outlet to two
connections and permits a supply to be taken from the pipeline for fire fighting. The fire hydrant referred
herein is above-ground with outlets suitable for connection for fire hose.
The fire hydrant herein shall mean private hydrant as mentioned in the Fire Code. A private hydrant is
denoted by a yellow band.
1.4.15 Fire pumpset
An assembly comprising a pump, a driver, a coupling and ancillary components on a common base
together with an integral or separate fire pump controller, and listed by a recognised institution as one
which has been tested for use in fire hydrant and wet rising main systems or other fire fighting
installations.
1.4.16 Fire hydrant outlet
The component of fire hydrant to which the fire hose is connected.
1.4.17 Gravity tank
A purpose-built water container, erected on the site of the protected premises at such an elevation as to
provide the requisite amount of water.
1.4.18 Ground level
The average level of the ground adjoining the outside of the external walls of a building.
1.4.19 Habitable height
The height measured from the ground level to the highest habitable floor; the definition of habitable
floor is in the Fire Code.
1.4.20 Hose reel
Fire fighting equipment consisting of a length of tubing fitted with a shut-off nozzle and attached to a
reel with a permanent connection to a pressurised water supply.
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1.4.21 Landing valve
An assembly comprising a single valve controlled outlet hose connection.
1.4.22 Listed
Equipment, materials, or services included in a list published by an organisation that is acceptable to the
Fire Authority and concerned with evaluation of products or services, that maintains periodic inspection
of production of listed equipment or materials or periodic evaluation of services, whose listing states that
either the equipment, material or service meets appropriate designated standards or has been tested
and found suitable for that specified purpose.
1.4.23 Pressure
(a)
Nozzle pressure – pressure required at the inlet of a nozzle to produce the desired water
discharge characteristics.
(b)
Residual pressure or running pressure – pressure acting on a point on the system with a flow
being delivered.
(c)
Static pressure – pressure acting on a point in the system with no flow from the system.
1.4.24 Pressure regulating device
A device designed for the purpose of reducing, regulating, controlling or restricting water pressure.
1.4.25 Pressure reducing landing valve
A landing valve which incorporates a pressure regulating device for the purpose of reducing the
downstream water pressure under both flowing (residual) and non flowing (static) conditions.
1.4.26 Reduced level
A height level referring to an engineering datum which is 100 metres at mean sea level.
1.4.27 Ring main or ring system fire main
A water main which forms a ring circuit that feeds fire hydrants.
1.4.28 Rising main, dry (dry riser)
A vertical pipe installed in a building for fire fighting purposes, fitted with inlet connections at the fire
appliances access level and landing valves on various floors. This is normally dry until charged with
water by trained emergency responders. It is called riser if the landing valves are above the breeching
inlet and down comer if the landing valves are below the breeching inlet level. If the same vertical pipe
serves landing valves above and below ground, it shall generally be called a riser.
1.4.29 Rising main, wet (wet riser)
A vertical pipe installed in a building for fire fighting purposes and permanently charged with water and
attached to a water supply capable of supplying the system demand at all times and fitted with landing
valves on various floors. The wet riser shall be used only by trained emergency responders.
It is called riser if the landing valves are above the water supply and down comer if the landing valves
are below the water supply level. If the same vertical pipe serves landing valves above and below the
water supply, it shall generally be called a riser.
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1.4.30 Shall
Indicates a mandatory requirement.
1.4.31 Should
Indicates a recommendation or that which is advised but not required.
1.4.32 Unprotected areas
All areas are considered as unprotected irrespective of any sprinkler protection, except the following:
(a)
Staircases;
(b)
Smoke free lobbies;
(c)
Protected corridors.
1.4.33 Zone height
A vertical division of a fire rising main system used to establish the water working pressures within the
system and also to limit the pressure at the lowest landing valve in the zone.
1.5
Design, installation and as-built plans
1.5.1
It is important that the architect and the engineer confer with the Fire Authority, Water Authority
and other relevant authorities at an early stage in the planning and design of a building.
Design and installation drawings for fire hydrant, rising mains and hose reel systems should generally
include the following:
(a)
A site location plan of the buildings involved;
(b)
The complete internal access road system within the property lot;
(c)
The location, sizes, connections and operational fittings of the system;
(d)
Sources and arrangement of water supplies, piping and other essential features;
(e)
Staircases, lobbies, passageways, doorways and arrangement of partitions, walls, etc. which
may restrict the normal hose coverage throughout the building;
(f)
A complete schematic rising main diagram showing the essential features of the fire fighting
system such as the layout and arrangement of the rising mains, connections, valves, tanks,
pumps, sources of water supply, pipe sizes, capacities, floor heights, zone pressures, etc;
(g)
The provided water pressure at the top and bottom floors of each zone;
(h)
Material specifications and design calculation schedules detailing the water supply and
system demand characteristics.
1.5.2
On completion of installation works, complete sets of 'as-installed' drawings showing full details
of the fire hydrant, rising mains and hose reel systems and full working instructions should be furnished
to the building owner and any authority as required.
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Section Two – Locations and other provisions of fire hydrants and rising
mains/downcomers
2.1
Fire hydrants
2.1.1
Provision
2.1.1.1 Fire hydrants where so required by the Fire Code shall be provided within the development.
2.1.1.2 Fire hydrants shall be located along fire engine access road and/or accessway such that
every part of the access road and/or accessway is within an unobstructed distance of 50 m from any
hydrant.
2.1.1.3 As far as possible, fire hydrants should be installed in a ring system fire main formation.
2.1.2
Location
In planning the location of fire hydrants, the following factors shall be considered:
(a)
The proximity of nearby public fire hydrants;
(b)
Be sited immediately adjacent to and easily visible from access roads or accessways;
(c)
Be sited not less than 10 m from any high voltage main electrical distribution equipment such as
transformers and distribution boards, and from liquefied petroleum gas and other combustible
storage;
(d)
Shall be not less than 1 m clearance from the building to allow working space for hose
connections;
(e)
Be not obstructed or obscured by obstacles, stored goods, vehicles, vegetation, etc;
(f)
There shall be a clearance of minimum 1 m paved flat ground to any obstruction and around
the hydrant (see Figure 2.1a) for operating the hydrant;
(g)
Be located more than 125 mm but not more than 200 mm above the adjacent ground level;
(h)
Protection from possible mechanical damage by vehicles.
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Figure 2.1a – Details of typical installation of double outlet pillar hydrant in turf area
2.1.3
Type
2.1.3.1 Fire hydrants shall be of the pillar type having either two 63.5 mm nominal bore outlets or three
outlets. The external threads of the outlets shall match the Fire Authority’s standard hose threaded
coupling connection of BSP 5 TPI. The bore of the standpipe shall be at least the same area of the
two outlets provided for the fire hydrant. A 100 mm yellow band, the lower edge of which is 300 mm
from the concrete paved area, shall be painted on the pillar stem of the fire hydrant.
2.1.3.2 The outlets shall be provided with protective standard caps of cast iron or other suitable material
and attached to the standpipe by chains.
2.1.3.3 Valve pits shall be of adequate size (refer to Figure 2.1b), and readily accessible for inspection,
operation, testing, maintenance and removal of valve contained therein. They shall be so constructed
and arranged as to properly protect the installed equipment from ground movement and accumulation of
water. Cast in-situ or precast concrete, with or without reinforcement, or brick (depending on soil
conditions and size of pit) are appropriate materials for construction of valve pits. Cover to the valve
shall prevent ingress of rainwater into the valve pit. Where the water table is low and the soil is porous,
crushed stone or gravel may be used for the floor of the pit. The topmost part of the valve shall not
exceed a depth of 1000 mm from the ground level.
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2.1.3.4 For valves and pits that are sited on roadways, care should be taken that the pits and covers
are capable of bearing the heaviest vehicle which may use the roadways.
Figure 2.1b  Details of valve pit
2.1.4
Pipework
2.1.4.1 Fire hydrant pipe work which runs in the basement shall be protected and enclosed with fire
rated enclosure of rating similar to the rating of structure. The valve chamber shall be constructed of
concrete and shall be able to withstand the force exerting when the valve is open.
2.2
Rising mains/downcomers
2.2.1
Type of system
2.2.1.1 The type of rising main/downcomer system provided for Fire Authority’s fire fighting use shall be
appropriate to the building height and is as follows:
(a)
Dry rising main/downcomer shall be installed in buildings where any floor is at a habitable
height beyond 10 m and not exceeding 60 m above the ground level as well as any part of a
single or multiple level basement.
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(b)
Wet rising main/downcomer shall be installed in buildings with any floor exceeding habitable
height of 60 m above ground level.
(c)
Separate dry and wet rising main/downcomer systems in a building may be permitted by the
Fire Authority.
2.2.1.2 A listed pressure regulating device, which controls nozzle pressure under both flow and no flow
conditions, shall be installed at each outlet when the zone height exceeds 76 m or the working pressure
of the landing valve whichever is lower.
2.2.1.3 The maximum zone height of each wet rising main/downcomer shall not exceed 120 m. The
following applies:
(a)
The pressure regulating device is arranged to regulate pressure at the hose valve outlet to a
running pressure not exceeding 5.5 bar;
(b)
The pressure on the inlet side of the pressure regulating device does not exceed the working
pressure rating of the device;
(c)
All other pipe fittings and devices on the system shall be rated for not less than the maximum
system pressure or static pressure.
2.2.2
Number of rising mains/downcomers
The number and distribution of rising mains/downcomers shall be such that all parts of any floor is within
38 m from a landing valve, the distance is to be measured along a route suitable for hose lines, having
regard to obstructions and including any distance up or down a stairway.
2.2.3
Location of rising mains/downcomers and landing valves
2.2.3.1 Position of rising mains/downcomers and the associated landing valves shall be located in the
following order or priority:
(a)
within smoke-stop lobby or
(b)
external corridor immediately outside the door of the exit staircase
(c)
in the case where there are no smoke-stop lobby or external corridor, it shall be located inside
the exit staircase or in the common area and within a protected shaft, immediately outside the
door of the exit staircase.
2.2.3.2 Rising mains/downcomers and landing valves shall be accessible for maintenance and shall not
be concealed and obstructed.
2.2.3.3 Rising mains/downcomers shall be so located that they are protected against mechanical and
fire damage.
2.2.3.4 No part of a rising main/downcomer shall be placed in any shaft containing gas, steam or fuel
pipelines or electrical cables and wirings.
2.2.3.5 No other services shall be housed within the protected shaft unless it is for fire fighting.
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2.2.4
Size of dry rising mains/downcomers
The minimum nominal bore of a rising main/downcomer shall be:
(a)
100 mm where the rising main does not exceed 45 m in habitable height and where only one
landing valve is provided at each floor;
(b)
150 mm where the rising main/downcomer either:
(i)
exceeds 45 m in habitable height; or
(ii)
is permitted to have two landing valves on any floor.
2.3
Breeching inlets
2.3.1
Location
2.3.1.1 In selecting positions for breeching inlets, due regard should be paid to the provisions of
available fire hydrants, the possibility of damage resulting from falling glass from windows and other
possible occurrences during a fire.
2.3.1.2 The inlets shall be located:
(a)
On an external wall or in a boundary wall of a building and to be within 18 m of the adjacent
fire appliances accessway.
(b)
Fitted directly at the foot of the same riser stack for each dry rising main provided for buildings
under purpose group II as defined in the Fire Code. If this is not achievable due to site
constraint, the maximum horizontal run of the water pipe between the breeching inlet and the
same riser stack shall not exceed 12 m.
(c)
As close as possible to the rising main they serve with any connecting pipe between the inlets
and the vertical run of the rising main kept to a minimum and given a fall towards the drain
valve. The total pressure including losses of the dry rising main shall not exceed 6 bar based
on the design water flow rate.
(d)
In a conspicuous position readily visible and accessible to the firemen.
(e)
About 760 mm to 1000 mm above ground level (see Figure 2.2).
2.3.2
Provision
2.3.2.1 Inlets with instantaneous male couplings for connecting to the Fire Authority’s 63.5 mm
diameter standard hose shall be fitted to each rising main as follows:
(a)
A two-way breeching inlet for a 100 mm bore rising main.
(b)
A four-way breeching inlet for a 150 mm bore rising main.
2.3.2.2 For a wet rising main/downcomer, the inlets shall be connected to feed the storage tank or
pump suction tank located no higher than 60 m above the adjacent accessway.
2.3.2.3 Each breeching inlet shall conform with the requirements of BS 5041 : Part 3.
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2.3.2.4 All inlets shall be enclosed in a glass-fronted inlet box complying with the requirements of
BS 5041 : Part 5; the box being positioned with its lower edge between 400 mm and 600 mm above
ground level. The position of inlets shall be indicated on the box using the appropriate sign and using
a letter height of at least 50 mm. In addition, all such inlets shall be painted red for wet rising mains
and yellow for dry rising mains.
2.3.2.5 The breeching inlet for a dry rising main shall be fitted with a 25 mm drain valve to facilitate
draining the rising main after use. If any part of the pipework of a dry rising main or down comer falls
below inlet box level, an additional 25 mm drain valve shall be provided at the lowest point of the
pipework, together with either fixed piping or an adequate length of flexible tubing (fitted with a suitable
coupling for connection to the valve) to conduct water from the valve to a suitable drain. Where such a
low level drain is fitted, a permanent notice shall be provided in 25 mm (minimum) block letters of a
suitable colour on a contrasting background and placed in a position adjacent to the valve reading
‘DRY RISING MAIN - DRAIN VALVE’, and a further permanent notice shall be provided in the inlet box,
similar in size to the indicator plates mentioned in BS 5041 : Part 5, which reads ‘LOW LEVEL DRAIN
VALVE IN (state valve location here)’. The low level drain valve shall be kept securely strapped and
padlock closed except when in use.
Figure 2.2  Mounting height of breeching inlet
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2.4
Landing valves
2.4.1
Provision
2.4.1.1 A landing valve with an instantaneous female coupling for connecting to the Fire Authority’s
63.5 mm diameter standard hose shall be provided for each rising main on:
(a)
Every habitable floor above the ground, including the first storey, except where the breeching
inlet is provided at the external wall above ground level nearest to the vertical run of the riser
stack for buildings under purpose group II;
(b)
Every basement floor, irrespective of the depth below ground;
(c)
On the roof where mechanical and electrical plants are located;
(d)
On unhabitable roof where maintenance access is provided, for testing of wet rising
mains/downcomers.
2.4.1.2 Landing valves for wet and dry rising mains shall comply with the requirements of
BS 5041 : Part 1.
2.4.1.3 Landing valves shall be protected against interference and attack by thieves and vandals in
such a manner that their operational capability is not adversely affected.
2.4.2
Location
Landing valves shall be located:
(a)
in the designated areas specified in 2.2.3.1 and such that every part of each floor is not more
than 38 m from a landing valve along a route suitable for hose lines;
(b)
at a height with its lowest point between 760 mm and 1 m above the floor level;
(c)
in a conspicuous position where they are not likely to be obstructed, such as by the operation of
nearby doors.
2.4.3
Standby hoses
Standby fire hose shall be provided for every rising main/downcomer except for those in building
purpose group II as defined in the Fire Code.
Where all the exit staircases in buildings under purpose groups III to VIII are installed with rising
mains/downcomers and standby hoses and if any part of the floor is beyond the 38 m coverage of any
landing valve, an additional fire hose shall be provided at the landing valve nearest to this floor space.
2.4.4
Recesses and enclosures for landing valves
2.4.4.1 There shall be adequate clearance to the landing valve and shall have not less than 150 mm
clearance on both sides and not less than 230 mm below the centre line of the outlet of the landing
valve and not less than 250 mm clearance above the handwheel. The depth of the opening shall not
be greater than is necessary, and in no case shall the front edge of the female coupling of the landing
valve be more than 75 mm behind the face of the wall. In addition, consideration shall be given to
allow addition of adequate space around the valve to permit maintenance and testing (see Figure
2.3). The landing valve shall be installed perpendicular to the riser shaft opening.
2.4.4.2 Each landing valve should be strapped shut, the strap being secured by a locked brass padlock.
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2.4.4.3 The appropriate words ‘DRY RISING MAIN’ for a dry rising main/downcomer or ‘WET RISING
MAIN’ for a wet rising main/downcomer as the case may be, shall be clearly painted in block letters of
height not less than 50 mm on the outside of the door. When the landing valve is not provided within an
enclosure or protected shaft, this labelling shall be painted on the rising main/downcomer itself.
2.4.4.4 In addition, all such landing valves shall be painted red for wet rising mains/downcomer and
yellow for dry rising mains/downcomer.
2.4.4.5 Where there is more than one rising main/dowcomer, each rising main shall be labelled
accordingly.
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A = 250 mm minimum
B = 75 mm maximum
C = 230 mm minimum
Side clearance = 150 mm minimum both sides.
Figure 2.3  Recess clearance of landing valve
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Section Three – Design considerations for fire hydrants and rising
mains/downcomers
3.1
Water supply and pumping arrangements
3.1.1
General
3.1.1.1 The design of fire hydrants and wet rising mains/downcomers shall comply with the modes of
supply stipulated in SS CP 48.
3.1.1.2 For fire hydrants and wet rising mains/downcomers, it is essential that pressures and flows be
adequate at all times to serve the required number of jets likely to be used, irrespective of the source
of water supply.
3.1.1.3 Only private hydrants installed below reduced level 125 m can receive direct supply from Water
Authority’s water mains (unassisted water supply). Notwithstanding this, water storage of sufficient
capacity with pumping facilities (pumped supply) may be required to meet the Fire Authority’s
requirements on flow rate and pressure.
3.1.1.4 Private hydrants installed above reduced level 125 m shall require pumping arrangements
(assisted water supply).
3.1.1.5 The water supply to fire hydrants and rising mains should be kept entirely independent of
water supplies feeding other installations, including those for other fire fighting systems. This,
however, does not include:
(a)
the T or Y connection from Water Authority’s water mains with one branch for the fire hydrant
or rising main and the other branch fitted with a control valve, for other uses provided the flow
rate for the fire hydrant or rising main is adequate.
(b)
a common break tank for the rising main and other non-domestic uses provided a minimum of
3
11.5 m is reserved for each rising main.
3.1.1.6 Where an extensive area of the premises needs to be covered, the mains supplying these fire
hydrants shall be in the form of a ring main to form a complete circuit of the site. The reliability of a
fire hydrant system is increased by the installation of a ring system fire main. Isolating valves
complying with the requirements of BS 5163 shall be incorporated strategically in the system so that
sections of the ring main can be isolated to enable repairs to be carried out. Branches to the Water
Authority’s water mains shall also have isolating valves and non-return valves to meet the Water
Authority’s requirements.
3.1.2
Fire hydrants
3.1.2.1 Town mains supply
Supply pipes feeding fire hydrants from Water Authority’s water mains shall branch off at a point
upstream of the domestic supply line. A gate valve shall be provided to shut off the supply to the
domestic line in the event of fire.
3.1.2.2 Minimum pipe size
The pipe connection between the water supply mains and the fire hydrant shall not be less than 150 mm
nominal bore.
3.1.2.3 Flow
The required flow at the outlet of each fire hydrant shall be capable of discharging not less than the flow
rate specified in Table 3.1.
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3.1.2.4 Pumped supply
Where the unassisted water supply, such as the town mains, cannot meet the flow rate and pressure
requirement of Table 3.1 and where fire hydrants are located above reduced level 125 m within the
same plot, on-site fire pumps and water storage shall be installed to meet the flow and pressure
requirements of Table 3.1.
Table 3.1 – Water supply and storage requirements (assisted water supply)
for private hydrant
Purpose group
requirement
Minimum running pressure
Minimum flow rate
Minimum duration
Purpose
group I & II
2 bar
27 L/s
45 min
Purpose group (*)
III, IV, V, VII
2 bar
Purpose group (*)
VI, VIII
2 bar
2
2
<1000 m – 38 L/s
2
<5000 m – 57 L/s
2
<10000 m – 76 L/s
(57 L/s if sprinkler
protected)
500 m – 38 L/s
2
<5000 m – 57 L/s
2
<10000 m – 76 L/s
(57 L/s if sprinkler
protected)
Addtional 19 L/s for
2
subsequent 5000 m
Addtional 19 L/s for
2
subsequent 5000 m
45 min
90 min
* Based on the floor area of the largest compartment in the building
With assisted water supply, the running pressure as stipulated in Table 3.1 shall be maintained with the
required number of fire hydrants simultaneously flowing at appropriate flow rate at each hydrant.
3.1.2.5 Pressure
With unassisted water supply or town mains supply, the running pressure and flow at the most
hydraulically disadvantaged hydrant from town mains shall not be less than:
(a)
90 % of running pressure at the nearest public hydrant, taking into consideration the hydraulic
losses in the bulk water meter;
(b)
90 % of flow rate at the nearest public hydrant provided that its pressure is greater than 2 bar.
NOTE – For the purpose of this subclause, the hydraulic loss through the bulk water meter and the valves shall be
taken as 100 kPa.
3.1.2.6 Ring system fire main
The reliability of a fire hydrant system is increased by the installation of a ring main. Where a ring main
is installed, it shall comply with the following:
(a)
The ring should be isolated at appropriate sections such that water supply to all the hydrants,
except only one hydrant, is maintained at all times during maintenance and/or repair of the ring
main;
(b)
Hydraulic losses shall be calculated with flow through the hydraulically most unfavourable paths
of the ring main;
(c)
All ring mains isolating valves shall be so located as to permit ready access by fire fighting
personnel;
(d)
Isolating valves installed below ground shall be suitably tagged or marked with reflective paint
on the covers;
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(e)
Isolating valves installed above ground shall be strapped and padlocked in open position.
VALVE X/N
HYDRANT MAIN VALVE – SECURE OPEN
3.1.3
Wet rising mains/downcomers
3.1.3.1 Flow
The following minimum water supply flow rate shall be maintained in the wet rising/downcomer
system when 3 landing valves within the system are in the fully open position:
(a)
27 L/s for a residential building;
(b)
38 L/s for a non-residential or any mixed occupancy building.
3.1.3.2 Multiple rising mains
Where there is more than one rising main/downcomer within the same development, the water supply to
the rising mains may be common, and shall comply with Table 3.2.
Table 3.2 – Water flow rates for wet rising mains
No. of stacks
Water flow rate for nonresidential buildings
Water flow rate for
residential buildings
1
38 L/s
27 L/s
2
57 L/s
40.5 L/s
3
76 L/s
54 L/s
4 and above
95 L/s
67.5 L/s
3.1.3.3 Pressure
A minimum running pressure of 3.5 bar and a maximum of 5.5 bar shall be maintained at each landing
valve when any number, up to three, are fully opened.
3.1.3.4 Limiting static pressure
To reduce the risk of hose bursting, arrangements shall be made in accordance with BS 5041 : Part 1 so
that when the water is shut off at the nozzle, the static pressure in any line of hose connected to a
landing valve does not exceed 7 bar.
If pressure relief type landing valve is used to dispose of excess flows and pressures over and above
those required, the body of the landing valve shall be permanently connected into the relief pipe. This
relief pipe should run throughout the length of the wet rising main/downcomer installation and should
terminate either back into the suction tank or to the drain.
3.1.4
Means of supply for wet rising mains/downcomers
3.1.4.1 For buildings with wet rising main/downcomer installations, the rate of flow and capacity of the
Water Authority’s water mains supply should be checked during the building planning stage of the
project. Generally, a water supply capable of providing a minimum of 27 L/s for a residential building
or 38 L/s for a non-residential or mixed occupancy building at all times will be required for each rising
main/downcomer.
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3.1.4.2 Duration of water supply for fire fighting
Where the incoming water supply is less than the appropriate flow, additional storage for the wet
rising main/downcomer shall be provided such that the total storage together with the probable
incoming supply can provide for effective fire fighting at the appropriate flow rate in Table 3.2 for a
period of 45 minutes.
3.1.4.3 High and low level tank arrangement
If the wet rising main/downcomer is fed from a high level suction tank coupled with a low level break
tank, the minimum effective storage capacity for the high level suction tank capable of supplying water at
the rate as stipulated in Table 3.2 can be reduced to 30 minutes.
3.1.4.4 Break tanks
Break tanks, or low level water transfer tanks, which are not serving as storage tanks (as defined in
3
3.1.4.2) shall have an effective holding capacity of not less than 11.5 m for each wet rising main.
3.1.4.5 Wet riser transfer pump
The transfer rate of the wet riser transfer pump shall be appropriately sized such that the combined
water storage of high level storage tank and transfer rate shall not be less than stipulated in 3.1.4.2
(i.e. 45 minutes).
3.1.4.6 Water supply pipe
The storage tank(s) shall be automatically supplied either directly or indirectly via other tanks from
Water Authority’s water mains. The pipe drawing water from Water Authority’s water mains to the
tank shall be at least 150 mm in diameter. Where the pipe runs in unprotected area, fire rated
enclosure of similar rating as the structure where it traverses shall be provided.
3.1.4.7 Breeching inlets
It must be envisaged that condition can arise when the pre-arranged methods of filling the suction
tanks may be out of action due to circumstances beyond the control of the building occupiers or
owners. Therefore breeching inlets shall be provided in accordance with 2.3. The supply from the
breeching inlets shall discharge openly into the tank and at a level of not less than 150 mm above the
maximum water level in the tank. Where the pipe runs in unprotected area, fire rated enclosure of
similar rating as the structure where it traverses shall be provided.
3.1.5
Pumps, water supplies and storage
Pumps, water supplies and storage shall comply with Sections Four and Five.
3.2
Gravity feed
Connections from gravity tanks should be made to the top of the downcomer except where the tanks are
used to supply wet rising mains/downcomers in different sections of the building, in which case they
should be made at the base of the rising mains.
3.3
Automatic air release valve for rising mains
3.3.1
A suitable automatic air release valve shall be provided at the highest point in each dry rising
main to permit air in the pipe to be discharged to atmosphere when water is pumped in at ground level.
3.3.2
In the case of downcomer where long lengths of horizontal pipe occurs below the breeching
inlet and the main, automatic air release valve shall be located at the end of the horizontal pipe.
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3.3.3
Where a wet rising main is above the water entry into it, it shall also be equipped with an
automatic air release valve at the top.
3.4
Electrical earthing
3.4.1
Rising mains and downcomers shall be electrically earthed.
electrical continuity shall be bonded.
Joints which do not provide
3.4.2
Where the rising main is situated in the vicinity of any lightning conductor, it should also be
bonded to the lightning conductor in accordance with SS 555.
3.5
Pipes, valves and fittings
Pipes, valves and fittings shall be new. Pipes, valves and other fittings which are connected directly to
the Water Authority’s potable water supply system shall comply with the standards and requirements
stipulated by the Water Authority.
3.5.1
Above ground pipes
3.5.1.1 Rising mains/downcomers and associated pipework shall be of hot-dipped galvanised steel pipe
in accordance with BS EN 10255 and heavy quality; fittings shall be of wrought steel.
Pipework should be joined by the following methods:
(a)
Screwing and socketing;
(b)
Welded flanged ends;
(c)
Mechanical groove joints; or
(d)
By any other means selected as suitable for use, except at valves or other fittings where
appropriate flanges in accordance with BS EN 1092 series may be used. Such means may
be selected on the basis of practical tests and evidence of satisfactory performance in similar
application.
Fittings and grooved coupling shall be dimensionally compatible with the pipe.
3.5.2
Below ground pipes
Galvanised steel pipes, fittings and couplings shall only be used below ground for individual risers or
short connection pieces not exceeding 1.5 m in length, the entire length containing the fitting or coupling
shall be double wrapped with 2 layers of petrolatum tape.
Black steel pipe shall not be used underground.
3.5.3
Isolation and check valve
3.5.3.1 Connections to each water supply, except to the breeching inlet of rising mains, shall be
provided with an isolation valve and, where appropriate, a check valve located close to the supply at
tank, pump or connection from Water Authority’s water mains.
3.5.3.2 Valves shall be provided to permit:
(a)
isolating a rising main without interrupting the water supply to other rising mains from the
same water supply;
(b)
servicing of component parts of the system.
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Isolating valves should be secured open by padlocked strap.
3.5.3.3 All stop valves (except those fixed by the Water Authority on the branches from their mains)
shall be ‘right-handed’ i.e. they shall be so constructed that in order to shut the valve, the spindle must
turn clockwise. The handwheels shall be clearly marked showing the direction the wheel is to be
turned to close the valve.
3.5.4
Pipe hangers
Pipe hangers shall be so arranged that they will sustain the loads and retain the piping securely in
position. They shall be used in sufficient numbers to prevent vibration in the piping when the rising main
or hose reel is in use.
Section Four – Water supplies and storage
4.1
Minimum capacity
The minimum capacity of the water supply shall not be less than that necessary to satisfy the minimum
flow rate specified in Tables 3.1 and 3.2 for a period of 90 minutes or 45 minutes as appropriate.
4.2
50 % availability
On site water storage shall be provided and shall be arranged so that during any maintenance, at least
50 % of the required volume remains available for use.
4.3
Non-domestic purposes
Tanks supplying water for domestic purposes shall not be used as suction tanks for wet
risers/downcomers or fire hydrant systems.
4.4
Tank construction
Tanks shall be constructed of reinforced concrete or steel materials coated with anti-corrosion paint.
FRP tanks are not acceptable.
4.5
Automatic inflow
Where the effective capacity has allowed for automatic inflow to reduce the size of the tank, provision
shall be made to measure the rate of inflow.
The automatic inflow shall be provided to the tank controlled by a diaphragm or pilot operated valve
actuated by a direct-float operated valve of not less than 150 mm diameter.
4.6
Tank refill time
Water supplied to fire hydrant system and wet riser/downcomer system shall be capable of refilling 50 %
of the required tank storage capacity in less than 12 hours.
Where storage tanks are also used as a supply to an automatic sprinkler system, the water supply to the
tank shall also be capable of completely refilling the tank in accordance with SS CP 52.
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4.7
Overflow and air gaps
Overflow pipe sizes and air gaps between incoming water supplies shall be designed in accordance with
SS CP 48.
4.8
Tank compartments
The tank shall be compartmented into two separate water-tight sections connected by a gate valve,
normally kept open, to permit tank maintenance without interruption to the water supply.
Nevertheless, when more than one water tank is provided in parallel to store the required amount of
water, tank compartments are not necessary provided the tanks are interconnected with isolating
valves which are secured open.
4.9
Drain valves
A drain of at least 100 mm size and controlled by a gate valve shall be provided for each tank or
compartment.
4.10
Water level indicators
A visual level indicator shall be fitted to show the depth of water in each tank or compartment.
Each tank or tank compartment shall be fitted with an external indicator to show the tank water level.
The indicator shall be:
(a)
located on the side of the tank in a prominent position adjacent to the suction connection;
(b)
marked in lettering not less than 100 mm;
(c)
lettering shall be in a colour contrasting with that of the background.
4.11
Access openings and ladders
Covered access openings shall be provided in all tanks roofs for access to the tank and its equipment.
Internal and external ladders shall be provided to facilitate periodic inspection and cleaning of the tank.
4.12
Tank signage
Fire hydrant tanks, wet riser break tanks and wet riser storage tanks shall have the following sign
indicating their effective water capacities.
FIRE HYDRANT TANK
3
(effective capacity in m )
The sign shall be:
(a)
marked on the side of the tank and repeated to ensure visibility from all approach directions;
(b)
marked in upper case lettering not less than 100 mm;
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(c)
in fade resistant lettering in a colour contrasting with that of the background.
4.13
Effective capacity
The effective capacity of a suction or water storage tank for the sole purpose of feeding wet rising main
and/or fire hydrant systems shall be determined to be between the normal water level in the tank and
the low water level ‘X’ as shown in Figure 4.1. Low water level ‘X’ is taken to be the lowest level before
a vortex is created causing the pump to draw air. The values of dimensions ‘A’ and ‘B’ in Figure 4.1
appropriate to the particular suction pipe size for determining level ‘X’ shall be taken from Table 4.1.
Where a suction pipe draws from a sump in the base of a storage tank, the sump length shall be not
less than the dimensions indicated. In addition, the sump width shall be not less than 3.6D, where D is
the nominal diameter of the suction pipe. The point of entry shall be located centrally across the width of
the sump. Where an approved and listed vortex inhibitor is installed, dimension ‘A’ may be reduced
according to the manufacturer's recommendations.
The velocity in the suction pipe shall not exceed 1.25 m/s.
4.14
Vortex inhibitors
Where a flat circular plate vortex inhibitor is used at the suction inlet of a fire hydrant pump, it shall be
designed in accordance with Figure 4.2 using the following formulae:
(a)
Minimum clearance (Hm) under the vortex plate
Hm
= 0.5d, if d ˃ DN 150
Hm
= 0.75d, if d ≤ DN 150
where
(b)
Hm
= Ha
Hm
= minimum clearance under plate in millimetres
Ha
= actual clearance under plate in millimetres
Minimum diameter (D) of vortex plate
D
=
Q x 17.68 x 60
Ha
where
D
= minimum diameter of vortex plate in millimetres
Q
= maximum required flow rate in L/s (see Section Three)
The plate shall be not less than 10 mm thick and shall be effectively protected from corrosion.
NOTE – Vortex inhibitors are not suitable for use in sumps.
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Figure 4.1  Vertical cross-section showing effective capacity of storage
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Table 4.1  Values of dimensions ‘A’ and ‘B’ as defined in Figure 4.1
Nominal diameter of
suction pipe
(mm)
Dimension
‘A’
(mm)
Dimension
‘B’
(mm)
65
250
80
80
310
80
100
370
100
150
500
100
200
620
150
250
750
150
300
900
200
350
1050
250
400
1200
300
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Figure 4.2  Vortex plate size and location
NOTE – Vortex inhibitors are not suitable for use in sumps.
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Section Five – Fire pumps
5.1
Fire pumpsets
5.1.1
Pumpsets shall be listed for fire fighting service.
5.1.2
Pumpsets shall be selected to meet the flow and pressure requirements.
5.1.3
The performance characteristics of pumpsets shall be capable of providing maximum flow
(130 % of duty flow) at not less than 80 % of duty head, and shall not exceed 140 % of its duty head at
shut off point.
5.1.4
Fire pumpsets shall be centrifugal and of the following types:
(a)
Single-stage, end suction, horizontal or vertical shaft;
(b)
Axially, split case, horizontal or vertical shaft pump;
(c)
Multistage, single outlet or multi-outlet, horizontal shaft pump;
(d)
Turbine, vertical shaft pump;
(e)
Wet pit, vertical shaft pump.
5.1.5
The drivers shall be of the following types:
(a)
Electric motor;
(b)
Compression ignition engine.
5.1.6
Pump driver connection
Each pump shall be flexibly coupled to a single driver. The coupling, or drive shaft with universal joints,
shall be rated to the maximum driver output over the potential speed range and be such that either the
pump or driver can be removed separately without affecting the other. Couplings shall be of a type that
cannot disengage in service and shall continue to function in the event of failure of any flexible element.
Chain drives, belt drives, clutch drives or fluid drives shall not be used.
Dual-drive pumpsets shall not be used.
The pump shall not be connected to the driver through a gearbox except where a right-angle drive is
necessary.
Couplings shall be guarded.
5.1.7
Baseplate
The pump and driver shall be mounted on a common baseplate.
5.1.8
Pipework
5.1.8.1 Pressure setting
The working pressure of discharge pipework shall not be less than 1400 kPa or the maximum system
working pressure (pump shut-off plus maximum suction pressure), whichever is the greater.
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5.1.8.2 Pipe sizes
Pipe sizes shall be selected such that the velocity within the pipe at maximum flow, i.e. 130 % of duty
flow, does not exceed the following:
(a)
Suction
1.8 m/s
(b)
Discharge
5 m/s
The size of the last 600 mm of the suction pipe shall not be less than the suction inlet of the pump.
5.1.8.3 Flexible connections
Where installed, flexible connections on pump suction and discharge piping shall be of metallic type.
5.1.9
Fire pumpsets shall consist of either:
(a)
2 fire pumpsets, at least one of which shall have an independent source of power supply and
each shall be capable of providing independently the necessary flow and pressure
requirements; or
(b)
3 fire pumpsets, at least two of which shall have an independent source of power supply and
any two shall be capable of providing the aggregate, necessary pressure and flow
requirements.
NOTE – An independent source of power supply refers to a source other than from grid.
5.1.10 The standby pumpset shall be so arranged that it will operate automatically on a failure of the
duty pump.
5.1.11 The duty pumpset (or standby pumpset, in the event of failure of the duty pumpset) shall start
automatically when there is a flow of water in the system or when a fall in pressure occurs in the system
exceeding 5 % of the pump churning pressure.
5.1.12 Pumpsets shall be stopped manually and means shall be provided for them to be capable of
being started and stopped manually.
5.1.13 Pumpsets shall be under positive head at all times. This will be effected if the pumps are sited
so that at least two-thirds of the effective capacity of the suction tank is above the level of the centre of
pump suction. Priming arrangements shall not be acceptable.
5.1.14 A valve shall be installed to automatically release air from the fire pumps that are trapped within
the casing or column.
5.1.15 Means shall be provided to allow a continuous flow of water through each pump at a sufficient
rate to prevent overheating of the pump when churning.
5.1.16 A test valve and direct reading flow meter shall be provided on a pipe connection coupled to
the pump delivery branch downstream of the check valve to test the pump. The test piping shall be
sized not less than the meter size appropriate to the pump rated capacity as set out in Table 5.1. The
test piping should discharge to a suitable drain.
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Table 5.1  Minimum metering device size
Pump capacity
(L/s)
Meter size
nominal pipe diameter
(mm)
9.5
63
13.0
76
16.0
89
23.0
89
28.5
102
32.0
127
47.5
127
63.5
152
79.0
152
95.0
203
126.5
203
158.0
203
189.5
203
5.1.17 A pressure gauge shall be connected to the pump discharge together with a gauge cock. Its
indication dial shall have a range of at least twice the rated working pressure of the pump.
5.1.18 A compound pressure and vacuum gauge shall be connected to the pump suction together
with a gauge cock.
5.1.19 Jockey pumps shall be sized to make up the allowable leakage within 10 minutes at a flow
rate not exceeding 10 L/min.
5.1.20 Pumps and their associated auxiliary equipment shall be installed in readily accessible
positions in a room of non-combustible fire resistive construction and used for the sole purpose of
housing such fire protection installation. The pump room shall be of ample size and be adequately
ventilated, lighted and drained. Its location and construction shall be such as to permit it to provide
protection to the pump unit and controls from falling floors or machinery and from fire that might drive
away the pump operator or damage the pump unit or controls.
5.1.21 Mechanical ventilation and electrical lighting in the pump room shall be equipped with standby
emergency power supply.
5.2
Electrical wiring
5.2.1 All electrical wiring including that for the control and monitoring circuits shall be in accordance
with the requirements of SS CP 5 and shall be:
(a)
of the fire-resistive type complying with SS 299-1; or
(b)
enclosed in a 2-hour fire-rated duct throughout the run to the pump room.
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5.2.2
A fire-rated duct may house electrical wiring for other emergency services if the running of the
wiring does not affect the fire-integrity of the duct.
5.2.3 The sharing of a common electrical risers for fire protection services and other emergency
services is acceptable provided that there is proper protection by fuses or circuit breakers for each
and every emergency service.
5.3
Electric motor driven pumps
5.3.1
Electric drivers
The following applies:
(a)
General
All electrical drivers shall be of the cage rotor induction motor complying with the relevant
sections of BS EN 60034 on rotating electrical machines and shall have a degree of
protection not inferior to IP54.
All electric motor controllers shall be certified by the manufacturer as complying with 5.3.1 (a)
to (u).
(b)
Types of wiring
All wiring associated with pump motors, from the point of entry onwards and all wiring up to
and including each pump motor shall be either:
1)
Mineral Insulated Metal Sheathed (MIMS) cables;
2)
Fire-resistive type complying with SS 299-1 on metal trays or in trunking; or
3)
Steel armoured PVC cables where installed underground.
NOTE – It is strongly recommended that all external wiring be installed underground.
(c)
Basis of rating
Electric motors shall be classified for maximum continuous rating (MCR) and of voltage rating
to suit the supply voltage. Motors shall have power rating ratings at least equal to the
following % of the pump rated power:
Motor rating (kW)
≤ 18.5
≥ 22 ≤ 55
≥ 75
Pump rated power (%)
125
115
115
When measured at rated voltage, the locked-rotor apparent power of the motor in kilovoltampere, expressed as a per unit (p.u.) value of the rated output (Pn) in kilowatts shall not
exceed the appropriate value as follows:
Motor output (kW)
> 0.4≤6.3
> 6.3 ≤ 25
> 25 ≤ 100
> 100 ≤ 630
Maximum locked-rotor apparent power p.u (rated output)
9.8
9.0
8.3
7.5
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(d)
Motor construction
Current carrying parts of an electric motor, including the terminal box, shall be at least
300 mm above the floor.
Where unusual moisture or abrasive dust conditions are likely to be encountered, the motor
shall be of the type especially protected to withstand such conditions.
5.3.2 Electric controllers
The following applies:
(a)
General
An individual fire pump motor controller shall be provided for each fire pump and shall have a
degree of protection not inferior to IP54.
(b)
Location
Controllers shall be within sight of the drivers they control and shall be positioned as close as
practicable thereto.
(c)
Controller cabinets
Controller cabinet may be freestanding, wall mounted, or mounted integrally with the
pumpset. Cabinets designed for floor or integral mounting shall have a minimum of 300 mm
clearance between floor level and live parts. Cabinets designed for wall mounting shall state
on the internal wiring diagram that a minimum of 300 mm clearance shall be maintained
between the floor level and the current carrying parts.
Cabinets shall incorporate one or more hinged lockable access door and be dimensioned to
provide ready access to internal components. A high-impact resistant viewing panel not
exceeding 40 % of the door area is permissible.
(d)
Isolating switch
Where pump motors are automatically controlled, a manually-operated isolating switch
connected on the supply side of the fire pump controller and operating in all active conductors
shall be provided.
Where incorporated within the cabinet, the isolating switch shall be capable of being operated
externally, and being locked in the ‘on’ position (power supply on).
The isolating switch shall be provided with a protective cover or boot and a warning label on
the ‘live’ side of the switch which shall be marked “Live Terminals”. The warning label may
utilise the international symbol for live electrical equipment.
(e)
Motor starter
The motor starter shall comply with appropriate requirements of BS EN 60947 series. The
thermal overload relay shall not be connected to trip the starter.
NOTE – The thermal overload relay may be omitted from the motor starter or it may be used to provide
a visual or aural indication that the motor has exceeded its thermal rating.
The transition through the starting steps of reduced voltage starters shall be automatic (i.e.
independent of an operator). The motor shall attain full speed within 15 s of receipt of start
signal.
The starters shall be rated for intermittent duty class 0.1.
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(f)
Equipment segregation
Low and extra low voltage components and associated wiring and terminal strips shall be
located in separate compartments within the pump controller.
NOTE 1 – Cables in the same enclosure. Cables of low and extra low voltage circuits should not be
contained within the same enclosure.
NOTE 2 – Separation of cables at terminations. Where cables of different systems are terminated within
one enclosure, the wiring and connection of the low voltage cables will be effectively separated from the
other cables by means of rigidly fixed screens or barriers or by other effective means.
(g)
Mixed voltage components
Mixed voltage (e.g. 240 V AC / 24 V DC) components shall be located in the compartment
provided for the higher voltage and labeled accordingly.
NOTE 1 – Extra low voltage. Not exceeding 32 V AC or 115 V DC.
NOTE 2 – Low voltage. Exceeding extra low voltage, but not exceeding 1000 V AC or 1500 V DC.
(h)
Control devices
In addition to the isolating switch, the fire pump controller shall have externally operable
manual stop and start switches.
The operation of the manual stop switch shall automatically return the fire pump controller to
the automatic start position.
The operation of the manual start switch shall override any automatic start facilities.
(i)
Indicator lights
Indicator lights shall be of the filament, neon, or light emitting diode (LED) types. If filament
lights are used, they shall be either twin metal filament type or two individual lights, and the
voltage applied shall not exceed 80 % of the rated voltage of the lights. All lights shall be
accessible for replacement. Indicator lights shall be coloured-coded as follows:
(j)
1)
Power supply to pump present (all phases) -
green
2)
Phase failure or phase rotation incorrect
-
red
3)
Pump running (alarm condition)
-
red
4)
Battery charger supply failure
-
red
5)
Aural alarm silenced
-
red
Remote alarm contacts
The controller shall incorporate volt-free contacts for “power supply to pump present (all
phases)”, “pump running” and “pump common fault alarm”. The “pump common fault alarm”
may denote phase failure, phase rotation incorrect, battery charger supply failure or aural
alarm silenced.
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(k)
Aural alarm
An aural alarm integral with the pump controller shall be provided and protected against an
overcurrent of 150 %. If a remote aural alarm is provided, the integral alarm may be omitted.
A suitable location for the aural alarm may be at a manned plant guardhouse or fire command
center.
The aural alarm shall operate simultaneously with the lights indicating power supply failure,
phase failure and pump running (alarm condition) indications.
The sound level output shall exceed normal background levels by not less than 10 dBA, but in
any case shall be not less than 65 dBA and not more than 105 dBA.
(l)
Alarm power supply
The power supply for the indicator lights and alarms shall be taken from a battery having a
capacity sufficient to energise the alarm and indicator system for a minimum period of 72 h.
(m)
Test facility
A test facility shall be provided for the testing of indicator lights and audible alarms.
(n)
Ammeter
An ammeter shall be provided on the face of the pump controller cabinet to indicate
selectively the phase currents of the motor.
(o)
Conductors and terminations
Conductors within the controller cabinet shall be PVC insulated as a minimum.
Conductor terminations shall be achieved in the following ways:
(p)
1)
Control conductors shall utilise numbered tunnel type terminal blocks incorporating
studs or screws for both internal and outgoing conductors;
2)
Conductors shall be correspondingly numbered and provided with compatible
terminals, the shanks of which shall be insulated;
3)
Conductors shall be of sufficient length to allow a fresh termination to be made should
the original break off;
4)
Conductors which do not have to be terminated shall be left long enough to reach the
furthermost point on the terminal block;
5)
Conductors shall be grouped together and laced neatly wherever possible;
6)
Power conductors shall be terminated with swaged terminations that are bolted.
Battery
The battery shall be installed in a separate ventilated enclosure or on brackets with the
battery base at least 150 mm above the floor, and shall be fitted with a non-conductive cover.
The battery shall not be installed within the fire pump controller.
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Batteries shall be of the lead-acid types complying with BS EN 60623 or be of the nickelcadmium type complying with BS EN 50342-1 and BS EN 50342-2. In addition they shall
comply with the following:
(q)
1)
The construction of the battery shall enable it to accept a float/trickle charge without
breakdown or significant reduction in its service life;
2)
Service life shall be rated at not less than 5 years.
Battery chargers
A constant potential battery charger, matched to the type of batter used, shall be provided to
service the alarm and indicator light battery. The charger shall be capable of fully recharging
the battery from 50 % capacity within a period of 24 h.
The battery charger, together with associated ammeter and voltmeter, shall be incorporated
into the fire pump controller cabinet.
(r)
Wiring diagrams
A complete set of wiring diagrams, including that for the driver, shall be provided and
permanently attached to the inside of the enclosure and protected by a transparent durable
cover.
The diagrams shall be numbered to coincide with the pump controller terminals.
(s)
Marking
Each driver control device and each switch and circuit-breaker shall be marked to indicate
plainly the name of the manufacturer, and manufacturer’s model designation.
All pump controller cabinets shall be marked ‘Electric Wet Riser Pump Controller’ and show
plainly the name of the manufacturer, model number and application rating.
All indicating lights, switches, and meters shall be provided with designating, permanently
secured/fixed labels.
(t)
Access for inspection and testing
A clear space of not less than 1000 mm shall be provided at the front side of the cabinet to
permit inspection and servicing.
Where the pump controllers require rear access for inspection or servicing, a clear space of
not less than 600 mm shall be provided at the rear of the cabinet.
A clear space of not less than 600 mm shall be provided at the sides of the cabinet to permit
inspection and servicing.
(u)
Pre-delivery testing
Controller shall be completely assembled, wired, bench-tested and certified by the
manufacturer before dispatch.
5.3.3
Field wiring
All field wiring associated with the satisfactory operation of a fire pumpset shall comply with
the requirement of SS CP 5.
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5.4
Compression ignition drivers
5.4.1 General requirements
The following applies:
(a)
Driver type
The driver shall be of the compression-ignition mechanical injection type, be liquid-cooled or
air-cooled, and comply with the performance requirement of (b) below. The driver shall be
capable of being started without the use of wicks, cartridges, heater plugs or other starting
devices and shall have a degree of protection not inferior to IP23.
Compliance with the starting requirements may necessitate fitting jacket heating equipment to
either the driver cooling system or the lubrication system.
(b)
Power transmission
Drivers shall be directly coupled to the pump with suitable flexible coupling to transmit the full
power of the engine and maintain axial alignment of the driveline; however, a right-angle gear
drive and universal joints may be incorporated in the driveline for vertical turbine pumps.
Chain drives, belt drives, clutch drives or fluid drives shall not be used.
5.4.2 Driver performance
The following applies:
(a)
Fuel
The driver shall be designed to operate on fuels complying with the requirements of BS 2869
for class A1 fuels with a minimum cetane number of 45.
(b)
Power rating and speed
The site rating shall be determined at the governed speed of 65 % and shall be not less than
115 % of the power to achieve all flows from shut off to maximum flow.
NOTE – The adjustment to determine the site rating is to be applied to the engine manufacturer’s
continuous rated power application when the driver is operating under standard condition.
(c)
Service life
Compression-ignition fire pump drivers are expected to perform reliably under normal
application conditions for a minimum of 2000 h between overhauls or 5 years, whichever
comes first.
(d)
Starting capability
The driver shall be capable of starting from cold and accelerating to full speed within 15 s of
the cranking cycle initiated under all extremes of site conditions.
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5.4.3
Driver systems
The following applies:
(a)
Lubrication system
Driver shall be equipped with a suitable pressure type lubrication system. The system shall
comprise a direct engine driven pump, a filter and distribution system, and shall have
adequate capacity to maintain lubricant temperatures within the range recommended by the
lubricant manufacturer.
The lubricant filter medium shall be readily replaced or the filter shall be of the type which
allows ready cleaning. Accessible means shall be provided for checking, draining and
replenishing the lubricant supply. The lubrication system shall not leak.
(b)
Cooling system
The manufacturer shall state the desirable operating temperature range for the driver. The
cooling system shall automatically maintain the driver within the desirable operating
temperature range. The temperature regulating device shall be designed to provide
maximum cooling in the event of its failure.
Vee-belt drives forming part of the cooling system shall incorporate multiple belts so that if
half the belts break, the remaining belts shall be capable of performing the drive functions.
NOTE – This does not preclude the use of approved single belt drives, including automatically tensioned
multiple-rib belt drives, provided that reliability is judged equivalent to multiple Vee-belt drives with 100
% redundancy.
(c)
Liquid cooling system
Liquid cooling system shall be a closed primary loop. The heat from the primary loop may be
dissipated either directly to the atmosphere or to a secondary open, raw water cooling circuit.
Liquid cooling system shall be provided with an opening in the primary loop for replenishing
the coolant or checking the liquid level. An expansion reservoir shall also be provided to
minimise the loss of coolant due to thermal expansion and contraction.
Where the primary coolant heat is dissipated directly to the atmosphere, an engine-driven fan
shall be provided for positive movement of air through the heat exchanger. The heat
exchanger shall be designed to maintain normal engine operating temperatures, with an inlet
o
air temperature of 50 C.
Where raw water secondary coolant is used, the flow and pressure of the raw water shall be
such that the maximum operating temperature of the engine will not be exceeded at the rated
speed. The raw water outlet shall be at least one pipe size larger than the inlet. The cooling
water line shall be arranged so that the discharge is visible and includes a bypass.
Raw water secondary cooling piping shall be corrosion protected steel. A flexible hose shall
be provided at the inlet to the heat exchanger and any rigid outlet piping. The flexible hose
shall be fire resistant, have a reinforcing inner braid, and a cover resistant to oil, mildew and
abrasion. It shall be capable of withstanding a pressure of not less than 1000 kPa and a
o
o
temperature range of -40 C and +150 C.
Each manually operated valve in the heat exchanger cooling system shall be strapped and
locked in its normal operating position.
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The cooling water solenoid, where fitted, shall:
1)
Be normally closed;
2)
Be energised to open on engine start; and
3)
Mechanically latch in the open position.
NOTE – Flow and pressure requirements for secondary coolants are usually specified by the engine
manufacturer.
(d)
Air cooling systems
Air cooling systems shall provide an engine-driven fan and a connection to discharge coolant
exhaust air outside the pump room. Sufficient venting area to comply with the engine
manufacturer’s requirements shall be provided. The system shall be designed to maintain
o
normal engine operating temperature, with an inlet air temperature of 50 C.
(e)
Supplementary cooling systems
Supplementary cooling devices such as lubricant and inlet air coolers are permissible if they
share raw water or coolant air supplies with the primary engine cooling systems specified
above.
(f)
Fuel system
The following applies:
1)
General
The fuel system shall comply with the following:
i)
The fuel system shall include a fuel filter with readily replaceable filtering
medium.
ii)
A sludge and sediment trap shall be provided in the fuel system ahead of the
fuel filter.
iii)
The size of fuel supply lines shall be in accordance with the engine
manufacturer’s recommendations.
iv)
Fuel lines on the engine shall be metallic and protected against impact
damage.
v)
Fuel system connections to and from the engine shall incorporate flexible
connections of the metallic type. The flexible connection shall be fire
resistant, have a synthetic rubber inner tube resistant to fuel oil, reinforcing
inner tube braid, and a cover resistant to fuel oil, lubricating oils, mildew and
abrasion. It shall be capable of withstanding a maximum suction of 500mm
of mercury without collapsing, a pressure of not less than 700 kPa and
o
o
temperature range of -40 C and +150 C.
vi)
The fuel system shall be leak-free during all phases of engine operation.
vii)
All valves in the fuel line between the fuel tank and the engine shall be
capable of being locked in the open position.
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2)
Fuel tank
The fuel tank shall be fitted with an indicator showing the level of the fuel in the tank.
If there is more than one compression engine driven pumpset, there shall be a
separate fuel tank and fuel feed pipe for each engine.
The capacity of the fuel tank shall be sufficient to allow the engine to run on full load
for a minimum period of 6 hours.
The tank shall be fitted with a ‘low level’ fuel alarm set at 2/3 tank capacity.
Precautions should be taken to minimise adverse effects on the tank due to vibration.
3)
Fuel tank location
The fuel tank shall be located so as to provide gravity feed to the engine fuel pump
and to prevent spillage of fuel over or around the driver. Whenever practicable, the
fuel tank shall be located adjacent to the driver. The fuel tank shall be mounted
independent of the driver baseplates or be fitted with appropriate vibration-resistant
mountings.
(g)
Air induction system
The air intake or induction system shall have a degree of protection not inferior to IP23 and be
equipped with a suitable filter to prevent dust and debris from entering the driver. The filter
shall be designed for easy replacement or cleaning of the filtering medium.
The air intake to the driver may be equipped with a connection to duct intake air from outside
the pump room in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
(h)
Exhaust system
The exhaust system shall be gas-tight throughout the operating range of exhaust
temperatures and pressures. Vertical exhaust stack shall be provided with means for rain
water exclusion. It shall be designed with an outlet connection to readily discharge exhaust
gases outside the pump room and shall be fitted with flexible connection to prevent
transmission of vibration from the driver to the exhaust system. The system shall be suitably
guarded or cooled to prevent fire hazards and injury to operators.
The system shall be suitably guarded, lagged, shielded or cooled to prevent fire hazards and
injury to operators.
The exhaust system shall be fitted with a suitable silencer and the total backpressure shall not
exceed the engine maker’s recommendation. If the exhaust system rises above the driver,
means shall be provided at the low point of the exhaust pipe to preclude the ingress of
condensate into the engine. This preventive means shall be downstream of the turbocharger
(if fitted).
The exhaust silencer shall be such that the sound pressure level is suitable for the
environment.
(i)
Starting and stopping systems
The following applies:
1)
General
Starting system shall be either battery-powered or air-powered. Either system shall
incorporate two power sources, one for automatic starting and one for manual
starting. A crank handle shall also be permitted if engine size permits.
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2)
Battery-powered starting systems
The starting system shall operate from either of two batteries with automatic and
manual start operation provided from the start battery, and a manual start operation
from the control battery.
Each automatic and manual starting system shall have the capacity to provide a
minimum 3 min (15 s intermittent cranking with 15 s rest) cycle at full rate cranking
speed.
The electric starter motor shall incorporate an axial displacement pinion that engages
the engine flywheel ring by means of solenoid action, and which has no retaining
catches or inertial features. The pinion shall rotate at reduced speed while engaging
with the flywheel ring. When the engine fires, the starter motor pinion shall be
withdrawn from the flywheel ring automatically. Withdrawal of the pinion shall be
initiated by an electromechanical speed-sensing device and not by the use of
pressure switches, e.g. on engine lubricating system or water pump outlet. Where
centrifugal speed switches or voltage generators are used for speed sensing, they
shall have a direct coupling to, or be gear driven by, the engine. Flexible drives shall
not be used.
Repeat engagement facilities shall be provided to allow the pinion’s failure to engage
with the engine flywheel ring. If the pinion fails to engage, the mechanism shall
continue to attempt engagement while battery power is available for a total of 6 start
cycles. A time period of not more than 10 seconds should elapse between repeat
engagement attempts over a total of 6 cycles.
A switch shall be provided in the starter motor solenoid control circuit to prevent the
starter from being energised during maintenance. When this switch is operated, an
automatic warning shall be given aurally and visually at a suitable location, e.g. in the
guard house or at the fire command center.
The primary and secondary manual start switches shall be mounted adjacent to each
other on the engine. The switches shall be sealed so that, when operated, the
broken seal will be obvious.
3)
Batteries
The battery shall be installed in a separate ventilated enclosure or on brackets with
the battery base at least 150 mm above the floor and fitted with a non-conductive
cover.
Batteries shall not be installed in the fire pump controller.
Batteries shall not be installed on the diesel pump set baseplate unless vibrationresistant battery mounting are installed.
Batteries shall be of the lead-acid types complying with BS EN 60623 or the nickelcadmium type complying with BS EN 50342-1 and BS EN 50342-2. In addition they
shall comply with the following:
i)
Battery size shall be such that each starting system is capable of complying
with the cranking requirements of 5.4.3 (i) (2) above;
ii)
The construction of the battery shall enable it to accept a float/trickle charge
without breakdown or significant reduction in its service life;
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iii)
Service life shall be rated at not less than 5 years.
NOTE – Starter batteries should be arranged as close as possible to the starter motor to
minimise voltage drop. Battery lead should be adequately supported.
4)
Engine generator/alternator
The engine shall have a generator or alternator to recharge the starting batteries.
5)
Air-powered starting systems
The systems shall operate from appropriately sized air receivers. Controls shall be
normally automatic in operation but a manual control (electrical or mechanical) shall
also be provided.
The air-driven starter motor shall incorporate an axial displacement pinion which
engages the engine flywheel ring and has no retaining catches or inertial features.
The pinion shall rotate at reduced speed while engaging with flywheel ring. When the
engine fires, the starter motor pinion shall be withdrawn from the flywheel ring
automatically. Withdrawal of the pinion shall be initiated by an electromechanical
speed-sensing device and not by the use of pressure switches, e.g. on engine
lubricating system or water pump outlet. Where centrifugal speed switches or voltage
generators are used for speed sensing, they shall have a direct coupling to, or be
gear driven by, the engine. Flexible drives shall not be used.
Repeat engagement facilities shall be provided to allow the pinion’s failure to engage
with the engine flywheel ring. If the pinion fails to engage, the mechanism shall
continue to attempt engagement while battery power is available.
An isolating valve shall be provided in the starter motor air supply line to prevent the
starter from being energised during maintenance. When this valve is operated, an
automatic warning shall be given aurally and visually at a suitable location, e.g. in the
guard house or at the fire command center.
The manual control for the starter motor shall be mounted on the compressionignition engine and be connected to the air receiver supplying air to the starter motor.
The manual control shall be sealed so that, when operated, the broken seal will be
obvious.
6)
Air receivers
Receiver size shall be such that each starting system motors shall be sized and
arranged to minimise pressure drop. Piping should be as short as possible. Piping
and valves shall be sized in accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations.
7)
Air supply
Each air receiver shall be maintained at the required working pressure by a dedicated
automatic air compressor or other equally reliable air supply.
Air receivers shall be continuously monitored so that an aural alarm is sounded on
low air pressure.
In addition to the air receiver for automatic starting, a second air receiver of
equivalent size and type shall be provided for manual starting. Each of these air
receivers shall be capable of independently powering the starter motor as required
above.
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8)
Engine manual shut down systems
Manual shut down shall be accomplished by means of a hold-on pushbutton on the
controller and a normally open solenoid shut off device and shall return automatically
to the starting position after the push button is released.
Automatic shut-down mechanism shall not be permitted other than for overspeed.
9)
Overspeed shut down device
Engines shall be provided with an overspeed shut-down device. It shall be arranged
to shut down the engine at a speed approximately 20 % above the engine duty
speed. A light shall be provided to indicate an overspeed condition at the controller.
The engine shall not be capable of being restarted until the overspeed shutdown
device is manually reset to normal operating condition.
A test switch shall be provided to simulate engine overspeed.
The test switch shall automatically revert to its normal condition after operation so as
not to shut down the engine during normal operation.
10)
Instrumentation
The following minimum panel-mounting instrumentation shall be provided:
i)
A tachometer (preferably of the electronic type) marked at the normal engine
running speed.
NOTE – Flexible drives are not acceptable.
ii)
An hour meter to indicate the total time of operation.
iii)
An oil pressure gauge to indicate engine lubricant pressure and marked to
designate normal operating condition.
iv)
Engine temperature gauge marked at the normal engine-operating
temperature. Liquid-cooled engines shall be provided with a temperature
gauge to monitor the primary coolant temperature. Air-cooled engines shall
be equipped with a temperature gauge to monitor either the lubricant
temperature or the external surface temperature of the engine nearest the
point of combustion.
v)
An ammeter to indicate the charging rate of the engine-mounted
generator/alternator.
The instrument panel shall be securely mounted in a vibration-free location
that does not subject operating personnel to unreasonable hazard from hot
surfaces or moving parts of the engine, pump or power transmission
equipment.
All control devices shall be rigidly attached to the engine. Any devices that
have to be wired to a specified fire pump controller shall be wired to a
junction box. All wiring shall be harnessed or suitably enclosed and
protected from mechanical, thermal, or engine fluid damage. The junction
box shall be rigidly attached to the engine or baseplate. Terminals and
junction box shall be arranged to facilitate external wiring to the engine fire
pump controller.
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11)
Governor
The engine shall be provided with a governor set and secured to maintain the
nominated speed under full load. The governor shall maintain the engine speed to
not more than 10 % above the nominated speed when operating between maximum
load condition and pump shut-off.
12)
Guards
Guards shall be provided to cover fully all flexible coupling, belt drives, and other
accessible moving parts.
13)
Marking
Each of the following items shall be legibly and indelibly marked as specified:
i)
For a battery-powered starting system the manual start switches shall be
marked with the words “MANUAL START: START BATTERY” and “MANUAL
START: CONTROL BATTERY”, as appropriate.
ii)
For an air-powered starting system the manual start valves shall be marked
with the words “MANUAL START: MANUAL AIR RECEIVER”, and “MANUAL
START: AUTOMATIC AIR RECEIVER”, as appropriate.
5.4.4 Compression-ignition driver controllers
The following applies:
(a)
General
An individual fire pump controller shall be provided for each fire pump and shall have a
degree of protection not inferior to IP54. Controller shall be certified by the manufacturer as
complying with 5.4.4 (a) to (v).
Controllers shall be compatible with compression-ignition engine-driven fire pumps.
Controllers shall be assembled, wired and tested by the manufacturer prior to installation.
(b)
Location
Controller shall be positioned as close as practicable to and within sight of the drivers they
control.
(c)
Controller cabinets
Controller cabinets may be freestanding, wall mounted or mounted internally with the
pumpsets. Controllers designed for floor or integral mounting shall have a minimum of 300
mm clearance between floor level and current carrying parts. Controllers designed for wall
mounting shall state on the internal wiring diagram that a minimum of 300 mm clearance shall
be maintained between the floor level and the live parts.
Cabinets shall incorporate one or more hinged lockable access door sized to provide ready
access to internal components. A high impact resistant viewing panel not exceeding 40 % of
the door area is permissible.
(d)
Isolating switch
Where incorporated within the fire pump controller, the isolating switch shall be capable of
being operated externally and be capable of being locked in the “on” position (power supply
on).
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The isolating switch shall be provided with a protective cover, boot, or warning label on the
“live” side of the switch, which shall be labeled “Live Terminal”. The warning label may utilise
the international graphic symbol for live electrical equipment.
(e)
Equipment segregation
Low and extra low voltage components and associated wiring and terminal strips shall be
located in separate compartments within the fire pump controller.
(f)
Control functions
The fire pump controller shall incorporate all circuits and components associated with the
following:
(g)
1)
Automatic starting (cyclic cranking);
2)
Manual starting;
3)
Speed sensing;
4)
Alarm and status indication;
5)
Automatic resetting to stand-by start position on shutdown;
6)
Control circuit isolation;
7)
Indicator lights and aural alarm test facility;
8)
Battery low voltage indication (aural and visual).
Indicator lights
Indicator lights shall be of the filament, neon, or light emitting diode (LED) types. If filament
lights are used, they shall be either twin metal filament type or two individual lights, and the
voltage applied shall not exceed 80 % of the rated voltage of the lights. All lights shall be
accessible for replacement.
Indicator lights shall be provided and be colour-coded as follows:
1)
Power supply to fire pump controller present
green
2)
Failure of engine to start automatically
red
3)
Automatic start circuit disconnected
red
4)
Pump running
red
5)
Battery charger supply failure
red
6)
Battery low voltage
red
7)
Fuel low level
red
8)
Aural alarm silenced
red
9)
High engine temperature
red
10)
Low oil pressure
red
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(h)
Remote alarm contacts
The controller shall incorporate volt-free contacts for “power supply to fire pump controller
present”, “pump common fault alarm” and “pump running”.
(i)
Aural alarm
An aural alarm integral with the fire pump controller shall be provided and protected against
an overcurrent of 150 %. Should a remote aural alarm be provided, then the integral alarm
can be omitted.
The aural alarm shall operate simultaneously with:
1)
the lights indicating power supply failure;
2)
failure to start;
3)
pump running;
4)
battery low voltage;
5)
automatic start isolated; and
6)
fuel low level (alarm condition) indications.
The sound level output shall exceed normal background levels by not less than 10 dBA but
not less than 65 dBA and not more than 105 dBA.
(j)
Alarm power supply
The power supply for the indicator lights and alarms shall be taken from a battery having a
capacity sufficient to energise the alarm and indicator system for a minimum period of 72
hours.
(k)
Conductor terminations
Numbered tunnel type terminal blocks incorporating studs or screws shall be provided for
internal and outgoing conductors.
Conductors shall be correspondingly numbered and provided with compatible terminals of
which the shanks shall be insulated.
Conductors shall be of sufficient length to allow a fresh termination to be made should the
original break off.
Conductors which are not required to be terminated shall be left long enough to reach the
furthermost point on the terminal block.
Conductors shall be grouped together and laced neatly wherever possible.
(l)
Main wiring to controller
All wiring from the supply mains to the fire pump controller shall be:
1)
MIMS cable;
2)
Sheathed or unsheathed cable in metallic wiring enclosures;
3)
Busways with metallic enclosures; or
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4)
(m)
Other wiring providing a degree of security against fire and mechanical damage in
accordance with SS CP 5.
Controller to driver interconnecting wiring
Where the fire pump controller forms an integral part of the fire pump assembly, the wiring
shall be connected from the fire pump controller terminal strip either directly to the driver
ancillaries or to a separate engine-mounted terminal strip enclosed in a junction box.
If the fire pump controller is independent of the fire pump assembly, the interconnecting wiring
shall be by means of a flexible cable with a self-indexing, lockable pin plug and socket
connections.
NOTE – The pin plug and socket cable are intended to facilitate shop testing and installation. For the
purpose of this standard, a maximum cable length of 4 m is recommended.
(n)
Battery chargers
Two battery chargers of the constant potential type, compatible with the battery being
charged, each with separate transformers, ammeter and voltmeters, shall be incorporated into
the fire pump controller. The charges shall have automatic in-built current-limiting facilities.
Charges shall be capable of fully recharging each battery from 50 % capacity within a period
of 24 h. One charger shall service the engine automatic battery; the other shall service the
engine manual starting battery.
(o)
Generator/alternator isolation
Automatic means shall be provided to isolate the generator/alternator when the mainspowered battery charger is in operation, i.e. when the engine is stopped.
(p)
Locked switches
All switches that are required to keep the fire pump controller in the “automatic” position shall
be locked in the “on” position.
(q)
Instructions
Complete instructions covering the operation of the fire pump controller shall be provided and
conspicuously mounted on the fire pump controller.
(r)
Access for inspection and testing
If fire pump controllers require rear access for inspection of servicing, a clear space of not
less than 600 mm shall be provided at the rear of the fire pump controller. A clear space of
no less than 600 mm shall be provided at the sides of the fire pump controller to permit
inspection and servicing.
(s)
Pre-delivery testing
Controllers shall be completely assembled, wired, bench-tested and certified by the
manufacturer before dispatch.
(t)
Wiring diagram
A wiring diagram shall be provided and permanently attached to the inside of the enclosure.
The wiring diagram shall be suitably protected.
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(u)
Marking
Each operating components of the fire pump controller shall be marked to plainly indicate an
identifying number referenced to the wiring diagram. The marking shall be located so as to
be visible after installation.
All starting equipment shall be clearly marked “Fire Pump Controller” and shall also show the
manufacturer’s name, the model and serial numbers, and the electrical rating.
(v)
Test facility
A test facility shall be provided for the testing of indicator lights and audible alarms.
5.4.5
Electrical connections on engine
Where push-on or quick-connect fittings are used for wire termination, they shall be fixed in an
approved manner. Their current rating shall not be exceeded. If insulation is necessary, this shall not
be achieved by the use of insulating tape. Where vibration or mechanical damage is likely to be
encountered, accidental disconnection of this type of fitting shall be prevented by suitable means.
All wiring on the engine and between the engine and batteries shall be run in automotive flexible
cable.
NOTE – The use of any plug and socket arrangement for the connection of wiring between the fire pump
controller and engine components is not precluded by the above, but satisfactory means of securing the plug in
position has to be provided.
5.4.6
Spare parts
A list of spare parts for the maintenance of both the engine and the pump shall be drawn up and the
spare parts shall be kept on site. The items listed and the numbers held shall be influenced by the
supply time from the nearest reliable source.
Section Six – Hose reels
6.1
Conformity to standards
Hose reels shall comply with the requirements of BS EN 671-1 or equivalent.
6.2
Provision and siting
6.2.1
Provision
The number of hose reels in each building shall be such that all portions of each storey of the building
are within 36 m of the hose reel; the distance is to be measured along a route suitable for the hoseline
having regard to any obstruction.
6.2.2
Siting
6.2.2.1 Hose reels shall be sited in prominent and accessible positions adjacent to exits, preferably just
outside protected corridors, lobbies or staircases on exit routes but not inside staircases.
6.2.2.2 In planning the location of hose reels, consideration should be given to the following:
(a)
Access to hose reels should not be obstructed by the parking, loading and unloading of
vehicles or by the location of furniture, equipment or other materials;
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(b)
Protection of hose reels from mechanical damage and unauthorised use;
(c)
The location of internal walls, partitions, doorways, storage racking, stored heights of goods and
other obstructions which could restrict normal hose coverage through the building.
6.2.2.3 In exceptional circumstances, considerations may also be needed as to the desirability of siting
hose reels in such a way that if a fire prevents access to one hose reel site, the fire can be attacked from
another hose reel in the vicinity.
6.3
Installation of hose reels
6.3.1
Hose reels in recesses
Preferably hose reels should be installed in recesses so that they do not form obstructions on escape
routes. The details of installation will vary considerably owing to the wide variation of types of hose reels
and their sizes.
6.3.2
Recess doors
o
Doors provided for hose reel recesses shall be so hinged that they can open approximately 180 so as
not to offer any obstruction to the hose being run out in either direction. The doors should not
normally be fitted with locks. Where doors are to be locked they shall be complete with glass panel and
the locks used shall be of the type that can be operated manually from the inside without the use of a
key. Where glass-panels are used, they shall be of tempered glass.
6.3.3
Hose reels in open areas
When installed on open floor areas and where obstructions are always present, it may be necessary to
position hose reels above head height but in these cases the nozzle retainer, hose guide and inlet valve
shall be fitted at about 900 mm above floor level.
NOTE – It may also be desirable to provide an anti-overrun device to prevent the hose from becoming entangled
when run out.
6.3.4
Importance of firm fixing
Hose reel brackets shall be firmly fixed to the wall so that casual knocks received during normal use of
the building and the stresses incurred during use for fire-fighting will not prevent the unimpeded use of
the hose reel.
6.3.5
Hose reel accessibility
6.3.5.1 It is essential that the hose reels remain unobstructed and that they shall be available for use
at all times.
6.3.5.2 In buildings that have large open floor areas such as warehouses, the stacking arrangements
shall provide for unobstructed access to the hose reel. It should also be considered necessary to
provide guardrails around the hose reel position to prevent stacking from taking place immediately
adjacent. Care should be taken to ensure that the guardrails do not obstruct the operation of the
hose.
6.3.5.3 Where stacking occurs, notices indicating the hose reel positions shall be sited at high level.
These notices shall be situated over the main avenues and directional arrows shall be provided.
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6.4
Water supply for hose reels
6.4.1
Minimum requirements
6.4.1.1 As a minimum, the water supply to hose reels shall be such that the most hydraulically remote
reel will provide a jet discharge of at least 10 m in length at a flow rate of at least 0.4 L/s. When a length
of 30 m hose reel tubing (Type A of BS EN 694) is in use with a 6 mm nozzle, a minimum running
pressure of 2 bar will be required at the entry to each reel, and similarly for a 4 mm nozzle where a
running pressure of 6 bar will be required. The maximum system pressure of the hose reel system shall
be limited to 12 bar.
6.4.1.2 Pipework shall not be less than 50 mm nominal bore and feeds to individual hose reels shall
be at least 25 mm nominal bore. Pipes shall be made of hot dipped galvanised steel in accordance
with BS EN 10255. Where there is a direct connection to the Water Authority’s water supply,
pipework shall be copper or stainless steel, complying with SS CP 48 and the requirements and
standards stipulated by the Water Authority.
6.4.1.3 Connections to supply fire hose reels may be made on the upstream of the sprinkler system
main stop valve. Such connections shall not exceed 50 mm nominal diameter and shall be provided
with a stop valve suitably labelled and in close proximity to the point of connection with the supply pipe.
6.4.2
Booster pumps
6.4.2.1 Where the water pressure in hose reel main needs to be boosted, the provision of an electrically
driven pump is usually a convenient method. A duplicate standby pump shall also be provided.
6.4.2.2 Both motors and pumps shall be sited in positions where they are protected against tempering
and physical and fire damage and the electrical supply to them shall be by an exclusive circuit with the
cables following a route of negligible fire risk or be provided with adequate protection.
6.4.2.3 The booster pumps system shall come into operation automatically with a drop in pressure or a
flow of water. Both pumps shall be under positive head.
6.4.2.4 All pumps shall also be capable of being started or stopped manually. The standby pump
shall be so arranged that it will operate automatically on failure of the duty pump. Emergency power
supply shall be connected to the pumps where available.
6.4.3
Connection for boosted supplies
Pumps shall be fed from a suction tank or interconnected tanks having a minimum capacity of 1100 L.
The tank(s) shall be automatically supplied from a town main or a reliable source, controlled by a ball
valve of minimum diameter 50 mm.
6.4.4
Use of domestic water tanks
Tanks supplying water for domestic purposes shall not be used as suctions for hose reels installations
unless arrangements have been made for domestic supplies to be drawn off in such a manner that the
requisite reserve of water for the hose reel installation is always preserved. There shall not be any
risk of contamination of water due to stagnation in the tank. The design of such arrangement is subject
to Water Authority’s approval.
6.4.5
Security
6.4.5.1 The main stop valve controlling the water supply to the hose reels shall be secured fully open
by a suitable device such as a padlocked chain or strap.
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6.4.5.2 Appropriate notices shall be provided reading ‘FIRE HOSE REEL MAIN SUPPLY’ (displayed at
the stop valve controlling the water supply to the hose reels), and/or ‘FIRE HOSE REEL PUMP MOTOR
SUPPLY - NOT TO BE SWITCHED OFF IN THE EVENT OF FIRE’ (displayed adjacent to all
switches in the electrical power supply to any pumps).
6.4.5.3 The notices shall be provided in 25 mm (minimum) block letters of a suitable colour on a
contrasting background.
6.4.5.4 Notices shall be resistant to weathering and to the effects of any industrial process in the
vicinity.
6.5
Hose reels notices
A notice which reads ‘FIRE HOSE REEL’ shall be displayed adjacent to the hose reel (on the
door if the hose reel is in a recess fitted with a door, glazed or otherwise). The following applies:
6.5.1
(a)
The notices shall be provided in 50 mm (minimum) block letters of a suitable colour on a
contrasting background;
(b)
The notices shall be resistant to weathering and the effects of any industrial process in the
vicinity.
6.5.2
A notice giving full operational instructions shall be displayed on or adjacent to the reel, such as
‘Turn on the valve before running out hose’
Section Seven – Components and materials
7.1
Conformity to standards
7.1.1
Material, appliances and components shall comply with the requirements of the relevant
Singapore Standards, British Standards or their equivalent.
7.1.2
Particular items shall comply with the following requirements or their equivalent:
(a)
Ball valves
BS 1212 : Part 1, 2 or 3
(b)
Boxes for dry risers
BS 5041 : Part 5
(c)
Boxes for landing valves for dry risers
BS 5041 : Part 4
(d)
Fire hydrants (pillar) shall be made of suitably
corrosion-protected and sufficiently robust
material. Their works parts shall be of gunmetal
to BS EN 1982 or other suitable material
BS EN 1982
(e)
Hoses for fire fighting purposes
BS EN 694 and BS EN 1947
(f)
Hose reels for fixed installation
BS EN 671-1
(g)
Inlet breechings for dry riser inlets
BS 5041 : Part 3
(h)
Isolating valves
BS EN 13709
(i)
Landing valves for dry risers
BS 5041 : Part 2
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(j)
Landing valves for wet risers
BS 5041 : Part 1
(k)
Pipes for screwing
BS EN 10255
(l)
Pipe fittings
Wrought steel to BS EN 10241 or
malleable iron to BS 143 and 1256
(m)
Pipe and valve flanges
BS EN 1092 standard series
(n)
Pipe threads
BS EN 10226-1
(o)
Pressure gauges
BS EN 837-1
(p)
Sluice valves
BS 5163
(q)
Fire safety signs and graphic symbols
SS 508 : Part 3
7.1.3
Pipes, valves and fittings which are connected directly to the potable water mains shall comply
with the standards and requirements stipulated by the Water Authority.
Section Eight – Hydraulic calculations
8.1
Formulae
Hydraulic calculations in fire hydrants, rising mains or hose reels shall use the Hazen Williams formula
as follows:
1.85
P = 6.05 x
Q
1.85
C
d
4.87
x 108
where:
P
=
frictional loss of pressure in millibar per metre length of pipe;
Q
=
rate of flow of water in L/min;
C
=
a constant for the class of pipe;
=
100 (cast iron pipe);
=
120 (steel pipe);
=
mean bore diameter of pipe in mm.
d
8.2
Pressure loss in pipe fittings
The equivalent length of straight pipe in metre of pipe fittings, elbows, bends, tees where water is turned
through an angle and back pressure valves shall be taken from Table 8.1.
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Table 8.1  Equivalent length of pipes for fittings
Fittings and
valves
Equivalent length of medium grade steel straight pipe (in m)
(C value 120o) according to BS EN 10255
Nominal diameter (mm)
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
150
200
250
m
0.63
m
0.77
m
1.04
m
1.22
m
1.46
m
1.89
m
2.37
m
3.04
m
4.30
m
5.67
m
7.42
0.30
0.36
0.49
0.56
0.69
0.88
1.10
1.43
2.00
2.64
3.35
0.34
0.40
0.55
0.66
0.76
1.02
1.27
1.61
2.30
3.05
3.89
Standard
screwed
tee or cross
(flow through
branch)
1.25
1.54
2.13
2.44
2.91
3.81
4.75
6.10
8.61
11.34
14.85
Gate valve straightway
(flanged fitting)
-
-
-
-
0.38
0.51
0.63
0.81
1.13
1.50
1.97
-
-
-
-
2.42
3.18
3.94
5.07
7.17
9.40
12.30
-
-
-
-
2.08
18.91
19.71
25.36
35.88
47.27
61.85
Butterfly valve
(flanged fitting)
-
-
-
-
2.19
2.86
3.55
4.56
6.38
8.62
9.90
Globe valve straightway
(flanged fitting)
-
-
-
-
6.43
21.64
26.80
34.48
48.79
64.29
84.11
90o screwed
elbow
90o welded
elbow
(r/d = 1.5)
45o screwed
elbow
Alarm or nonreturn valve
(swinging)
flanged
fitting
Alarm or nonreturn
valve
(mushroom)
flanged fitting
*These equivalent lengths can be converted as necessary for pipes of other C values by multiplying by the following factors:
C value
Factor
100
0.714
110
0.850
130
1.160
140
1.330
Section Nine – Installation
9.1
Work on site
9.1.1
Adequate provision shall be made to protect materials and components on site from
deterioration or damage.
9.1.2
Unloading, stacking and storage shall be carried out with care to prevent damage to pipes and
pipe threads, fire hydrants, fittings, couplings and other components used in the system.
9.1.3
Pipes shall be securely anchored before any pressure or flow tests are carried out.
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9.2
External pipework
External pipework shall be located below ground as far as possible. Where this is not possible to install
the pipe underground, provision shall be made to protect the pipe from mechanical damage. Provision
shall also be made to protect the pipework and supporting structure from damage by fire or falling
debris.
9.3
Underground pipework
Underground pipework shall be laid so that it is protected from possible damage by vehicular traffic.
Pipe anchors and thrust blocks shall be designed to take into account water and ground pressures.
9.4
Internal pipework
9.4.1
Internal pipework of rising mains/downcomers within buildings and fire hydrant pipework shall
not pass through unprotected areas. Where this is unavoidable, the pipework shall be carried in
enclosures with a minimum fire resistance rating equivalent to that for the elements of structure for the
particular area of the building.
9.4.2
The pipework shall be supported on main load bearing members of the structure.
9.5
Support of fire hydrant pipework
Pipe supports for a fire hydrant system shall address:
(a)
stresses and loads that may be imposed on the support system from all external causes,
including differential movement of the building structure under normal and fire conditions, and all
internal causes, including pressure reactions;
(b)
transmission of vibration; and
(c)
the effects of corrosion.
9.6
Protection of buildings under construction
9.6.1
In order for the Fire Authority to deal with a fire that occur during the construction of a building
effectively, especially in high or extensive buildings where large quantities of combustible materials may
be stored, temporary rising mains and downcomers shall be in an operational condition as soon as any
completed floor of the building reaches 24 m above ground. They shall be extended to provide fire
fighting facilities at all stages of construction. All breeching inlets, landing valves, water tanks and
pumps, and hydrants as may be required for the system, shall be properly installed so as to be readily
operational in case of fire.
9.6.2
The provision of rising mains for buildings under construction shall comply with the Fire Code.
Section Ten – Initial inspections and acceptance tests
10.1
Pre-test preparation of the system
Upon completion of the installation, all trapped air within the system shall be removed and the system
flushed to remove any debris that may have accumulated within it.
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10.2
Hydrostatic test
On completion of installation, all new rising main/downcomer and hydrant systems including external
piping shall be tested hydrostatically at 1380 kPa or 1.5 times the design pressure, whichever is greater,
for a minimum period of 2 hours. The hydrostatic test pressure shall be measured at the lowest point of
the system.
Where hydrant pipework is underground, or may be otherwise rendered inaccessible, the hydrostatic
test shall be made before covering or concealment of pipe joints takes place.
10.3
Fire hydrants
10.3.1 During inspections and tests, the condition of the following shall be checked and noted for
remedial action if necessary:
(a)
Pits;
(b)
Frames;
(c)
Covers;
(d)
Surface paving around edges of frames.
10.3.2 The test shall include flushing out the outlets and checking the outlet connection. The flow
and pressure at the outlets shall also be measured and noted.
10.3.3 On completion of the test, the pit shall be left empty and clean.
10.4
Tests on dry rising mains
10.4.1 A physical check of the installation shall be carried out. This shall include verifying that earthing
and venting requirements have been carried out satisfactorily.
10.4.2 Static pressure test
10.4.2.1 On being satisfied that the system is in order, water shall be allowed to flow through it
discharging via the topmost outlet to flush out any debris that may be present. This procedure is of
particular importance at acceptance tests when quantities of foreign matter may be lodged in the
pipework.
10.4.2.2 Hydrostatic test shall be carried out by filling the riser/downcomer with water, either through
the automatic air release valve or a filling valve at the breeching inlet. The system shall be completely
charged with water to the pressure measured at the inlet for 2 hours (as mentioned in subclause 10.2)
by means of a manual hand pump. If an electric pump is used to charge up the riser/downcomer, the
pump shall be fitted with a pressure gauge and either a pressure switch or a pressure relief valve. If
the charge pressure exceeds the test pressure, the pressure switch shall cause the electric pump to
shut down or the pressure relief valve shall be activated. Hydrostatic test shall be carried out by a
competent person who has been properly trained in carrying out such procedures.
10.4.2.3 During this period, an inspection of the system shall be made to check that there is no
leakage at any of the joints or landing valves.
10.4.3 Remedial action and re-testing
All defects discovered during these tests shall be rectified immediately and a re-test of the system shall
be carried out.
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10.4.4 Putting into operational readiness
10.4.4.1 When the pressure has been released at the pumping appliance, the coupling to the rising
main/downcomer inlet shall be disconnected and the action of the non-return valves checked.
10.4.4.2 The rising main/downcomer shall then be drained and left ready for use.
10.5
Tests on wet rising mains
10.5.1 Procedure for test
10.5.1.1 All wet rising mains shall be tested for both the hydrostatic pressure test in accordance with
10.4.2.2 and the flow test.
10.5.1.2 In multi-storey buildings, each pressure stage zone in the system shall be tested separately.
The test pressure shall be applied at the landing valve with the greatest hydraulic head in each
pressure stage zone and at the breeching inlet to the tank.
10.5.2 Test of pumps
Particular attention should be paid to the ability of pumps to operate under their respective sources of
power supplies and of standby pump to operate satisfactorily on failure of the duty pump and these
should be tested.
10.6
Commissioning tests
Every hydrant and landing valve shall be opened and the presence of water proved at each point. The
following procedures shall then be performed to ensure that the flow rates and pressures stipulated in
Table 3.1 and Table 3.2 are achieved and the requirements of this Code are met.
(a)
Simultaneously discharge the required number of the most hydraulically disadvantaged
hydrants / landing valves, each at not less than the required outlet pressure.
(b)
Test at any installed pump to measure the flow entering the system, supported by relevant
calculations.
(c)
Investigate and measure the pressure and flow in the incoming water mains.
10.7
Hose reel tests
10.7.1 Flushing out
Before any water is introduced into the hose reel, the supply to it shall be thoroughly flushed out to
ensure that no harmful matter is passed into the reel. This is particularly important for automatic hose
reels. After flushing out, the tubing should be run out and the water turned on to establish that the
assembly is fully operational.
10.7.2 Procedure (direct mains supply)
The most remote hose reel shall be discharged and the water flow rate and horizontal throw of the jet as
specified in 6.4.1.1 should be ascertained to have been achieved.
10.7.3 Procedure (boosted supplies)
10.7.3.1 The most remote hose reel shall be discharged until the duty pump cuts in automatically.
Thereafter, the discharge rate and horizontal throw of the jet should be ascertained as given in 10.7.2.
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10.7.3.2 The test should be repeated. This time a simulated mechanical or electrical failure of the duty
pump should be arranged, and the ability of the standby pump to come into service automatically and to
maintain the required outputs should be tested.
10.7.4 Putting into operational readiness
10.7.4.1 When the tests in 10.7.2 and 10.7.3 have been satisfactorily completed, the system shall be
restored to its normal operating state. Reels shall not be left under pressure and, where practicable,
hose shall be drained prior to being returned to the drum.
10.7.4.2 When the hose is restored on the drums, particular attention shall be paid to automatic hose
reels to ensure that the automatic valve is fully closed when the hose has been restored. Where an
isolation valve has been incorporated, this shall be closed on completion of storage, and the nozzle
interlock, where fitted, shall be completed.
10.8
Test records
A permanent record of all initial inspections and acceptance tests should be prepared by the
professional engineer or contractor and kept by the owner or occupiers. This should record:
(a)
Date and time for inspection or test;
(b)
Person carrying out the test;
(c)
Test results and defects;
(d)
Any external factors significantly affecting the results;
(e)
Follow-up action required;
(f)
Work carried out as a result of (e) above, indicating date and result of retest.
Section Eleven – Maintenance of systems and rectification of defects
11.1
Fire hydrants
11.1.1 Fire Hydrants shall be maintained at least once a year by a competent person.
11.1.2 Periodical inspections of the vicinity of all fire hydrants shall also be made to ensure that there
are no obstructions impeding accessibility.
11.1.3 Periodic inspection shall be made to ensure that all isolating valves for systems are kept locked
in an ‘open’ position.
deteriorated.
11.2
The flow and pressure shall be checked to ensure that supplies have not
Rising mains
11.2.1 Competence of maintenance personnel
The service of a competent trained person shall be engaged to carry out testing, maintenance and
repairs.
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11.2.2 Dry rising mains
11.2.2.1 Inlets, landing valves, drain valves, door hinges and locking arrangements to the inlet and
landing valve boxes should be inspected every six months. Special attention shall be given to all valves,
spindles, glands and washers to ensure that they are in satisfactory conditions so that all equipment
continues to be ready for immediate use.
11.2.2.2 Hydrostatic tests shall be carried out annually during which the mains are checked for leaks.
11.2.3 Wet rising mains
Maintenance of wet rising mains involves additional checks from those mentioned in 11.2.2.1.
The additional checks are:
(a)
Cleanliness of storage tanks;
(b)
Thorough check of fire pumps and their associated mechanical and electrical equipment.
11.2.4 Removal of valve assemblies for replacement
Where outlets on either dry or wet rising mains are found to be defective and no replacement is
immediately available, the whole valve assembly shall be removed from the main and be temporarily
replaced with a blanking off plate or plug in order that the system remains operative (see 11.2.6.2).
11.2.5 Hose reels
11.2.5.1 Hose reels shall be inspected regularly to ensure that the inlet valve, the automatic on/off
valve (if any), glands, tubing and shut-off nozzle are sound and free from leaks, and also to ensure
that the outlet of the nozzle is not choked.
11.2.5.2 Some nozzles, in addition to giving a jet stream, are also capable of producing a cone spray.
In such cases, the correct functioning of each role shall be checked.
11.2.5.3 If booster pumps have been installed (see 6.4.2) these and their associated mechanical and
electrical equipment shall also be checked.
11.2.5.4 Once a year the hose shall be completely run out and subjected to operational water pressure
to ensure that the hose is in good condition and that all couplings are water-tight. A flow test shall be
carried out to ensure that a discharge of at least 0.4 L/s is achieved. If it is not possible to test every
hose reel, at least the highest reel on each rising main shall be tested.
11.2.6 Rectification of defects
11.2.6.1 It is essential that all defects are rectified in the shortest time to ensure that the installed fire
fighting equipment is restored to a satisfactory condition in as short a time as possible.
11.2.6.2 Where due to unforeseen difficulties it is necessary to leave an installation not available for
use, the Fire Authority shall be informed immediately in order that alternative arrangements may be
made to cover this deficiency should the need arise. The Fire Authority may require the building
owner to provide assistance or facilities. In addition, a suitable notice to indicate that the installation is
not available for use shall be placed in a prominent position. In the case of dry rising mains, the notice
shall be in the inlet box.
11.2.6.3 When the installation is reinstated, the Fire Authority shall again be informed so that any
alternative arrangements may be cancelled and, if considered necessary, an inspection and test of the
repaired installation may be carried out.
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ABOUT SPRING SINGAPORE
SPRING Singapore is an agency under the Ministry of Trade and Industry responsible for helping
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Tel: 6278 6666
Fax: 6278 6667
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The Singapore Standardisation
Programme is managed by
SPRING Singapore
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#01-02 South Tower, Solaris
Singapore 138628
Tel : +65 6278 6666
Fax : +65 6278 6667
www.spring.gov.sg