ISTANBUL HEALTH AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
UNDERGRADUATE PHYSICS LABORATORIES
PHY 102
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM LABORATORY MANUAL
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PREFACE
This laboratory guide is specifically designed for the PHY102: Physics II (Electricity and
Magnetism) course, catering to students within the Faculty of Engineering and Natural
Sciences. It is fundamental to recognize that the abstract principles of electromagnetism gain
concrete reality only through rigorous experimental validation. True mastery of physics and an
authentic understanding of natural laws are achieved through the synergy of theoretical study and
hands-on experimentation.
In the continuum of fundamental physics education, the PHY102 Laboratory serves as the
practical pillar for electromagnetism. This guide provides a concise roadmap for each session,
detailing the objectives, theoretical background, experimental setup, measurement
protocols, and data interpretation necessary for a successful laboratory experience.
The core objectives of this laboratory work are as follows:
•
Effective Scientific Communication: To enhance the student's ability to articulate
complex physical concepts accurately and effectively in writing. To ensure readiness, a
pre-lab quiz is administered before each experiment to assess theoretical comprehension.
•
Analytical Proficiency: To master the methodologies of measurement and analysis.
Students will develop essential skills in error analysis, statistical data evaluation,
precise graph plotting techniques, and the critical interpretation of experimental results.
•
Report Synthesis: The most vital phase of laboratory work is the creation of a formal
experiment report. Our primary goal is for students to produce original, independent
reports that reflect their own findings and creative analytical abilities. These skills are
the bedrock of professional scientific research and engineering practice.
We extend our sincere gratitude to the faculty and staff of the Faculty of Engineering and
Natural Sciences whose expertise and dedication have contributed to the preparation of this
guide.
Istanbul Health and Technology University
Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences
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LABORATORY RULES & REGULATIONS
To ensure a productive, safe, and professional environment, all students are required to strictly
adhere to the following regulations:
1. Preparation & Materials: Students MUST bring a printed (hard copy) version of the
experiment manual to every session. Digital copies are not a substitute for the required
physical manual.
2. Punctuality: Attendance is taken at the start of the session. Students arriving more
than 15 minutes late will NOT be admitted to the laboratory under any circumstances.
3. Workspace Organization: Experiment tables must remain clear of personal belongings
(bags, coats, etc.) to prevent accidents and ensure a focused working area.
4. Pre-Lab Study: It is mandatory to review the theoretical background and relevant
textbook chapters before arriving at the lab. Preparation is key to successful
experimentation.
5. Equipment Safety: Students must NOT touch or operate any equipment until the
instructor or supervisor has provided the necessary briefing. All apparatus must be
handled with extreme care to prevent damage.
6. Collaborative Work & Individual Accountability: While measurements are taken as a
group, all students must participate in the process. Each student is responsible for their
own calculations. Before leaving, every student must have their individual data
sheet signed by the supervisor.
7. Report Submission: Experiment reports must be prepared according to the official
format announced on Blackboard and uploaded to the system before the specified
deadline. Late submissions may be subject to grading penalties.
8. Laboratory Etiquette: Mobile phones must be switched off or silenced. Unnecessary
noise and loud conversations are strictly prohibited to maintain a professional academic
atmosphere.
9. Post-Experiment Cleanup: After completing measurements, each group is responsible
for leaving their station clean, organized, and complete for the next session.
10. Attendance Policy: * 100% Attendance is mandatory.
o
Absences due to valid reasons (e.g., medical emergency, official excuse) must be
documented in writing.
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o
Missed experiments must be completed during the Make-up Week at the end of
the semester.
o
IMPORTANT: Students who miss two (2) or more experiments without a valid
excuse will not be eligible for a make-up and will be considered to have failed the
laboratory component.
WARNINGS
Due to the principle of electrical conduction in the human nervous
system, the human body is extremely sensitive to external electrical
currents.
Extreme caution should be exercised when working with Direct
Current (DC) circuits. Although the resistance of the human body
varies, it is approximately around 10 𝑘Ω on average. Roughly
estimated according to Ohm's Law, for 0.1 𝐴, a potential of 1000𝑉
passes through the body.
Current (A)
0.001
Physical Effects
Causes irregularities in heart rhythm, disturbs heartbeat patterns.
0.01
Results in extreme muscle contractions and pain.
0.1
Induces spasms in the heart muscles, may cause burns-related injuries
at points of contact with the body.
Alternating Current (AC) interacts with the nervous system at a lower rate. Therefore, when
applied properly, it can be beneficial. The use of alternating current in the field of health (such as
EKG and EEG) is common when the frequency exceeds 1MHz as it does not interact with the
nervous system.
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RESISTOR COLOR CODES*
1.
Band 1: Red
2.
Band 2: Violet
3.
Band 3: Red
4.
Tolerance: Gold
27 × 102 ± %5 = 2700𝛺 ± 135𝛺
*Real-Time Resistor Color Code Recognition
using Image Processing in Mobile Devices, DOI: 10.1109/IS.2018.8710533, IEEE International Conference on
Intelligent Systems, Muhammed Yusuf Demir et al., September 2018.
LABORATORY EQUIPMENT
i. Basic Electrical Set: It is a collection of integrated systems that enable the creation
of simple circuits. It includes a DC power supply, ampermeter, stopwatch, AC
potentiometer, bidirectional circuit switch, and breadboard. The connected areas
indicated by lines on the device show that these areas are connected to each other.
Ohm's law, resistor, and capacitor experiments will be conducted using this equipment.
ii. Multimeter: As the name suggests, multimeters are devices that allow us to make
various measurements. They are important assistants in voltage measurement, current
measurement, and resistance measurement. At least one multimeter will be used in
almost every experiment conducted.
iii. DC Power Supply: These devices provide a stable potential at the desired voltage or
current value. They are used in cases where the current flowing through the circuit or the
potential applied to the circuit needs to be precise. They will be used in experiments such
as the Earth's magnetic field, Biot-Savart, and current balance.
iv. Signal Generator: Also known as AC power sources, signal generators allow the
generation of signals of different waveforms and lengths. They can be used wherever
alternating current is used. They will be used in the examination of the impedance of
RLC circuits.
v. Oscilloscope: These devices enable precise circuit measurements. They are used
to measure potentials of signals passing through the circuit. While multimeters
measure AC signals in RMS (root-mean-square), oscilloscopes are used for detailed
research. They will be used in the examination of RLC circuits.
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