1.1 Electrical Power System - Generation Power Plant,
Transmission and Distribution of Three Phase and Single Phase
Supply
PREPARED BY:
LECTURERS
SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
UiTM PASIR GUDANG
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COURSE OUTCOMES & PROGRAMME OUTCOMES
CONTENTS
LEARNING OUTCOMES
ENERGY CONVERSION
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANT
FOSSIL FUEL POWER PLANT
SOLAR & WIND POWER PLANT
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This chapter address CO1PO1:
CO1 : Apply the basic knowledge, concepts and principles of operations, safety
and control of using electrical and mechanical system in the building.
(C6)
PO1
:Apply knowledge of mathematics, natural science engineering
fundamentals and an engineering specialization to wide practical
procedures and practices.
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At the end of this session, students should be able to:
1. Describe the different types of generation Power Plant - Fossil Fuel Power
Plant Hydroelectric Power Plant.
2. Describe the main components in Power Plant Generating Facilities.
3. Explain the energy conversion involved in the Power Plant Generating
Facilities.
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• Energy is defined as "the ability to do work.“ It is scalar quantity measuring
capacity of work (W) and is measured in Joule for SI (unit).
• Many different forms of energy:
o Chemical energy – the potential of a chemical substance to undergo a
transformation through a chemical reaction or, to transform other chemical
substances (i.e. fossil fuel & dry cell).
o Potential energy – the energy stored in a body due to its position in a force
field (i.e. water reservoir & boulder on the top of hill).
o Kinetic energy – the energy of an object due to its motion. (i.e. moving part
of engine – turbine, which is also called mechanical energy).
o Thermal energy – is the part of the total internal energy of a thermodynamic
system or sample of matter that results in the system's temperature (i.e.
heated air or vapour result in high pressure).
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o Potential energy is energy that is stored in an object which is based on the position,
arrangement or state of the object or substance.
o There are two main types of potential energy:
✓ Gravitational potential energy – the heigher an object, the greater its potential energy
✓ Elastic potential energy – the more stretch in elastic material, the more stored energy
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o It is defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from
rest to its stated velocity.
o It can be transformed into other types of energy.
o The faster an object moves, the greater its kinetic energy.
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o
Energy conversion is the process of changing one form of energy into another but
the total quantity remains the same. Energy cannot be created and it cannot be
destroyed.
o
For example:
▪ An object raise to a height above the earth’s surface or the water in an
elevated reservoir has Gravitational potential energy (PE)
▪ As water falls, it loses Potential Energy but gains Kinetic Energy (KE)
▪ A lump of coal and a tank of petrol, together with the oxygen (needed for the
combustion) has Chemical energy (CE)
▪ Both PE and CE can be converted to Electrical Energy by applying KE to a
turbine – rotating armature in the generator.
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Different forms of energy can be converted to
another form of energy
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o
Energy resources can be divided into two
categories:
▪
Renewable energy sources can be
replenished in a short period of time
or continually. Example: wind, wave,
geothermal energy etc.
▪
Non renewable energy sources are
those which cannot be replaced in a
reasonable amount of time. Example:
fossil fuel (coal, oil and gas).
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o
The systems for generation of one or more different types of energy,
transform them into electrical energy and the transmission of this energy for
distribution to the point of consumption for the consumers.
o
The productions, transmission of continuous and reliable bulk supply and
cost per unit of power delivered are very important for consumers either for
domestic and industrial usage of a nation.
o
This will affect the labour and cost materials produces by the industries and
standard of living for the people.
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Support
System
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o
A power station /generating station/ power plant/ powerhouse is an
industrial facility for the generation of electric power.
o
At the center of nearly all power stations is a generator which is a
rotating machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy
by creating relative motion between a magnetic field and a conductor.
o
The energy source to turn the turbine/generator varies widely. The
conversion plant is called Power Plant Generating Facilities which can
be of Nuclear Reactors, Thermal Plants, Wind Power Plants or even
Hydroelectric Power Plants.
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• GEOTHERMAL
• COAL, WIND, WAVE
• HYDROELECTRIC
• SOLAR
• BIOMASS, NUCLEAR
WHAT IS THE ENERGY SOURCES THAT CAUSES A TURBINE TO TURN IN
ORDER TO GENERATE ELECTRICITY ?
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Bakun hydroelectric plant is the largest in the country with an installed capacity of 2,400 MW. Currently the 3rd
highest concrete face rock-fill dam in the world, it has a 750 m long crest, a height of 205 m and a fill volume of
16.75 million m3.
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o
Hydropower is one of the oldest sources of energy for producing
mechanical and electrical energy and up until 2019, it was the largest
source of total annual renewable electricity generation.
o
The most common type of hydroelectric power plant is an impoundment
facility. An impoundment facility, typically a large hydropower system,
uses a dam to store river water in a reservoir. Water released from the
reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it, which in turn activates a
generator to produce electricity.
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o
There are five (5) important components of Hydroelectric Power Plant :
▪
Dam
Penstock
Turbine
Generator
Transformer
▪
▪
▪
▪
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o
Dam
▪
A barrier made of concrete or other impermeable materials constructed
across a stream or river to impound water and raise its level.
o
Penstock
▪
A channel usually built underground to convey very high velocity of water
from sluice gate/control gate to a direction of a turbine. Sometime a penstock
is a large diameter conduit lay above ground.
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Example
Large pipe is
used for making
penstock
Penstock
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o
Turbine
▪
It is a rotary engine that converts the energy of moving
stream of water, steam or gas into mechanical energy.
The basic element in a turbine is a wheel or rotor with
paddles, propeller, blade or buckets arranged on its
circumference in such a fashion that the moving fluids
exert a tangential force that turns the wheel and impart
energy to it.
This mechanical energy is then transferred through a
drive shaft to operate electrical generator.
▪
▪
Categories
of hydraulic
turbine:
•Kaplan
(propeller)
•Francis
•Pelton
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o
Generator
▪
It is a machine that produces electrical energy from
mechanical energy.
It consists of wire wound coil that is rotated between
the poles of a permanent magnet or electromagnet.
The movement of the coil in the magnetic field or flux
will induce electricity.
The generator used in hydroelectric power plant is an
AC generator.
▪
▪
▪
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o
Transformer
▪ It is an electrical device consisting of one or more coil of
wires placed in close proximity to one or more other
coils, used to couple two or more alternating current
circuits together by employing the induction between
the coils.
▪ The coil connected to the power source is called
primary coil and the other coils that are connected to
the output sources are known as secondary coils.
▪ The transformer used in the generating electricity
facilities is a step-up transformer.
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BAKUN DAM l
ULU JELAI DAM
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o
▪
▪
▪
▪
o
o
o
o
o
To reduce dependency on fossil fuels in the future due to:
Fossil fuel prices which are high and uncertain especially for coal
The possibility that coal supply may be interrupted
Limited and interruption in gas supply
Intense competition and increase in demand for fossil fuels
To ensure system stability for the supply of electricity
To diversify sources of electric power withthe use of locally available sources
Hydro power is a renewable energy
To reduce impact of global warming
To reduce the carbonfoot print in the national electric supply industry.
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▪
Basically fossil fuel derived from the remains of dead organisms. There are three major
forms of fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas. All three were formed many
hundreds of millions of years ago.
▪
Malaysia has been heavily dependent on fossil fuel resources for its energy input in
power stations.
▪
The power generation in Malaysia is predominantly relying on four major fossil fuel
sources including coal, natural gas diesel and fuel-oil.
▪
Power plants burn fossil fuels to heat water and produce steam. The steam pushes
around turbines in a generator, which then spin a magnet, creating an electric current.
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Tanjung Bin Energy (TBE) power plant, also known as T4, is a
supercritical coal-fired power plant located in Johor.
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Manjung Coal Fired Power Plant
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o
Air Quality
▪
The combustion process of fossil fuel can release nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere
which contribute to acid rain, as well as air pollutants which may contain trace metals
including Cadmium, Mercury and Lead.
Prevention - Operating power plants that burn coal, oil, or natural gas emit air pollutants
into the atmosphere requiring the plant be fitted with pollution control equipment to
reduce emissions.
▪
o
Global warming
▪
Increases in ‘greenhouse gases’ concentrations have contributed to additional warming
of the planet, and continued increases in concentrations are expected to cause further
warming and a variety of global climate changes in the near future.
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▪
One of the most promising renewable energy sources of electricity for the future is solar
thermal electric power plants. It generally use concentrated sunlight obtained through
various mirror configurations to focus the sun’s energy to produce high-temperature
heat.
▪
The heat energy is then transferred to a fluid or gas, which is used in a typical power
plant cycle to convert the heat energy to mechanical energy and then electricity.
▪
The two major parts of a solar thermal electric power plant are the component that
collects the solar energy and converts it to heat and the component then converts the
heat energy into electricity.
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▪
Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as
using wind turbines to make electricity.
▪
A large wind farm may consist of several hundred individual wind turbines which are
connected to the electric power transmission network.
▪
In a wind farm, individual turbines are interconnected with a medium voltage (often
34.5 kV), power collection system and communications network.
▪
At a substation, this medium-voltage electric current is increased in voltage with a
transformer for connection to the high voltage electric power transmission system.
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Question 1
Briefly explain FOUR (4) important parts for hydroelectric power plant (8 marks).
Question 2
With the aid of a flowchart, illustrate energy conversion in hydroelectric power generating plant
facility (10 marks).
Question 3
Point out any FOUR (4) impacts of natural gas power plant towards the surroundings in order to cope
with the increase in demand for electricity (4 marks).
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