Content
PRACTICE TEST 01 ......................................................................................................................3
PRACTICE TEST 02 ....................................................................................................................11
PRACTICE TEST 03 ....................................................................................................................18
PRACTICE TEST 04 ....................................................................................................................26
PRACTICE TEST 05 ....................................................................................................................34
PRACTICE TEST 06 ....................................................................................................................42
PRACTICE TEST 07 ....................................................................................................................49
PRACTICE TEST 08 ....................................................................................................................56
PRACTICE TEST 09 ....................................................................................................................63
PRACTICE TEST 10 ....................................................................................................................70
PRACTICE TEST 11 ....................................................................................................................77
PRACTICE TEST 12 ....................................................................................................................85
PRACTICE TEST 13 ....................................................................................................................93
PRACTICE TEST 14 ..................................................................................................................100
ANSWER KEY ...........................................................................................................................108
PRACTICE TEST 01
May 2004
Question 1-10
All mammals feed their young. Beluga whale mothers, for example, nurse their calves for
some twenty months, until they are about to give birth again and their young are able to
find their own food. The behavior of feeding of the young is built into the reproductive
Line system. It is a nonelective part of parental care and the defining feature of a mammal, the
(5)
most important thing that mammals-- whether marsupials, platypuses, spiny anteaters, or
placental mammals -- have in common.
(10)
(15)
(20)
(25)
But not all animal parents, even those that tend their offspring to the point of hatching or
birth, feed their young. Most egg-guarding fish do not, for the simple reason that their
young are so much smaller than the parents and eat food that is also much smaller than
the food eaten by adults. In reptiles, the crocodile mother protects her young after they
have hatched and takes them down to the water, where they will find food, but she does
not actually feed them. Few insects feed their young after hatching, but some make other
arrangement, provisioning their cells and nests with caterpillars and spiders that they have
paralyzed with their venom and stored in a state of suspended animation so that their
larvae might have a supply of fresh food when they hatch.
For animals other than mammals, then, feeding is not intrinsic to parental care. Animals
add it to their reproductive strategies to give them an edge in their lifelong quest for
descendants. The most vulnerable moment in any animal's life is when it first finds itself
completely on its own, when it must forage and fend for itself. Feeding postpones that
moment until a young animal has grown to such a size that it is better able to cope. Young
that are fed by their parents become nutritionally independent at a much greater fraction
of their full adult size. And in the meantime those young are shielded against the vagaries
of fluctuating of difficult-to-find supplies. Once a species does take the step of feeding its
young, the young become totally dependent on the extra effort. If both parents are
removed, the young generally do no survive.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The care that various animals give to their offspring.
(B) The difficulties young animals face in obtaining food.
(C) The methods that mammals use to nurse their young.
(D) The importance among young mammals of becoming independent.
2. The author lists various animals in line 5 to
(A) contrast the feeding habits of different types of mammals
(B) describe the process by which mammals came to be defined
(C) emphasize the point that every type of mammal feeds its own young
(D) explain why a particular feature of mammals is nonelective
3. The word "tend" in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) sit on
(B) move
(C) notice
(D) care for
4. What can be inferred from the passage about the practice of animal parents feeding their young?
(A) It is unknown among fish.
(B) It is unrelated to the size of the young.
(C) It is dangerous for the parents.
(D) It is most common among mammals.
5. The word "provisioning" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
3
(A) supplying
(B) preparing
(C) building
4
(D) expanding
TOEFL Reading Comprehension
6. According to the passage, how do some insects make sure their young have food?
(A) By storing food near their young.
(B) By locating their nests or cells near spiders and caterpillars.
(C) By searching for food some distance from their nest.
(D) By gathering food from a nearby water source.
7. The word "edge" in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) opportunity
(B) advantage
(C) purpose
(D) rest
8. The word "it" in line 20 refers to
(A) feeding
(B) moment
(C) young animal
(D) size
9. According to the passage, animal young are most defenseless when
(A) their parents are away searching for food
(B) their parents have many young to feed
(C) they are only a few days old
(D) they first become independent
10. The word "shielded" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) raised
(B) protected
(C) hatched
(D) valued
Question 11-21
Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and
engraving are two prime examples. Prints are made by pressing a sheet of paper (or other
material) against an image-bearing surface to which ink has been applied. When the paper
is removed, the image adheres to it, but in reverse.
Line
(5)
(10)
(15)
(20)
(25)
The woodcut had been used in China from the fifth century A.D. for applying patterns to
textiles. The process was not introduced into Europe until the fourteenth century, first for
textile decoration and then for printing on paper. Woodcuts are created by a relief process;
first, the artist takes a block of wood, which has been sawed parallel to the grain, covers it
with a white ground, and then draws the image in ink. The background is carved away,
leaving the design area slightly raised. The woodblock is inked, and the ink adheres to the
raised image. It is then transferred to damp paper either by hand or with a printing press.
Engraving, which grew out of the goldsmith's art, originated in Germany and northern Italy
in the middle of the fifteenth century. It is an intaglio process (from Italian intagliare, "to
carve"). The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a
cutting instrument, or burin. The artist inks the plate and wipes it clean so that some ink
remains in the incised grooves. An impression is made on damp paper in a printing press,
with sufficient pressure being applied so that the paper picks up the ink.
Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics. Engraving lends itself to
subtle modeling and shading through the use of fine lines. Hatching and cross-hatching
determine the degree of light and shade in a print. Woodcuts tend to be more linear, with
sharper contrasts between light and dark. Printmaking is well suited to the production of
multiple images. A set of multiples is called an edition. Both methods can yield several
hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear.
Mass production of prints in the sixteenth century made images available, at a lower cost,
to a much broader public than before.
5
PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
11. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The origins of textile decoration
(C) Two types of printmaking
(B) The characteristics of good-quality prints
(D) Types of paper used in printmaking
12. The word "prime" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) principal
(B) complex
(C) general
(D) recent
14. The word "incised" in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) burned
(B) cut
(C) framed
(D) baked
13. The author's purposes in paragraph 2 is to describe
(A) the woodcuts found in China in the fifth century
(B) the use of woodcuts in the textile industry
(C) the process involved in creating a woodcut
(D) the introduction of woodcuts to Europe
15. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage/
(A) "patterns" (line 5)
(B) "grain" (line 8)
(C) "burin" (line 15)
(D) "grooves" (line 16)
16. The word "distinctive" in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) unique
(B) accurate
(C) irregular
(D) similar
17. According to the passage, all of the following are true about engraving EXCEPT that it
(A) developed from the art of the goldsmiths
(B) requires that the paper be cut with a burin
(C) originated in the fifteenth century
(D) involves carving into a metal plate
18. The word "yield" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) imitate
(B) produce
(C) revise
(D) contrast
19. According to the passage, what do woodcut and engraving have in common?
(A) Their designs are slightly raised.
(B) They achieve contrast through hatching and cross-hatching.
(C) They were first used in Europe.
(D) They allow multiple copies to be produced from one original.
20. According to the author, what made it possible for members of the general public to own prints in the
sixteenth century?
(A) Prints could be made at low cost.
(B) The quality of paper and ink had improved.
(C) Many people became involved in the printmaking industry.
(D) Decreased demand for prints kept prices affordable.
21. According to the passage, all of the following are true about prints EXCEPT that they
(A) can be reproduced on materials other than paper
(B) are created from a reversed image
(C) show variations between light and dark shades
(D) require a printing press
6
TOEFL Reading Comprehension
Questions 22-31
The first peoples to inhabit what today is the southeastern United States sustained
themselves as hunters and gathers. Sometimes early in the first millennium A.D., however,
they began to cultivate corn and other crops. Gradually, as they became more skilled at
Line gardening, they settled into permanent villages and developed a rich culture, characterized
(5)
by the great earthen mounds they erected as monuments to their gods and as tombs for
their distinguished dead. Most of these early mound builders were part of the
Adena-Hopewell culture, which had its beginnings near the Ohio River and takes its name
from sites in Ohio. The culture spread southward into the present-day states of Louisiana,
Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. Its peoples became great traders, bartering jewellery,
(10) pottery, animal pelts, tools, and other goods along extensive trading networks that
stretched up and down eastern North America and as far west as the Rocky Mountains.
(15)
(20)
About A.D. 400, the Hopewell culture fell into decay. Over the next centuries, it was
supplanted by another culture, the Mississippian, named after the river along which many
of its earliest villages were located. This complex civilization dominated the Southeast from
about A.D. 700 until shortly before the Europeans began arriving in the sixteenth century.
At the peak of its strength, about the year 1200, it was the most advanced culture in North
America. Like their Hopewell predecessors, the Mississippians became highly skilled at
growing food, although on a grander scale. They developed an improved strain of corn,
which could survive in wet soil and a relatively cool climate, and also learned to cultivate
beans. Indeed, agriculture became so important to the Mississippians that it became
closely associated with the Sun – the guarantor of good crops. Many tribes called
themselves "children of the Sun" and believed their omnipotent priest-chiefs were
descendants of the great sun god.
Although most Mississippians lived in small villages, many others inhabited large towns.
(25) Most of these towns boasted at least one major flat-topped mound on which stood a
temple that contained a sacred flame. Only priests and those charged with guarding the
flame could enter the temples. The mounds also served as ceremonial and trading sites,
and at times they were used as burial grounds.
22. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The development of agriculture
(B) The locations of towns and villages
(C) The early people and cultures of the United States
(D) The construction of burial mounds
23. Which of the following resulted from the rise of agriculture in the southeastern United States?
(A) The development of trade in North America
(B) The establishment of permanent settlements
(C) Conflicts with other Native American groups over land
(D) A migration of these peoples to the Rocky Mountains.
24. What does the term "Adena-Hopewell" (line 7) designate?
(A) The early locations of the Adena-Hopewell culture
(B) The two most important nations of the Adena-Hopewell culture
(C) Two former leaders who were honored with large burial mounds.
(D) Two important trade routes in eastern North America
25. The word "bartering" in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) producing
(B) exchanging
(C) transporting
7
(D) loading
PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
26. The word "supplanted" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) conquered
(B) preceded
(C) replaced
(D) imitated
27. According to the passage, when did the Mississippian culture reach its highest point of development?
(A) About A.D. 400
(B) Between A.D. 400 and A.D. 700
(C) About A.D. 1200
(D) In the sixteenth century
28. According to the passage, how did the agriculture of the Mississippians differ from that of their Hopewell
predecessors?
(A) The Mississippians produced more durable and larger crops of food.
(B) The Mississippians sold their food to other groups.
(C) The Mississippians could only grow plants in warm, dry climates.
(D) The Mississippians produced special foods for their religious leaders.
29. Why does the author mention that many Mississippians tribes called themselves "children of the Sun"
(line 22)?
(A) To explain why they were obedient to their priest-chiefs.
(B) To argue about the importance of religion in their culture.
(C) To illustrate the great importance they placed on agriculture.
(D) To provide an example of their religious rituals.
30. The phrase "charged with" in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) passed on
(B) experienced at
(C) interested in
(D) assigned to
31. According to the passage, the flat-topped mounds in Mississippian towns were used for all of the
following purposes EXCEPT
(A) religious ceremonies
(B) meeting places for the entire community
(C) sites for commerce
(D) burial sites
Question 32-40
Overland transport in the United States was still extremely primitive in 1790. Roads were
few and short, usually extending from inland communities to the nearest river town or
seaport. Nearly all interstate commerce was carried out by sailing ships that served the
Line bays and harbors of the seaboard. Yet, in 1790 the nation was on the threshold of a new
(5)
era of road development. Unable to finance road construction, states turned for help to
private companies, organized by merchants and land speculators who had a personal
interest in improved communications with the interior. The pioneer in this move was the
state of Pennsylvania, which chartered a company in 1792 to construct a turnpike, a road
for the use of which a toll, or payment, is collected, from Philadelphia to Lancaster. The
(10) legislature gave the company the authority to erect tollgates at points along the road
where payment would be collected, though it carefully regulated the rates. (The states had
unquestioned authority to regulate private business in this period.)
(15)
(20)
The company built a gravel road within two years, and the success of the Lancaster Pike
encouraged imitation. Northern states generally relied on private companies to build their
toll roads, but Virginia constructed a network at public expense. Such was the road
building fever that by 1810 New York alone had some 1,500 miles of turnpikes extending
from the Atlantic to Lake Erie.
Transportation on these early turnpikes consisted of freight carrier wagons and passenger
stagecoaches. The most common road freight carrier was the Conestoga wagon, a vehicle
developed in the mid-eighteenth century by German immigrants in the area around
8
TOEFL Reading Comprehension
(25)
Lancaster, Pennsylvania. It featured large, broad wheels able to negotiate all but the
deepest ruts and holes, and its round bottom prevented the freight from shifting on a hill.
Covered with canvas and drawn by four to six horses, the Conestoga wagon rivaled the log
cabin as the primary symbol of the frontier. Passengers traveled in a variety of
stagecoaches, the most common of which had four benches, each holding three persons.
It was only a platform on wheels, with no springs; slender poles held up the top, and
leather curtains kept out dust and rain.
32. Paragraph 1 discusses early road building in the United States mainly in terms of the
(A) popularity of turnpikes
(B) financing of new roads
(C) development of the interior
(D) laws governing road use
33. The word "primitive" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) unsafe
(B) unknown
(C) inexpensive
(D) undeveloped
34. In 1790 most roads connected towns in the interior of the country with
(A) other inland communities
(B) towns in other states
(C) river towns or seaports
(D) construction sites
35. The phrase "on the threshold of" in line 4 and 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) in need of
(B) in place of
(C) at the start of
(D) with the purpose of
36. According to the passage, why did states want private companies to help with road building?
(A) The states could not afford to build roads themselves.
(B) The states were not as well equipped as private companies.
(C) Private companies could complete roads faster than the states.
(D) Private companies had greater knowledge of the interior.
37. The word "it" in line 11 refers to
(A) legislature
(B) company
(C) authority
38. The word "imitation" in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) investment
(B) suggestion
(C) increasing
(D) payment
(D) copying
39. Virginia is mentioned as an example of a state that
(A) built roads without tollgates
(B) built roads with government money
(C) completed 1,500 miles of turnpikes in one year
(D) introduced new law restricting road use
40. The "large, broad wheels" of the Conestoga wagon are mentioned in line 21 as an example of a feature
of wagons that was
(A) unusual in mid-eighteenth century vehicles
(B) first found in Germany
(C) effective on roads with uneven surfaces
(D) responsible for frequent damage to freight
9
PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
Question 41- 50
In Death Valley, California, one of the hottest, most arid places in North America, there is
much salt, and salt can damage rocks impressively. Inhabitants of areas elsewhere, where
streets and highways are salted to control ice, are familiar with the resulting rust and
Line deterioration on cars. That attests to the chemically corrosive nature of salt, but it is not
(5)
the way salt destroys rocks. Salt breaks rocks apart principally by a process called crystal
prying and wedging. This happens not by soaking the rocks in salt water, but by moistening
their bottoms with salt water. Such conditions exist in many areas along the eastern edge
of central Death Valley. There, salty water rises from the groundwater table by capillary
action through tiny spaces in sediment until it reaches the surface.
(10)
(15)
(20)
(25)
Most stones have capillary passages that suck salt water from the wet ground. Death
Valley provides an ultra-dry atmosphere and high daily temperatures, which promote
evaporation and the formation of salt crystals along the cracks or other openings within
stones. These crystals grow as long as salt water is available. Like tree roots breaking up a
sidewalk, the growing crystals exert pressure on the rock and eventually pry the rock apart
along planes of weakness, such as banding in metamorphic rocks, bedding in sedimentary
rocks, or preexisting or incipient fractions, and along boundaries between individual
mineral crystals or grains. Besides crystal growth, the expansion of halite crystals (the same
as everyday table salt) by heating and of sulfates and similar salts by hydration can
contribute additional stresses. A rock durable enough to have withstood natural conditions
for a very long time in other areas could probably be shattered into small pieces by salt
weathering within a few generations.
The dominant salt in Death Valley is halite, or sodium chloride, but other salts, mostly
carbonates and sulfates, also cause prying and wedging, as does ordinary ice. Weathering
by a variety of salts, though often subtle, is a worldwide phenomenon. Not restricted to
arid regions, intense salt weathering occurs mostly in salt-rich places like the seashore,
near the large saline lakes in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica, and in desert sections of
Australia, New Zealand, and central Asia.
41. What is the passage mainly about?
(A) The destructive effects of salt on rocks.
(B) The impressive salt rocks in Death Valley.
(C) The amount of salt produced in Death Valley.
(D) The damaging effects of salt on roads and highways.
42. The word "it" in line 9 refers to
(A) salty water
(B) groundwater table
(C) capillary action
(D) sediment
43. The word "exert" in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) put
(B) reduce
(C) replace
(D) control
44. In lines 13-17, why does the author compare tree roots with growing salt crystals?
(A) They both force hard surfaces to crack.
(B) They both grow as long as water is available.
(C) They both react quickly to a rise in temperature.
(D) They both cause salty water to rise from the groundwater table.
10
TOEFL Reading Comprehension
45. In lines 17-18, the author mentions the "expansion of halite crystals...by heating and of sulfates and
similar salts by hydration" in order to
(A) present an alternative theory about crystal growth
(B) explain how some rocks are not affected by salt
(C) simplify the explanation of crystal prying and wedging
(D) introduce additional means by which crystals destroy rocks
46. The word "durable" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) large
(B) strong
(C) flexible
(D) pressured
47. The word "shattered" in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) arranged
(B) dissolved
(C) broken apart
(D) gathered together
48. The word "dominant" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) most recent
(B) most common
(C) least available
(D) least damaging
49. According to the passage, which of the following is true about the effects of salts on rocks?
(A) Only two types of salts cause prying and wedging.
(B) Salts usually cause damage only in combination with ice.
(C) A variety of salts in all kinds of environments can cause weathering.
(D) Salt damage at the seashore is more severe than salt damage in Death Valley.
50. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about rocks that are found in areas where ice is
common?
(A) They are protected from weathering.
(B) They do not allow capillary action of water.
(C) They show similar kinds of damage as rocks in Death Valley.
(D) They contain more carbonates than sulfates.
11
PRACTICE TEST 02
January 2003
Questions 1-10
By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or
wool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch. Mechanization of spinning
Line and weaving allowed significant centralization and expansion in the textile industry during
(5)
this period, and at the same time the demand for cotton increased dramatically. American
producers were able to meet this demand largely because of tile invention of the cotton gin
by Eli Whitney in 1793. Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the
fiber – or lint – from the seed was a laborious process. Sea island cotton was relatively
easy to process by hand, because its fibers were long and seeds were concentrated at the
(10) base of the flower, but it demanded a long growing season, available only along the
nation's eastern seacoast. Short-staple cotton required a much shorter growing season,
but the shortness of the fibers and their mixture with seeds meant that a worker could
hand-process only about one pound per day. Whitney's gin was a hand-powered machine
with revolving drums and metal teeth to pull cotton fibers away from seeds. Using the gin,
(15) a worker could produce up to 50 pounds of lint a day. The later development of larger
gins, powered by horses, water, or steam, multiplied productivity further.
(20)
(25)
The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of
the cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production. It became the main American
export, dwarfing all others. In 1802, cotton composed 14 percent of total American
exports by value. Cotton had a 36 percent share by 1810 and over a 50 percent share
in 1830. In 1860, 61 percent of the value of American exports was represented by cotton.
In contrast, wheat and wheat flour composed only 6 percent of the value of American
exports in that year. Clearly, cotton was king in the trade of the young republic. The
growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an
unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement, mostly in the eastern half of the
United States---west of the Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mississippi River.
1. The main point of the passage is that the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were a time when
(A) the European textile industry increased its demand for American export products
(B) mechanization of spinning and weaving dramatically changed the textile industry
(C) cotton became a profitable crop but was still time-consuming to process
(D) cotton became the most important American export product
2. The word "favored" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) preferred
(B) recommended
(C) imported
(D) included
3. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as reasons for the increased demand for cotton EXCEPT
(A) cotton's softness
(B) cotton's ease of processing
(C) a shortage of flax and wool
(D) the growth that occurred in the textile industry.
4. The word "laborious" in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) unfamiliar
(B) primitive
(C) skilled
5. According to the passage, one advantage of sea island cotton was its
12
(D) difficult
(A) abundance of seeds
(C) long growing season
(B) long fibers
(D) adaptability to different climates
13
PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about cotton production in the United States after
the introduction of Whitney's cotton gin?
(A) More cotton came from sea island cotton plants than before.
(B) More cotton came from short-staple cotton plants than before.
(C) Most cotton produced was sold domestically.
(D) Most cotton produced was exported to England.
7. The word "surge" in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) sharp increase
(C) important change
(B) sudden stop
(D) excess amount
8. The author mentions "wheat and wheat flour" in line 22 in order to
(A) show that Americans exported more agricultural products than they imported.
(B) show the increase in the amount of wheat products exported.
(C) demonstrate the importance of cotton among American export products.
(D) demonstrate that wheat farming was becoming more profitable.
9. The word "unprecedented" in line 25 is closest in meaning to
(A) slow
(B) profitable
(C) not seen before
(D) never explained
10. According to the passage, the Mississippi River was
(A) one of the boundaries of a region where new agricultural settlement took place
(B) a major source of water for agricultural crops
(C) the primary route by which agricultural crops were transported
(D) a main source of power for most agricultural machinery
Questions 11-19
The origins of nest-building remain obscure, but current observation of nest-building
activities provide evidence of their evolution. Clues to this evolutionary process can be
found in the activities of play and in the behavior and movements of birds during mating,
Line such as incessant pulling at strips of vegetation or scraping of the soil. During the early
(5) days of the reproductive cycle, the birds seem only to play with the building materials. In
preparation for mating, they engage in activities that resemble nest-building, and continue
these activities throughout and even after the mating cycle. Effective attempts at construction
occur only after mating.
(10)
(15)
(20)
Although nest-building is an instinctive ability, there is considerable adaptability in
both site selection and use of materials, especially with those species which build quite
elaborate constructions. Furthermore, some element of learning is often evident since
younger birds do not build as well as their practiced elders. Young ravens, for example,
first attempt to build with sticks of quite unsuitable size, while a jackdaw's first nest
includes virtually any movable object. The novelist John Steinbeck recorded the contents
of a young osprey nest built in his garden, which included three shirts, a bath towel, and
one arrow.
Birds also display remarkable behavior in collecting building materials. Crows have
been seen to tear off stout green twigs, and sparrowhawks will dive purposefully onto a
branch until it snaps and then hang upside down to break it off. Golden eagles, over
generations of work, construct enormous nests. One of these, examined after it had been
dislodged by high winds, weighed almost two tons and included foundation branches
almost two meters long. The carrying capacity of the eagles, however, is only relative to
their size ant1 most birds are able to carry an extra load of just over twenty percent of their
body weight.
14
TOEFL Reading Comprehension
11. The word "obscure" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) interesting
(B) unclear
(C) imperfect
(D) complex
12. According to the passage, which of the following activities is characteristic of the early part of the
reproductive cycle of birds?
(A) Selecting a mate
(B) Collecting nest-building materials
(C) Playing with nest-building materials
(D) Building a nest
13. The word "display" in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) communicate
(B) imitate
(C) initiate
(D) exhibit
14. The novelist John Steinbeck is mentioned in line 14 because he
(A) conducted a scientific study on the behavior of ospreys
(B) was the first to describe where ospreys built their nests
(C) described the materials ospreys can use to build their nests
(D) compared the size of osprey nests with the nests of other species
15. Which of the following birds are mentioned as those that build nests that include unusual objects?
(A) Ravens
(B) Ospreys
(C) Crows
(D) Sparrowhawks
16. According to the passage, when gathering materials to build their nests, sparrowhawks do which of the
following?
(A) Hang upside down
(B) Select only green twigs
(C) Use objects blowing in the wind
(D) Collect more branches than necessary
17. The word "these" in line 20 refers to
(A) golden eagles
(B) generations
(C) winds
(D) nests
18. The word "load" in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) weight
(B) number
(C) section
(D) level
19. The author mentions twenty percent in line 23 to indicate that
(A) eagles are twenty percent bigger than most birds
(B) twenty percent of all nests include foundation branches
(C) the nests of eagles are twenty percent of larger than those of other birds
(D) birds can carry twenty percent of their own weight
Questions 20-30
A survey is a study, generally in the form of an interview or a questionnaire, that provides
information concerning how people think and act. In the United States, the best-known
surveys are the Gallup poll and the Harris poll. As anyone who watches the news during
Line campaigns presidential knows, these polls have become an important part of political life in
(5)
the United States.
(10)
North Americans are familiar with the many "person on the street? interviews on local
television news shows. While such interviews can be highly entertaining, they are not
necessarily an accurate indication of public opinion. First, they reflect the opinions of only
those people who appear at a certain location. Thus, such samples can be biased in favor
of commuters, middle-class shoppers, or factory workers, depending on which area the
newspeople select. Second, television interviews tend to attract outgoing people who are
willing to appear on the air, while they frighten away others who may feel intimidated by
a camera. A survey must be based on a precise, representative sampling if it is to genuinely
reflect a broad range of the population.
15
PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
(15)
(20)
(25)
In preparing to conduct a survey, sociologists must exercise great care in the wording
of questions. An effective survey question must be simple and clear enough for people to
understand it. It must also be specific enough so that there are no problems in interpreting
the results. Even questions that are less structured must be carefully phrased in order to elicit
the type of information desired. Surveys can be indispensable sources of information, but
only if the sampling is done properly and the questions are worded accurately.
There are two main forms of surveys: the interview and the questionnaire. Each of these
forms of survey research has its advantages. An interviewer can obtain a high response rate
because people find it more difficult to turn down a personal request for an interview than
to throw away a written questionnaire. In addition, an interviewer can go beyond written
questions and probe for a subject's underlying feelings and reasons. However, questionnaires
have the advantage of being cheaper and more consistent.
20. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The history of surveys in North America
(B) The principles of conducting surveys
(C) Problems associated with interpreting surveys
(D) The importance of polls in American political life
21. The word "they" in line 8 refers to
(A) North Americans
(B) news shows
(C) interviews
(D) opinions
22. According to the passage, the main disadvantage of person-on-the-street interviews is that they
(A) are not based on a representative sampling
(B) are used only on television
(C) are not carefully worded
(D) reflect political opinions
23. The word "precise" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) planned
(B) rational
(C) required
(D) accurate
24. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is most important for an effective survey?
(A) A high number of respondents
(B) Carefully worded questions
(C) An interviewer's ability to measure respondents' feelings
(D) A sociologist who is able to interpret the results
25. The word "exercise" in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) utilize
(B) consider
(C) design
(D) defend
26. The word "elicit" in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) compose
(B) rule out
(D) bring out
(C) predict
27. It can be inferred from the passage that one reason that sociologists may become frustrated with
questionnaires is that
(A) respondents often do not complete and return questionnaires
(B) questionnaires are often difficult to read
(C) questionnaires are expensive and difficult to distribute
(D) respondents are too eager to supplement questions with their own opinions
28. According to the passage, one advantage of live interviews over questionnaires is that live interviews
(A) cost less
(B) can produce more information
(C) are easier to interpret
(D) minimize the influence of the researcher
16
TOEFL Reading Comprehension
29. The word "probe" in line 25 is closest in meaning to
(A) explore
(B) influence
(C) analyze
(D) apply
30. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?
(A) Survey (line 1)
(B) Public opinion (line 8)
(C) Representative sampling (line 13)
(D) Response rate (line 22)
Questions 31-39
Perhaps one of the most dramatic and important changes that took place in the
Mesozoic era occurred late in that era, among the small organisms that populate the
uppermost, sunlit portion of the oceans--the plankton. The term "plankton" is a broad
Line one, designating all of the small plants and animals that float about or weakly propel
(5)
themselves through the sea. In the late stages of the Mesozoic era. during the Cretaceous
period, there was a great expansion of plankton that precipitated skeletons or shells
composed of two types of mineral: silica and calcium carbonate. This development
radically changed the types of sediments that accumulated on the seafloor, because,
while the organic parts of the plankton decayed after the organisms died, their mineralized
(10) skeletons often survived and sank to the bottom. For the first time in the Earth's long
history, very large quantities of silica skeletons, which would eventually harden into rock,
began to pile up in parts of the deep sea. Thick deposits of calcareous ooze made up of
the tiny remains of the calcium carbonate-secreting plankton also accumulated as never
before. The famous white chalk cliffs of Dover, in the southeast of England, are just one
(15) example of the huge quantities of such material that amassed during the Cretaceous
period; there are many more. Just why the calcareous plankton were so prolific during
the latter part of the Cretaceous period is not fully understood. Such massive amounts
of chalky sediments have never since been deposited over a comparable period of time.
The high biological productivity of the Cretaceous oceans also led to ideal conditions
(20) for oil accumulation. Oil is formed when organic material trapped in sediments is slowly
buried and subjected to increased temperatures and pressures, transforming it into
petroleum. Sediments rich in organic material accumulated along the margins of the
Tethys Seaway, the tropical east-west ocean that formed when Earth's single landmass
(known as Pangaea) split apart during the Mesozoic era. Many of today's important oil
(25) fields are found in those sediments--in Russia, the Middle East, the Gulf of Mexico, and
in the states of Texas and Louisiana in the United States.
31. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) How sediments were built up in oceans during the Cretaceous period
(B) How petroleum was formed in the Mesozoic era
(C) The impact of changes in oceanic animal and plant life in the Mesozoic era
(D) The differences between plankton found in the present era and Cretaceous plankton
32. The passage indicates that the Cretaceous period occurred
(A) in the early part of the Mesozoic era
(B) in the middle part of the Mesozoic era
(C) in the later part of the Mesozoic era
(D) after the Mesozoic era
33. The passage mentions all of the following aspects of plankton EXCEPT
(A) the length of their lives
(B) the level of the ocean at which they are found
(C) their movement
(D) their size
34. The word "accumulated" in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) depended
(B) matured
(C) dissolved
17
(D) collected
PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
35. According to the passage, the most dramatic change to the oceans caused by plankton during the
Cretaceous period concerned
(A) the depth of the water
(B) the makeup of the sediment on the ocean floor
(C) the decrease in petroleum-producing sediment
(D) a decline in the quantity of calcareous ooze on the seafloor
36. The "white chalk cliffs of Dover" are mentioned in line 14 of the passage to
(A) show where the plankton sediment first began to build up
(B) provide an example of a plankton buildup that scientists cannot explain
(C) provide an example of the buildup of plankton sediment
(D) indicate the largest single plankton buildup on Earth
37. The word "prolific" in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) fruitful
(B) distinct
(C) determined
(D) energetic
38. The word "ideal" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) common
(B) clear
(C) perfect
(D) immediate
39. The word "it" in line 21 refers to
(A) biological productivity
(C) organic material
(B) oil
(D) petroleum
Questions 40-50
Of all modern instruments, the violin is apparently one of the simplest. It consists in
essence of a hollow, varnished wooden sound box, or resonator, and a long neck, covered
with a fingerboard, along which four strings are stretched at high tension. The beauty of
Line design, shape, and decoration is no accident: the proportions of the instrument are
(5)
determined almost entirely by acoustical considerations. Its simplicity of appearance is
deceptive. About 70 parts are involved in the construction of a violin, Its tone and its
outstanding range of expressiveness make it an ideal solo instrument. No less important.
however, is its role as an orchestral and chamber instrument. In combination with the
larger and deeper-sounding members of the same family, the violins form the nucleus
(10) of the modern symphony orchestra.
(15)
(20)
(25)
The violin has been in existence since about 1550. Its importance as an instrument
in its own right dates from the early 1600's, when it first became standard in Italian
opera orchestras. Its stature as an orchestral instrument was raised further when in 1626
Louis XIII of France established at his court the orchestra known as Les vinq-quatre
violons du Roy (The King's 24 Violins), which was to become widely famous later in
the century.
In its early history, the violin had a dull and rather quiet tone resulting from the fact
that the strings were thick and were attached to the body of the instrument very loosely.
During the eighteenth and nineteenth century, exciting technical changes were inspired
by such composer-violinists as Vivaldi and Tartini. Their instrumental compositions
demanded a fuller, clearer, and more brilliant tone that was produced by using thinner
strings and a far higher string tension. Small changes had to be made to the violin's
internal structure and to the fingerboard so that they could withstand the extra strain.
Accordingly, ,a higher standard of performance was achieved, in terms of both facility
and interpretation. Left-hand technique was considerably elaborated, and new fingering
patterns on the fingerboard were developed for very high notes.
18
TOEFL Reading Comprehension
40. The word "standard" in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) practical
(B) customary
(C) possible
(D) unusual
41. "The King’s 24 Violins" is mentioned in line 15 to illustrate
(A) how the violin became a renowned instrument
(B) the competition in the 1600's between French and Italian orchestras
(C) the superiority of French violins
(D) why the violin was considered the only instrument suitable to be played by royalty
42. What is the main idea presented in paragraph 3?
(A) The violin has been modified to fit its evolving musical functions.
(B) The violin is probably the best known and most widely distributed musical instrument in the world.
(C) The violin had reached the height of its popularity by the middle of the eighteenth century.
(D) The technique of playing the violin has remained essentially the same since the 1600's.
43. The author mentions Vivaldi and Tartini in line 20 as examples of composers whose music
(A) inspired more people to play the violin
(B) had to be adapted to the violin
(C) demanded more sophisticated violins
(D) could be played only by their students
44. The word "they" in line 23 refers to
(A) Civaldi and Tartini
(C) small changes
(B) thinner strings and a higher string tension
(D) internal structure and fingerboard
45. The word "strain" in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) struggle
(B) strength
(C) strategy
46. The word "Accordingly" in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) However
(B) Consequently
(C) Nevertheless
(D) stress
(D) Ultimately
47. According to the passage, early violins were different from modern violins in that early violins
(A) were heavier
(B) broke down more easily
(C) produced softer tones
(D) were easier to play
48. According to the passage, which of the following contributes to a dull sound being produced by a violin?
(A) A long fingerboard
(B) A small body
(C) High string tension
(D) Thick strings
49. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?
(A) resonator (line 2)
(B) solo (line 7)
(C) left-hand technique (line 25)
(D) fingering patterns (lines 25-26)
50. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as contributing to the ability to play modern violin music
EXCEPT
(A) more complicated techniques for the left hand
(B) different ways to use the fingers to play very high notes
(C) use of rare wood for the fingerboard and neck
(D) minor alterations to the structure of the instrument
19
PRACTICE TEST 03
August 2003
Question 1-11
If food is allowed to stand for some time, it putrefies .When the putrefied material
is examined microscopically ,it is found to be teeming with bacteria. Where do these
bacteria come from , since they are not seen in fresh food? Even until the mid-nineteenth
Line century, many people believed that such microorganisms originated by spontaneous
(5) generation ,a hypothetical process by which living organisms develop from nonliving
matter.
(10)
(15)
(20)
(25)
The most powerful opponent of the theory of spontaneous generation was the French
chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur(1822-1895).Pasteur showed that structures
present in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials .He did
this by passing air through guncotton filters, the fibers of which stop solid particles. After
the guncotton was dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and ether, the particles that it had
trapped fell to the bottom of the liquid and were examined on a microscope slide .Pasteur
found that in ordinary air these exists a variety of solid structures ranging in size from
0.01 mm to more than 1. 0mm .Many of these bodies resembled the reproductive
structures of common molds, single-celled animals, and various other microbial cells.
As many as 20 to 30 of them were found in fifteen liters of ordinary air ,and they could
not be distinguished from the organisms found in much larger numbers in putrefying
materials .Pasteur concluded that the organisms found in putrefying materials originated
from the organized bodies present in the air .He postulated that these bodies are constantly
being deposited on all objects.
Pasteur showed that if a nutrient solution was sealed in a glass flask and heated to
boiling to destroy all the living organisms contaminating it, it never putrefied .The
proponents of spontaneous generation declared that fresh air was necessary for
spontaneous generation and that the air inside the sealed flask was affected in some way
by heating so that it would no longer support spontaneous generation. Pasteur constructed a
swan-necked flask in which putrefying materials could he heated to boiling, but air
could reenter. The bends in the neck prevented microorganisms from getting in the flask.
Material sterilized in such a flask did not putrefy.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Pasteur’s influence on the development of the microscope.
(B) The origin of the theory of spontaneous generation .
(C) The effects of pasteurization on food.
(D) Pasteur’s argument against the theory of spontaneous generation .
2. The phrase “teeming with ”in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) full of
(B) developing into
(C) resistant to
(D) hurt by
3. Which of the following questions did the theory of spontaneous generation attempt to answer?
(A) What is the origin of the living organisms are seen on some food?
(B) How many types of organisms can be found on food?
(C) What is the most effective way to prepare living organisms for microscopic examination?
(D) How long can food stand before it putrefies?
4. The word “resemble” in line 9 is closest in meaning to
20
(A) benefit from
(C) join together with
(B) appear similar to
(D) grow from
21
PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
5. The purpose of the “guncotton” mentioned in paragraph 2 was to
(A) trap particles for analysis
(B) slow the process of putrefaction
(C) increase the airflow to the microscopic slide
(D) aid the mixing of alcohol and ether
6. The author mention “1.0mm”in line 14 in describing the
(A) thickness of a layer of organisms that was deposited on an object
(B) diameter of the fibers that were in the guncotton filters
(C) thickness of the microscope slides that were used
(D) size of the particles that that were collected
7. The word “postulated” in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) analyzed
(B) doubted
(C) persuaded
(D) suggested
8. The objects that Pasteur removed from the air in his experiment were remarkable because they were
(A) primarily single-celled organisms
(B) no different from objects found in putrefying materials
(C) fairly rare
(D) able to live in a mixture of alcohol and ether
9. The word “it” in line 22 refers to
(A) a nutrient solution
(C) boiling
(B) a glass flask
(D) spontaneous generation
10. According to paragraph 3,proponents of spontaneous generation believed that which of the following was
important for the process to succeed ?
(A) A sealed container
(B) Fresh air
(C) Heat
(D) The presence of nutrients
11. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that Pasteur employed a swam-necked flask to
(A) store sterilized liquids for use in future experiments
(B) prevent heat from building up in a solution
(C) disprove a criticism of his conclusions
(D) estimate the number of organisms in a liter of air
Questions 12-20
In the early decades of the United States ,the agrarian movement promoted the farmer
as society’s hero. In the minds of agrarian thinkers and writers ,the farmer was a person on
whose well-being the health of the new country depended .The period between the
Line Revolution, which ended in 1783,and the Civil War ,which ended in 1865 ,was the age of
(5 ) the farmer in the United States .Agrarian philosophers ,represented most eloquently by
Thomas Jefferson, celebrated farmers extravagantly for their supposed centrality in a good
society, their political virtue ,and their Superior morality .And virtually all policy makers,
whether they subscribed to the tenets of the philosophy held by Jefferson or not, recognized
agriculture as the key component of the American economy .Consequently ,government at
(10) all levels worked to encourage farmers as a social group and agriculture as economic
enterprise.
(15)
Both the national and state governments developed transportation
infrastructure, building canals, roads, bridges, and railroads ,deepening harbors ,and removing
obstructions from navigable streams .The national government imported plant and animal
varieties and launched exploring expeditions into prospective farmlands in the West .In addition,
22
TOEFL Reading Comprehension
(20)
(25)
government trade policies facilitated the exporting of agricultural products.
For their part ,farmers seemed to meet the social expectations agrarian philosophers
had for them ,as their broader horizons and greater self-respect, both products of the
Revolution ,were reflected to some degree in their behavior .Farmers seemed to become
more scientific ,joining agricultural societies and reading the farm newspapers that sprang
up throughout the country .They began using improved implements, tried new crops and
pure animal breeds , and became more receptive to modern theories of soil improvement .
They also responded to inducements by national and state governments .Farmers
streamed to the West ,filling frontier lands with stunning rapidity .But farmers responded
less to the expectations of agrarians and government inducements than to growing market
opportunities .European demand for food from the United States seemed insatiable . War,
industrialization , and urbanization all kept demand high in Europe . United States cities
and industries grew as well; even industries not directly related to farming thrived because
of the market, money ,and labor that agriculture provided
12. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The agrarian philosophy of Thomas Jefferson
(B) The role of the national government in the development of agriculture
(C) Improvements in farming techniques
(D) The impact of the increased importance of the farmer
13. The word “depended” in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) improved
(B) relied
(C) demanded
(D) explained
14. The author mentions Thomas Jefferson in paragraph 1 as an example of
(A) a leader during the Revolution
(B) an inventor of new farming techniques
(C) a philosopher who believed farmers were essential to the creation of a good society
(D) a farmer who guided the agrarian movement toward an emphasis on economic development
15. The phrase “subscribed to” in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) contributed to
(B) agreed with
(C) thought about
(D) expanded on
16. Which of the following statements is supported by the information in paragraph 1?
(A) All government policy makers accepted Jefferson’s views of agriculture and farmers.
(B) Agricultural production declined between 1783 and 1861.
(C) The majority of farmers worked for the government.
(D) Agriculture was a vital part of the nation’s economy.
17. According to the passage , the national and state governments did all of the following EXCEPT
(A) build roads
(B) import new plant varieties
(C) give farmers money for their crops
(D) develop policies that helped farmers export their products
18. All of the following are mentioned as examples of farmers’ meeting the expectations of agrarian
philosophers EXCEPT
(A) obtaining information from farm newspapers
(B) accumulating personal wealth
(C) planting new crops
(D) becoming more scientific
19. The word “stunning” in line 24 is closest in meaning to
23
PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
(A) predictable
(B) impressive
(C) famous
(D) gradual
20. Which of the following statements is best supported by paragraph 4?
(A) Agricultural development contributed to development in other parts of the economy.
(B) European agricultural products were of a higher quality than those produced in the United States.
(C) The growing settlement of the West led to a decrease in agricultural production.
(D) Farmers were influenced more by government policies than by market opportunities.
Question 21-29
The wide variety of climates in North America has helped spawn a complex pattern of
soil regions. In general, the realm’s soils also reflect the broad environmental partitioning
into “humid America” and “arid America.” Where annual precipitation exceeds 20 inches
Line (50 centimeters),soils in humid areas tend to be acidic in chemical content, Since crops
(5) do best in soils that are neither acidic(higher in acid content) nor alkaline(higher in salt
content).fertilization is necessary to achieve the desired level of neutrality between the
two. Arid America’s soils are typically alkaline and must be fertilized back toward
neutrality by adding acidic compounds. Although many of these dryland soils, particularly
in the Great Plains, are quite fertile, European settlers learned over a century ago that
(10) water is the main missing ingredient in achieving their agricultural potential. In the
1970’s, certain irrigation methods were perfected and finally provided a real opportunity
to expand more intensive farming west from the Central Lowland into the drier portions
of the Great Plains. Glaciation also enhanced the rich legacy of fertile soils in the central
United States,both from the deposition of mineral-rich glacial debris left by meltwater
(15) and from thick layers of fine wind-blown glacial material, called loess, in and around the
middle Mississippi Valley.
(20)
(25)
Natural vegetation patterns could be displayed on a map of North America, but the
enormous human modification of the North American environment in modern times has
all but reduced this regionalization scheme to the level of the hypothetical. Nonetheless,
the humid America-arid America dichotomy is still a valid generalization: the natural
vegetation of areas receiving more than 20 inches of water yearly is forest, whereas the
drier climates give rise to a grassland cover. The forests of North America tent to make
a broad transition by latitude. In the Canadian North, needle-leaf forests dominate, but
these coniferous trees become mixed with broadleaf deciduous trees as one crosses the
border into the Northeast United States. As one proceeds toward the Southeast, broadleaf
vegetation becomes dominant. Arid America mostly consists of short-grass prairies or
stepper. The only areas of true desert are in the Southwest.
24
TOEFL Reading Comprehension
21. What aspect of North America does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The wide variety of climates
(B) Soil types and vegetation patterns
(C) Improved irrigation methods and the expansion of agriculture
(D) The change in precipitation patterns
22. The word “spawn ” in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) distinguish
(B) eliminate
(C) protect
23. The word “partitioning” in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) division
(B) modification
(C) opening
(D) create
(D) circulating
24. According to the passage, acidic soils tent to be associated with
(A) a high salt content
(B) an increase in farming
(C) large amounts of rain
(D) glacial meltwater
25. The word “enhanced” in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) implied
(B) increased
(C) indicated
(D) informed
26. How did glacial meltdown affect the soil in North America?
(A) It redistributed the soil types
(B) It added salt to the soil
(C) It made the soil more neutral in content
(D) It added minerals to the soil
27. The phrase “this regionalization scheme” in line 19 refers to the
(A) movements of glacial deposits
(B) patterns of natural vegetation
(C) human modification of the North American environment
(D) distinction between humid America and arid America
28. The word “transition” in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) elevation
(B) change
(C) advantage
(D) condition
29. The passage supports which of the following statements?
(A) Arid America is not necessarily characterized by the presence of deserts
(B) Most of Canada and the northeastern United States consists of short-grass prairies wherever
natural vegetation has not been modified by humans
(C) The accumulation of loess is primarily the result of irrigation
(D) Glaciation removed the fertile layer of soil from much of the Mississippi Valley
Questions 30-40
(5 )
(10)
Most sources of illumination generate light over an appreciable period, and indeed if
an object is lit for a very brief time(less that 1/25 second), the human eye will not react
in time to see the object. A photographic emulsion---that is, a light-sensitive coating on
photographic film, paper, or glass---will, however, record much shorter bursts of light. A
photographic flash can therefore be used to capture high-speed movement on film as well
as to correct deficiencies of the normal surrounding lighting. Photoflash is now generated
electronically, but the earliest form, first used in 1864, was a paper bag containing
magnesium wire and some oxygen-rich substance, such as potassium chlorate. When the
bag was ignited, the metal burned with an intense flash. A contemporary observer reported
that “this quite unsafe device seems to have done nothing worse that engulf the room in
dense smoke and lead to pictures of dubious quality and odd poses.”
The evolution of the photoflash was slow, flashbulbs, containing fine wire made of a
25
PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
(15)
(20)
metal, such as magnesium or aluminum, capable of being ignited in an atmosphere of pure
oxygen at low pressure, were introduced only in the 1920’s. In the earliest type, the metal
was separated from the oxygen by a thin glass bulb. The flash was fired by piercing the
bulb and allowing the oxygen to come into contact with the metal, which ignited
spontaneously. Later bulbs were fired by an electric battery, which heated the wire by
passing a small current through it. Other combinations, such as the pairing of oxygen
difluoride with zirconium, have also been used. In each case enough energy is given out to
heat the oxidizable metal momentarily to a white-hot emission of visible light. The smoke
particles are so small that they cool rapidly; but since they are white, they contribute to the
brilliance by reflecting the light from their still-glowing neighbors. A slightly bigger form
of the metal will burn for a longer time.
30. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The history of the photoflash
(B) Theories about how the eye reacts to light
(C) The technology of modern photography
(D) The dangers of using the early photoflash
31. According to the passage,1/25 second is the minimum amount of time required for the
(A) recording of an image on film
(B) generation of artificial light
(C) creation of a photographic emulsion
(D) human eye to react to light
32. According to the passage, an advantage of using a photoflash is that it
(A) can produce repeated bursts of light
(B) intensities colors in photographs
(C) is short enough not to bother human eyes
(D) supplements existing lighting
33. The word “ignited” in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) set on fire
(B) cut into
(C) opened
(D) shaken
34. Which of the following phrases is defined in paragraph 1?
(A) ”appreciable period” (line 1)
(B) ”photographic emulsion” (line 3)
(C) ”high-speed movement” (line 5)
(D) ”odd poses” (line 11)
35. The word “evolution” in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) publicity
(B) adoption
(C) development
(D) manufacture
36. The function of the glass in the first flashbulbs was to
(A) produce the spark that initiated the flash
(B) magnify the light produced by the flash
(C) protect the photographer from the heat of the flash
(D) keep the metal and oxygen apart before the flash
37. The word “it” in line 18 refers to
(A) oxygen
(B) battery
(C) wire
38. The word “momentarily” in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) effortlessly
(B) briefly
(C) electronically
(D) current
(D) gradually
39. According to the passage, the white color of the smoke particles generated by a flashbulb contributes to
(A) rapid cooling
(B) bright illumination
(C) electrical conductivity
(D) intense heat
40. According to the passage, a flashbulb can be made to burn longer by using
(A) thicker wire
(B) more oxygen
26
TOEFL Reading Comprehension
(C) thinner glass
(D) continuous electricity
Questions 41-50
(5)
The stylistic innovation in paining known as Impressionism began in the 1870’s. The
Impressionists wanted to depict what they saw in nature, but they were inspired to portray
fragmentary moments by the increasingly fast pace of modern life. They concentrated on
the play of light over objects, people, and nature, breaking up seemingly solid surfaces,
stressing vivid contrast between colors in sunlight and shade, and depiction reflected light
in all of its possibilities. Unlike earlier artists, they did not want to observe the world from
indoors. They abandoned the studio, painting in the open air and recording spontaneous
Impressions of their subjects instead of making outside sketches and then moving indoors
to complete the work form memory.
(10)
Some of the Impressionists’ painting methods were affected by technological
advances. For example, the shift from the studio to the open air was made possible in
part by the advent of cheap rail travel, which permitted easy and quick access to the
countryside or seashore, as well as by newly developed chemical dyes and oils that led
to collapsible paint tubes, which enabled artists to finish their paintings on the spot.
(15)
Impressionism acquired its name not from supporters but from angry art lovers who
felt threatened by the new painting. The term “Impressionism” was born in 1874,when
a group of artists who had been working together organized an exhibition of their
paintings in order to draw public attention to their work. Reaction from the public and
press was immediate, and derisive. Among the 165 paintings exhibited was one called
Impression: Sunrise, by Claude Monet(1840-1926), Viewed through hostile eyes,
Monet’s painting of a rising sun over a misty, watery scene seemed messy, slapdash,
and an affront to good taste. Borrowing Monet’s title, art critics extended the term
“Impressionism” to the entire exhibit. In response, Monet and his 29 fellow artists in
the exhibit adopted the same name as a badge of their unity, despite individual differences.
From then until 1886 Impressionism had all the zeal of a “church”, as the painter Renoir
put it. Monet was faithful to the Impressionist creed until his death, although many of the
others moved on to new styles.
(20)
(25)
41. What aspect of painting in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The impact of some artists’ resistance to the fast pace of life
(B) The differences between two major styles of art
(C) A technological advance in the materials used by artists
(D) A group of artists with a new technique and approach to art
42. The word “depict” in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) reorganize
(B) deform
(C) represent
(D) justify
43. According to the passage, which of the following was one of the distinguishing characteristics of
Impressionist painting?
(A) The emphasis on people rather than nature scenes
(B) The way the subjects were presented from multiple angles
(C) The focus on small solid objects
(D) The depiction of the effects of light and color
44. Which of the following is a significant way in which Impressionists were different from the artists that
preceded them?
(A) They began by making sketches of their subjects
(B) They painted their subjects out-of-doors
(C) They preferred to paint from memory
27
PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
(D) They used subjects drawn from modern life
45. The word “advent” in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) achievement
(B) acceptance
(C) arrival
(D) advantage
46. The exhibition of paintings organized in 1874 resulted in all of the following EXCEPT
(A) attracting attention from the public
(B) a negative reaction from the press
(C) an immediate demand for the paintings exhibited
(D) creating a name for a new style of painting
47. The word “affront” in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) insult
(B) encouragement
(C) return
(D) credit
48. The rejection of the Impressionist exhibition by critics was caused by which of the following?
(A) The small number of paintings on display
(B) Lack of interest in exhibitions by young artists
(C) The similarity between all the paintings exhibited
(D) Anger about seemingly poorly painted art
49. The author mentions Renoir in line 25 to give an example of an artist who
(A) became as famous as Monet
(B) was consistently praised by art critics
(C) described the enthusiasm of the Impressionists for their work
(D) was in favor of a traditional style of painting
50. The word “others” in line 27 refers to
(A) art critics
(C) individual differences
(B) fellow artists
(D) new styles
28
PRACTICE TEST 04
October 2003
Questions 1-9
Europa is the smallest of planet Jupiter’s four largest moons and the second moon
out from Jupiter. Until 1979, it was just another astronomy textbook statistic. Then
came the close-up images obtained by the exploratory spacecraft Voyager 2, and within
Line days, Europa was transformed-in our perception, at least-into one of the solar system’s
(5)
most intriguing worlds. The biggest initial surprise was the almost total lack of detail,
especially from far away. Even at close range, the only visible features are thin, kinked
brown lines resembling cracks in an eggshell. And this analogy is not far off the mark.
(10)
(15)
The surface of Europa is almost pure water ice, but a nearly complete absence of
craters indicates that Europa’s surface ice resembles Earth’s Antarctic ice cap. The
eggshell analogy may be quite accurate since the ice could be as little as a few kilometers
thick –a true shell around what is likely a subsurface liquid ocean that , in turn, encases
a rocky core. The interior of Europa has been kept warm over the eons by tidal forces
generated by the varying gravitational tugs of the other big moons as they wheel around
Jupiter. The tides on Europa pull and relax in an endless cycle. The resulting internal heat
keeps what would otherwise be ice melted almost to the surface. The cracklike marks on
Europa’s icy face appear to be fractures where water or slush oozes from below.
Soon after Voyager 2’s encounter with Jupiter in 1979, when the best images of
Europa were obtained, researchers advanced the startling idea that Europa’s subsurface
ocean might harbor life. Life processes could have begun when Jupiter was releasing a
(20) vast store of internal heat. Jupiter’s early heat was produced by the compression of the
material forming the giant planet. Just as the Sun is far less radiant today than the primal
Sun, so the internal heat generated by Jupiter is minor compared to its former intensity.
During this warm phase, some 4.6 billion years ago, Europa’s ocean may have been liquid
right to the surface, making it a crucible for life.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The effect of the tides on Europa’s interior
(B) Temperature variations on Jupiter’s moons
(C) Discoveries leading to a theory about one of Jupiter’s moons
(D) Techniques used by Voyager 2 to obtain close-up images.
2. The word “intriguing” in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) changing
(B) perfect
(C) visible
(D) fascinating
3. In line 7, the another mentions “cracks in an eggshell” in order to help readers
(A) visualize Europa as scientists saw it in the Voyager 2 images
(B) appreciate the extensive and detailed information available by viewing Europa from far away
(C) understand the relationship of Europa to the solar system
(D) recognize the similarity of Europa to Jupiter’s other moons
4. It can be inferred from the passage that astronomy textbooks prior to 1979
(A) provided many contradictory statistics about Europa
(B) considered Europa the most important of Jupiter’s moons
(C) did not emphasize Europa because little information of interest was available
(D) did nor mention Europa because it had not yet been discovered
29
30
TOEFL Reading Comprehension
5. What does the author mean by stating in line 7 that “this analogy is not far off the mark”?
(A) The definition is not precise.
(B) The discussion lacks necessary information.
(C) The differences are probably significant.
(D) The comparison is quite appropriate.
6. IT can be inferred from the passage that Europa and Antarctica have in common which of the following?
(A) Both appear to have a surface with many craters.
(B) Both may have water beneath a thin, hard surface.
(C) Both have an ice can that is melting rapidly.
(D) Both have areas encased by a rocky exterior.
7. The word “endless” in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) new
(B) final
(C) temporary
(D) continuous
8. According to the passage, what is the effect of Jupiter’s other large moons on Europa?
(A) They prevent Europa’s subsurface waters from freezing.
(B) They prevent tides that could damage Europa’s surface.
(C) They produce the very hard layer of ice that characterizes Europa.
(D) They assure that the gravitational pull on Europa is maintained at a steady level.
9. According to the passage, what is believed to cause the thin lines seen on Europa’s surface?
(A) A long period of extremely high tides
(B) Water breaking through from beneath the surface ice
(C) The continuous pressure of slush on top of the ice
(D) Heat generated by the hot rocky core
Question 10-19
Both in what is now the eastern and the southwestern United States, the peoples of
the Archaic era (8,000-1,000 B.C) were, in a way, already adapted to beginnings of
cultivation through their intensive gathering and processing of wild plant foods. In both
Line areas, there was a well-established ground stone tool technology, a method of pounding
(5)
and grinding nuts and other plant foods, that could be adapted to newly cultivated foods.
By the end of the Archaic era, people in eastern North America had domesticated certain
native plants, including sunflowers; weeds called goosefoot, sumpweed, or marsh elder;
and squash or gourds of some kind. These provided seeds that were important sources of
carbohydrates and fat in the diet.
(10)
(15)
The earliest cultivation seems to have taken place along the river valleys of the
Midwest and the Southeast, with experimentation beginning as early as 7,000 years ago
and domestication beginning 4,000 to 2,000 years ago. Although the term “Neolithic” is
not used in North American prehistory, these were the first steps toward the same major
subsistence changes that took place during the Neolithic (8,000-2,000 B.C.) period
elsewhere in the world.
Archaeologists debate the reasons for beginning cultivation in the eastern part of the
continent. Although population and sedentary living were increasing at the time, there is
little evidence that people lacked adequate wild food resources; the newly domesticated
foods supplemented a continuing mixed subsistence of hunting, fishing, and gathering
(20) wild plants, Increasing predictability of food supplies may have been a motive. It has been
suggested that some early cultivation was for medicinal and ceremonial plants rather than
for food. One archaeologist has pointed out that the early domesticated plants were all
weedy species that do well in open, disturbed habitats, the kind that would form around
human settlements where people cut down trees, trample the ground, deposit trash, and
31
PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
(25)
dig holes. It has been suggested that sunflower, sumpweed, and other plants almost
domesticated themselves, that is , they thrived in human –disturbed habitats, so humans
intensively collected them and began to control their distribution. Women in the Archaic
communities were probably the main experimenters with cultivation, because
ethnoarchaeological evidence tells us that women were the main collectors of plant food
and had detailed knowledge of plants.
10. The passage mainly discusses which of the following aspects of the life of Archaic peoples?
(A) The principal sources of food that made up their diet
(B) Their development of ground stone tool technology
(C) Their development of agriculture
(D) Their distribution of work between men and women
11. The word “these” in line 13 refers to
(A) seeds
(C) the Midwest and the Southeast
(B) river valleys
(D) experimentation and domestication
12. According to the passage, when did the domestication of plants begin in North America?
(A) 7,000 years ago
(B) 4,000 to 2,000 years ago
(C) Long after the Neolithic period
(D) Before the Archaic period
13. The word “adequate” in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) sufficient
(B) healthful
(C) varied
(D) dependable
14. According to the passage, which of the following was a possible motive for the cultivation of plants in
eastern North America?
(A) Lack of enough wild food sources
(B) The need to keep trees from growing close to settlements
(C) Provision of work for an increasing population
(D) Desire for the consistent availability of food
15. The phrase “rather than” in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) in addition to
(B) instead of
(C) as a replacement
(D) such as
16. The plant “sumpweed” is mentioned in line 25 in order to
(A) contrast a plant with high nutritional value with one with little nutritional value
(B) explain the medicinal use of a plant
(C) clarify which plants grew better in places where trees were not cut down
(D) provide an example of a plant that was easy to domesticate
17. The word “thrived” in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) stayed
(B) originated
(C) grew well
(D) died out
18. According to the passage, which of the following is true about all early domesticated plants?
(A) They were varieties of weeds.
(B) They were moved from disturbed areas.
(C) They succeeded in areas with many trees.
(D) They failed to grow in trampled or damaged areas.
19. According to the passage, it is thought that most of the people who began cultivating plants were
(A) medical workers
(B) leaders of ceremonies
(C) women
(D) hunters
32
TOEFL Reading Comprehension
Questions 20-29
Many ants forage across the countryside in large numbers and undertake mass
migrations; these activities proceed because one ant lays a trail on the ground for the others
to follow. As a worker ant returns home after finding a source of food, it marks the route
Line by intermittently touching its stinger to the ground and depositing a tiny amount of trail
(5 ) pheromone – a mixture of chemicals that delivers diverse messages as the context changes.
These trails incorporate no directional information and may be followed by other ants in
either direction.
(10)
(15)
(20)
Unlike some other messages, such as the one arising from a dead ant, a food trail has to
be kept secret from members of other species. It is not surprising then that ant species use
a wide variety of compounds as trail pheromones. Ants can be extremely sensitive to these
signals. Investigators working with the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant Atta texana
calculated that one milligram of this substance would suffice to lead a column of ants three
times around Earth.
The vapor of the evaporating pheromone over the trail guides an ant along the way,
and the ant detects this signal with receptors in its antennae. A trail pheromone will
evaporate to furnish the highest concentration of vapor right over the trail, in what is called a
vapor space. In following the trail, the ant moves to the right and left, oscillating from side
to side across the line of the trail itself, bringing first one and then the other antenna into
the vapor space. As the ant moves to the right, its left antenna arrives in the vapor space.
The signal it receives causes it to swing to the left, and the ant then pursues this new course
until its right antenna reaches the vapor space. It then swings back to the right, and so
weaves back and forth down the trail.
20. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The mass migration of ants
(C) Different species of ants around the world
(B) How ants mark and follow a chemical trail
(D) The information contained in pheromones
21. The word “forage” in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) look up
(B) walk toward
(C) revolve around
(D) search for food
22. The word “intermittently” in live 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) periodically
(B) incorrectly
(C) rapidly
(D) roughly
23. The phrase “the one” in line 8 refers to a single
(A) message
(B) dead ant
(D) species
(C) food trail
24. According to the passage, why do ants use different compounds as trail pheromones?
(A) To reduce their sensitivity to some chemicals
(B) To attract different types of ants
(C) To protect their trail from other species
(D) To indicate how far away the food is
25. The author mentions the trail pheromone of the leafcutter ant in line 11 to point out
(A) how little pheromone is needed to mark a trail
(B) the different types of pheromones ants can produce
(C) a type of ant that is common in many parts of the world
(D) that certain ants can produce up to one milligram of pheromone
33
PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
26. According to the passage, how are ants guided by trail pheromones?
(A) They concentrate on the smell of food.
(B) They follow an ant who is familiar with the trail
(C) They avoid the vapor spaces by moving in a straight line.
(D) They sense the vapor through their antennae.
27. The word “furnish” in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) include
(B) provide
(C) cover
(D) select
28. The word “oscillating“ in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) falling
(B) depositing
(C) swinging
(D) starting
29. According to the passage, the highest amount of pheromone vapor is found
(A) in the receptors of the ants
(B) just above the trail
(C) in the source of food
(D) under the soil along the trail
Questions 30-39
(5 )
(10)
(15)
Native Americans probably arrived from Asia in successive waves over several
millennia, crossing a plain hundreds of miles wide that now lies inundated by 160 feet
of water released by melting glaciers. For several periods of time, the first beginning
around 60,000 B.C. and the last ending around 7,000 B.C., this land bridge was open. The
first people traveled in the dusty trails of the animals they hunted. They brought with them
not only their families, weapons, and tools but also a broad metaphysical understanding,
sprung from dreams and visions and articulated in myth and song, which complemented
their scientific and historical knowledge of the lives of animals and of people. All this they
shaped in a variety of languages, bringing into being oral literatures of power and beauty.
Contemporary readers, forgetting the origins of western epic, lyric, and dramatic
forms, are easily disposed to think of “literature” only as something written. But on
reflection it becomes clear that the more critically useful as well as the more frequently
employed sense of the term concerns the artfulness of the verbal creation, not its mode of
presentation. Ultimately, literature is aesthetically valued, regardless of language, culture,
or mode of presentation, because some significant verbal achievement results from the
struggle in words between tradition and talent. Verbal art has the ability to shape out a
compelling inner vision in some skillfully crafted public verbal form.
Of course, the differences between the written and oral modes of expression are not
without consequences for an understanding of Native American literature. The essential
(20) difference is that a speech event is an evolving communication, an “emergent form,” the
shape, functions, and aesthetic values of which become more clearly realized over the
course of the performance. In performing verbal art , the performer assumes responsibility
for the manner as well as the content of the performance, while the audience assumes the
responsibility for evaluating the performer’s competence in both areas. It is this intense
(25) mutual engagement that elicits the display of skill and shapes the emerging performance.
Where written literature provides us with a tradition of texts, oral literature offers a
tradition of performances.
30. According to the passage, why did the first people who came to North America leave their homeland?
(A) They were hoping to find a better climate.
(B) They were seeking freedom.
(C) They were following instructions given in a dream.
34
TOEFL Reading Comprehension
(D) They were looking for food.
31. The phrase “are easily disposed” in line 11 is closet in meaning to
(A) demonstrate reluctance
(B) readily encourage others
(C) have a tendency
(D) often fail
32. The word “Ultimately” in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) frequently
(B) normally
(C) whenever possible
(D) in the end
33. The word “compelling” in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) joyous
(B) intricate
(C) competing
(D) forceful
34. What is the main point of the second paragraph?
(A) Public performance is essential to verbal art.
(B) Oral narratives are a valid form of literature.
(C) Native Americans have a strong oral tradition in art.
(D) The production of literature provides employment for many artists.
35. What can be inferred about the nature of the Native American literature discussed in the passage?
(A) It reflects historical and contemporary life in Asia.
(B) Its main focus is on daily activities.
(C) It is based primarily on scientific knowledge.
(D) It is reshaped each time it is experienced.
36. According to the passage, what responsibility does the audience of a verbal art performance have ?
(A) They provide financial support for performances.
(B) They judge the quality of the content and presentation.
(C) They participate in the performance by chanting responses.
(D) They determine the length of the performance by requesting a continuation.
37. Which of the following is NOT true of the Native American literature discussed in the passage?
(A) It involves acting.
(B) It has ancient origins.
(C) It has a set form.
(D) It expresses an inner vision.
38. What can be inferred from the passage about the difference between written and oral literature?
(A) Written literature reflects social values better than oral literature does.
(B) Written literature involves less interaction between audience and creator during the creative
progress than oral literature does.
(C) Written literature usually is not based on historical events, whereas oral literature is.
(D) Written literature is not as highly respected as oral literature is.
39. What is the author’s attitude toward Native American literature?
(A) Admiring of its form
(B) Critical of the cost of its production
(C) Amused by its content
(D) Skeptical about its origins
35
PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
Questions 40-50
The cities in the United States have been the most visible sponsors and beneficiaries
of projects that place art in public places. They have shown exceptional imagination in
applying the diverse forms of contemporary art to a wide variety of purposes. The
Line activities observed in a number of “pioneer” cities sponsoring art in public places – a
(5)
broadening exploration of public sites, an increasing awareness among both sponsors
and the public of the varieties of contemporary artistic practice, and a growing public
enthusiasm – are increasingly characteristic of cities across the country. With many
cities now undergoing renewed development, opportunities are continuously emerging
for the inclusion or art in new or renewed public environments, including buildings,
(10) plazas, parks, and transportation facilities. The result of these activities is a group of
artworks that reflect the diversity of contemporary art and the varying character and
goals of the sponsoring communities.
(15)
(20)
(25)
In sculpture, the projects range from a cartoonlike Mermaid in Miami Beach by
Roy Lichtenstein to a small forest planted in New York City by Alan Sonfist. The use
of murals followed quickly upon the use of sculpture and has brought to public sites the
work of artists as different as the realist Thomas Hart Benton and the Pop artist Robert
Rauschenberg. The specialized requirements of particular urban situations have further
expanded the use of art in public places: in Memphis, sculptor Richard Hunt has created
a monument to Martin Luther King, Jr., who was slain there; in New York, Dan Flavin
and Bill Brand have contributed neon and animation works to the enhancement of mass
transit facilities. And in numerous cities, art is being raised as a symbol of the
commitment to revitalize urban areas.
By continuing to sponsor projects involving a growing body of art in public places,
cities will certainly enlarge the situations in which the public encounters and grows
familiar with the various forms of contemporary art. Indeed, cities are providing artists
with an opportunity to communicate with a new and broader audience. Artists are
recognizing the distinction between public and private spaces, and taking that into account
when executing their public commissions. They are working in new, often more durable
media, and on an unaccustomed scale.
40. What is the passage mainly about?
(A) The influence of art on urban architecture in United States cities
(B) The growth of public art in United States cities.
(C) The increase in public appreciation of art in the United States
(D) The differences between public art in Europe and the United States.
41. The word “exceptional” in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) remarkable
(B) fearless
(C) expert
(D) visible
42. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 1 as results of the trend toward installing contemporary
art in public places in the United States EXCEPT
(A) the transfer of artwork from private to public sites
(B) artworks that represent a city’s special character
(C) greater interest in art by the American public
(D) a broader understanding of the varieties of contemporary art
36
TOEFL Reading Comprehension
43. According to the passage, new settings for public art are appearing as a result of
(A) communities that are building more art museums
(B) artists who are moving to urban areas
(C) urban development and renewal
(D) an increase in the number of artists in the United States.
44. The author mentions Roy Lichtenstein and Alan Sonfist in line 14 in order to
(A) show that certain artist are famous mostly for their public art
(B) introduce the subject of unusual works of art
(C) demonstrate the diversity of artworks displayed in public
(D) contrast the cities of Miami Beach and New York
45. It can be inferred from the passage that the city of Memphis sponsored a work by Richard Hunt because
the city authorities believed that
(A) the sculpture would symbolize the urban renewal of Memphis
(B) Memphis was an appropriate place for a memorial to Martin Luther Ling, Jr.
(C) the artwork would promote Memphis as a center for the arts
(D) the sculpture would provide a positive example to other artists.
46. The word “enhancement” in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) replacement
(B) design
(C) improvement
(D) decoration
47. The word “revitalize” in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) show the importance of
(B) promise to enlarge
(C) bring new life to
(D) provide artworks for
48. The word “that” in line 27 refers to
(A) contemporary art
(C) audience
(B) opportunity
(D) distinction
49. The word “executing” in line 28 is closest in meaning to
(A) judging
(B) selling
(C) explaining
(D) producing
50. According to paragraph 3, artists who work on public art projects are doing all of the following EXCEPT
(A) creating artworks that are unusual in size
(B) raising funds to sponsor various public projects
(C) exposing a large number of people to works of art
(D) using new materials that are long-lasting.
37
PRACTICE TEST 05
January 2002
Questions 1-9
In 1903 the members of the governing board of the University of Washington. in
Seattle. engaged a firm of landscape architects, specialists in the design of outdoor
environments--OImsted Brothers of Brookline, Massachusetts-to advise them on an
Line appropriate layout for the university grounds. The plan impressed the university officials,
(5)
and in time many of its recommendations were implemented. City officials in Seattle, the
largest city in the northwestern United States, were also impressed, for they employed the
same organization to study Seattle's public park needs. John Olmsted did the investigation
and subsequent report on Seattle's parks. He and his brothers believed that parks should
be adapted to the local topography, utilize the area's trees and shrubs, and be available to
(10) the entire community. They especially emphasized the need for natural, serene settings
where hurried urban dwellers could periodically escape from the city. The essence of the
Olmsted park plan was to develop a continuous driveway, twenty miles long, that would
tie together a whole series of parks, playgrounds, and parkways. There would be local
parks and squares, too, but all of this was meant to supplement the major driveway,
(15) which was to remain the unifying factor for the entire system.
In November of 1903 the city council of Seattle adopted the Olmsted Report, and
it automatically became the master plan for the city's park system. Prior to this report,
Seattle's park development was very limited and funding meager. All this changed
after the report. Between 1907 and 1913, city voters approved special funding measures
(20) amounting to $4,000,000. With such unparalleled sums at their disposal, with the Olmsted
guidelines to follow, and with the added incentive of wanting to have the city at its best
for the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition of 1909, the Parks Board bought aggressively.
By 1913 Seattle had 25 parks amounting to 1,400 acres, as well as 400 acres in
playgrounds, pathways, boulevards, and triangles. More lands would be added in the
(25) future, but for all practical purposes it was the great land surge of 1907-1913 that
established Seattle's park system.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The planned development of Seattle's public park system
(B) The organization of the Seattle city government
(C) The history of the OImsted Brothers architectural firm
(D) The design and building of the University of Washington campus
2. The word "engaged" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) trained
(B) hired
(C) described
(D) evaluated
3. The word "subsequent" in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) complicated
(B) alternate
(C) later
(D) detailed
4. Which of the following statements about parks does NOT reflect the views of the Olmsted Brothers firm?
(A) They should be planted with trees that grow locally.
(B) They should provide a quiet, restful environment.
(C) They should be protected by limiting the number of visitors from the community.
(D) They should be designed to conform to the topography of the area.
38
39
PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
5. Why does the author mention "local parks and squares" in lines 13-14 when talking about the Olmsted
plan?
(A) To emphasize the difficulties facing adoption of the plan
(B) To illustrate the comprehensive nature of the plan
(C) To demonstrate an omission in the plan
(D) To describe Seattle's landscape prior to implementation of the plan
6. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about how citizens of Seattle received the
Olmsted Report?
(A) They were hostile to the report's conclusions.
(B) They ignored the Olmsteds' findings.
(C) They supported the Olmsteds' plans.
(D) They favored the city council's seeking advice from another firm.
7. According to the passage, when was the Olmsted Report officially accepted as the master plan for the
Seattle public park system?
(A) 1903
(B) 1907
(C) 1909
(D) 1913
8. The word "sums" in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) problems
(B) amounts
(C) services
(D) debts
9. According to the passage, which of the following was most directly influenced by the Alaska-YukonPacific Exposition?
(A) The University of Washington
(B) Brookline, Massachusetts
(C) The mayor of Seattle
(D) The Seattle Parks Board
Questions 10-19
No two comets ever look identical, but they have basic features in common, one of the
most obvious of which is a coma. A coma looks like a misty, patch of light with one or more
tails often streaming from it in the direction away from the Sun.
Line
At the heart of a comet's coma lies a nucleus of solid material, typically no more than
(5) 10 kilometers across. The visible coma is a huge cloud of gas and dust that has escaped
from the nucleus, which it then surrounds like an extended atmosphere. The coma can extend
as far as a million kilometers outward from the nucleus. Around the coma there is often an
even larger invisible envelope of hydrogen gas.
(10)
(15)
(20)
The most graphic proof that the grand spectacle of a comet develops from a relatively
small and inconspicuous chunk of ice and dust was the close-up image obtained in 1986 by
the European Giotto probe of the nucleus of Halley's Comet. It turned out to be a bit like a
very dark asteroid, measuring 16 by 8 kilometers. Ices have evaporated from its outer layers
to leave a crust of nearly black dust all over the surface. Bright jets of gas from evaporating
ice burst out on the side facing the Sun, where the surface gets heated up, carrying dust
with them. This is how the coma and the tails are created.
Comets grow tails only when they get warm enough for ice and dust to boil off. As a
comet's orbit brings it closer to the Sun, first the coma grows, then two distinct tails usually
form. One, the less common kind, contains electrically charged (i.e., ionized) atoms of gas,
which are blown off directly in the direction away from the Sun by the magnetic field of
the solar wind. The other tail is made of neutral dust particles, which get gently pushed back
by the pressure of the sunlight itself. Unlike the ion tail, which is straight, the dust tail
becomes curved as the particles follow their own orbits around the Sun.
40
TOEFL Reading Comprehension
10. The passage focuses on comets primarily in terms of their
(A) orbital patterns
(B) coma and tails
(C) brightness
(D) size
11. The word "identical" in line I is closest in meaning to
(A) equally fast
(B) exactly alike
(C) near each other
(D) invisible
12. The word "heart" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) center
(B) edge
(D) beginning
(C) tail
13. Why does the author mention the Giotto probe in paragraph 3?
(A) It had a relatively small and inconspicuous nucleus.
(B) It was very similar to an asteroid.
(C) It was covered with an unusual black dust.
(D) It provided visual evidence of the makeup of a comet's nucleus.
14. It can be inferred from the passage that the nucleus of a comet is made up of
(A) dust and gas
(B) ice and dust
(C) hydrogen gas
(D) electrically charged atoms
15. The word "graphic" in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) mathematical
(B) popular
(C) unusual
(D) vivid
16. Which of the following occurred as the ices from Halley's Comet evaporated?
(A) Black dust was left on the comet's surface.
(B) The nucleus of the comet expanded.
(C) The tail of the comet straightened out.
(D) Jets of gas caused the comet to increase its speed.
17. All of the following statements about the tails of comets are true EXCEPT:
(A) They can contain electrically charged or neutral particles.
(B) They can be formed only when there is sufficient heat.
(C) They are formed before the coma expands.
(D) They always point in the direction away from the Sun.
18. The word "distinct" in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) visible
(B) gaseous
(C) separate
(D) new
19. Compared to the tail of electrically charged atoms, the tail of neutral dust particles is relatively
(A) long
(B) curved
(C) unpredictable
(D) bright
41
PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
Questions 20-29
Line
(5)
(10)
(15)
(20)
(25)
Many prehistoric people subsisted as hunters and gatherers. Undoubtedly, game
animals, including some very large species, provided major components of human diets.
An important controversy centering on the question of human effects on prehistoric wildlife
concerns the sudden disappearance of so many species of large animals at or near the end
of the Pleistocene epoch. Most paleontologists suspect that abrupt changes in climate led
to the mass extinctions. Others, however, have concluded that prehistoric people drove
many of those species to extinction through overhunting. In their "Pleistocene overkill
hypothesis," they cite what seems to be a remarkable coincidence between the arrival of
prehistoric peoples in North and South America and the time during which mammoths,
giant ground sloths, the giant bison, and numerous other large mammals became extinct.
Perhaps the human species was driving others to extinction long before the dawn of history.
Hunter-gatherers may have contributed to Pleistocene extinctions in more indirect
ways. Besides overhunting, at least three other kinds of effects have been suggested:
direct competition, imbalances between competing species of game animals, and early
agricultural practices. Direct competition may have brought about the demise of large
carnivores such as the saber-toothed cats. These animals simply may have been unable
to compete with the increasingly sophisticated hunting skills of Pleistocene people.
Human hunters could have caused imbalances among game animals, leading to the
extinctions of species less able to compete. When other predators such as the gray wolf
prey upon large mammals, they generally take high proportions of each year s crop of
young. Some human hunters, in contrast, tend to take the various age-groups of large animals
in proportion to their actual occurrence. If such hunters first competed with the larger
predators and then replaced them. they may have allowed more young to survive each year,
gradually increasing the populations of favored species As these populations expanded,
they in turn may have competed with other game species for the same environmental niche,
forcing the less hunted species into extinction. This theory, suggests that human hunters
played an indirect role in Pleistocene extinctions by hunting one species more than another.
20. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The effects of human activities on prehistoric wildlife
(B) The origins of the hunter-gatherer way of life
(C) The diets of large animals of the Pleistocene epoch
(D) The change in climate at the end of the Pleistocene epoch
21. The word "Undoubtedly" in line I is closest in meaning to
(A) occasionally
(B) unexpectedly
(C) previously
(D) certainly
22. The word "components" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) parts
(B) problems
(C) changes
(D) varieties
23. Which of the following is mentioned as supporting the Pleistocene overkill hypothesis?
(A) Many of the animals that became extinct were quite large.
(B) Humans migrated into certain regions around the time that major extinctions occurred.
(C) There is evidence that new species were arriving in areas inhabited by humans.
(D) Humans began to keep and care for certain animals.
24. The word "Besides" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) caused by
(B) whereas
(C) in addition to
42
(D) in favor of
TOEFL Reading Comprehension
25. The author mentions saber-toothed cats in line 16 as an example of a carnivore that
(A) became extinct before the Pleistocene epoch
(B) was unusually large for its time
(C) was not able to compete with humans
(D) caused the extinction of several species
26. The word "they" in line 20 refers to
(A) human hunters
(C) other predators
(B) game animals
(D) large mammals
27. According to the passage, what is one difference between the hunting done by some humans and the
hunting done by gray wolves?
(A) Some humans hunt more frequently than gray wolves.
(B) Gray wolves hunt in larger groups than some humans.
(C) Some humans can hunt larger animals than gray wolves can hunt.
(D) Some humans prey on animals of all ages, but gray wolves concentrate their efforts on young
animals.
28. The word "favored" in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) large
(B) escaping
(C) preferred
(D) local
29. According to the passage, the imbalances discussed in paragraph 3 may have resulted from
(A) the effect of climate changes on large game animals
(B) large animals moving into a new environment
(C) humans hunting some species more than others
(D) older animals not being able to compete with younger animals
Questions 30-39
Tulips are Old World, rather than New World, plants, with the origins of the species
lying in Central Asia. They became an integral part of the gardens of the Ottoman Empire
from the sixteenth century onward, and, soon after, part of European life as well. Holland,
Line in particular, became famous for its cultivation of the flower.
(5)
(10)
(15)
(20)
A tenuous line marked the advance of the tulip to the New World, where it was
unknown in the wild. The first Dutch colonies in North America had been established
in New Netherlands by the Dutch West India Company in 1624, and one individual who
settled in New Amsterdam (today's Manhattan section of New York City) in 1642
described the flowers that bravely colonized the settlers' gardens. They were the same
flowers seen in Dutch still-life paintings of the time: crown imperials, roses, carnations,
and of course tulips. They flourished in Pennsylvania too, where in 1698 William Penn
received a report of John Tateham's "Great and Stately Palace," its garden full of tulips.
By 1760, Boston newspapers were advertising 50 different kinds of mixed tulip "roots."
But the length of the journey between Europe and North America created many
difficulties. Thomas Hancock, an English settler, wrote thanking his plant supplier for
a gift of some tulip bulbs from England, but his letter the following year grumbled that
they were all dead.
Tulips arrived in Holland, Michigan, with a later wave of early nineteenth-century
Dutch immigrants who quickly colonized the plains of Michigan. Together with many
other Dutch settlements, such as the one at Pella. Iowa, they established a regular demand
for European plants. The demand was bravely met by a new kind of tulip entrepreneur, the
traveling salesperson. One Dutchman, Hendrick van de Schoot, spent six months in 1849
43
PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
(25)
traveling through the United States taking orders for tulip bulbs. While tulip bulbs were
traveling from Europe to the United States to satisfy the nostalgic longings of homesick
English and Dutch settlers, North American plants were traveling in the opposite
direction. In England, the enthusiasm for American plants was one reason why tulips
dropped out of fashion in the gardens of the rich and famous.
30. Which of the following questions does the passage mainly answer?
(A) What is the difference between an Old World and a New World plant?
(B) Why are tulips grown in many different parts of the world?
(C) How did tulips become popular in North America?
(D) Where were the first Dutch colonies in North America located?
31. The word "integral" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) interesting
(B) fundamental
(C) ornamental
(D) overlooked
32. The passage mentions that tulips were first found in which of the following regions?
(A) Central Asia
(B) Western Europe
(C) India
(D) North America
33. The word "flourished" in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) were discovered
(B) were marketed
(C) combined
(D) thrived
34. The author mentions tulip growing in New Netherlands, Pennsylvania, and Michigan in order to illustrate
how
(A) imported tulips were considered more valuable than locally grown tulips
(B) tulips were commonly passed as gifts from one family to another
(C) tulips grew progressively more popular in North America
(D) attitudes toward tulips varied from one location to another
35. The word "grumbled" in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) denied
(B) warned
(C) complained
(D) explained
36. The passage mentions that one reason English and Dutch settlers planted tulips in their gardens was
that tulips
(A) were easy to grow
(B) had become readily available
(C) made them appear fashionable
(D) reminded them of home
37. The word "they" in line 20 refers to
(A) tulips
(B) plains
(C) immigrants
(D) plants
38. According to the passage, which of the following changes occurred in English gardens during the
European settlement of North America?
(A) They grew in size in order to provide enough plants to export to the New World.
(B) They contained a wider variety of tulips than ever before.
(C) They contained many new types of North American plants.
(D) They decreased in size on the estates of wealthy people.
39. The passage mentions which of the following as a problem associated with the importation of tulips into
North America?
(A) They were no longer fashionable by the time they arrived.
(B) They often failed to survive the journey.
(C) Orders often took six months or longer to fill.
(D) Settlers knew little about how to cultivate them.
44
TOEFL Reading Comprehension
Questions 40-50
Pheromones are substances that serve as chemical signals between members of the
same species. They are secreted to the outside of the body and cause other individuals
of the species to have specific reactions. Pheromones, which are sometimes called
Line "social hormones," affect a group of individuals somewhat like hormones do an individual
(5)
animal. Pheromones are the predominant medium of communication among insects
(but rarely the sole method). Some species have simple pheromone systems and produce
only a few pheromones, but others produce many with various functions. Pheromone
systems are the most complex in some of the so-called social insects, insects that live
in organized groups.
(10)
(15)
(20)
(25)
Chemical communication differs from that by sight or sound in several ways.
Transmission is relatively slow (the chemical signals are usually airborne), but the
signal can be persistent, depending upon the volatility of the chemical, and is sometimes
effective over a very long range. Localization of the signal is generally poorer than
localization of a sound or visual stimulus and is usually effected by the animal's moving
upwind in response to the stimulus. The ability to modulate a chemical signal is limited,
compared with communication by visual or acoustic means, but some pheromones may
convey different meanings and consequently result in different behavioral or physiological
responses, depending on their concentration or when presented in combination. The
modulation of chemical signals occurs via the elaboration of the number of exocrine
glands that produce pheromones. Some species, such as ants, seem to be very articulate
creatures, but their medium of communication is difficult for humans to study and
appreciate because of our own olfactory, insensitivity and the technological difficulties
in detecting and analyzing these pheromones.
Pheromones play numerous roles in the activities of insects. They may act as alarm
substances, play a role in individual and group recognition, serve as attractants between
sexes, mediate the formation of aggregations, identify foraging trails, and be involved in
caste determination. For example, pheromones involved in caste determination include
the "queen substance" produced by queen honey bees. Aphids, which are particularly
vulnerable to predators because of their gregarious habits and sedentary nature, secrete
an alarm pheromone when attacked that causes nearby aphids to respond by moving away.
40. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) How insects use pheromones to communicate
(B) How pheromones are produced by insects
(C) Why analyzing insect pheromones is difficult
(D) The different uses of pheromones among various insect species
41. The word "serve" in line I is closest in meaning to
(A) improve
(B) function
(C) begin
(D) rely
42. The purpose of the second mention of "hormones" in line 4 is to point out
(A) chemical signals that are common among insects
(B) specific responses of various species to chemical signals
(C) similarities between two chemical substances
(D) how insects produce different chemical substances
43. The word "sole" in line 6 is closest in meaning to
(A) obvious
(B) best
(C) only
45
(D) final
PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
44. The passage suggests that the speed at which communication through pheromones occurs is dependent
on how quickly they
(A) lose their effectiveness
(B) evaporate in the air
(C) travel through the air
(D) are produced by the body
45. According to the passage, the meaning of a message communicated through a pheromone may vary
when the
(A) chemical structure of the pheromone is changed
(B) pheromone is excreted while other pheromones are also being excreted
(C) exocrine glands do not produce the pheromone
(D) pheromone is released near certain specific organisms
46. The word "detecting" in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) controlling
(B) storing
(C) questioning
(D) finding
47. According to paragraph 2, which of the following has made the study of pheromones difficult?
(A) Pheromones cannot be easily reproduced in chemical laboratories.
(B) Existing technology cannot fully explore the properties of pheromones.
(C) Pheromones are highly volatile.
(D) Pheromone signals are constantly changing.
48. The word "They" in line 24 refers to
(A) pheromones
(B) roles
(C) activities
49. The word "sedentary" in line 29 is closest in meaning to
(A) inactive
(B) inefficient
(C) unchangeable
50. Pheromone systems are relatively complex in insects that
(A) also communicate using sight and sound
(B) live underground
(C) prey on other insects
(D) live in organized groups
46
(D) insects
(D) unbalanced
PRACTICE TEST 06
May 2002
Questions 1-9
The term "folk song" has been current for over a hundred years, but there is still a
good deal of disagreement as to what it actually means. The definition provided by the
International Folk Music Council states that folk music is the music of ordinary people,
Line which is passed on from person to person by being listened to rather than learned from
(5)
the printed page. Other factors that help shape a folk song include: continuity (many
performances over a number of years); variation (changes in words and melodies either
through artistic interpretation or failure of memory); and selection (the acceptance of a
song by the community in which it evolves).
(10)
(15)
(20)
When songs have been subjected to these processes their origin is usually impossible
to trace. For instance, if a farm laborer were to make up a song and sing it to a-couple of
friends who like it and memorize it, possibly when the friends come to sing it themselves
one of them might forget some of the words and make up new ones to fill the gap, while"
the other, perhaps more artistic, might add a few decorative touches to the tune and
improve a couple of lines of text. If this happened a few times there would be many
different versions, the song's original composer would be forgotten, and the song would
become common property. This constant reshaping and re-creation is the essence of folk
music. Consequently, modem popular songs and other published music, even though
widely sung by people who are not professional musicians, are not considered folk music.
The music and words have been set by a printed or recorded source, limiting scope for
further artistic creation. These songs' origins cannot be disguised and therefore they
belong primarily to the composer and not to a community.
The ideal situation for the creation of folk music is an isolated rural community. In
such a setting folk songs and dances have a special purpose at every stage in a person's
life, from childhood to death. Epic tales of heroic deeds, seasonal songs relating to
calendar events, and occupational songs are also likely to be sung.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Themes commonly found in folk music
(B) Elements that define folk music
(C) Influences of folk music on popular music
(D) The standards of the International Folk Music Council
2. Which of the following statements about the term "folk song" is supported by the passage?
(A) It has been used for several centuries.
(B) The International Folk Music Council invented it
(C) It is considered to be out-of-date.
(D) There is disagreement about its meaning.
3. The word "it" in line 8 refers to
(A) community
(B) song
(C) acceptance
(D) memory
4. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as a characteristic of the typical folk song?
(A) It is constantly changing over time.
(B) it is passed on to other people by being performed.
(C) It contains complex musical structures.
(D) It appeals to many people.
47
5. The word "subjected" in line 9 is closest in meaning to
48
TOEFL Reading Comprehension
(A) reduced
(B) modified
(C) exposed
(D) imitated
6. The author mentions the farm laborer and his friends (lines 10-14) in order to do which of the following?
(A) Explain how a folk song evolves over time
(B) Illustrate the importance of music to rural workers
(C) Show how subject matter is selected for a folk song
(D) Demonstrate how a community, chooses a folk song
7. According to the passage, why would the original composers of folk songs be forgotten?
(A) Audiences prefer songs composed by professional musicians.
(B) Singers dislike the decorative touches in folk song tunes.
(C) Numerous variations of folk songs come to exist at the same time.
(D) Folk songs are not considered an important form of music.
8. The word "essence" in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) basic nature
(B) growing importance
(C) full extent
(D) first phase
9. The author mentions that published music is not considered to be folk music because
(A) the original composer can be easily identified
(B) the songs attract only the young people in a community
(C) the songs are generally performed by professional singers
(D) the composers write the music in rural communities
Questions 10-20
Long before they can actually speak, babies pay special attention to the speech they
hear around them. Within the first month of their lives, babies' responses to the sound of
the human voice will be different from their responses to other sorts of auditory stimuli.
Line They will stop crying when they hear a person talking, but not if they hear a bell or the
(5) sound of a rattle. At first, the sounds that an infant notices might be only those words that
receive the heaviest emphasis and that often occur at the ends of utterances. By the time
they are six or seven weeks old, babies can detect the difference between syllables
pronounced with rising and falling inflections. Very soon, these differences in adult stress
and intonation can influence babies' emotional states and behavior. Long before they
(10) develop actual language comprehension, babies can sense when an adult is playful or
angry, attempting to initiate or terminate new behavior, and so on, merely on the basis of
cues such as the rate, volume, and melody of adult speech.
(15)
(20)
(25)
Adults make it as easy as they can for babies to pick up a language by exaggerating
such cues. One researcher observed babies and their mothers in six diverse cultures and
found that, in all six languages, the mothers used simplified syntax, short utterances and
nonsense sounds, and transformed certain sounds into baby talk. Other investigators have
noted that when mothers talk to babies who are only a few months old, they exaggerate
the pitch, loudness, and intensity of their words. They also exaggerate their facial
expressions, hold vowels longer, and emphasize certain words.
More significant for language development than their response to general intonation is
observation that tiny babies can make relatively fine distinctions between speech sounds.
other words, babies enter the world with the ability to make precisely those perceptual
discriminations that are necessary if they are to acquire aural language.
Babies obviously derive pleasure from sound input, too: even as young as nine months
they will listen to songs or stories, although the words themselves are beyond their
understanding. For babies, language is a sensory-motor delight rather than the route to
49
PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
prosaic meaning that it often is for adults.
10. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) How babies differentiate between the sound of the human voice and other sounds
(B) The differences between a baby's and an adult's ability to comprehend language
(C) How babies perceive and respond to the human voice in their earliest stages of language
development
(D) The response of babies to sounds other than the human voice
11. Why does the author mention a bell and a rattle in lines 4-5?
(A) To contrast the reactions of babies to human and nonhuman sounds
(B) To give examples of sounds that will cause a baby to cry
(C) To explain how babies distinguish between different nonhuman sounds
(D) To give examples of typical toys that babies do not like
12. Why does the author mention syllables pronounced with rising and falling inflections in lines 7-8?
(A) To demonstrate how difficult it is for babies to interpret emotions
(B) To illustrate that a six-week-old baby can already distinguish some language differences
(C) To provide an example of ways adults speak to babies
(D) To give a reason for babies' difficulty in distinguishing one adult from another
13. The word "diverse" in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) surrounding
(B) divided
(C) different
(D) stimulating
14. The word "noted" in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) theorized
(B) requested
(C) disagreed
(D) observed
15. The word "They" in line 18 refers to
(A) mothers
(B) investigators
(C) babies
(D) words
16. The passage mentions all of the following as ways adults modify their speech when talking to babies
EXCEPT
(A) giving all words equal emphasis
(B) speaking with shorter sentences
(C) speaking more loudly than normal
(D) using meaningless sounds
17. The word "emphasize" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) stress
(B) repeat
(C) explain
(D) leave out
18. Which of the following can be inferred about the findings described in paragraph 2?
(A) Babies who are exposed to more than one language can speak earlier than babies exposed to a
single language.
(B) Mothers from different cultures speak to their babies in similar ways.
(C) Babies ignore facial expressions in comprehending aural language.
(D) The mothers observed by the researchers were consciously teaching their babies to speak.
19. What point does the author make to illustrate that babies are born with the ability to acquire language?
(A) Babies begin to understand words in songs.
(B) Babies exaggerate their own sounds and expressions.
(C) Babies are more sensitive to sounds than are adults.
(D) Babies notice even minor differences between speech sounds.
20. According to the author, why do babies listen to songs and stories, even though they cannot understand
them?
(A) They understand the rhythm.
(B) They enjoy the sound.
(C) They can remember them easily.
(D) They focus on the meaning of their parents' words.
50
TOEFL Reading Comprehension
Questions 21-29
Under the Earth's topsoil, at various levels, sometimes under a layer of rock, there are
deposits of clay. Look at cuts where highways have been built to see exposed clay beds; or
look at a construction site, where pockets of clay may be exposed. Rivers also reveal clay
Line along their banks, and erosion on a hillside may make clay easily accessible.
(5)
What is clay made of? The Earth's surface is basically rock, and it is this rock that
gradually decomposes into clay. Rain, streams, alternating freezing and thawing, roots of
trees and plants forcing their way into cracks, earthquakes, volcanic action, and glaciers--all
of these forces slowly break down the Earth's exposed rocky crust into smaller and smaller
pieces that eventually become clay.
(10)
(15)
(20)
Rocks are composed of elements and compounds of elements. Feldspar, which is the
most abundant mineral on the Earth's surface, is basically made up of the oxides silica and
alumina combined with alkalies like potassium and some so-called impurities such as iron.
Feldspar is an essential component of granite rocks, and as such it is the basis of clay.
When it is wet, clay can be easily shaped to make a variety of useful objects, which can
then be fired to varying degrees of hardness and covered with impermeable decorative
coatings of glasslike material called glaze. Just as volcanic action, with its intense heat,
fuses the elements in certain rocks into a glasslike rock called obsidian, so can we apply
heat to earthen materials and change them into a hard, dense material. Different clays need
different heat levels to fuse, and some, the low-fire clays, never become nonporous and
watertight like highly fired stoneware. Each clay can stand only a certain amount of heat
without losing its shape through sagging or melting. Variations of clay composition and the
temperatures at which they are fired account for the differences in texture and appearance
between a china teacup and an earthenware flowerpot.
21. The author's main point in paragraph 1 is that clay deposits
(A) conceal layers of rock
(B) can be found in various places
(C) are usually small
(D) must be removed from construction sites
22. It can be inferred from the passage that clay is LEAST likely to be plentiful in which of the following
areas?
(A) In desert sand dunes
(B) In forests
(C) On hillsides
(D) Near rivers
23. The word "accessible" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) buried
(B) improved
(C) available
(D) workable
24. According to the passage, rock breaks down into clay under all of the following conditions EXCEPT when
(A) it is exposed to freezing and thawing
(B) roots of trees force their way into cracks
(C) it is combined with alkalies
(D) natural forces wear away the Earth's crust
25. Why does the author mention feldspar in line 10?
(A) It is often used as a substitute for clay.
(C) Its presence indicates inferior clay.
(B) It is damaged by the oxides in clay.
(D) It is a major component of clay.
26. The word "it" in line 13 refers to
(A) iron
(B) feldspar
(C) granite
(D) clay
27. Based on the information in the passage, it can be inferred that low-fire clays are MOST appropriate for
making objects that
(A) must be strong
(B) can be porous
(C) have a smooth texture
(D) are highly decorated
51
PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
28. The phrase "account for" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) reduce
(B) explain
(C) combine with
(D) list all of
29. The passage supports which of the following conclusions?
(A) Clay deposits are only found deep in the Earth.
(B) If clay contains too much iron it will melt when fired.
(C) Only certain types of clay are appropriate for making china teacups.
(D) If sufficient heat is applied, all clay will become nonporous.
Questions 30-40
The smooth operation of an ant colony depends on ten to twenty different signals,
most of which are pheromones (chemical signals triggering behavioral responses). It is
estimated that red fire ants employ at least twelve different chemical signals. The simples
Line of these is the carbon dioxide from the respiration of an ant cluster, a chemical that acts as
(5)
a pheromone to promote aggregation. Workers move toward a source of carbon dioxide,
resulting in solitary ants moving to join a group. At the other extreme, the most complex
of the fire ants' signals is probably colony odor, by which the workers of a particular
colony or nest identify another worker as local or foreign. Each ant nest has its own odor
as a result of its location, history, and local food supply. The resident ants pick up this
(10) odor on their bodies, so that ants of the same species, but from different nests, have
different colony odors. This allows ants to identify intruders and maintain colony
integrity.
(15)
(20)
Fire ants also make use of an alarm pheromone to alert workers to an emergency,
and their scouts lay down a trail pheromone as a guide during mass migrations. A fire ant
queen emits a chemical signal that identifies her to the colony's workers. They respond
by scurrying to gather around her. The decomposing corpse of a dead ant also generates
a signal, to which workers respond by eliminating the corpse from the nest.
Ants provide examples of both public (accessible to other species) and private
messages. One of their most important private messages concerns food, for a food source
is worth keeping secret. Each species marks its trails with signals that are meaningless to
others, so that an ant crossing a trail left by another ant species typically notices nothing.
On the other hand, a secret signal to mark a dead body is unnecessary. Many kinds of ants
perceive a natural decomposition product of dead insects as a signal to remove a corpse.
If an outsider recognizes this message and moves the body, no harm is done.
30. What aspect of ants does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The relationship between the queen and the worker ants
(B) Ways in which ants use chemical signals
(C) Methods ants use to identify food sources
(D) The importance of respiration in the production of ant pheromones
31. The phrase "smooth operation" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) daily activity
(B) effective functioning
(C) delicate balance
(D) permanent location
32. According to the passage, carbon dioxide serves which of the following functions for fire ants?
(A) It protects the queen.
(B) It attracts other ant species.
(C) It informs workers of possible danger.
(D) It encourages the ants to gather together.
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TOEFL Reading Comprehension
33. The word "cluster" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) organ
(B) activity
(C) group
(D) cycle
34. According to the passage, each nest has a distinct odor that allows its inhabitants to
(A) find the location of the nest in the dark
(B) distinguish worker ants from other ants
(C) distinguish foreign ants from resident ants
(D) signal other inhabitants when foreign ants attack
35. The word "alert" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) allow
(B) transport
(C) ware
(D) provide
36. What is the role of pheromones in the mass migrations of ants?
(A) Pheromones are used to create a trail that directs the ants during migrations.
(B) Pheromones signal the ants that the nest has been invaded and must be abandoned.
(C) Pheromones control the speed at which ants move from one location to another.
(D) Pheromones enable scouts to identify suitable areas for establishing a new nest.
37. The word "scurrying" in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) agreeing
(B) appearing
(C) competing
(D) rushing
38. The word "others" in line 21 refers to
(A) private messages
(B) species
(D) signals
(C) trails
39. Why does the author mention "dead insects" in line 23?
(A) To compare the social behaviors of ants with those of other insects
(B) To emphasize the dangers that all insects encounter
(C) To argue the superiority of ants over other insects
(D) To indicate a behavior that is common among various kinds of ants
40. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?
(A) pheromones (line 2)
(B) colony integrity (lines 11-12)
(C) mass migrations (line 14)
(D) private messages (lines 18-19)
Questions 41-50
The Homestead Act of 1862 gave beads of families or individuals aged twenty-one or
older the right to own 160 acres of public land in the western United States after five years
of residence and improvement. This law was intended to provide land for small farmers
Line and to prevent land from being bought for resale at a profit or being owned by large
(5)
landholders. An early amendment to the act even prevented husbands and wives from
filing separate claims. The West, land reformers had assumed, would soon contain many
160-acre family farms.
(10)
(15)
They were doomed to disappointment. Most landless Americans were too poor to
become farmers even when they could obtain land without cost. The expense of moving a
family to the ever-receding frontier exceeded the means of many, and the cost of tools,
draft animals, a wagon, a well, fencing, and of building the simplest house, might come
to $1,000---a formidable barrier. As for the industrial workers for whom the free land was
supposed to provide a "safety valve," they had neither the skills nor the inclination to
become farmers. Homesteaders usually came from districts not far removed from frontier
conditions. And despite the intent of the law, speculators often managed to obtain large
tracts. They hired people to stake out claims, falsely swear that they had fulfilled the
conditions laid down in the law for obtaining legal title, and then deed the land over to
their employers.
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PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
(20)
(25)
Furthermore, 160 acres were not enough for raising livestock or for the kind of
commercial agriculture that was developing west of the Mississippi. The national
government made a feeble attempt to make larger holdings available to homesteaders
by passing the Timber Culture Act of 1873, which permitted individuals to claim an
additional 160 acres if they would agree to plant a quarter of it in trees within ten years.
This law proved helpful to some farmers in the largely treeless states of Kansas,
Nebraska, and the Dakotas. Nevertheless, fewer than 25 percent of the 245,000 who
took up land under the Act obtained final title to the property.
41. Which aspect of the Homestead Act of 1862 does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) How it transformed the western United States into a place of small farms
(B) Why it was an improvement over previous attempts at land reform
(C) Why it did not achieve its aim to provide land for small farmers
(D) How it failed in the largely treeless states of Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas
42. An amendment added to the Homestead Act of 1862 specified that
(A) five years of residence was required for landownership
(B) husbands and wives could not file separate claims
(C) the price of 160 acres of land was $1,000
(D) land could not be resold for a profit
43. The word "formidable" in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) obvious
(B) predictable
(C) difficult
(D) manageable
44. It can be inferred that the "safety valve" in line 13 refers to
(A) a new kind of machinery
(B) an alternative for urban workers
(C) an area in a factory
(D) a procedure designed to protect workers
45. The word "intent" in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) purpose
(B) power
(C) effect
(D) invention
46. According to the passage, why did the government pass the Timber Culture Act of 1873?
(A) To make larger tracts of land available to small farmers
(B) To settle Kansas, Nebraska, and the Dakotas
(C) To encourage land speculation west of the Mississippi
(D) To increase the variety of trees growing in the western states
47. The word "they" in line 23 refers to
(A) larger holdings
(B) individuals
(C) 160 acres
(D) trees
48. According to the passage, how many of the farmers who settled land under the Timber Culture Act of
1873 received final title to the property?
(A) Fewer than 25%
(B) More than 160
(C) 10% per year
(D) 245,000
49. The passage mentions all of the following as reasons the Homestead Act of 1862 did not achieve its
aims EXCEPT:
(A) Most landless Americans could not afford the necessary tools and provisions.
(B) Industrial workers lacked the necessary fanning skills.
(C) The farms were too large for single families to operate successfully.
(D) Homesteaders usually came from areas relatively close to the frontier.
50. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the Timber Culture Act of 1873?
(A) It especially helped farmers with large holdings of land.
(B) It was most important to farmers living in states that had plenty of trees.
54
TOEFL Reading Comprehension
(C) The majority of farmers did not benefit significantly from it.
(D) The majority of farmers did not need the extra 160 acres it provided.
55
PRACTICE TEST 07
August 2002
Question 1-9
Often enough the craft worker’s place of employment in ancient Greece was set in
rural isolation. Potter, for instance, found it convenient to locate their workshops near
their source of clay, regardless of its relation to the center of settlement, At Corinth and
Line Athens, however, two of the best-known potters’ quarters were situated on the cities’
(5) outskirts, and potters and makers of terra-cotta figurines were also established well within
the city of Athens itself. The techniques of pottery manufacture had evolved well before
the Greek period, but marked stylistic developments occurred in shape and in decoration,
for example, in the interplay of black and other glazes with the red surface of the fired pot.
Athenian black-figure and red-figure decoration, which emphasized human figures rather
(10) than animal images, was adopted between 630 and 530 B.C.; its distinctive color and luster
were the result of the skillful adjustments of the kiln’s temperature during an extended
three-stage period if firing the clayware. Whether it was the potters or the vase-painters
who initiated changes in firing is unclear; the functions of making and decorating were
usually divided between them, but neither group can have been so specialized the they
(15) did not share in the concerns of the other.
(20)
(25)
The broad utility of terra-cotta was such that workers in clay could generally afford to
confine themselves to either decorated ware and housewares like cooking pots and storage
jars or building materials like roof tiles and drainpipes. Some sixth-and fifth-century B.C.
Athenian pottery establishments are known to have concentrated on a limited range of fine
ware, but a rural pottery establishment on the island of Thasos produced many types of
pottery and roof tiles too, presumably to meet local demand. Molds were used to create
particular effects for some products, such as relief-decorated vessels and figurines; for
other products such as roof tiles, which were needed in some quantity, they were used to
facilitate mass production. There were also a number of poor-quality figurines and painted
pots produced in quantity by easy, inexpensive means- as numerous featureless statuettes and
unattractive cases testify.
1. The passage mainly discusses ancient Greek pottery and its
(A) production techniques
(B) similarity to other crafts
(C) unusual materials
(D) resemblance to earlier pottery
2. The phrase “regardless of” in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) as a result of
(B) no matter what
(C) proud of
(D) according to
3. It can be inferred from the passage that most pottery establishments in ancient Greece were situated
(A) in city centers
(B) on the outskirts of cities
(C) where clay could be found
(D) near other potters’ workshops
4. The word “marked” in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) original
(B) attractive
(C) noticeable
(D) patterned
5. The word “confine” in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) adapt
(B) train
(C) restrict
(D) organize
6. It can be inferred from the passage that terra-cotta had which of the following advantages”
(A) It did not break during the firing process.
(B) It was less expensive than other available materials.
56
(C) Its surface had a lasting shine.
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PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
(D) It could be used for many purposes.
7. The word “presumably” in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) frequently
(B) practically
(C) preferably
8. The word “they” in line 23 refers to
(A) molds
(C) products
(D) probably
(B) particular effects
(D) vessels and figurines
9. According to the passage, all of the following are true of ancient Greek potters and vase painters
EXCEPT:
(A) Their functions were so specialized that they lacked common concerns.
(B) They sometimes produced inferior ware.
(c) They produced pieces that had unusual color and shine.
(D) They decorated many of their works with human images.
Question 10-19
Geographers say that what defines a place are four properties: soil, climate, altitude,
and aspect, or attitude to the Sun. Florida’s ancient scrub demonstrates this principle. Its
soil is pure silica, so barren it supports only lichens as ground cover.( It does, however,
Line sustain a sand-swimming lizard that cannot live where there is moisture or plant matter
(5)
the soil.) Its climate, despite more than 50 inches of annual rainfall, is blistering desert
plant life it can sustain is only the xerophytic, the quintessentially dry. Its altitude is a
mere couple of hundred feet, but it is high ground on a peninsula elsewhere close to sea
level, and its drainage is so critical that a difference of inches in elevation can bring major
changes in its plant communities. Its aspect is flat, direct, brutal – and subtropical.
(10) Florida’s surrounding lushness cannot impinge on its desert scrubbiness.
(15)
(20)
This does not sound like an attractive place. It does not look much like one either;
Shrubby little oaks, clumps of scraggly bushes, prickly pear, thorns, and tangles. “It appear
Said one early naturalist,” to desire to display the result of the misery through which it has
Passed and is passing.” By our narrow standards, scrub is not beautiful; neither does it meet
our selfish utilitarian needs. Even the name is an epithet, a synonym for the stunted, the
scruffy, the insignificant, what is beautiful about such a place?
The most important remaining patches of scrub lie along the Lake Wales Ridge, a chain
of paleoislands running for a hundred miles down the center of Florida, in most places less
than ten miles wide. It is relict seashore, tossed up millions of years ago when ocean levels
were higher and the rest of the peninsula was submerged. That ancient emergence is
precisely what makes Lake Wales Ridge so precious: it has remained unsubmerged, its
ecosystems essentially undisturbed, since the Miocene era. As a result, it has gathered to
itself one of the largest collections of rare organisms in the world. Only about 75 plant
species survive there, but at least 30 of these are found nowhere else on Earth.
10. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) How geographers define a place
(C) An early naturalist’s opinion of Florida
(B) The characteristics of Florida’s ancient scrub
(D) The history of the Lake Wales Ridge
11. The author mentions all of the following as factors that define a place EXCEPT
(A) aspect
(B) altitude
(C) soil
(D) life-forms
12. It can be inferred from the passage that soil composed of silica
(A) does not hold moisture
(B) is found only in Florida
(C) nourishes many kinds of ground cover
(D) provides food for many kinds of lizards
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TOEFL Reading Comprehension
13. The word ”sustain” in line 6 is closets in meaning to
(A) select
(B) strain
(C) support
(D) store
14. The author mentions the prickly pear (line 12) as an example of
(A) valuable fruit-bearing plants of the scrub area
(B) unattractive plant life of the scrub area
(C) a pant discovered by an early naturalist
(D) plant life that is extremely are
15. The author suggests that human standards of beauty are
(A) tolerant
(B) idealistic
(C) defensible
(D) limited
16. The word “insignificant” in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) unimportant
(B) undisturbed
(C) immature
(D) inappropriate
17. According to the passage, why is the Lake Wales Ridge valuable?
(A) It was originally submerged in the ocean.
(B) It is less than ten miles wide.
(C) It is located near the seashore.
(D) It has ecosystems that have long remained unchanged
18. The word “it” in line 22 refer to
(A) Florida
(C) the Lake Wales Ridge
(B) the peninsula
(D) the Miocene era
19. The passage probably continues with a discussion of
(A) ancient scrub found in other areas of the country
(B) geographers who study Florida’s scrub
(C) the climate of the Lake Wales Ridge
(D) the unique plants found on the Lake Wales Ridge
Question 20-30
It is estimated that over 99 percent of all species that ever existed have become
extinct. What causes extinction? When a species is no longer adapted to a changed
environment, it may perish. The exact causes of a species’ death vary from situation
Line to situation. Rapid ecological change may render an environment hostile to a species.
(5)
For example, temperatures may change and a species may not be able to adapt. Food
Resources may be affected by environmental changes, which will then cause problems
For a species requiring these resources. Other species may become better adapted to an
Environment, resulting in competition and, ultimately, in the death of a species.
(10)
(15)
The fossil record reveals that extinction has occurred throughout the history of Earth.
Recent analyses have also revealed that on some occasions many species became extinct
at the same time – a mass extinction. One of the best-known examples of mass extinction
occurred 65 million years ago with the demise of dinosaurs and many other forms of life.
Perhaps the largest mass extinction was the one that occurred 225 million years ago,
When approximately 95 percent of all species died, Mass extinctions can be caused by
a relatively rapid change in the environment and can be worsened by the close
interrelationship of many species. If, for example, something were to happen to destroy
much of the plankton in the oceans, then the oxygen content of Earth would drop,
59
PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
affection even organisms not living in the oceans. Such a change would probably lead to a mass
extinction.
(20)
(25)
One interesting, and controversial, finding is that extinctions during the past 250
Million years have tended to be more intense every 26 million years. This periodic
extinction might be due to intersection of the Earth’s orbit with a cloud of comets, but
this theory is purely speculative. Some researchers have also speculated tat extinction
may often be random. That is, certain species may be eliminated and others may survive
for no particular reason. A species’ survival may have nothing to do with its ability or
inability to adapt. If so, some of evolutionary history may reflect a sequence of essentially
random events.
20. The word “it” in line 3 refers to
(A) environment
(B) species
(C) extinction
21. The word “ultimately” in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) exceptionally
(B) dramatically
(C) eventually
(D) 99 percent
(D) unfortunately
22. What does the author say in paragraph 1 regarding most species in Earth’s history
(A) They have remained basically unchanged from their original forms.
(B) They have been able to adapt to ecological changes.
(C) They have caused rapid change in the environment.
(D) They are no longer in existence.
23. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in paragraph 1 as resulting from rapid ecological change?
(A) Temperature changes
(B) Availability of food resources
(C) Introduction of new species
(D) Competition among species
24. The word “demise” in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) change
(B) recovery
(C) help
(D) death
25. Why is “ plankton” mentioned in line 17?
(A) To demonstrate the interdependence of different species
(B) To emphasize the importance of food resources in preventing mass extinction.
(C) To illustrate a comparison between organisms that live on the land and those that live in the ocean
(D) To point out that certain species could never become extinct.
26. According to paragraph 2, evidence from fossils suggests that
(A) extinction of species has occurred from time to time throughout Earth’s history.
(B) Extinctions on Earth have generally been massive
(C) there has been only one mass extinction in Earth’s history.
(D) dinosaurs became extinct much earlier than scientists originally believed.
27. The word “finding” in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) published information
(B) research method
(C) ongoing experiment
(D) scientific discovery
28. Which of the following can be in
(A) Many scientists could be expected to disagree with it
(B) evidence to support the theory has recently been found.
(C) The theory is no longer seriously considered.
(D) Most scientists believe the theory to be accurate.
29. In paragraph 3, the author makes which of the following statements about a species’ survival?
(A) It reflects the interrelationship of may species.
(B) It may depend on chance events.
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TOEFL Reading Comprehension
(C) It does not vary greatly from species to species
(D) It is associated with astronomical conditions.
30. According to the passage, it is believed that the largest extinction of a species occurred
(A) 26 million years ago
(B) 65 million years ago
(C) 225 million years ago
(D) 250 million years ago
Question 31-40
Because the low latitudes of the Earth, the areas near the equator, receive more heat
than the latitudes near the poles, and because the nature of heat is to expand and move,
heat is transported from the tropics to the middle and high latitudes. Some of this heat is
Line moved by winds and some by ocean currents, and some gets stored in the atmosphere in
(5)
the form of latent heat. The term “latent heat” refers to the energy that has to be used to
convert liquid water to water vapor. We know that if we warm a pan of water on a stove,
it will evaporate, or turn into vapor, faster than if it is allowed to sit at room temperature.
We also know that if we hang wet clothes outside in the summertime they will dry faster
than in winter, when temperatures are colder. The energy used in both cases to change
(10) liquid water to water vapor is supplied by heat – supplied by the stove in the first case
and by the Sun in the latter case. This energy is not lost. It is stored in water vapor in the
atmosphere as latent heat. Eventually, the water stored as vapor in the atmosphere will
condense to liquid again, and the energy will be released to the atmosphere.
(15)
(20)
In the atmosphere, a large portion of the Sun’s incoming energy is used to evaporate
Water, primarily in the tropical oceans. Scientists have tried to quantify this proportion
of the Sun’s energy. By analyzing temperature, water vapor, and wind data around the
globe, they have estimated the quantity to be about 90 watts per square meter, or nearly
30 percent of the Sun’s energy. Once this latent heat is stored within the atmosphere, it
can be transported, primarily to higher latitudes, by prevailing, large-scale winds. Or it
can be transported vertically to higher levels in the atmosphere, where it forms clouds
and subsequent storms, which then release the energy back to the atmosphere.
31. The passage mainly discusses how heat
(A) is transformed and transported in the Earth’s atmosphere
(B) is transported by ocean currents
(C) can be measured and analyzed by scientists
(D) moves about the Earth’s equator
32. The passage mentions that the tropics differ from the Earth’s polar regions in which of the following
ways?
(A) The height of cloud formation in the atmosphere
(B) The amount of heat they receive from the Sun
(C) The strength of their large scale winds.
(D) The strength of their oceanic currents
33. The word “convert” line 6 is closest in meaning to
(A) mix
(B) change
(C) adapt
(D) reduce
34. Why does the author mention “the stove” in line 10?
(A) To describe the heat of the Sun
(B) To illustrate how water vapor is stored
(C) To show how energy is stored
(D) To give an example of a heat source
35. According to the passage, most ocean water evaporation occurs especially
(A) around the higher latitudes
(B) in the tropics
(C) because of large-scale winds
(D) because of strong ocean currents
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PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
36. According to the passage, 30 percent of the Sun’s incoming energy
(A) is stored in clouds in the lower latitudes
(B) is transported by ocean currents
(C) never leaves the upper atmosphere
(D) gets stored as latent heat
37. The word “it” in line 18 refers to
(A) square meter
(C) latent heat
(B) the Sun’s energy
(D) the atmosphere
38. The word “primarily” in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) chiefly
(B) originally
(C) basically
39. The word “prevailing” in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) essential
(B) dominant
(C) circular
(D) clearly
(D) closest
40. All of the following words are defined in the passage EXCEPT
(A) low latitudes (line1)
(B) latent heat (line 5)
(C) evaporate (line7)
(D) atmosphere (line14)
Question 41-50
The Moon, which has undergone a distinct and complex geological history, presents a
striking appearance. The moon may be divided into two major terrains: the maria (dark
lowlands) and the terrace( bright highlands). The contrast in the reflectivity (the capability
Line of reflecting light ) of these two terrains suggested to many early observers that the two
(5)
terrains might have different compositions, and this supposition was confirmed by
missions to the Moon such as Surveyor and Apollo. One of the most obvious differences
between the terrains is the smoothness of the maria in contrast to the roughness of the
highlands. This roughness is mostly caused by the abundance of craters; the highlands are
completely covered by large craters( greater than 40-50 km in diameter), while the craters
(10) of the maria tend to be much smaller. It is now known that the vast majority of the Moon’s
craters were formed by the impact of solid bodies with the lunar surface.
(15)
(20)
Most of the near side of the Moon was thoroughly mapped and studied from telescopic
pictures years before the age of space exploration. Earth-based telescopes can resolve
objects as small as a few hundred meters on the lunar surface. Close observation of
craters, combined with the way the Moon diffusely reflects sunlight, led to the
understanding that the Moon is covered by a surface layer, or regolith, that overlies the
solid rock of the Moon. Telescopic images permitted the cataloging of a bewildering array
of land forms. Craters were studied for clues to their origin; the large circular maria were
seen. Strange, sinuous features were observed in the maria. Although various land forms
were catalogued, the majority of astronomers’ attention was fixed on craters and their
origins.
Astronomers have known for a fairly long time that the shape of craters changes as
they increase in size. Small craters with diameters of less than 10-15 km have relatively
(25) simple shapes. They have rim crests that are elevated above the surrounding terrain,
smooth, bowl-shaped interiors, and depths that are about one-fifth to one-sixth their diameters.
The complexity of shape increases for larger craters.
41. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) What astronomers learned from the Surveyor and Apollo space missions
(B) Characteristics of the major terrains of the Moon
(C) The origin of the Moon’s craters
(D) Techniques used to catalogue the Moon’s land forms
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TOEFL Reading Comprehension
42. The word ”undergone” in line1 is closest in meaning to
(A) altered
(B) substituted
(C) experienced
(D) preserved
43. According to the passage, the maria differ from the terrace mainly in terms of
(A) age
(B) manner of creation
(C) size
(D) composition
44. The passage supports which of the following statements about the Surveyor and Apollo missions?
(A) They confirmed earlier theories about the Moon’s surface.
(B) They revealed that previous ideas about the Moon’s craters were incorrect.
(C) They were unable to provide detailed information about the Moon’s surface.
(D) They were unable to identify how the Moon’s craters were made.
45. The word ”vast” in line 10 is closest in meaning to
(A) special
(B) known
(C) varied
46. All of the following are true of the maria EXCEPT:
(A) They have small craters.
(C) They have a rough texture.
(B) They have been analyzed by astronomers.
(D) They tend to be darker than the terrace.
(D) great
47. All of the following terms are defined in the passage EXCEPT
(A) Moon (line1)
(B) reflectivity (line3)
(C) regolith (line16)
(D) rays (line19)
48. The author mentions “wispy marks” in line 19 as an example of
(A) an aspect of the lunar surface discovered through lunar missions
(B) a characteristic of large craters
(C) a discovery made through the use of Earth-based telescopes
(D) features that astronomers observed to be common to Earth and the Moon
49. According to the passage, lunar researchers have focused mostly on
(A) the possibility of finding water on the Moon
(B) the lunar regolith
(C) cataloging various land formations
(D) craters and their origins
50. The passage probably continues with a discussion of
(A) the reasons craters are difficult to study
(B) the different shapes small craters can have
(C) some features of large craters
(D) some difference in the ways small and large craters were formed
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PRACTICE TEST 08
Question 1-10
Hunting is at best a precarious way of procuring food, even when the diet is supplemented with
seeds and fruits. Not long after the last Ice Age, around 7,000 B.C. (during the Neolithic period),
some hunters and gatherers began to rely chiefly on agriculture for their sustenance. Others
Line continued the old pastoral and nomadic ways. Indeed, agriculture itself evolved over the course of
(5)
time, and Neolithic peoples had long known how to grow crops. The real transformation of human
life occurred when huge numbers of people began to rely primarily and permanently on the grain
they grew and the animals they domesticated.
Agriculture made possible a more stable and secure life. With it Neolithic peoples flourished,
fashioning an energetic, creative era. They were responsible for many fundamental inventions and
(10) innovations that the modern world takes for granted. First, obviously, is systematic agriculture--that is, the reliance of Neolithic peoples on agriculture as their primary, not merely subsidiary,
source of food.
(15)
(20)
Thus they developed the primary economic activity of the entire ancient world and the basis of all
modern life. With the settled routine of Neolithic farmers came the evolution of towns and
eventually cities. Neolithic farmers usually raised more food than they could consume, and their
surpluses permitted larger, healthier populations. Population growth in turn created an even
greater reliance on settled farming, as only systematic agriculture could sustain the increased
numbers of people. Since surpluses o food could also be bartered for other commodities, the
Neolithic era witnessed the beginnings of large-scale exchange of goods. In time the increasing
complexity of Neolithic societies led to the development of writing, prompted by the need to keep
records and later by the urge to chronicle experiences, learning, and beliefs.
The transition to settled life also had a profound impact on the family. The shared needs and
pressures that encourage extended-family ties are less prominent in settled than in nomadic
societies. Bonds to the extended family weakened. In towns and cities, the nuclear family was
more dependent on its immediate neighbors than on kinfolk.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Why many human societies are dependent on agriculture
(B) the changes agriculture brought to human life
(C) How Neolithic peoples discovered agriculture
(D) Why the first agricultural societies failed
2. The word "precarious" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) uncertain
(B) humble
(C) worthy
(D) unusual
3. The author mentions "seeds and fruits" in line 2 as examples of
(A) the first crops cultivated by early agricultural societies
(B) foods eaten by hunters and gatherers as a secondary food source
(C) types of food that hunters and gatherers lacked in their diets
(D) the most common foods cultivated by early agricultural societies
4. The word "settled" in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) advanced
(B) original
(C) involved
(D) stable
5. According to the passage, agricultural societies produced larger human populations because agriculture
(A) created more varieties of food
(B) created food surpluses
(C) resulted in increases in leisure time
(D) encouraged bartering
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6. According to the passage, all of the following led to the development of writing EXCEPT the
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(A) need to keep records
(C) extraction of ink from plants
(B) desire to write down beliefs
(D) growth of social complexity
7. The word "chronicle" in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) repeat
(B) exchange
(C) understand
(D) describe
8. According to the passage, how did the shift to agricultural societies impact people's family relationships?
(A) the extended family became less important.
(B) Immediate neighbors often became family members.
(C) the nuclear family became self-sufficient.
(D) Family members began to wok together to raise food.
9. The author mentions all of the following as results of the shift to agricultural societies EXCEPT
(A) an increase in invention and innovation
(B) emergence of towns and cities
(C) development of a system of trade
(D) a decrease in warfare
10. Which of the following is true about the human diet prior to the Neolithic period?
(A) It consisted mainly of agricultural products
(B) It varied according to family size.
(C) It was based on hunting and gathering.
(D) It was transformed when large numbers of people no longer depended on the grain they grew
themselves.
Question 11-21
In the North American colonies, red ware, a simple pottery fired at low temperatures, and stone
ware, a strong, impervious grey pottery fired at high temperatures, were produced from two
different native clays. These kind of pottery were produced to supplement imported European
Line pottery. When the American Revolution (1775-1783) interrupted the flow of the superior European
(5)
ware, there was incentive for American potters to replace the imports with comparable domestic
goods. Stoneware, which had been simple, utilitarian kitchenware, grew increasingly ornate
throughout the nineteenth century, and in addition to the earlier scratched and drawn designs,
three-dimensional molded relief decoration became popular. Representational motifs largely
replaced the earlier abstract decorations. Birds and flowers were particularly evident, but other
(10) subjects---lions, flags, and clipper ships--- are found. Some figurines, mainly of dogs and lions,
were made in this medium. Sometimes a name, usually that of the potter, was die-stamped onto a
piece.
(15)
(20)
As more and more large kilns were built to create the high-fired stoneware, experiments
revealed
that the same clay used to produce low-fired red ware could produce a stronger, paler pottery if
fired at a hotter temperature. The result was yellow ware, used largely for serviceable items; but a
further development was Rockingham ware--- one of the most important American ceramics of the
nineteenth century. (The name of the ware was probably derived from its resemblance to English
brown-glazed earthenware made in South Yorkshire.) It was created by adding a brown glaze to
the fired clay, usually giving the finished product a mottled appearance. Various methods of
spattering or sponging the glaze onto the ware account for the extremely wide variations in color
and add to the interest of collecting Rockingham. An advanced form of Rockingham was flint
enamel, created by dusting metallic powders onto the Rockingham glaze to produce brilliant
varicolored streaks.
Articles for nearly every household activity and ornament could be bought in Rockingham ware:
(25) dishes and bowls, of course; also bedpans, foot warmers, cuspidors, lamp bases, doorknobs,
molds, picture frames, even curtain tiebacks. All these items are highly collectible today and are
66
eagerly sought. A few Rockingham specialties command particular affection among collectors and
correspondingly high prices.
11. Why did the potters discussed in the passage change the kind of pottery they made?
(A) They discovered a new kind of clay.
(B) They were compensation for the loss of an overseas supplier.
(C) They studied new techniques in Europe.
(D) The pottery they had been producing was not very strong.
12. The word "ornate" in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) elaborate
(B) puzzling
(C) durable
(D) common
13. The passage suggests that the earliest stoneware
(A) was decorated with simple, abstract designs
(B) used three-dimensional decorations
(C) was valued for its fancy decorations
(D) had no decoration
14. How did yellow ware achieve its distinctive color?
(A) By sponging on a glaze
(C) By brown-glazing
(B) By dusting on metallic powders
(D) By firing at a high temperature
15. The phrase "derived from" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) ruined by
(B) warned against
(C) based on
16. The word "It" in line 20 refers to
(A) red ware
(C) Rockingham ware
(D) sold by
(B) yellow ware
(D) English brown-glazed earthenware
17. The word “Various" in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) complicated
(B) accepted
(C) careful
(D) different
18. The phrase "account for" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) explain
(B) restrict
(C) finance
(D) supplement
19. What was special about flint enamel?
(A) Its even metallic shine
(C) Its spattered effect
(B) Its mottled appearance
(D) Its varicolored streaks
20. Which of the following kinds of Rockingham ware were probably produced in the greatest quantity?
(A) Picture frames
(B) Dishes and bowls
(C) Curtain tiebacks
(D) Doorknobs
21. The passage would most probably continue with a discussion of
(A) what bedpans, foot warmers, and cuspidors were used for
(B) well-known, modern-day potters who make Rockingham ware
(C) examples of Rockingham ware that collectors especially want
(D) pieces of Rockingham ware that are inexpensive in today's market
Question 22-31
Archaeological discoveries have led some scholars to believe that the first Mesopotamian
inventors of writing may have been a people the later Babylonians called Subarians. According to
tradition, they came from the north and moved into Uruk in the south. By about 3100B.C, They
Line were apparently subjugated in southern Mesopotamia by the Sumerians, whose name became
(5)
synonymous with the region immediately north of the Persian Gulf, in the fertile lower valleys of the
Tigris and Euphrates. Here the Sumerians were already well established by the year 3000B.C.
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(10)
(15)
(20)
They had invented bronze, an alloy that could be cast in molds, out of which they made tools and
weapons. They lived in cities, and they had begun to acquire and use capital. Perhaps most
important, the Sumerians adapted writing (probably from the Subarians) into a flexible tool of
communication.
Archaeologists have known about the Sumerians for over 150 years. Archaeologists working at
Nineveh in northern Mesopotamia in the mid-nineteenth century found many inscribed clay tablets.
Some they could decipher because the language was a Semitic one (Akkadian), on which scholars
had already been working for a generation. But other tablets were inscribed in another language
that was not Semitic and previously unknown. Because these inscriptions mad reference to the
king of Sumer and Akkad, a scholar suggested that the mew language be called Sumerian.
But it was not until the 1890's that archaeologists excavating in city-states well to the south o f
Nieveh found many thousands of tablets inscribed in Sumerian only. Because the Akkadians
thought of Sumerian as a classical language (as ancient Greek and Latin are considered today),
they taught it to educated persons and they inscribed vocabulary, translation exercised, and other
study aids on tablets. Working from known Akkadian to previously unknown Sumerian, scholars
since the 1890's have learned how to read the Sumerian language moderately well. Vast quantities
of tablets in Sumerian have been unearthed during the intervening years from numerous sites.
22. According to the passage, the inventors of written language in Mesopotamia were probably the
(A) Babylonians
(B) Subarians
(C) Akkadians
(D) Sumerians
23. The word "subjugated" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) distinguished
(B) segregated
(C) concentrated
(D) conquered
24. The phrase "synonymous with" in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) equivalent to
(B) important for
(C) respected in
(D) familiar with
25. According to the passage, by the year 3000 B.C. the Sumerians had already done all of the following
EXCEPT:
(A) They had abandoned the area north of the Persian Gulf.
(B) They had established themselves in cities.
(C) They had started to communicate through
(D) They had created bronze tools and weapons.
26. The word "some" in line 14 refers to
(A) Archaeologists
(B) Sumerians
(C) years
(D) clay tablets
27. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage concerning the Sumerians?
(A) They were descendants of the Persians.
(B) They were the first people to cultivate the valley of the Tigris.
(C) They were accomplished musicians.
(D) They had the beginnings of an economy.
28. According to the passage, when did archaeologists begin to be able to understand tablets inscribed in
Sumerian?
(A) In the early nineteenth century
(B) More than 150 years ago
(C) After the 1890's
(D) In the mid-eighteenth century
29. According to the passage, in what way did the Sumerian language resemble ancient Greek and Latin?
(A) It was invented in Mesopotamia.
(B) It became well established around 3000 B.C.
(C) It became a classical language.
(D) It was used exclusively for business transactions.
30. The word "excavating" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) Living
(B) digging
(C) assembling
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(D) building
31. According to the passage, how did archaeologists learn to read the Sumerian language?
(A) By translating the work of the Subarians
(B) By using their knowledge of spoken Semitic languages
(C) By comparing Sumerian to other classical languages
(D) By using their knowledge of Akkadian
Question 32-40
Generally, in order to be preserved in the fossil record, organisms must possess hard body
parts such as shells or bones. Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators pr decayed
by bacteria. Even hard parts left on the surface for and length of time will be destroyed Therefore,
Line organisms must be buried rapidly to escape destruction by the elements and to be protected
(5)
agents of weathering and erosion Marine organisms thus are better candidates for
fossilization than those living on the land because the ocean is typically the site of sedimentation,
whereas the land is largely the site of erosion.
The beds of ancient lakes were also excellent sites for rapid burial of skeletal remains of
freshwater organisms and skeletons of other animals, including those of early humans Ancient
(10) swamps were particularly plentiful with prolific growths of vegetation, which fossilized in
abundance. Many animals became trapped in bogs overgrown by vegetation. The environment of
the swamps kept bacterial decay to a minimum, which greatly aided in the preservation of plants
and animals. The rapidly accumulating sediments in flood plains, deltas, and stream channels
buried freshwater organisms, along with other plants and animals that happened to fall into the
(15) water.
(20)
(25)
Only a small fraction of all the organisms that have ever lived are preserved as fossils.
Normally,
the remains of a plant or animal are completely destroyed through predation and decay. Although
it seems that fossilization is common for some organisms, for others it is almost impossible. For
the most part, the remains of organisms are recycled in the earth, which is fortunate because
otherwise soil and water would soon become depleted of essential nutrients. Also, most of the
fossils exposed on Earth’s surface are destroyed by weathering processes. This makes for an
incomplete fossil record with poor or no representation of certain species.
The best fossils are those composed of unaltered remains. Generally, it is the inorganic hard parts,
composed mostly of calcium carbonate, that form the vast majority of unaltered fossils. Calcite and
aragonite also contributed to a substantial number of fossils of certain organisms.
32. According to the passage, an organism without hard body parts
(A) is not likely to appear in the fossil record
(B) is not heavy enough to sink below the surface
(C) is not attractive to predators
(D) takes a long time to decay
33. The word "agents" in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) dangers
(B) examples
(C) areas
34. Why are marine organisms good candidates for fossilization?
(A) they have more fleshy structures than land organisms.
(B) It is likely that they will be buried rapidly
(C) The water environment speeds the decay caused by bacteria.
(D) It takes longer for them to be preserved.
69
(D) causes
35. The fact that the "land is largely the site of erosion" (line 7) is significant because
(A) erosion is less destructive than sedimentation
(B) fossils are most common in areas subject to erosion
(C) erosion contributes to the destruction of skeletal remains
(D) few organisms live in areas that experience extensive erosion
36. According to the passage, why were the remains of organisms trapped in swamps better preserved for
the fossil record than those that were not?
(A) The swamp environment reduced the amount of bacterial decay.
(B) Swamp waters contained higher amounts of materials such as calcium carbonate.
(C) There were fewer sediments in swamps than in other bodies of water.
(D) Swamp vegetation accelerated the decomposition of organisms.
37. The word "aided" in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) reversed
(B) helped
(C) reformed
(D) counted
38. It can be inferred that flood plains, deltas, and stream channels (lines 13-14) are similar in which of the
following ways?
(A) Animals rather than plants have been preserved at such locations.
(B) Such locations are likely to be rich sources of fossils.
(C) Fossilized human remains are only rarely found in such locations.
(D) Rapid sedimentation in such locations makes it difficult to locate fossils.
39. What is the author's main point in paragraph 3?
(A) Weathering makes it impossible to identify many fossils.
(B) Many fossils have been buried forever under the soil.
(C) Fossils provide a limited sample of ancient organisms.
(D) It is easier to find the remains of plants than animals.
40. Why does the author mention "aragonite" in line 26
(A) To explain why fossils are rare
(B) To compare aragonite fossils and calcite fossils
(C) To argue that certain fossils are more informative than others
(D) To illustrate the kinds of inorganic hard parts that can form fossils
Question 41-50
Naturalists and casual observers alike have been struck by the special relationship
between squirrels and acorns (the seeds of oak trees). Ecologists, though, cannot observe
these energetic mammals scurrying up and down oak trees and eating and burying acorns
Line without wondering about their complex relationship with trees. Are squirrels dispersers
(5)
and planters of oak forests or pesky seed predators? The answer is not simple. Squirrels
may devour many acorns, but by storing and failing to recover up to 74 percent of them
(as they do when seeds are abundant), these arboreal o\rodents can also aid regeneration
and dispersal of the oaks.
(10)
Their destructive powers are well documented. According to one report, squirrels
destroyed tens of thousands of fallen acorns from an oak stand on the University of
Indiana campus. A professor there estimated that each of the large while oaks had
produced between two and eight thousand acorns, but within weeks of seed maturity,
hardly an intact acorn could be found among the fallen leaves.
70
(15)
(20)
(25)
Deer, turkey, wild pigs, and bears also feed heavily on acorns, but do not store them,
and are therefore of no benefit to the trees. Flying squirrels, chipmunks, and mice are
also unlikely to promote tree dispersal – whose behavior of caching (hiding) acorns below
the leaf litter often promotes successful germination of acorns – and perhaps blue jays,
important long-distance dispersers, seem to help oaks spread and reproduce.
Among squirrels, though, there is a particularly puzzling behavior pattern. Squirrels
pry off the caps of acorns, bite through the shells to get at the nutritious inner kernels,
and then discard them half-eaten. The ground under towing oaks is often littered with
thousands of half -eaten acorns, each one only bitten from the top. Why would any animal
waste so much time and energy and risk exposure to such predators as red-tail hawks only
to leave a large part of each acorn uneaten? While research is not conclusive at this point,
one thing that is certain is that squirrels do hide some of the uneaten portions, and these
acorn halves, many of which contain the seeds, may later germinate.
41. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The ecology of oak trees
(B) Factors that determine the feeding habits of Squirrels
(C) Various species of animals that promote the dispersal of tree seeds
(D) The relationship between squirrels and oak trees
42. The word "they" in line 7 refers to
(A) oak forests
(B) acorns
(C) squirrels
(D) predators
43. According to the passage, what do squirrels do when large quantities of acorns are available?
(A) They do not store acorns.
(B) They eat more than 74 percent of available acorns.
(C) They do not retrieve all the acorns that they have stored.
(D) They hide acorns in tree cavities.
44. The word "estimated" in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) commented
(B) judged
(C) observed
(D) discovered
45. Why does the author mention “the University of Indiana campus" in line 10-11
(A) To provide evidence that intact acorns are hard to find under oak trees
(B) To indicate a place where squirrels can aid seed dispersal of oaks
(C) To argue in favor of additional studies concerning the destructive force of squirrels
(D) To support the claim that squirrels can do great damage to oak stands
46. It can be inferred from paragraph 3 that chipmunks do not aid in the dispersal of oak trees because
(A) they store their acorns where they cannot germinate
(B) they consume most of their stored acorns
(C) their stored acorns are located and consumed by other species
(D) they cannot travel the long distance required for dispersal
47. According to the passage, which of the following do squirrels and blue jays have in common?
(A) They travel long distances to obtain acorns.
(B) They promote the reproduction of oak trees.
(C) They bury acorns under fallen leaves.
(D) They store large quantities of acorns.
48. The phrase “pry off" in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) swallow
(B) remove
(C) squeeze
(D) locate
49. The word "littered" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) covered
(B) displayed
(C) fertilized
(D) planted
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50. According to the passage, scientists cannot explain which of the following aspects of squirrel behavior?
(A) Where squirrels store their acorn caches
(B) Why squirrels prefer acorns over other seeds
(C) Why squirrels eat only a portion of each acorn they retrieve
(D) Why squirrels prefer acorns from a particular species of oak trees
72
PRACTICE TEST 09
Question 1-9
The first birds appeared during late Jurassic times. These birds are known from
four very good skeletons, two incomplete skeletons, and an isolated feather, all from
the Solnhofen limestone of Bavaria, Germany. This fine-grained rock, which is
Line extensively quarried for lithographic stone, was evidently deposited in a shallow
(5) coral lagoon of a tropical sea, and flying vertebrates occasionally fell into the water
and were buried by the fine limy mud, to be preserved with remarkable detail In this
way, the late Jurassic bird skeletons, which have been named Archaeopteryx, were
fossilized. And not only were the bones preserved in these skeletons, but so also
were imprints of the feathers. If the indications of feathers had not been preserved in
(10) association with Archaeopteryx, it is likely that these fossils would have been
classified among the dinosaurs, for they show numerous theropod characteristics.
Archaeopteryx were animals about the size of a crow, with an archeosaurian type of
skull, a long neck, a compact body balanced on a pair of strong hind limbs, and a
long tail. The forelimbs were enlarged and obviously functioned as wings.
(15)
(20)
Modern birds, who are the descendants of these early birds, are highly
organized animals, with a constant body temperature and a very high rate of
metabolism. In addition, they are remarkable for having evolved extraordinarily
complex behavior patterns such as those of nesting and song, and the habit among
many species of making long migrations from one continent to another and back
each year.
(25)
Most birds also have very strong legs, which allows them to run or walk on the
ground as well as to fly in the air. Indeed, some of the waterbirds, such as ducks and
geese, have the distinction of being able to move around proficiently in the water, on
land, and in the air, a range in natural locomotor ability that has never been attained
by any other vertebrate.
1. According to the author, all of-the following evidence relating to the first birds was found EXCEPT
(A) nesting materials
(B) four skeletons in good condition
(C) two fragmented skeletons
(D) a single feather
2. The word "preserved" in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) confused with others
(B) gradually weakened
(C) protected from destruction
(D) lost permanently
3. It can be inferred from the passage that the Archaeopteryx were classified as birds on the basis of
(A) imprints of bones
(B) imprints of feathers
(C) the neck structure
(D) skeletons
4. The word "they" in line 11 refers to
(A) indications
(B) fossils
(C) dinosaurs
5. Why does the author mention "a crow" in line 12?
(A) to indicate the size of Archaeopteryx
(B) To specify the age of the Archaeopteryx fossils
(C) To explain the evolutionary history of Archaeopteryx
(D) To demonstrate the superiority of the theropod to Archaeopteryx
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(D) characteristics
74
6. It can be inferred from the passage that theropods were
(A) dinosaurs
(B) birds
(C) Archaeopteryx
(D) crows
7. The word "constant" in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) comfortable
(B) combined
(C) consistent
(D) complementary
8. The author mentions all of the following as examples of complex behavior patterns evolved by birds
EXCEPT
(A) migrating
(B) nesting
(C) singing
(D) running
9. The word "attained" in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) required
(B) achieved
(C) observed
(D) merited
Questions 10-19
Newspaper publishers in the United States have long been enthusiastic users
and distributors of weather maps. Although some newspapers that had carried the
United States Weather Bureau's national weather map in 1912 dropped it once the
Line novelty had passed, many continued to print the daily weather chart provided by
(5)
their local forecasting office. In the 1930's, when interest in aviation and progress in
air-mass analysis made weather patterns more newsworthy, additional newspapers
started or resumed the daily weather map. In 1935, The Associated Press (AP) news
service inaugurated its WirePhoto network and offered subscribing newspapers
morning and afternoon weather maps redrafted by the AP's Washington, B.C., office
(10) from charts provided by the government agency. Another news service, United Press
International (UPI), developed a competing photowire network and also provided
timely weather maps for both morning and afternoon newspapers. After the United
States government launched a series of weather satellites in 1966, both the AP and
UPI offered cloud-cover photos obtained from the Weather Bureau.
(15)
In the late 1970's and early 1980's, the weather map became an essential
ingredient in the redesign of the American newspaper. News publishers, threatened
by increased competition from television for readers' attention, sought to package
the news more conveniently and attractively. In 1982, many publishers felt
threatened by the new USA Today, a national daily newspaper that used a page-wide,
(20) full-color weather map as its key design element. That the weather map in USA
today did not include information about weather fronts and pressures attests to the
largely symbolic role it played. Nonetheless, competing local and metropolitan
newspapers responded in a variety of ways. Most substituted full-color temperature
maps for the standard weather maps, while others dropped the comparatively drab
25 satellite photos or added regional forecast maps with pictorial symbols to indicate
rainy, snowy, cloudy, or clear conditions. A few newspapers, notably The New York
Times, adopted a highly informative yet less visually prominent weather map that
was specially designed to explain an important recent or imminent weather event.
Ironically, a newspaper's richest, most instructive weather maps often are
(30) comparatively small and inconspicuous.
10. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The differences between government and newspaper weather forecasting in the United States.
(B) The history of publishing weather maps in United States newspapers
(C) A comparison of regional and national weather reporting in the United States.
(D) Information that forms the basis for weather forecasting in the United States
75
11. The word "resumed" in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) began again
(B) held back
(C) thought over
(D) referred to
12. According to the passage, one important reason why newspapers printed daily weather maps during the
first half of the twentieth century was
(A) the progress in printing technology
(B) a growing interest in air transportation
(C) a change in atmospheric conditions
(D) the improvement of weather forecasting techniques
13. What regular service did The Associated Press and United Press International begin to offer subscribing
newspapers in the 1930's?
(A) A new system of weather forecasting
(B) An air-mass analysis
(C) Twice daily weather maps
(D) Cloud-cover photographs
14. The phrase "attests to" in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) makes up for
(B) combines with
(C) interferes with
(D) gives evidence of
15. The word "others" in line 24 refers to
(A) newspapers
(C) temperature maps
(B) ways
(D) weather maps
16. The word "drab" in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) precise
(B) poor
(C) simple
(D) dull
17. In contrast to the weather maps of USA Today, weather maps in The New York Times tended to be
(A) printed in foil color
(B) included for symbolic reasons
(C) easily understood by the readers
(D) filled with detailed information
18. The word "prominent" in line 27 is closest in meaning to
(A) complex
(B) noticeable
(C) appealing
(D) perfect
19. The author uses the term "Ironically" in line 29 to indicate that a weather map's appearance
(A) is not important to newspaper publishers
(B) does not always indicate how much information it provides
(C) reflects how informative a newspaper can be
(D) often can improve newspaper sales
Question 20-30
Some animal behaviorists argue that certain animals can remember past events,
anticipate future ones, make plans and choices, and coordinate activities within a
group. These scientists, however, are cautious about the extent to which animals can
be credited with conscious processing.
Line
(5)
(10)
Explanations of animal behavior that leave out any sort of consciousness at all
and ascribe actions entirely to instinct leave many questions unanswered. One
example of such unexplained behavior: Honeybees communicate the sources of
nectar to one another by doing a dance in a figure-eight pattern. The orientation of
the dance conveys the position of the food relative to the sun's position in the sky,
and the speed of the dance tells how far the food source is from the hive. Most
76
(15)
(20)
(25)
researchers assume that the ability to perform and encode the dance is innate and
shows no special intelligence. But in one study, when experimenters kept changing
the site of the food source, each time moving the food 25 percent farther from the
previous site, foraging honeybees began to anticipate where the food source would
appear next. When the researchers arrived at the new location, they would find the
bees circling the spot, waiting for their food. No one has yet explained how bees,
whose brains weigh four ten-thousandths of an ounce, could have inferred the
location of the new site.
Other behaviors that may indicate some cognition include tool use. Many
animals, like the otter who uses a stone to crack mussel shells, are capable of using
objects in the natural environment as rudimentary tools. One researcher has found
that mother chimpanzees occasionally show their young how to use tools to open
hard nuts. In one study, chimpanzees compared two pairs of food wells containing
chocolate chips. One pair might contain, say, five chips and three chips, the other
our chips and three chips. Allowed to choose which pair they wanted, the
chimpanzees almost always chose the one with the higher total, showing some sort
of summing ability. Other chimpanzees have learned to use numerals to label
quantities of items and do simple sums.
20. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The role of instinct in animal behavior
(B) Observations that suggest consciousness in animal behavior
(C) The use of food in studies of animal behavior
(D) Differences between the behavior of animals in their natural environments and in laboratory
experiments.
21. Which of the following is NOT discussed as an ability animals are thought to have?
(A) Selecting among choices
(B) Anticipating events to come
(C) Remembering past experiences
(D) Communicating emotions
22. What is the purpose of the honeybee dance?
(A) To determine the quantity of food at a site
(B) To communicate the location of food
(C) To increase the speed of travel to food sources
(D) To identify the type of nectar that is available
23. The word "yet" in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) however
(B) since
(C) generally
(D) so far
24. What did researchers discover in the study of honeybees discussed in paragraph 2?
(A) Bees are able to travel at greater speeds than scientists thought.
(B) The bees could travel 25% farther than scientists expected.
(C) The bees were able to determine in advance where scientists would place their food.
(D) Changing the location of food caused bees to decrease their dance activity.
25. It can be inferred from the passage that brain size is assumed to
(A) be an indicator of cognitive ability
(B) vary among individuals within a species
(C) be related to food consumption
(D) correspond to levels of activity
26. Why are otters and mussel shells included in the discussion in paragraph 3?
(A) To provide an example of tool use among animals
(B) To prove that certain species demonstrate greater ability in tool use than other species
27. The word "rudimentary" in line 21 is closest in meaning to
77
(A) superior
(B) original
(C) basic
(D) technical
28. It can be inferred from the statement about mother chimpanzees and their young (lines 21-23) that young
chimpanzees have difficulty
(A) communicating with their mothers
(B) adding quantities
(C) making choices
(D) opening hard nuts
29. The phrase "the one" in line 26 refers to the
(A) study
(B) pair
(C) chimpanzee
(D) ability
30. Scientists concluded from the experiment with chimpanzees and chocolate chips that chimpanzees
(A) lack abilities that other primates have
(B) prefer to work in pairs or groups
(C) exhibit behavior that indicates certain mathematical abilities
(D) have difficulty selecting when given choices
Questions 31-39
In eighteenth-century colonial America, flowers and fruit were typically the
province of the botanical artist interested in scientific illustration rather than being
the subjects of fine art. Early in the nineteenth century, however, the Peale family of
Line Philadelphia established the still life, a picture consisting mainly of inanimate
(5)
objects, as a valuable part of the artist's repertoire. The fruit paintings by James and
Sarah Miriam Peale are simple arrangements of a few objects, handsomely colored,
small in size, and representing little more than what they are. In contrast were the
highly symbolic, complex compositions by Charles Bird King, with their biting
satire and critical social commentary. Each of these strains comminuted into and
(10) well past mid-century.
(15)
(20)
(25)
John F. Francis (1808-86) was a part of the Pennsylvania still-life tradition that
arose, at least in part, from the work of the Peales. Most of his still lifes date from
around 1850 to 1875. Luncheon Still Life looks like one of the Peales' pieces on a
larger scale, kits greater complexity resulting from the number of objects. It is also
indebted to the luncheon type of still life found in seventeenth-century Dutch
painting. The opened bottles of wine and the glasses of wine partially consumed
suggest a number of unseen guests. The appeal of the fruit and nuts to our sense of
taste is heightened by the juicy orange, which has already been sliced. The
arrangement is additive, that is, made up of many different parts, not always
compositionally integrated, with all objects of essentially equal importance.
About 1848, Severin Roesen came to the United States from Germany and
settled in New York City, where he began to paint large, lush still lifes of flowers,
fruit, or both, often measuring over four feet across. Still Life with Fruit and
champagne is typical in its brilliance of color, meticulous rendering of detail,
compact composition, and unabashed abundance. Rich in symbolic overtones, the
beautifully painted objects carry additional meanings------butterflies or fallen buds
suggest the impermanence of life, a bird's nest with eggs means fertility, and so on.
Above all, Roesen's art expresses the abundance that America symbolized to many of its citizens.
31. What does the passage mainly discuss?
78
(A) The artwork of James and Sarah Miriam Peale
(B) How Philadelphia became a center for art in the nineteenth century
(C) Nineteenth-century still-life paintings in the United States
(D) How botanical art inspired the first still-life paintings
32. Which of the following is mentioned as a characteristic of the still lifes of James and Sarah Miriam Peale?
(A) Simplicity
(B) Symbolism
(C) Smooth texture
(D) Social commentary
33. The word "biting" in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) simple
(B) sorrowful
(B) frequent
34. The word "It" in line 14 refers to
(A) Luncheon Still Life
(C) a larger scale
(B) one of the Peales' pieces
(D) the number of objects
(D) sharp
35. The word "heightened" in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) complicated
(B) directed
(C) observed
(D) increased
36. The word "meticulous" in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) careful
(B) significant
(C) appropriate
(D) believable
37. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?
(A) "repertoire" (line 5)
(B) "satire" (line 9)
(C) "additive" (line 19)
(D) "rendering" (line 24)
38. All of the following are mentioned as characteristics of Roesen's still lifes EXCEPT that they
(A) are symbolic
(B) use simplified representations of flowers and fruit
(C) include brilliant colors
(D) are large in size
39. Which of the following is mentioned as the dominant theme in Roesen's painting?
(A) Fertility
(B) Freedom
(C) Impermanence
(D) Abundance
Question 40-50
Scientists have discovered that for the last 160,000 years, at least, there has
been a consistent relationship between the amount of carbon dioxide in the air and
the average temperature of the planet. The importance of carbon dioxide in
Line regulating the Earth's temperature was confirmed by scientists working in eastern
(5) Antarctica. Drilling down into a glacier, they extracted a mile-long cylinder of ice
from the hole. The glacier had formed as layer upon layer of snow accumulated year
after year. Thus drilling into the ice was tantamount to drilling back through time.
(10)
(15)
The deepest sections of the core are composed of water that fell as snow
160,000 years ago. Scientists in Grenoble, France, fractured portions of the core and
measured the composition of ancient air released from bubbles in the ice.
Instruments were used to measure the ratio of certain isotopes in the frozen water to
get an idea of the prevailing atmospheric temperature at the time when that
particular bit of water became locked in the glacier.
The result is a remarkable unbroken record of temperature and of atmospheric
levels of carbon dioxide. Almost every time the chill of an ice age descended on the
79
(20)
(25)
planet, carbon dioxide levels dropped. When the global temperature dropped 9°F (5 °C), carbon
dioxide levels dropped to 190 parts per million or so. Generally, as each
ice age ended and the Earth basked in a warm interglacial period, carbon dioxide
levels were around 280 parts per million. Through the 160,000 years of that ice
record, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere fluctuated between 190 and
280 parts per million, but never rose much higher-until the Industrial Revolution
beginning in the eighteenth century and continuing today.
There is indirect evidence that the link between carbon dioxide levels and
global temperature change goes back much further than the glacial record. Carbon
dioxide levels may have been much greater than the current concentration during the
Carboniferous period, 360 to 285 million years ago. The period was named for a
profusion of plant life whose buried remains produced a large fraction of the coal
deposits that are being brought to the surface and burned today.
40. Which of the following does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Chemical causes of ice ages
(B) Techniques for studying ancient layers of ice in glaciers
(C) Evidence of a relationship between levels of carbon dioxide and global temperature
(D) Effects of plant life on carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere
41. The word “accumulated” in line 6 is closest in meaning to
(A) spread out
(B) changed
(C) became denser
(D) built up
42. According to the passage, the drilling of the glacier in eastern Antarctica was important because it
(A) allowed scientists to experiment with new drilling techniques
(B) permitted the study of surface temperatures in an ice-covered region of Earth
(C) provided insight about climate conditions in earlier periods
(D) confirmed earlier findings about how glaciers are formed
43. The phrase "tantamount to" in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) complementary to
(B) practically the same as
(C) especially well suited to
(D) unlikely to be confused with
44. ???
45. According to the passage, scientists used isotopes from the water of the ice core to determine which of
following?
(A) The amount of air that had bubbled to the surface since the ice had formed
(B) The temperature of the atmosphere when the ice was formed
(C) The date at which water had become locked in the glacier
(D) The rate at which water had been frozen in the glacier
46. The word "remarkable" in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) genuine
(B) permanent
(C) extraordinary
(D) continuous
47. The word "link" in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) tension
(B) connection
(D) distance
(C) attraction
48. The passage implies that the warmest temperatures among the periods mentioned occurred
(A) in the early eighteenth century
(B) 160,000 years ago
(C) at the end of each ice age
(D) between 360 and 285 million years ago
49. According to the passage, the Carboniferous period was characterized by
(A) a reduction in the number of coal deposits
(B) the burning of a large amount of coal
80
(C) an abundance of plants
(D) an accelerated rate of glacier formation
50. The passage explains the origin of which of the following terms?
(A) Glacier (line 5)
(B) Isotopes (line 11)
(C) Industrial Revolution (line 21)
(D) Carboniferous period (lines 26)
81
PRACTICE TEST 10
January 2001
Questions 1-9
In 1972, a century after the first national park in the United States was established at
Yellowstone, legislation was passed to create the National Marine Sanctuaries Program
The intent of this legislation was to provide protection to selected coastal habitats similar
Line To that existing for land areas designated as national parks. The designation of an areas
(5)
a marine sanctuary indicates that it is a protected area, just as a national park is. People
are permitted to visit and observe there, but living organisms and their environments may
not be harmed or removed.
(10)
The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is administered by the National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, a branch of the United States Department of Commerce.
Initially, 70 sites were proposed as candidates for sanctuary status. Two and a half decades
later, only fifteen sanctuaries had been designated, with half of these established after
1978. They range in size from the very small (less than I square kilometer) Fagatele Bay
National Marine Sanctuary in American Samoa to the Monterey Bay National Marine
Sanctuary in California, extending over 15,744 square kilometers.
(15)
The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is a crucial part of new management
practices in which whole communities of species, and not just individual species, are
offered some degree of protection from habitat degradation and overexploitation. Only
in this way can a reasonable degree of marine species diversity be maintained in a setting
that also maintains the natural interrelationships that exist among these species.
(20)
Several other types of marine protected areas exist in the United States and other
countries. The National Estuarine Research Reserve System, managed by the United
States government, includes 23 designated and protected estuaries. Outside the United
States, marine protected-area programs exist as marine parks, reserves, and preserves.
Over 100 designated areas exist around the periphery of the Caribbean Sea. Others range
from the well-known Australian Great Barrer Reef Marine Park to lesser-known parks
in countries such as Thailand and Indonesia, where tourism is placing growing pressures
on fragile coral reef systems. As state, national, and international agencies come to
recognize the importance of conserving marine biodiversity, marine projected areas.
whether as sanctuaries, parks, or estuarine reserves, will play an increasingly important
role in preserving that diversity.
(25)
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Differences among marine parks, sanctuaries, and reserves
(B) Various marine conservation programs
(C) International agreements on coastal protection
(D) Similarities between land and sea protected environments
2. The word “intent” in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) repetition
(B) approval
(C) goal
(D) revision
3. The word “administered” in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) managed
(B) recognized
(C) opposed
(D) justified
4. The word “these” in line 11 refers to
(A) sites
(B) candidates
(D) sanctuaries
(C) decades
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PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
5. The passage mentions the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary (lines 13-14) as an example of a
sanctuary that
(A) is not well know
(B) covers a large area
(C) is smaller than the Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary
(D) was not originally proposed for sanctuary status
6. According to the passage, when was the National Marine Sanctuaries Program established?
(A) Before 1972
(B) After 1987
(C) One hundred years before national parks were established
(D) One hundred years after Yellowstone National Park was established
7. According to the passage, all of the following are achievements of the National Marine Sanctuaries
Program EXCEPT
(A) the discovery of several new marine organisms
(B) the preservation of connections between individual marine species
(C) the protection of coastal habitats
(D) the establishment of areas where the public can observe marine life
8. The word “periphery” in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) depth
(B) landmass
(C) warm habitat
(D) outer edge
9. The passage mentions which of the following as a threat to marine areas outside the United States?
(A) Limitations in financial support
(B) The use of marine species as food
(C) Variability of the climate
(D) Increases in tourism
Questions 10-17
From their inception, most rural neighborhoods in colonial North America included
at least one carpenter, joiner, sawyer, and cooper in woodworking; a weaver and a tailor
for clothing production; a tanner, currier, and cordwainer (shoemaker) for fabricating leather
Line objects; and a blacksmith for metalwork, Where stone was the local building material, a
(5)
mason was sure to appear on the list of people who paid taxes. With only an apprentice as
an assistant, the rural artisan provided the neighborhood with common goods from furniture
to shoes to farm equipment in exchange for cash or for “goods in kind” from the customer’s
field, pasture, or dairy. Sometimes artisans transformed material provided by the customer
wove cloth of yam spun at the farm from the wool of the family sheep; made chairs or tables
(10) from wood cut in the customer’s own woodlot; produced shoes or leather breeches from
cow, deer, or sheepskin tanned on the farm.
(15)
(20)
Like their farming neighbors, rural artisans were part of an economy seen, by one
historian, as “an orchestra conducted by nature.” Some tasks could not be done in the winter,
other had to be put off during harvest time, and still others waited on raw materials that were
only produced seasonally. As the days grew shorter, shop hours kept pace, since few artisans
could afford enough artificial light to continue work when the Sun went down. To the best
of their ability, colonial artisans tried to keep their shops as efficient as possible and to
regularize their schedules and methods of production for the best return on their investment
in time, tools, and materials, While it is pleasant to imagine a woodworker, for example,
carefully matching lumber, joining a chest together without resort to nails or glue, and
applying all thought and energy to carving beautiful designs on the finished piece, the time
required was not justified unless the customer was willing to pay extra for the quality –
and few in rural areas were, Artisans, therefore, often found it necessary to employ as
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TOEFL Reading Comprehension
many shortcuts and economics as possible while still producing satisfactory products.
10. What aspect of rural colonial North America does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Farming practices
(B) The work of artisans
(C) The character of rural neighborhoods
(D) Types of furniture that were popular
11. The word “inception” in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) investigation
(B) location
(C) beginning
(D) records
12. The word “fabricating” in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) constructing
(B) altering
(C) selecting
(D) demonstrating
13. It can be inferred from the from the passage that the use of artificial light in colonial times was
(A) especially helpful to woodworkers
(B) popular in rural areas
(C) continuous in winter
(D) expensive
14. Why did colonial artisans want to “regularize their schedules their schedules” (line 18)?
(A) To enable them to produce high quality products
(B) To enable them to duplicate an item many times
(C) To impress their customers
(D) To keep expenses low
15. The phrase “resort to” in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) protecting with
(B) moving toward
(C) manufacturing
16. The word “few’ in lines 23 refers to
(A) woodworkers
(C) customers
(D) using
(B) finished pieces
(D) chests
17. It can inferred that the artisans referred to in the passage usually produced products that were
(A) simple
(B) delicate
(C) beautifully decorated
(D) exceptionally long-lasting
Questions 18-28
Cities develop as a result of functions that they can perform. Some functions result
directly from the ingenuity of the citizenry, but most functions result from the needs of
the local area and of the surrounding hinterland (the region that supplies goods to the
Line city and to which the city furnishes services and other goods). Geographers often make
(5)
a distinction between the situation and the site of a city. Situation refers to the general
position in relation to the surrounding region, whereas site involves physical
characteristics of the specific location. Situation is normally much more important to
the continuing prosperity of a city. if a city is well situated in regard to its hinterland, its
development is much more likely to continue. Chicago, for example, possesses an almost
(10) unparalleled situation: it is located at the southern end of a huge lake that forces east-west
transportation lines to be compressed into its vicinity, and at a meeting of significant land
and water transport routes. It also overlooks what is one of the world’s finest large
farming regions. These factors ensured that Chicago would become a great city regardless
of the disadvantageous characteristics of the available site, such as being prone to flooding
(15) during thunderstorm activity.
Similarly, it can be argued that much of New York City’s importance stems from its
early and continuing advantage of situation. Philadelphia and Boston both originated at
85
PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
(20)
(25)
about the same time as New York and shared New York’s location at the western end of
one of the world’s most important oceanic trade routes, but only New York possesses an
easy-access functional connection (the Hudson-Mohawk lowland) to the vast Midwestern
hinterland. This account does not alone explain New York’s primacy, but it does include
several important factors. Among the many aspects of situation that help to explain why
some cities grow and others do not, original location on a navigable waterway seems
particularly applicable. Of course, such characteristic as slope, drainage, power
resources, river crossings, coastal shapes, and other physical characteristics help to
determine city location, but such factors are normally more significant in early stages
of city development than later.
18. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The development of trade routes through United States cities
(B) Contrasts in settlement patterns in United States
(C) Historical differences among three large United States cities
(D) The importance of geographical situation in the growth of United States cities
19. The word “ingenuity” in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) wealth
(B) resourcefulness
(C) traditions
(D) organization
20. The passage suggests that a geographer would consider a city’s soil type part of its
(A) hinterland
(B) situation
(C) site
(D) function
21. According to the passage, a city’s situation is more important than its site in regard to the city’s.
(A) long-term growth and prosperity
(B) ability to protect its citizenry
(C) possession of favorable weather conditions
(D) need to import food supplies
22. The author mentions each of the following as an advantage of Chicago’s location EXCEPT its.
(A) hinterland
(B) nearness to a large lake
(C) position in regard to transport routes
(D) flat terrain
23. The word “characteristics” in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) choices
(B) attitudes
(C) qualities
(D) inhabitants
24. The primary purpose of paragraph 1 is to
(A) summarize past research and introduce anew study
(B) describe a historical period
(C) emphasize the advantages of one theory over another
(D) define a term and illustrate it with an example
25. According to the passage, Philadelphia and Boston are similar to New York City in
(A) size of population
(B) age
(C) site
(D) availability of rail transportation
26. The word “functional” in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) alternate
(B) unknown
(C) original
(D) usable
27. The word “it” in line 21 refers to
(A) account
(B) primacy
(D) hinterland
(C) connection
28. The word “significant” in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) threatening
(B) meaningful
(C) obvious
86
(D) available
TOEFL Reading Comprehension
Questions 29-10
The largest of the giant gas planets, Jupiter, with a volume 1,300 times greater than
Earth’s, contains more than twice the mass of all the other planets combined. It is thought
to be a gaseous and fluid planet without solid surfaces, Had it been somewhat more massive,
Line Jupiter might have attained internal temperatures as high as the ignition point for nuclear
(5)
reactions, and it would have flamed as a star in its own right. Jupiter and the other giant
planets are of a low-density type quite distinct from the terrestrial planets: they are
composed predominantly of such substances as hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane,
unlike terrestrial planets. Much of Jupiter’s interior might be in the form of liquid, metallic
hydrogen, Normally, hydrogen is a gas, but under pressures of millions of kilograms per
(10) square centimeter, which exist in the deep interior of Jupiter, the hydrogen atoms might
lock together to form a liquid with the properties of a metal. Some scientists believe that
the innermost core of Jupiter might be rocky, or metallic like the core of Earth.
Jupiter rotates very fast, once every 9.8 hours. As a result, its clouds, which are composed
largely of frozen and liquid ammonia, have been whipped into alternating dark and bright
(15) bands that circle the planet at different speeds in different latitudes. Jupiter’s puzzling
Great Red Spot changes size as it hovers in the Southern Hemisphere. Scientists speculate
it might be a gigantic hurricane, which because of its large size (the Earth could easily fit
inside it), lasts for hundreds of years.
(20)
Jupiter gives off twice as much heat as it receives from the Sun. Perhaps this is primeval
heat or beat generated by the continued gravitational contraction of the planet. Another
starlike characteristic of Jupiter is its sixteen natural satellites, which, like a miniature model
of the Solar System, decrease in density with distance – from rocky moons close to Jupiter
to icy moons farther away. If Jupiter were about 70 times more massive, it would have
become a star, Jupiter is the best-preserved sample of the early solar nebula, and with its
satellites, might contain the most important clues about the origin of the Solar System.
29. The word “attained” in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) attempted
(B) changed
(C) lost
(D) reached
30. The word “flamed” in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) burned
(B) divided
(C) fallen
(D) grown
31. The word “they” in line 6 refers to
(A) nuclear reactions
(B) giant planets
(C) terrestrial
(D) substances
32. According to the passage, hydrogen can become a metallic-like liquid when it is
(A) extremely hot
(B) combined with helium
(C) similar atmospheres
(D) metallic cores
33. According to the passage, some scientists believe Jupiter and Earth are similar in that they both have
(A) solid surfaces
(B) similar masses
(C) similar atmospheres
(D) metallic cores
34. The clouds surrounding Jupiter are mostly composed of
(A) ammonia
(B) helium
(C) hydrogen
(D) methane
35. It can be inferred from the passage that the appearance of alternating bands circling Jupiter is caused by
(A) the Great Red Spot
(B) heat from the Sun
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PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
(C) the planet’s fast rotation
(D) Storms from the planet’s Southern Hemisphere
36. The author uses the word “puzzling” in line 15 to suggest that the Great Red Spot is
(A) the only spot of its kind
(B) not well understood
(C) among the largest of such spots
(D) a problem for the planet’s continued existence
37. Paragraph 3 supports which of the following conclusions?
(A) Jupiter gives off twice as much heat as the Sun.
(B) Jupiter has a weaker gravitational force than the other planets.
(C) Scientists believe that Jupiter was once a star.
(D) Scientists might learn about the beginning of the Solar System by Studying Jupiter.
38. Why does the author mention primeval heat (lines 19-20) ?
(A) To provide evidence that Jupiter is older than the Sun
(B) To provide evidence that Jupiter is older than the other planets
(C) To suggest a possible explanation for the number of satellites that Jupiter has
(D) To suggest a possible source of the quantity of heat that Jupiter gives off
39. According to the passage, Jupiter’s most distant moon is
(A) the least dense
(B) the largest
(C) warm on the surface
(D) very rocky on the surface
40. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?
(A) If Jupiter had fewer satellites, it would be easier for scientists to study the planet itself.
(B) If Jupiter had had more mass, it would have developed internal nuclear reactions.
(C) If Jupiter had been smaller, it would have become a terrestrial planet.
(D) if Jupiter were larger, it would give off much less heat
Questions 41-50
The term “art deco” has come to encompass three distinct but related design trends
of the 1920’s and 1930’s. The first was what is frequently referred to as “zigzag
moderne” –the exotically ornamental style of such skyscrapers as the Chrysler Building
Line in New York City and related structures such as the Paramount Theater in Oakland,
(5)
California The word “zigzag” alludes to the geometric and stylized ornamentation of
zigzags, angular patterns, abstracted plant and animal motifs, sunbursts, astrological
imagery, formalized fountains, and related themes that were applied in mosaic relief.
and mural form to the exterior and interior of the buildings. Many of these buildings were
shaped in the ziggurat form, a design resembling an ancient Mesopotamian temple tower
(10) that recedes in progressively smaller stages to the summit, creating a staircase-like effect.
The second manifestation of art deco was the 1930’s streamlined moderne” style – a
Futuristic-looking aerodynamic style of rounded corners and horizontal bands known as
“speed stripes.” In architecture, these elements were frequently accompanied by round
windows, extensive use of glass block, and flat rooftops.
(15)
(20)
The third style, referred to as cither “ international stripped classicism,” or simply
“classical moderne,” also came to the forefront during the Depression, a period of severe
economic difficult in the 1930’s. This was amore conservative style, blending a
simplified modernistic style with a more austere form of geometric and stylized relief
sculpture and other ornament, including interior murals. May buildings in this style
were erected nationwide through government programs during the Depression.
Although art deco in its many forms was largely perceived as thoroughly modern,
it was strongly influenced by the decorative arts movements that immediately preceded
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TOEFL Reading Comprehension
it. For example, like “art nouveau” (1890-1910), art deco also used plant motifs, but
regularized the forms into abstracted repetitive patterns rather than presenting them as
(25) flowing, asymmetrical foliage, Like the Viennese craftspeople of the Wiener Werkstatte,
art deco designers worked with exotic materials, geometricized shapes, and colorfully
ornate patterns. Furthermore, like the artisans of the Arts and Crafts Movement in England
and the United States, art deep practitioners considered it their mission to transform the
domestic environment through well-designed furniture and household accessories.
41. What aspect of art deco does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The influence of art deco on the design of furniture and household accessories
(B) Ways in which government programs encouraged the development of art deco
(C) Architectural manifestations of art deco during the 1920’s and 1930’s
(D) Reasons for the popularity of art deco in New York and California
42. The word “encompass” in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) separate
(B) include
(C) replace
43. The phrase “The first” in line 2 refers to
(A) the term “art deco”
(C) the 1920’s and 1930’s
(D) enhance
(B) design trends
(D) skyscrapers
44. In line 9, the author mentions “an ancient Mesopotamian temple tower ” in order to
(A) describe the exterior shape of certain “art deco” buildings
(B) explain the differences between ancient and modern architectural steles
(C) emphasize the extent of architectural advances
(D) argue for a return to more traditional architectural design
45. The streamlined moderne style is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT
(A) animal motifs
(B) flat roofs
(C) round windows
(D) “speed stripes”
46. The phrase “came to the forefront” in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) grew in complexity
(B) went through a process
(C) changed its approach
(D) became important
47. According to the passage, which of the following statements most accurately describes the relationship
between art deco and art nouveau?
(A) They were art forms that competed with each other for government support during the Depression
era.
(B) They were essentially the same art form.
(C) Art nouveau preceded art deco and influenced it.
(D) Art deco became important in the United States while art nouveau became popular in England.
48. According to the passage, a building having an especially ornate appearance would most probably have
been designed in the style of
(A) zigzag moderne
(B) streamlined moderne
(C) classical moderne
(D) the Arts and Crafts Movement
49. According to the passage, which of the following design trends is known by more than one name ?
(A) Zigzag moderne
(B) Streamlined moderne
(C) International stripped classicism
(D) Arts and Crafts Movement
50. The passage is primarily developed as
(A) the historical chronology of a movement
(B) a description of specific buildings that became famous for their unusual beauty
(C) an analysis of various trends within an artistic movement
(D) an argument of the advantages of one artistic form over another
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PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
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PRACTICE TEST 11
May 2001
Questions 1-10
In the early 1800’s, over 80 percent of the United States labor force was engaged
in agriculture. Sophisticated technology and machinery were virtually nonexistent.
People who lived in the cities and were not directly involved in trade often participated
Line in small cottage industries making handcrafted goods. Others cured meats, silversmiths, candle
(5) or otherwise produced needed goods and commodities. Blacksmiths, silversmiths, candle
makers, and other artisans worked in their homes or barns, relying on help of family
Perhaps no single phenomenon brought more widespread and lasting change to the
United States society than the rise of industrialization. Industrial growth hinged on several
(10) economic factors. First, industry requires an abundance of natural resources, especially
coal, iron ore, water, petroleum, and timber-all readily available on the North American
continent. Second, factories demand a large labor supply. Between the 1870’s and the
First World War (1914-1918), approximately 23 million immigrants streamed to the
United States, settled in cities, and went to work in factories and mines. They also helped
(15) build the vast network of canals and railroads that crisscrossed the continent and linked
important trade centers essential to industrial growth.
Factories also offered a reprieve from the backbreaking work and financial
unpredictability associated with farming. Many adults, poor and disillusioned with
farm life, were lured to the cities by promises of steady employment, regular paychecks,
(20) increased access to goods and services, and expanded social opportunities. Others were
pushed there when new technologies made their labor cheap or expendable; inventions
such as steel plows and mechanized harvesters allowed one farmhand to perform work
that previously had required several, thus making farming capital-intensive rather than
labor-intensive.
(25)
The United States economy underwent a massive transition and the nature of work
was permanently altered. Whereas cottage industries relied on a few highly skilled craft
workers who slowly and carefully converted raw materials into finished products from
start to finish, factories relied on specialization. While factory work was less creative and
more monotonous, it was also more efficient and allowed mass production of goods at
less expense.
1.What aspect of life in the United States does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The transition from an agricultural to an industrial economy
(B) The inventions that transformed life in the nineteenth century
(C) The problems associated with the earliest factories
(D) The difficulty of farm life in the nineteenth century
2. Blacksmiths, silversmiths, and candle makers are mentioned in lines 5-6 as examples of artisans who
(A) maintained their businesses at home
(B) were eventually able to use sophisticated technology
(C) produced unusual goods and commodities
(D) would employ only family members
3. The phrase “hinged on” in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) recovered from
(B) depended on
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(C) started on
(D) contributed to
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TOEFL Reading Comprehension
4. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage as a reason for the industrial growth that occurred in
the United States before 1914?
(A)The availability of natural resources found only in the United States
(B) The decrease in number of farms resulting from technological advances
(C) The replacement of canals and railroads by other forms of transportation
(D) The availability of a large immigrant work force
5. The word “lured” in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) attracted
(B) assigned
(C) restricted
6. The word “Others” in line 20 refers to other
(A) adults
(C) goods and services
(B) promises
(D) social opportunities
7.The word “expendable” in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) nonproductive
(B) unacceptable
(C) nonessential
(D) attached
(D) unprofitable
8. It can be inferred from the passage that industrialization affected farming in that industrialization
(A) increased the price of farm products
(B) limited the need for new farm machinery
(C) created new and interesting jobs on farms
(D) reduced the number of people willing to do farm work
9.What does the author mean when stating that certain inventions made farming “capital-intensive rather
than labor-intensive” (lines 23-24)?
(A) Workers had to be trained to operate the new machines.
(B) Mechanized farming required more capital and fewer laborers.
(C) The new inventions were not helpful for all farming activities.
(D) Human labor could still accomplish as much work as the first machines.
10. According to the passage, factory workers differed from craft workers in that factory workers
(A) were required to be more creative
(B) worked extensively with raw materials
(C) changed jobs frequently
(D) specialized in one aspect of the finished product only
Question 11-20
Molting is one of the most involved processes of a bird’s annual life cycle.
Notwithstanding preening and constant care, the marvelously intricate structure of a bird’s
Feather inevitably wears out. All adult birds molt their feathers at least once a year, and
Line upon close observation, one can recognize the frayed, ragged appearance of feathers that
(5)
are nearing the end of their useful life. Two distinct processes are involved in molting.
The first step is when the old, worn feather is dropped, or shed. The second is when a new
feather grows in its place. When each feather has been shed and replaced, then the molt
can be said to be complete. This, however, is an abstraction that often does not happen:
incomplete, overlapping, and arrested molts are quite common.
(10)
Molt requires that a bird find and process enough protein to rebuild approximately
one-third of its body weight. It is not surprising that a bird in heavy molt often seems
listless and unwell. But far from being random, molt is controlled by strong evolutionary
forces that have established an optimal time and duration. Generally, molt occurs at the
time of least stress on the bird. Many songbirds, for instance, molt in late summer, when
(15) the hard work of breeding is done but the weather is still warm and food still plentiful.
This is why the woods in late summer often seem so quiet, when compared with the
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PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
exuberant choruses of spring.
Molt of the flight feathers is the most highly organized part of the process. Some species,
for example, begin by dropping the outermost primary feathers on each side (to retain
(20) balance in the air) and wait until the replacement feathers are about one-third grown before
shedding the next outermost, and so on. Others always start with the innermost primary
feathers and work outward. Yet other species begin in the middle and work outward on both
weeks while the replacement feathers grow.
11. The passage mainly discusses how
(A) birds prepare for breeding
(C) birds shed and replace their feathers
(B) bird feathers differ from species
(D) birds are affected by seasonal changes
12. The word “Notwithstanding” in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) despite
(B) because of
(C) instead of
(D) regarding
13. The word “intricate” in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) regular
(B) complex
(C) interesting
(D) important
14. The word “random” in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) unfortunate
(B) unusual
(C) unobservable
(D) unpredictable
15. The word “optimal” in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) slow
(B) frequent
(C) best
(D) early
16. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason that songbirds molt in the late summer?
(A) Fewer predators are in the woods.
(B) The weathers is still warm.
(C) The songbirds have finished breeding.
(D) Food is still available.
17. Some birds that are molting maintain balance during flight by
(A) constantly preening and caring for their remaining feathers
(B) dropping flight feathers on both sides at the same time
(C) adjusting the angle of their flight to compensate for lost feathers
(D) only losing one-third of their feathers
18. The word “Others” in line 21 refers to
(A) ducks
(B) sides
(C) species
(D) flight feathers
19. The author discusses ducks in order to provide an example of birds that
(A) grow replacement feathers that are very long
(B) shed all their wing feathers at one time
(C) keep their innermost feathers
(D) shed their outermost feathers first
20. It can inferred from the discussion about ducks that the molting of their flight feathers takes.
(A) a year
(B) a season
(C) several months
(D) a few weeks
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TOEFL Reading Comprehension
Question 21-30
The Harlem Renaissance, a movement of the 1920’s, marked the twentieth century’s
first period of intense activity by African Americans in the field of literature, art, and
music in the United States. The philosophy of the movement combined realism, ethnic
Line consciousness, and Americanism. Encouraged by the example of certain Americans
(5)
of European descent such as Thomas Eakins, Robert Henri, and George Luks, who had
included persons of African descent in their paintings as serious studies rather than as
trivial or sentimental stereotypes, African American artists of this period set about
creating a new portrayal of themselves and their lives in the United States. As they began
to strive for social and cultural independence. Their attitudes toward themselves changed,
(10) and, to some extent, other segments of American society began to change their attitudes
toward them. Thus, thought the Harlem Renaissance was a short-lived movement, its
impact on American art and culture continues to the present.
The district in New York City know as Harlem was the capital of the movement.
In 1925 an issue of Survey Graphic magazine devoted exclusively to Harlem and edited
(15) by philosopher Alain Locke became the manifesto of the African American artistic
movement. Locke strongly suggested that individuals, while accepting their Americanism,
take pride in their African ancestral arts and urged artists to look to Africa for substance
and inspiration. Far from advocating a withdrawal from American culture, as did some of
his contemporaries, Locke recommended a cultural pluralism through which artists could
(20) enrich the culture of America. African Americans were urged by Locke to be collaborators
and participators with other Americans in art, literature, and music; and at the same time
to preserve, enhance, and promote their own cultural heritage.
(25)
Artists and intellectuals from many parts of the United States and the Caribbean had
been attracted to Harlem by the pulse and beat of its unique and dynamic culture. From
this unity created by the convergence of artists from various social and geographical
backgrounds came a new spirit, which, particularly in densely populated Harlem, was
to result in greater group awareness and self-determination. African American graphic
artists took their place beside the poets and writers of the Harlem Renaissance and
carried on efforts to increase and promote the visual arts.
21. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) African American paintings in the 1920’s
(B) An arts movement of the 1920’s
(C) The influence of Alain Locke on African American art
(D) Some ways in which African culture inspired American literature, art and music
22. According to the passage, Tomas Eakins, Robert Henri, and George Luks were important because of
(A) the philosophical contributions they made to the Harlem Renaissance
(B) their development of a new style of African American art
(C) they way in which they depicted African Americans in their paintings
(D) their independence from European artistic traditions
23. The word “them” in line 11 refers to
(A) Americans of European descent
(C) African American artists
(B) paintings
(D) attitudes
24. According to the passage, African American artists of the 1920’s differed from earlier African American
artists in terms of their feelings about
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PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
(A) themselves
(C) their impact on American art
(B) other artists
(D) stereotypes
25. The word “urged” in line 17 is closest is meaning to
(A) prepared
(B) defined
(C) permitted
(D) encouraged
26. Alain Locke believed all of the following to be important to the African American artistic
movement EXCEPT
(A) pride in African art
(B) cultural pluralism
(C) collaboration with other artists
(D) withdrawal from American culture
27. In mentioning “the pulse and beat” (line24) of Harlem during the 1920’s, the author is
characterizing the district as one that
(A) depended greatly on its interaction with other parts of the city
(B) grew economically in a short period of time
(C) was an exciting place to be
(D) was in danger of losing population
28. The word “convergence” in line 25 is closest in meaning to
(A) gathering
(B) promotion
(C) expression
(D) influence
29. According to the passage, all of the following were true of Harlem in the 1920’s EXCEPT:
(A) Some Caribbean artists and intellectuals lived there.
(B) It attracted people from various regions of United States.
(C) It was one of the most expensive neighborhoods in New York City.
(D) It was a unique cultural center.
30. The phrase “carried on” in line 29 is closest in meaning to
(A) continued
(B) praised
(C) transformed
(D) connected
Questions 31-40
Ethology is concerned with the study of adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its
Evolutionary history. Ethological theory began to be applied to research on children in the
1960’s but has become even more influential today. The origins of ethology can be traced
Line to the work of Darwin. Its modern foundations were laid by two European zoologists,
(5)
Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen.
Watching the behaviors diverse animal species in their natural habitats, Lorenz, and
Tinbergen observed behavior patterns that promote survival. The most well-known of these
is imprinting, the early following behavior of certain baby birds that ensures that the young
will stay close to their mother and be fed and protected from danger. Imprinting takes place
(10) during an early, restricted time period of development. If the mother goose is not present
during this time, but an object resembling her in important features is, young goslings may
imprint on it instead.
Observations of imprinting led to major concept that has been applied in child
Development” the critical period. It refers to a limited times span during which the child is
(15) biologically prepared to acquire certain adaptive behaviors but needs the support of suitably
stimulating environment. Many researchers have conducted studies to find out whether
complex cognitive and social behaviors must be learned during restricted time periods.
for example, if children are deprived of adequate food or physical and social stimulation
during the early years of life, will their intelligence be permanently impaired? If language
(20) is not mastered during the preschool years, is the child’s capacity to acquire it reduced?
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TOEFL Reading Comprehension
Inspired by observations of imprinting, in 1969 the British psychoanalyst John Bowlby
applied ethological theory to the understanding of the relationship between an infant and
its parents. He argued that attachment behaviors of babies, such as smiling, babbling,
grasping, and crying, are built-in social signals that encourage the parents to approach,
(25) care for, and interact with the baby. By keeping a parent near, these behaviors help ensure
that the baby will be fed, protected from danger, and provided with the stimulation and
affection necessary for healthy growth. The development of attachment in human infants
is a lengthy process involving changes in psychological structures that lead to a deep
affectional tie between parent and baby.
31. What was Darwin’s contribution to ethology?
(A) Darwin improved on the original principles of ethology.
(B) Darwin was the professor who taught Lorenz and Tinbergen.
(C) Darwin’s work provided the basis for ethology.
(D) Darwin was the first person to apply ethological theory to children.
32. The word “diverse” in line 6 is closest in meaning to
(A) small
(B) varied
(C) wild
33. The word “ensures” in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) guarantees
(B) proves
(C) teaches
(D) particular
(D) assumes
34. According to the passage, if a mother goose is not present during the time period when imprinting takes
place, which of the following will most likely occur?
(A) The gosling will not imprint on any object.
(B) The gosling may not find a mate when it matures.
(C) The mother will later imprint on the gosling.
(D) The gosling may imprint on another object.
35. The word “it” in line 12 refers to
(A) development
(B) goose
(C) time
36. The word “suitably” in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) willingly
(B) moderately
(C) appropriately
(D) object
(D) emotionally
37. The author mentions all of the following as attachment behaviors of human infants EXCEPT
(A) grasping
(B) crying
(C) eating
(D) smiling
38. According to the passage, attachment behaviors of infants are intended to
(A) get the physical, emotional and social needs of the infant met
(B) allow the infant to become imprinted on objects that resemble the parent
(C) provide the infant with a means of self-stimulation
(D) prepare the infant to cope with separation
39. The phrase “affectional tie” in line 29 is closest in meaning to
(A) cognitive development
(B) emotional attachment
(C) psychological need
(D) behavioral change
40. It can be inferred from the passage that ethological theory assumes that
(A) to learn about human behavior only human subjects should be studied
(B) failure to imprint has no influence on intelligence
(C) the notion of critical periods applies only to animals
(D) there are similarities between animal and human behavior
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PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
Questions 41-50
There are only a few clues in the rock record about climate in the Proterozoic con.
Much of our information about climate in the more recent periods of geologic history
comes from the fossil record, because we have a reasonably good understanding of
Line the types of environment in which many fossil organisms flourished. The scarce fossils
(5)
of the Proterozoic, mostly single-celled bacteria, provide little evidence in this regard.
However, the rocks themselves do include the earliest evidence for glaciation, probably
a global ice age.
(10)
(15)
(20)
(25)
The inference that some types of sedimentary rocks are the result of glacial activity
is based on the principle of uniformitarianism, which posits that natural processes now
at work on and within the Earth operated in the same manner in the distant past. The
deposits associated with present-day glaciers have been well studied, and some of their
characteristics are quite distinctive. In 2.3-billion-year-old rocks in Canada near Lake
Huron (dating from the early part of the Proterozoic age), there are thin laminae of
fine-grained sediments that resemble varves, the annual layers of sediment deposited in
glacial lakes. Typically, present-day varves show two-layered annual cycle, one layer
corresponding to the rapid ice melting and sediment transport of the summer season, and
the other, finer-grained, layer corresponding to slower winter deposition. Although it is
not easy to discern such details in the Proterozoic examples, they are almost certainly
glacial varves. These fine-grained, layered sediments even contain occasional large
pebbles or “dropstones,” a characteristic feature of glacial environments where coarse
material is sometimes carried on floating ice and dropped far from its source, into
otherwise very fine grained sediment. Glacial sediments of about the same age as those
in Canada have been found in other parts of North America and in Africa, India, and
Europe. This indicates that the glaciation was global, and that for a period of time in
the early Proterozoic the Earth was gripped in an ice age.
Following the early Proterozoic glaciation, however, the climate appears to have
been fairly benign for a very long time. There is no evidence for glaciation for the
next 1.5 billion years or so. Then, suddenly, the rock record indicates a series of
glacial episodes between about 850 and 600 million year ago, near the end of the
Proterozoic con.
41. Which of the following does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) How patterns in rock layers have been used to construct theories about the climate of the
Proterozoic age
(B) What some rare fossils indicate about glacial conditions during the late Proterozoic age
(C) The varying characteristics of Proterozoic glacial varves in different parts of the world
(D) The number of glacial episodes that the Earth has experienced since the Proterozoic age
42. According to the passage, the fossil record of the Proterozoic con is
(A) highly regarded because it preserves the remains of many kinds of organisms
(B) less informative than the fossil record of more recent periods
(C) very difficult to interpret due to damage from bacteria
(D) more useful to researchers than other aspects of the rock record
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TOEFL Reading Comprehension
43. The word “scarce” in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) ancient
(B) tiny
(C) available
(D) rare
44. It can be inferred from the passage that the principle of uniformitarianism indicates that
(A) similar conditions produce similar rock formations
(B) rock layers in a given region remain undisturbed over time
(C) different kinds of sedimentary rocks may
(D) each continent has its own distinctive pattern of sediment layers
45. The word “resemble” in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) result from
(B) penetrate
(C) look like
(D) replace have similar origins
46. According to the passage, the layers in varves are primarily formed by
(A) fossilized bacteria
(B) pieces of ancient dropstones
(C) a combination of ancient and recent sediments
(D) annual cycles of sediment transport and deposition
47. The phrase “the other” in line 17 refers to another
(A) annual cycle
(C) layer of sediment
(B) glacial lake
(D) season
48. According to the passage, the presence of dropstones indicates that
(A) the glacial environment has been unusually server
(B) the fine-grained sediment has built up very slowly
(C) there has been a global ice age
(D) coarse rock material has been carried great distances
49. Why does the author mention Canada, North America, Africa, India, and Europe in lines 23-24?
(A) To demonstrate the global spread of dropstones
(B) To explain the principles of varve formation
(C) To provide evidence for the theory that there was a global ice age in the early Proterozoic eon
(D) To illustrate the varied climatic changes of the Proterozoic con in different parts of the globe
50. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?
(A) fossil record (line 3)
(B) laminae (line 13)
(C) varves (line14)
(D) glacial episodes (line 29)
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PRACTICE TEST 12
August 2001
Questions 1-9
Glass fibers have a long history. The Egyptians made coarse fibers by 1600 B.C., and
fibers survive as decorations on Egyptian pottery dating back to 1375 B c. During the
Renaissance (fifteenth and sixteenth centuries A.D.), glassmakers from Venice used glass
Line fibers to decorate the surfaces of plain glass vessels. However, glassmakers guarded their
(5)
secrets so carefully that no one wrote about glass fiber production until the early
seventeenth century.
(10)
(15)
(20)
The eighteenth century brought the invention of "spun glass" fibers. Rene-Antoine de
Reaumur, a French scientist, tried to make artificial feathers from glass. He made fibers
by rotating a wheel through a pool of molten glass, pulling threads of glass where the hot
thick liquid stuck to the wheel. His fibers were short and fragile, but he predicted that
spun glass fibers as thin as spider silk would be flexible and could be woven into fabric.
By the start of the nineteenth century, glassmakers learned how to make longer, stronger
fibers by pulling them from molten glass with a hot glass tube. Inventors wound the
cooling end of the thread around a yarn reel, then turned the reel rapidly to pull more fiber
from the molten glass. Wandering tradespeople began to spin glass fibers at fairs, making
decorations and ornaments as novelties for collectors, but this material was of little
practical use; the fibers were brittle, ragged, and no longer than ten feet, the circumference
of the largest reels. By the mid-1870's, however, the best glass fibers were finer than silk
and could be woven into fabrics or assembled into imitation ostrich feathers to decorate
hats. Cloth of white spun glass resembled silver; fibers drawn from yellow-orange glass
looked golden.
Glass fibers were little more than a novelty until the 1930's, when their thermal and
electrical insulating properties were appreciated and methods for producing continuous
filaments were developed. In the modern manufacturing process, liquid glass is fed
(25) directly from a glass-melting furnace into a bushing, a receptacle pierced with hundreds
of fine nozzles, from which the liquid issues in fine streams. As they solidify, the streams
of glass are gathered into a single strand and wound onto a reel.
1. Which of the following aspects of glass fiber does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The major developments in its production
(B) Its relationship with pottery making
(C) Important inventors in its long history
(D) The variety of its uses in modern industry
2. The word "coarse" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) decorative
(B) natural
(C) crude
(D) weak
3. Why was there nothing written about the making of Renaissance glass fibers until the seventeenth
century?
(A) Glassmakers were unhappy with the quality of the fibers they could make.
(B) Glassmakers did not want to reveal the methods they used.
(C) Few people were interested in the Renaissance style of glass fibers.
(D) Production methods had been well known for a long time.
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PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
4. According to the passage, using a hot glass tube rather than a wheel to pull fibers from molten glass made
the fibers
(A) quicker to cool
(B) harder to bend
(C) shorter and more easily broken
(D) longer and more durable
5. The phrase "this material" in line 16 refers to
(A) glass fibers
(C) ornaments
(B) decorations
(D) novelties for collectors
6. The word "brittle" in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) easily broken
(B) roughly made
(C) hairy
(D) shiny
7. The production of glass fibers was improved in the nineteenth century by which of the following
(A) Adding silver to the molten glass
(B) Increasing the circumference of the glass tubes
(C) Putting silk thread in the center of the fibers
(D) Using yam reels
8. The word "appreciated" in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) experienced
(B) recognized
(C) explored
(D) increased
9. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?
(A) invention (line 7)
(B) circumference (line 17)
(C) manufacturing process (line 24)
(D) bushing (line25)
Questions 10-19
The most thoroughly studied cases of deception strategies employed by ground-nesting
birds involve plovers, small birds that typically nest on beaches or in open fields, their
nests merely scrapes in the sand or earth. Plovers also have an effective repertoire of tricks
Line for distracting potential nest predators from their exposed and defenseless eggs or chicks.
(5)
The ever-watchful plover can detect a possible threat at a considerable distance. When
she does, the nesting bird moves inconspicuously off the nest to a spot well away from
eggs or chicks. At this point she may use one of several ploys. One technique involves
first moving quietly toward an approaching animal and then setting off noisily through
the grass or brush in a low, crouching run away from the nest, while emitting rodent like
(10) squeaks. The effect mimics a scurrying mouse or vole, and the behavior rivets the
attention of the type of predators that would also be interested in eggs and chicks.
Another deception begins with quiet movement to an exposed and visible location well
away from the nest. Once there, the bird pretends to incubate a brood. When the predator
approaches, the parent flees, leaving the false nest to be searched. The direction in which
(15) the plover "escapes" is such that if the predator chooses to follow, it will be led still further
away from the true nest.
(20)
The plover's most famous stratagem is the broken-wing display, actually a continuum
of injury-mimicking behaviors spanning the range from slight disability to near-complete
helplessness. One or both wings are held in an abnormal position, suggesting injury. The
bird appears to be attempting escape along an irregular route that indicates panic. In the
most extreme version of the display, the bird flaps one wing in an apparent attempt to
take to the air, flops over helplessly, struggles back to its feet, runs away a short distance,
seemingly attempts once more to take off, flops over again as the "useless" wing fails to
provide any lift, and so on. Few predators fail to pursue such obviously vulnerable prey.
Needless to say, each short run between "flight attempts" is directed away from the nest.
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TOEFL Reading Comprehension
10. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The nest-building techniques of plovers
(B) How predators search for plovers
(C) The strategies used by plovers to deceive predators
(D) Why plovers are vulnerable to predators
11. The word "merely" in fine 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) often
(B) only
(C) usually
(D) at first
12. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage about plovers?
(A) Their eggs and chicks are difficult to find.
(B) They are generally defenseless when away From their nests.
(C) They are slow to react in dangerous situations.
(D) Their nests are on the surface of the ground.
13. The word "emitting" in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) bringing
(B) attracting
(C) producing
(D) minimizing
14. In the deception technique described in paragraph 2 the plover tries to
(A) stay close to her nest
(B) attract the predator's attention
(C) warn other plovers of danger
(D) frighten the approaching predator
15. The word "spanning" in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) covering
(B) selecting
(C) developing
(D) explaining
16. According to paragraph 4, which of the following aspects of the plover's behavior gives the appearance
that it is frightened?
(A) Abnormal body position
(B) Irregular escape route
(C) Unnatural wing movement
(D) Unusual amount of time away from the nest
17. The word "pursue" in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) catch
(B) notice
(C) defend
(D) chase
18. According to the passage, a female plover utilizes all of the following deception techniques EXCEPT
(A) appearing to be injured
(B) sounding like another animal
(C) pretending to search for prey
(D) pretending to sit on her eggs
19. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?
(A) A description of the sequence of steps involved in plovers nest building
(B) A generalization about plover behavior followed by specific examples
(C) A comparison and contrast of the nesting behavior of plovers and other ground nesting birds
(D) A cause-and-effect analysis of the relationship between a prey and a predator
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PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
Questions 20-28
The interrelationship of science, technology, and industry is taken for granted
today – summed up, not altogether accurately, as "research and development." Yet
historically this widespread faith in the economic virtues of science is a relatively recent
Line phenomenon, dating back in the United States about 150 years, and in the Western world
(5)
as a whole not over 300 years at most. Even in this current era of large scale, intensive
research and development, the interrelationships involved in this process are frequently
misunderstood. Until the coming of the Industrial Revolution, science and technology
evolved for the most part independently of each other. Then as industrialization became
increasingly complicated, the craft techniques of preindustrial society gradually gave way
(10) to a technology based on the systematic application of scientific knowledge and scientific
methods. This changeover started slowly and progressed unevenly. Until late in the
nineteenth century, only a few industries could use scientific techniques or cared about
using them. The list expanded noticeably after 1870, but even then much of what passed
for the application of science was "engineering science" rather than basic science.
(15)
(20)
(25)
Nevertheless, by the middle of the nineteenth century, the rapid expansion of scientific
knowledge and of public awareness-if not understanding-of it had created a belief that the
advance of science would in some unspecified manner automatically generate economic
benefits. The widespread and usually uncritical acceptance of this thesis led in turn to the
assumption that the application of science to industrial purposes was a linear process, starting
with fundamental science, then proceeding to applied science or technology, and through
them to industrial use. This is probably the most common pattern, but it is not invariable. New
areas of science have been opened up and fundamental discoveries made as a result of
attempts to solve a specific technical or economic problem. Conversely, scientists who mainly
do basic research also serve as consultants on projects that apply research in practical ways.
In sum, the science-technology-industry relationship may flow in several different ways, and
the particular channel it will follow depends on the individual situation. It may at times even
be multidirectional.
20. What is the author's main purpose in the passage?
(A) To show how technology influenced basic science
(B) To describe the scientific base of nineteenth-century American industries
(C) To correct misunderstandings about the connections between science, technology, and industry
(D) To argue that basic science has no practical application
21. The word "altogether" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) completely
(B) realistically
(C) individually
(D) understandably
22. The word "intensive" in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) decreased
(B) concentrated
(C) creative
(D) advanced
23. The "list" mentioned in line 13 refers to
(A) types of scientific knowledge
(C) industries that used scientific techniques
(B) changes brought by technology
(D) applications of engineering science
24. The understanding of research and development in the late nineteenth century is based on which of the
following?
(A) Engineering science is not very important.
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TOEFL Reading Comprehension
(B) Fundamental science naturally leads to economic benefits.
(C) The relationship between research and development should be criticized.
(D) Industrial needs should determine what areas fundamental science focuses on.
25. The word "it" in line 16 refers to
(A) understanding
(C) scientific knowledge
(B) public awareness
(D) expansion
26. The word "assumption" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) regulation
(B) belief
(C) contract
(D) confusion
27. Why does the author mention "consultants" in line 24 ?
(A) To show how new areas of science have given rise to new professions
(B) To distinguish between scientists who work in industry and those who do not
(C) To explain the ways in which scientists find financial support for their work
(D) To show how scientists who work in basic research contribute to applied science
28. Which of the following statements does the passage support?
(A) The development of science and of industry is now interdependent.
(B) Basic scientific research cannot generate practical applications.
(C) Industries should spend less money on research and development.
(D) Science and technology are becoming more separate.
Questions 29-39
The economic depression in the late-nineteenth-century United States contributed
significantly to a growing movement in literature toward realism and naturalism. After the
1870' s, a number of important authors began to reject the romanticism that had prevailed
Line immediately following the Civil War of 1861-1865 and turned instead to realism.
(5)
determined to portray life as it was, with fidelity to real life and accurate representation
without idealization, they studied local dialects, wrote stories which focused on life in
specific regions of the country, and emphasized the "true" relationships between people. In
doing so, they reflected broader trends in the society, such as industrialization,
evolutionary theory which emphasized the effect of the environment on humans, and the
(10) influence of science.
Realists such as Joel Chandler Harris and Ellen Glasgow depicted life in the South;
Hamlin Garland described life on the Great Plains; and Sarah One Jewett wrote about
everyday life in rural New England. Another realist, Bret Harte, achieved fame with stories
that portrayed local life in the California mining camps.
(15)
(20)
(25)
Samuel Clemens, who adopted the pen name Mark Twain, became the country's most
outstanding realist author, observing life around him with a humorous and skeptical eye. In
his stories and novels, Twain drew on his own experiences and used dialect and common
speech instead of literary language, touching off a major change in American prose style.
Other writers became impatient even with realism. Pushing evolutionary theory to its
limits, they wrote of a world in which a cruel and merciless environment determined
human fate. These writers, called naturalists, often focused on economic hardship,
studying people struggling with poverty, and other aspects of urban and industrial life.
Naturalists brought to their writing a passion for direct and honest experience.
Theodore Dreiser, the foremost naturalist writer, in novels such as Sister Carrie, grimly
portrayed a dark world in which human beings were tossed about by forces beyond their
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PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
understanding or control. Dreiser thought that writers should tell the truth about human
affairs, not fabricate romance, and Sister Carrie, he said, was "not intended as a piece of
literary craftsmanship, but was a picture of conditions."
29. Which aspect of late-nineteenth-century United States literature does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The influence of science on literature
(B) The importance of dialects for realist writers
(C) The emergence of realism and naturalism
(D) The effects of industrialization on romanticism
30. The word "prevailed" in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) dominated
(B) transformed
(C) entered
(D) generalized
31. The word "they" in line 8 refers to
(A) authors
(B) dialects
(D) relationships
(C) stories
32. According to the passage, a highly significant factor in the development of realist and naturalist literature
was
(A) the Civil War
(B) a recognition that romanticism was unpopular
(C) an increased interest in the study of common speech
(D) an economic depression
33. Realist writers took an interest in all of the following EXCEPT
(A) human relationships
(B) characteristics of different regions
(C) the idealization of life
(D) social and historical theories
34. The word "depicted" in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) emphasized
(B) described
(C) criticized
(D) classified
35. Why does the author mention mining camps in line 14?
(A) To contrast the themes of realist and naturalist writers
(B) To illustrate how Bret Harte differed from other authors
(C) As an example of a topic taken up by realist writers
(D) As an example of how setting can influence literary style
36. Which of the following wrote about life in rural New England?
(A) Ellen Glasgow
(B) Sarah Orne Jewett
(C) Hamlin Garland
(D) Mark Twain
37. Mark Twain is considered an important literary figure because he
(A) was the first realist writer in the United States
(B) rejected romanticism as a literary approach
(C) wrote humorous stories and novels
(D) influenced American prose style through his use of common speech
38. The word "foremost" in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) most difficult
(B) interesting
(C) most focused
(D) leading
39. Which of the following statements about Theodore Dreiser is supported by the passage?
(A) He mainly wrote about historical subjects such as the Civil War.
(B) His novels often contained elements of humor.
(C) He viewed himself more as a social commentator than as a literary artist.
(D) He believed writers should emphasize the positive aspects of life.
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TOEFL Reading Comprehension
Questions 40-50
In 1900 the United States had only three cities with more than a million residentsNew York, Chicago, and Philadelphia. By 1930, it had ten giant metropolises. The newer
ones experienced remarkable growth, which reflected basic changes in the economy.
Line The population of Los Angeles (114,000 in 1900) rose spectacularly in the early
(5)
decades of the twentieth century, increasing a dramatic 1,400 percent from 1900 to 1930.
(10)
(15)
(20)
(25)
A number of circumstances contributed to the meteoric rise of Los Angeles. The
agricultural potential of the area was enormous if water for irrigation could be found, and
the city founders had the vision and dating to obtain it by constructing a 225-mile
aqueduct, completed in 1913, to tap the water of the Owens River. The city had a superb
natural harbor, as well as excellent rail connections. The climate made it possible to shoot
motion pictures year-round; hence Hollywood. Hollywood not only supplied jobs; it
disseminated an image of the good life in Southern California on screens all across the
nation. The most important single industry powering the growth of Los Angeles, however,
was directly linked to the automobile. The demand for petroleum to fuel gasoline engines
led to the opening of the Southern California oil fields, and made Los Angeles North
America's greatest refining center.
Los Angeles was a product of the auto age in another sense as well: its distinctive
spatial organization depended on widespread private ownership of automobiles. Los
Angeles was a decentralized metropolis, sprawling across the desert landscape over an
area of 400 square miles. It was a city without a real center. The downtown business
district did not grow apace with the city as a whole, and the rapid transit system designed
to link the center with outlying areas withered away from disuse. Approximately 800,000
cars were registered in Los Angeles County in 1930, one per 2.7 residents. Some visitors
from the east coast were dismayed at the endless urban sprawl and dismissed Los
Angeles as a mere collection of suburbs in search of a city. But the freedom and mobility
of a city built on wheels attracted floods of migrants to the city.
40. What is the passage mainly about?
(A) The growth of cities in the United States in the early 1900's
(B) The development of the Southern California oil fields
(C) Factors contributing to the growth of Los Angeles
(D) Industry and city planning in Los Angeles
41. The author characterizes the growth of new large cities in the United States after 1900 as resulting
primarily from
(A) new economic conditions
(B) images of cities shown in movies
(C) new agricultural techniques
(D) a large migrant population
42. The word "meteoric" in line 6 is closest in meaning to
(A) rapid
(B) famous
(C) controversial
(D) methodical
43. The word "it" in line 8 refers to
(A) aqueduct
(B) vision
(D) agricultural potential
(C) water
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PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
44. According to the passage, the most important factor in the development of agriculture around Los
Angeles was the
(A) influx of "new residents to agricultural areas near the city
(B) construction of an aqueduct
(C) expansion of transportation facilities
(D) development of new connections to the city's natural harbor
45. According to the passage, the initial success of Hollywood' s motion picture industry was due largely to
the
(A) availability of many skilled workers
(B) beauty of the countryside
(C) region's reputation for luxurious lifestyles
(D) region's climate and good weather
46. It can be inferred from the passage that in 1930 the greatest number of people in the Los Angeles area
were employed in
(A) farming
(B) oil refining
(C) automobile manufacturing
(D) the motion picture industry
47. According to the passage, the Southern California oil fields were initially exploited due to
(A) the fuel requirements of Los Angeles' rail system
(B) an increase in the use of gasoline engines in North America
(C) a desire to put unproductive desert land to good use
(D) innovative planning on the part of the city founders
48. The phrase "apace with" in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) anew with
(B) apart from
(C) as fast as
(D) at the middle of
49. It can be inferred from the passage that the spatial organization of Los Angeles contributed to the relative
decline there of
(A) public transportation
(B) industrial areas
(C) suburban neighborhoods
(D) oil fields
50. The visitors from the east coast mentioned in the passage thought that Los Angeles
(A) was not accurately portrayed by Hollywood images
(B) lacked good suburban areas in which to live
(C) had an excessively large population
(D) was not really a single city
108
PRACTICE TEST 13
October 2001
Question 1-9
Composers today use a wider variety of sounds than ever before, including many
that were once considered undesirable noises. Composer Edgard Varese (1883-1965)
called thus the "liberation of sound...the right to make music with any and all sounds."
Line Electronic music, for example – made with the aid of computers, synthesizers, and
(5)
electronic instruments – may include sounds that in the past would not have been
considered musical. Environmental sounds, such as thunder, and electronically generated
hisses and blips can be recorded, manipulated, and then incorporated into a musical
composition. But composers also draw novel sounds from voices and nonelectronic
instruments. Singers may be asked to scream, laugh, groan, sneeze, or to sing phonetic
(10) sounds rather than words. Wind and string players may lap or scrape their instruments.
A brass or woodwind player may hum while playing, to produce two pitches at once; a
pianist may reach inside the piano to pluck a string and then run a metal blade along it. In
the music of the Western world, the greatest expansion and experimentation have involved
percussion instruments, which outnumber strings and winds in many recent compositions.
(15) Traditional percussion instruments are struck with new types of beaters; and instruments
that used to be couriered unconventional in Western music – tom-toms, bongos,
slapsticks, maracas – are widely used.
(20)
(25)
In the search for novel sounds, increased use has been made in Western music of
Microtones. Non-Western music typically divides and interval between two pitches more
finely than Western music does, thereby producing a greater number of distinct tones,
or micro tones, within the same interval. Composers such as Krzysztof Penderecki create
sound that borders on electronic noise through tone clusters – closely spaced tones played
together and heard as a mass, block, or band of sound. The directional aspect of sound has
taken on new importance as well Loudspeakers or groups of instruments may be placed
at opposite ends of the stage, in the balcony, or at the back and sides of the auditorium.
Because standard music notation makes no provision for many of these innovations,
recent music scores may contain graphlike diagrams, new note shapes and symbols, and
novel ways of arranging notation on the page.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The use of nontraditional sounds in contemporary music
(B) How sounds are produced electronically
(C) How standard musical notation has beer, adapted for nontraditional sounds
(D) Several composers who have experimented with the electronic production of sound
2. The word "wider" in one 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) more impressive
(C) more controversial
(B) more distinctive
(D) more extensive
3. The passage suggests that Edgard Varese is an example of a composer who
(A) criticized electronic music as too noiselike
(B) modified sonic of the electronic instruments he used in his music
(C) believed that any sound could be used in music
(D) wrote music with environmental themes
4. The word "it" in line 12 refers to
109
(A) piano
(B)string
(C) blade
110
(D) music
TOEFL Reading Comprehension
5. According to the passage, which of the following types of instruments has played a role in much of the
innovation in Western music?
(A) String
(B) Percussion
(C) Woodwind
(D) Brass
6. The word "thereby" in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) in return for
(B) in spite of
(C) by the way
(D) by that means
7. According to the passage, Krzysztof Penderecki is known for which of the following practices?
(A) Using tones that are clumped together
(B) Combining traditional and nontraditional instruments
(C) Seating musicians in unusual areas of an auditorium
(D) Playing Western music for non-Western audiences
8. According to the passage, which of the following would be considered traditional elements of Western
music?
(A) Microtones
(B) Tom-toms and bongos
(C) Pianos
(D) Hisses
9. In paragraph 3, the author mentions diagrams as an example of a new way to
(A) chart the history of innovation in musical notation
(B) explain the logic of standard musical notation
(C) design and develop electronic instruments
(D) indicate how particular sounds should be produced
Questions 10-19
What unusual or unique biological train led to the remarkable diversification and
unchallenged success of the ants for ever 50 million years? The answer appears to be
that they were the first group of predatory eusocial insects that both lived and foraged
Line primarily in the soil and in rotting vegetation on the ground. Eusocial refers to a form
(5)
of insect society characterized by specialization of tasks and cooperative care of the
young; it is rare among insects. Richly organized colonies of the land made possible
by eusociality enjoy several key advantages over solitary individuals.
(10)
(15)
(20)
Under most circumstances groups of workers arc better able to forage for food and
defend the nest, because they can switch from individual to group response and back
again swiftly and according to need. When a food object or nest intruder is too large for
one individual to handle, nestmates can be quickly assembled by alarm or recruitment
signals. Equally important is the fact that the execution of multiple-step tasks is
accomplished in a series-parallel sequence. That is, individual ants can specialize in
particular steps, moving from one object (such as a larva to be fed) to another (a second
larva to be fed). They do not need to carry each task to completion from start to finish – .
for example, to check the larva first, then collect the food, then feed the larva. Hence, if
each link in the chain has many workers in attendance, a sense directed at any particular
object is less likely to fail. Moreover, ants specializing in particular labor categories
typically constitute a caste specialized by age or body form or both. There has bees some
documentation of the superiority in performance and net energetic yield of various castes
for their modal tasks, although careful experimental studies are still relatively few.
What makes ants unusual in the company of eusocial insects is the fact that they are
the only eusocial predators (predators are animals that capture and feed on other animals)
occupying the soil and ground litter. The eusocial termites live in the same places as ants
and also have wingless workers, but they feed almost exclusively on dead vegetation.
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PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
10. Which of the following questions does the passage primarily answer?
(A) How do individual ants adapt to specialized tasks?
(B) What are the differences between social and solitary insects?
(C) Why are ants predators?
(D) Why have ants been able to thrive for such a long time?
11. The word "unique" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) inherited
(B) habitual
(C) singular
(D) natural
12. The word "rotting" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) decaying
(B) collected
(C) expanding
(D) cultivated
13. The word "key" in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) uncommon
(B) important
(C) incidental
(D) temporary
14. According to the passage, one thing eusocial insects can do is rapidly switch from
(A) one type of food consumption to another
(B) one environment to another
(C) a solitary task to a group task
(D) a defensive to an offensive stance
15. The task of feeding larvae is mentioned in the passage to demonstrate
(A) the advantages of specialization
(B) the type of food that larvae are fed
(C) the ways ant colonies train their young for adult tasks
(D) the different stages of ant development
16. The author uses the word "Hence" in line 16 to indicate
(A) a logical conclusion
(B) the next step in a sense of steps
(C) a reason for further study
(D) the relationship among ants
17. All of the following terms art defined in the passage EXCEPT
(A) eusocial (line 3)
(B) series-parallel sequence (line 13)
(C) caste (line 19)
(D) predators (line 23)
18. The word "they" in line 25 refers to
(A) termites
(B) ants
(C) places
(D) predators
19. It can be inferred from the passage that one main difference between termites and ants is that termites
(A) live above ground
(B) are eusocial
(C) protect their nests
(D) eat almost no animal substances
Questions 20-29
Glaciers are large masses of ice on land that show evidence of past or present
movement. They grow by the gradual transformation of snow into glacier ice.
A fresh snowfall is a fluffy mass of loosely packed snowflakes, small delicate ice
Line crystals grown in the atmosphere. As the snow ages on the ground for weeks or months,
(5)
the crystals shrink and become more compact, and the whole mass becomes squeezed
together into a more dense form, granular snow. As new snow falls and buries the older
snow, the layers of granular snow further compact to form firm, a much denser kind of
snow, usually a year or more old, which has little pore space. Further burial and slow
cementation – a process by which crystals become bound together in a mosaic of
(10) intergrown ice crystals – finally produce solid glacial ice. In this process of
recrystallization, the growth of new crystals at the expense of old ones, the percentage of
air is reduced from about 90 percent for snowflakes to less than 20 percent for glacier ice.
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TOEFL Reading Comprehension
(15)
(20)
The whole process may take as little as a few years, but more likely ten or twenty years or
longer. The snow is usually many meters deep by the time the lower layers art convened
into ice.
In cold glaciers those formed in the coldest regions of the Earth, the entire mass of ice
is at temperatures below the melting point and no free water exists. In temperate glaciers,
the ice is at the melting point at every pressure level within the glacier, and free water is
present as small drops or as larger accumulations in tunnels within or beneath the ice.
Formation of a glacier is complete when ice has accumulated to a thickness (and thus
weight) sufficient to make it move slowly under pressure, in much the same way that solid
rock deep within the Earth can change shape without breaking. Once that point is reached,
the ice flows downhill, either as a tongue of ice filling a valley or as thick ice cap that
flows out in directions from the highest central area where the most snow accumulates.
The up down leads to the eventual melting of ice.
20. Which of the following does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The effect of glaciers on climate
(B) Damage from glaciers
(C) Glacier formation
(D) The location of glaciers
21. Which of the following will cause density within the glacier to increase?
(A) Increased water and air content
(B) Pressure from the weight of new snow
(C) Long periods of darkness and temperature variations
(D) Movement of the glacier
22. The word "bound" in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) covered
(B) chosen
(C) planned
23. Which of the following will be lost is a glacier forms?
(A) Air
(B) Pressure
(C) Weight
(D) held
(D) Rocks
24. According to the passage, which of the following is the LEAST amount of time necessary for glacial ice to
form?
(A) Several months
(B) Several years
(C) At least fifty years
(D) A century
25. The word "converted" in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) changed
(B) delayed
(C) promoted
(D) dissolved
26. What is the purpose of the material in paragraph three (lines 16-19)
(A) To define two types of glaciers
(B) To contrast glacier ice with non-glacier ice
(C) To present theories of glacier formation
(D) To discuss the similarities between glacial types
27. In temperate glaciers, where is water found?
(A) Only near the surface
(C) In a thin layer below the firm
(B) In pools a: various depths
(D) In tunnels
28. The word "it" in line 21 refers to
(A) formation
(B) ice
(C) thickness
29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that a glacier
(A) can revert to a fluffy mass
(B) maintains the same shape throughout the glacial process
(C) is too cold to be thoroughly studied
113
(D) weight
PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
(D) can contribute water to lakes, rivers, or oceans
Questions 30-39
The lack of printing regulations and the unenforceability of British copyright law
in the American colonies made it possible for colonial printers occasionally to act as
publishers. Although they rarely undertook major publishing project because it was
Line difficult to sell books as cheaply as they could be imported from Europe, printers in
(5)
Philadelphia did publish work that required only small amounts of capital, paper, and
type. Broadsides could be published with minimal financial risk. Consisting of only one
sheet of paper and requiring small amounts of type, broadsides involved lower investments
of capital than longer works. Furthermore, the broadside format lent itself to subjects of
high, if temporary, interest, enabling them to meet with ready sale. If the broadside printer
(10) miscalculated, however, and produced a sheet that did not sell, it was not likely to be a
major loss, and the printer would know this immediately, There would be no agonizing
wait with large amounts of capital tied up, books gathering dust on the shelves, and creditors
impatient for payment
(15)
(20)
(25)
In addition to broadsides, books and pamphlets, consisting mainly of political tracts,
catechisms, primers, and chapbooks were relatively inexpensive to print and to buy.
Chapbook were pamphlet-sized books, usually containing popular tales, ballads, poems,
short plays, and jokes, small, both in formal and number of pages, they were generally
bound simply, in boards (a form of cardboard) or merely stitched in paper wrappers (a
sewn antecedent of modern-day paperbacks). Pamphlets and chapbooks did not require
fine paper or a great deal of type to produce they could thus be printed in large, cost-effective
editions and sold cheaply.
By far, the most appealing publishing investments were to be found in small books that
had proven to be steady sellers, providing a reasonably reliable source of income for the
publisher. They would not, by nature, be highly topical or political, as such publications
would prove of fleeting interest. Almanacs, annual publications that contained information
on astronomy and weather patterns arranged according to the days, week, and months of
a given year, provided the perfect steady seller because their information pertained to the
locale in which they would be used
30. Which aspect of colonial printing does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Laws governing the printing industry.
(B) Competition among printers
(C) Types of publications produced
(D) Advances in printing technology
31. According to the passage, why did colonial printers avoid major publishing projects?
(A) Few colonial printers owned printing machinery that was large enough to handle major projects.
(B) There was inadequate shipping available in the colonies.
(C) Colonial printers could not sell their work for a competitive price.
(D) Colonial printers did not have the skills necessary to undertake large publishing projects.
32. Broadsides could be published with little risk to colonial printers because they
(A) required a small financial investment and sold quickly
(B) were in great demand in European markets
(C) were more popular with colonists than chapbooks and pamphlets
(D) generally dealt with topics of long-term interest to many colonists
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TOEFL Reading Comprehension
33. The word "they" in line 17 refers to
(A) chapbooks
(B) tales
(C) jokes
34. The word "antecedent" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) predecessor
(B) format
(C) imitation
(D) pages
(D) component
35. Chapbooks produced in colonial America were characterized by
(A) fine paper
(B) cardboard covers
(C) elaborate decoration
(D) a large number of pages
36. The word "appealing" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) dependable
(B) respectable
(C) enduring
(D) attractive
37. What were "steady sellers" (line 23) ?
(A) Printers whose incomes were quite large
(B) People who traveled from town to town selling Books and pamphlets
(C) Investors who provided reliable financial Support for new printers
(D) Publications whose sales were usually consistent from year to year
38. The word "locale" in line 28 is closest in meaning to
(A) topic
(B) season
(C) interest
(D) place
39. All of the following are defined in the passage EXCEPT
(A) "Broadsides" (line 6)
(B) "catechisms" (line 15)
(C) "chapbooks” (line 16)
(D) "Almanacs" (line 25)
Questions 40-50
Industrialization came to the United State after 1790 as North American entrepreneurs
increased productivity by reorganizing work and building factories. These innovations
in manufacturing boosted output and living standards to an unprecedented extent; the
Line average per capita wealth increased by nearly 1 percent per year – 30 percent over
(5)
the course of a generation. Goods that had once been luxury items became part of
everyday life.
(10)
(15)
(20)
The impressive gain in output stemmed primarily from the way in which workers made
goods, since the 1790's, North American entrepreneurs – even without technological
improvements – had broadened the scope of the outwork system that mace manufacturing
more efficient by distributing materials to a succession of workers who each performed a
single step of the production process. For example, during the 1820's and 1830's the shoe
industry greatly expanded the scale and extend of me outwork system. Tens of thousands
of rural women, paid according to the amount they produced, fabricated the "uppers" of
shoes, which were bound to the soles by wage-earning journeymen shoemakers in dozens
of Massachusetts towns, whereas previously journeymen would have made the enduring
shoe. This system of production made the employer a powerful "shoe boss" and eroded
workers' control over the pace and conditions of labor. However, it also dramatically
increased the output of shoes while cutting their price.
For tasks that were not suited to the outwork system, entrepreneurs created an even
more important new organization, the modem factory, which used power-driven machines
and assembly-line techniques to turn out large quantities of well-made goods. As early
as 1782 the prolific Delaware inventor Oliver Evans had built a highly automated,
laborsaving flour mill driven by water power. His machinery lifted the grain to the top of
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PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
(25)
the mill, cleaned it as it fell into containers known as hoppers, ground the grain into flour,
and then conveyed the flour back to the top of the mill to allow it to cool as it descended
into barrels. Subsequently, manufacturers made use of new improved stationary steam
engines to power their mills. This new technology enabled them to build factories in the
nation's largest cities, taking advantage of urban concentrations of inexpensive labor,
good transportation networks, and eager customers.
40. What is the passage mainly about?
(A)The difficulties of industrialization in North America
(B)The influence of changes in manufacturing on the growth of urban centers
(C) The rapid speed of industrialization in North America
(D) Improved ways of organizing the manufacturing of goods
41. The word "boosted" in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) ensured
(B) raised
(C) arranged
(D) discouraged
42. The word "scope" in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) value
(B) popularity
(D) diversity
(C) extent
43. The author mentions the shoe industry in the second paragraph to provide an example of how
(A) entrepreneurs increased output by using an extended outwork system
(B) entrepreneurs used technological improvements to increase output
(C) rural workers responded to "shoe bosses"
(D) changes in the outwork system improved the quality of shoes
44. All of the following are mentioned as effects of changes in the shoe industry during the 1820's and 1830's
EXCEPT
(A) an increase in the worker's dependence on entrepreneurs
(B) an increase in the wages paid to journeymen shoemakers
(C) a decline in the workers ability to control the speed of production
(D) a decrease in the price of shoes
45. All of the following are true of the outwork system EXCEPT
(A) It involved stages of production.
(B) It was more efficient than the systems used before 1790.
(C) It made many employers less powerful than they had been before.
(D) It did not necessarily involve any technological improvements.
46. The word "prolific" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) efficient
(B) productive
(C) self-employed
(D) progressive
47. According to the passage, how did later mills differ from the mills differ from the mill built by Oliver
Evans?
(A) They were located away from large cities.
(B) They used new technology to produce power.
(C)They did not allow flour to cool before it was placed in Barrels.
(D)They combined technology with the outwork system.
48. The word "it" in line 24 refers to
(A) water power
(B) machinery
(C) grain
(D) mill
49. The passage mentions which of the following as a result of improvements in factory machinery?
(A) It become easier for factory' owners to find workers and customers.
(B) Manufacturers had to employ more highly skilled workers.
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TOEFL Reading Comprehension
(C) The amount of power required for factories operate was reduced.
(D) Factories could operate more than one engine at a time.
50. The word "eager" in line 29 is closest in meaning to
(A) wealthy
(B) knowledgeable
117
(C) regular
(D) enthusiastic
PRACTICE TEST 14
January 2000
Questions 1-10
As Philadelphia grew from a small town into a city in the first half of the eighteenth
century, it became an increasingly important marketing center for a vast and growing
agricultural hinterland. Market days saw the crowded city even more crowded, as
Line farmers from within a radius of 24 or more kilometers brought their sheep, cows, pigs,
(5) vegetables, cider, and other products for direct sale to the townspeople. The High Street
Market was continuously enlarged throughout the period until 1736, when it reached
from Front Street to Third. By 1745 New Market was opened on Second Street
between Pine and Cedar. The next year the Callowhill Market began operation.
(10)
Along with market days, the institution of twice-yearly fairs persisted in
Philadelphia even after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial
cities. The fairs provided a means of bringing handmade goods from outlying places to
would-be buyers in the city. Linens and stockings from Germantown, for example,
were popular items.
Auctions were another popular form of occasional trade. Because of the
(15) competition, retail merchants opposed these as well as the fairs. Although
governmental attempts to eradicate fairs and auctions were less than successful, the
ordinary course of economic development was on the merchants' side, as increasing
business specialization became the order of the day. Export merchants became
differentiated from their importing counterparts, and specialty shops began to appear in
(20) addition to general stores selling a variety of goods.
(25)
One of the reasons Philadelphia's merchants generally prospered was because the
surrounding area was undergoing tremendous economic and demographic growth.
They did their business, after all, in the capital city of the province. Not only did they
cater to the governor and his circle, but citizens from all over the colony came to the
capital for legislative sessions of the assembly and council and the meetings of the
courts of justice.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Philadelphia's agriculture importance
(B) Philadelphia's development as a marketing center
(C) The sale of imported goods in Philadelphia
(D) The administration of the city of Philadelphia
2. It can be inferred from the passage that new markets opened in Philadelphia because
(A) they provided more modem facilities than older markets
(B) the High Street Market was forced to close
(C) existing markets were unable to serve the growing population
(D) farmers wanted markets that were closer to the farms.
3. The word "hinterland " in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) tradition
(B) association
(C) produce
4. The word "it" in line 6 refers to
(A) the crowded city
(C) the High Street Market
(B) a radius
(D) the period
118
(D) region
5. The word "persisted" in line 9 is closest in meaning to
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PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
(A) returned
(B) started
(C) declined
(D) continued
6. According to the passage, fairs in Philadelphia were held
(A) on the same day as market says
(B) as often as possible
(C) a couple of times a year
(D) whenever the government allowed it
7. It can be inferred that the author mentions "Linens and stockings" in line 12 to show that they were items
that
(A) retail merchants were not willing to sell
(B) were not available in the stores in Philadelphia
(C) were more popular in Germantown man in Philadelphia
(D) could easily be transported
8. The word "eradicate" in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) eliminate
(B) exploit
(C) organize
(D) operate
9. What does the author mean by stating in line 17 that "economic development was on the merchants'
side"?
(A) Merchants had a strong impact on economic expansion.
(B) Economic forces allowed merchants to prosper.
(C) Merchants had to work together to achieve economic independence
(D) Specialty shops near large markets were more likely to be economically successful.
10. The word "undergoing" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) requesting
(B) experiencing
(C) repeating
(D) including
Questions 11-22
Aviculturists, people who raise birds for commercial sale, have not yet learned
how to simulate the natural incubation of parrot eggs in the wild. They continue
to look for better ways to increase egg production and to improve chick survival rates.
Line When parrots incubate their eggs in the wild, the temperature and humidity of the
(5) nest are controlled naturally. Heat is transferred from the bird's skin to the top portion
of the eggshell, leaving the sides and bottom of the egg at a cooler temperature. This
temperature gradient may be vital to successful hatching. Nest construction can
contribute to this temperature gradient Nests of loosely arranged sticks, rocks, or dirt
are cooler in temperature at the bottom where the egg contacts the nesting material.
(10) Such nests also act as humidity regulators by allowing rain to drain into the bottom
sections of the nest so that the eggs are not in direct contact with the water. As the
water that collects in the bottom of the nest evaporates, the water vapor rises and is
heated by the incubating bird, which adds significant humidity to the incubation
environment.
(15)
(20)
(25)
In artificial incubation programs, aviculturists remove eggs from the nests of parrots
and incubate them under laboratory conditions. Most commercial incubators heat the
eggs fairly evenly from top to bottom, thus ignoring the bird's method of natural
incubation, and perhaps reducing the viability and survivability of the hatching chicks.
When incubators are not used, aviculturists sometimes suspend wooden boxes outdoors
to use as nests in which to place eggs. In areas where weather can become cold after
eggs are laid, it is very important to maintain a deep foundation of nesting material to
act as insulator against the cold bottom of the box. If eggs rest against the wooden
bottom in extremely cold weather conditions, they can become chilled to a point where
the embryo can no longer survive. Similarly, these boxes should be protected from
direct sunlight to avoid high temperatures that are also fatal to the growing embryo.
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TOEFL Reading Comprehension
Nesting material should be added in sufficient amounts to avoid both extreme
temperature situations mentioned above and assure that the eggs have a soft, secure
place to rest.
11. What is the main idea of the passage?
(A) Nesting material varies according to the parrots' environment.
(B) Humidity is an important factor in incubating parrots' eggs.
(C) Aviculturists have constructed the ideal nest box for parrots.
(D) Wild parrots' nests provide information useful for artificial incubation.
12. The word "They" in line 2 refers to
(A) aviculturists
(B) birds
(C) eggs
(D) rates
13. According to paragraph 2, when the temperature of the sides and bottom of the egg are cooler than the
top, then
(A) there may be a good chance for successful incubation
(B) the embryo will not develop normally
(C) the incubating parent moves the egg to a new position.
(D) the incubation process is slowed down
14. According to paragraph 2, sticks, rocks, or dirt are used to
(A) soften the bottom of the nest for the newly hatched chick
(B) hold the nest together
(C) help lower the temperature at the bottom of the nest
(D) make the nest bigger
15. According to paragraph 2, the construction of the nest allows water to
(A) provide a beneficial source of humidity in the nest
(B) loosen the materials at the bottom of the nest
(C) keep the nest in a clean condition
(D) touch the bottom of the eggs
16. All of the following are part of a parrot's incubation method EXCEPT
(A) heating the water vapor as it rises from the bottom of the nest
(B) arranging nesting material at the bottom of the nest
(C) transferring heat from the parent to the top of the eggshell
(D) maintaining a constant temperature on the eggshell
17. The word "suspend" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) build
(B) paint
(C)hang
(D) move
18. The word "fatal" in line 25 is closest in meaning to
(A) close
(B) deadly
(D) hot
(C) natural
19. The word "secure" in line 27 is closest in meaning to
(A) fresh
(B) dry
(C) safe
(D) warm
20. According to paragraph 3, a deep foundation of nesting material provides
(A) a constant source of humidity
(B) a strong nest box
(C) more room for newly hatched chicks
(D) protection against cold weather
21. Which of the following is a problem with commercial incubators?
(A) They lack the natural temperature changes of the outdoors.
(B) They are unable to heat the eggs evenly
(C) They do not transfer heat to the egg in the same way the parent bird does.
(D) They are expensive to operate.
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PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
22. Which of the following terms is defined in the passage?
(A) Aviculturists (line I)
(B) Gradient (line 8)
(C) Incubation (line 15)
(D) Embryo (line 24)
Questions 23-33
The mineral particles found in soil range in size from microscopic clay particles
to large boulders. The most abundant particles – sand, silt, and clay – are the focus
of examination in studies of soil texture. Texture is the term used to describe the
Line composite sizes of particles in a soil sample, typically several representative handfuls.
(5) To measure soil texture, the sand, silt, and clay particles are sorted out by size and
weight. The weights of each size are then expressed as a percentage of the sample
weight.
(10)
(15)
(20)
(25)
In the field, soil texture can be estimated by extracting a handful of sod and
squeezing the damp soil into three basic shapes; (1) cast, a lump formed by squeezing
a sample in a clenched fist; (2) thread, a pencil shape formed by rolling soil between
the palms; and (3) ribbon, a flatfish shape formed by squeezing a small sample between
the thumb and index finger. The behavioral characteristics of the soil when molded into
each of these shapes, if they can be formed at all, provides the basis for a general
textural classification. The behavior of the soil in the hand test is determined by the
amount of clay in the sample. Clay particles are highly cohesive, and when dampened,
behave as a plastic. Therefore the higher the clay content in a sample, the more refined
and durable the shapes into which it can be molded.
Another method of determining soil texture involves the use of devices called
sediment sieves, screens built with a specified mesh size. When the soil is filtered
through a group of sieves, each with a different mesh size, the particles become
grouped in corresponding size categories. Each category can be weighed to make a
textural determination. Although sieves work well for silt, sand, and larger particles,
they are not appropriate for clay particles. Clay is far too small to sieve accurately;
therefore, in soils with a high proportion of clay, the fine particles are measured on the
basis of their settling velocity when suspended in water .Since clays settle so slowly,
they are easily segregated from sand and silt. The water can be drawn off and
evaporated, leaving a residue of clay, which can be weighed.
23. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Characteristics of high quality soil
(B) Particles typically found in most soils
(C) How a high clay content affects the texture of soil
(D) Ways to determine the texture of soil
24. The author mentions "several representative handfuls" in line 4 in order to show
(A) the range of soil samples
(B) the process by which soil is weighed
(C) the requirements for an adequate soil sample
(D) how small soil particles are
25. The phrase "sorted out" in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) mixed
(B) replaced
(C) carried
(D) separated
26. It can be inferred mat the names of the three basic shapes mentioned in paragraph 2 reflect
(A) the way the soil is extracted`
(B) the results of squeezing the soil
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TOEFL Reading Comprehension
(C) the need to check more than one handful
(D) the difficulty of forming different shapes
27. The word "dampened" in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) damaged
(B) stretched
(C) moistened
(D) examined
28. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about a soil sample with little or no clay in it?
(A) It is not very heavy.
(B) It may not hold its shape when molded.
(C) Its shape is durable
(D) Its texture cannot be classified
29. The word "they" in line 23 refers to
(A) categories
(B) sieves
(C) larger particles
(D) clay particles
30. It can be inferred from the passage that the sediment sieve has an advantage over the hand test in
determining soil texture because
(A) using the sieve takes less time
(B) the sieve can measure clay
(C) less training is required to use the sieve
(D) the sieve allows for a more exact measure
31. During the procedure described in paragraph 3, when clay particles are placed into water they
(A) stick to the sides of the water container
(B) take some time to sink to the bottom
(C) separate into different sizes
(D) dissolve quickly
32. The word "fine" in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) tiny
(B) many
(C) excellent
(D) various
33. All of the following words are defined in the passage EXCEPT
(A) texture (line 3)
(B) ribbon (line 11)
(C) sediment sieves (line 19)
(D) evaporated (line 27)
Questions 34-43
A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker.
The first is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting information
by use of language, communicating with a group or an individual, and specialized
Line communication through performance. A person conveys thoughts and ideas through
(5) choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, by
the rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that are
flowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of the
utterance. When speaking before a group, a person's tone may indicate unsureness or
fright, confidence or calm. At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and
(10) feelings over and above the words chosen, or may belie them. Here the conversant's
tone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack of
concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are usually
discernible by the acute listener. Public performance is a manner of communication
that is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or
(15) gesture. The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, in
combination with the performer's skills, personality, and ability to create empathy will
determine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.
Second, the voice gives psychological clues to a person's self-image, perception of
others, and emotional health. Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is
(20) confident, pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few
personality traits. Also the sound may give a clue to the facade or mask of that person,
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PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
(25)
for example, a shy person hiding behind an overconfident front. How a speaker
perceives the listener's receptiveness, interest, or sympathy in any given conversation
can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the
speaker. Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the
happy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualities
of the depressed
34. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The function of the voice in performance
(B) The connection between voice and personality
(C) Communication styles
(D) The production of speech
35. What does the author mean by staring that, "At interpersonal levels, tone may reflect ideas and feelings
over and above the words chosen" (lines 9-10)?
(A) Feelings are expressed with different words than ideas are.
(B) The tone of voice can carry information beyond the meaning of words.
(C) A high tone of voice reflects an emotional communication.
(D) Feelings are more difficult to express than ideas.
36. The word "Here" in line 10 refers to
(A) interpersonal interactions
(C) ideas and feelings
(B) the tone
(D) words chosen
37. The word "derived" in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) discussed
(B) prepared
(C) registered
(D) obtained
38. Why does the author mention "artistic, political, or pedagogic communication" in line 17?
(A) As examples of public performance
(B) As examples of basic styles of communication
(C) To contrast them to singing
(D) To introduce the idea of self-image
39. According to the passage, an exuberant tone of voice, may be an indication of a person's
(A) general physical health
(B) personality
(C) ability to communicate
(D) vocal quality
40. According to the passage, an overconfident front may hide
(A) hostility
(B) shyness
(C) friendliness
(D) strength
41. The word "drastically" in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) frequently
(B) exactly
(C) severely
(D) easily
42. The word "evidenced" in line 25 is closest in meaning to
(A) questioned
(B) repeated
(C) indicated
(D) exaggerated
43. According to the passage, what does a constricted and harsh voice indicate?
(A) Lethargy
(B) Depression
(C) Boredom
(D) Anger
Questions 44-50
As the twentieth century began, the importance of formal education in the United
States increased The frontier had mostly disappeared and by 1910 most Americans
lived in towns and cities. Industrialization and the bureaucratization of economic
Line life combined with a new emphasis upon credentials and expertise to make schooling
(5)
increasingly important for economic and social mobility. Increasingly, too, schools
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TOEFL Reading Comprehension
were viewed as the most important means of integrating immigrants into American
society.
The arrival of a great wave of southern and eastern European immigrants at the turn
of the century coincided with and contributed to an enormous expansion of formal
(10) schooling. By 1920 schooling to age fourteen or beyond was compulsory in most
states, and the school year was greatly lengthened. Kindergartens, vacation schools,
extracurricular activities, and vocational education and counseling extended the
influence of public schools over the lives of students, many of whom in the larger
industrial cities were the children of immigrants. Classes for adult immigrants were
(15) sponsored by public schools, corporations, unions, churches, settlement houses, and
other agencies.
Reformers early in the twentieth century suggested that education programs should
suit the needs of specific populations. Immigrant women were one such population.
Schools tried to educate young women so they could occupy productive places in the
(20) urban industrial economy, and one place many educators considered appropriate for
women was the home.
Although looking after the house and family was familiar to immigrant women,
American education gave homemaking a new definition. In preindustrial economies,
homemaking had meant the production as well as the consumption of goods, and it
(25) commonly included income-producing activities both inside and outside the home,
in the highly industrialized early-twentieth-century United States, however,
overproduction rather than scarcity was becoming a problem. Thus, the ideal American
homemaker was viewed as a consumer rather than a producer. Schools trained women
to be consumer homemakers cooking, shopping, decorating, and caring for children
(30) "efficiently" in their own homes, or if economic necessity demanded, as employees
in the homes of others. Subsequent reforms have made these notions seem quite
out-of-date.
44. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that one important factor in the increasing importance of education in
the United States was
(A) the growing number of schools in frontier communities
(B) an increase in the number of trained teachers
(C) the expanding economic problems of schools
(D) the increased urbanization of the entire country
45. The word "means" in line 6 is closest in meaning to
(A) advantages
(B) probability
(C) method
(D) qualifications
46. The phrase "coincided with" in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) was influenced by
(B) happened at the same time as
(C) began to grow rapidly
(D) ensured the success of
47. According to the passage, one important change in United States education by the 1920's was that
(A) most places required children to attend school
(B) the amount of time spent on formal education was limited
(C) new regulations were imposed on nontraditional education
(D) adults and children studied in the same classes
48. Vacation schools and extracurricular activities are mentioned in lines 11-12 to illustrate
(A) alternatives to formal education provided by public schools
(B) the importance of educational changes
(C) activities that competed to attract new immigrants to their programs.
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PRACTICE TEST 14 – January 2000
(D) the increased impact of public schools on students.
49. According to the passage, early-twentieth century education reformers believed that
(A) different groups needed different kinds of education
(B) special programs should be set up in frontier communities to modernize them
(C) corporations and other organizations damaged educational progress
(D) more women should be involved in education and industry
50. The word "it" in line 24 refers to
(A) consumption
(B) production
(C) homemaking
126
(D) education
ANSWER KEY
PRACTICE TEST 01
ACDDA ABCDB CACBC ABBDA DCBAB CCACD BBDCC AADBC AAAAD BCBCC
PRACTICE TEST 02
DACDB DACCA BCDCC ADADB CADBA DABAA ACADB CACCB AACDD BCDAC
PRACTICE TEST 03
DAABA DDBAB CDBCB DCBBA BDACB DDBAA DDABC DCBBA DCDBC CADCB
PRACTICE TEST 04
CDACD BDABC DBADB DCACB DAACA DBCBD CDDBD BCBAB AACCB CCDDB
PRACTICE TEST 05
ABCCB CABDB BADBD ACCBA DABCC CDCCC BADCC DCCBD BCCCA DBAAD
PRACTICE TEST 06
BDBCC ACAAC ABCDA AABDB BACCD BBBCB BDCCC ADBDA CBCDA ABACC
PRACTICE TEST 07
ABCCC DDAAB DACBD ADCDB CDCDA ADABC ABBDB DCABD BCDAD CCCDC
PRACTICE TEST 08
BABDB CDADC DAADC CDADB CBDDA DDCCB DADBD ABBCD DCCBC ABBAC
PRACTICE TEST 09
ACBBA ACDBB ABBDA DDBBB CBDCA ABDBC CADAD ACBDC DCBDB CBACC
PRACTICE TEST 10
BCADB DADDB CADAD CDDBC ADCDB DABDA BCDAC BDDAA CBBAA DCDCC
PRACTICE TEST 11
AABDA ADDBD CCBDC ABCBD BACAD DCACA CBADD CCABD BBDCC DCDCC
PRACTICE TEST 12
ACBDA ADBDC BDCBA BDCBC ABCBC BDACA ADCBC BDDCC AACBD BBCAD
PRACTICE TEST 13
ADCBB DACDD CABCA ACADC BDABA ADBDC CAAAB DDDBD BCABC BBCAD
PRACTICE TEST 14
BCDCD CBABB DAACA DCBCD CADAD BCBBD BADBB ADABB CCDDC BADAC
127
Test 1
Question 1-8
With Robert Laurent and William Zorach, direct carving enters into the story of
modern sculpture in the United States. Direct carving ― in which the sculptors
themselves carve stone or wood with mallet and chisel ― must be recognized as
Line something more than just a technique. Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle as well :
(5) that the medium has certain qualities of beauty and expressiveness with which
sculptors must bring their own aesthetic sensibilities into harmony. For example,
sometimes the shape or veining in a piece of stone or wood suggests, perhaps even
dictates, not only the ultimate form, but even the subject matter.
The technique of direct carving was a break with the nineteenth-century tradition in
(10) which the making of a clay model was considered the creative act and the work was
then turned over to studio assistants to be cast in plaster or bronze or carved in marble.
Neoclassical sculptors seldom held a mallet or chisel in their own hands, readily
conceding that the assistants they employed were far better than they were at carving
the finished marble.
(15)
With the turn-of-the-century Crafts movement and the discovery of nontraditional
sources of inspiration, such as wooden African figures and masks, there arose a new
urge for hands-on, personal execution of art and an interaction with the medium. Even
as early as the 1880's and 1890's, nonconformist European artists were attempting
direct carving. By the second decade of the twentieth century, Americans ― Laurent
(20) and Zorach most notably ― had adopted it as their primary means of working.
Born in France, Robert Laurent(1890-1970)was a prodigy who received his
education in the United States. In 1905 he was sent to Paris as an apprentice to an art
dealer, and in the years that followed he witnessed the birth of Cubism, discovered
primitive art, and learned the techniques of woodcarving from a frame maker.
(25)
Back in New York City by 1910, Laurent began carving pieces such as The
Priestess, which reveals his fascination with African, pre-Columbian, and South
Pacific art. Taking a walnut plank, the sculptor carved the expressive, stylized design.
It is one of the earliest examples of direct carving in American sculpture. The plank's
form dictated the rigidly frontal view and the low relief. Even its irregular shape must
(30) have appealed to Laurent as a break with a long-standing tradition that required a
sculptor to work within a perfect rectangle or square.
1. The word “medium”in line 5 could be used to refer to
(A) stone or wood
(B) mallet and chisel
(C) technique
(D) principle
2. What is one of the fundamental principles of direct carving?
(A) A sculptor must work with talented assistants.
(B) The subject of a sculpture should be derived from classical stories.
(C) The material is an important element in a sculpture.
(D) Designing a sculpture is a more creative activity than carving it.
3. The word “dictates” in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) reads aloud
(B) determines
(C) includes
(D) records
4. How does direct carving differ from the nineteenth-century tradition
of sculpture?
(A) Sculptors are personally involved in the carving of a piece.
(B) Sculptors find their inspiration in neoclassical sources.
(C) Sculptors have replaced the mallet and chisel with other tools.
(D) Sculptors receive more formal training.
5.The word “witnessed” in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) influenced
(B) studied
(C) validated
(D) observed
6. Where did Robert Laurent learn to carve?
(A) New York
(B) Africa
(C) The South Pacific
(D) Paris
7. The phrase “a break with ”in line 30 is closest in meaning to
(A) a destruction of
(B) a departure from
(C) a collapse of
(D) a solution to
8. The piece titled The Priestess has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT
(A) The design is stylized.
(B) It is made of marble.
(C) The carving is not deep.
(D) It depicts the front of a person.
Question 9 - 19
Birds that feed in flocks commonly retire together into roosts. The reasons for
roosting
communally are not always obvious, but there are some likely benefits.
In winter
especially, it is important for birds to keep warm at night and conserve precious food
Line reserves. One way to do this is to find a sheltered roost. Solitary roosters shelter in
(5) dense vegetation or enter a cavity - horned larks dig holes in the ground and
ptarmigan burrow into snow banks - but the effect of sheltering is magnified by
several birds huddling together in the roosts, as wrens, swifts, brown
creepers,
bluebirds, and anis do. Body contact reduces the surface area exposed to the cold air,
so the birds keep each other warm. Two kinglets huddling together were found to
(10) reduce their heat losses by a quarter and three together saved a third of their heat.
The second possible benefit of communal roosts is that they act as “information
centers.” During the day, parties of birds will have spread out to forage over a
very
large area. When they return in the evening some will have fed well, but others may
have found little to eat. Some investigators have observed that when the birds set out
(15) again next morning, those birds that did not feed well on the previous day appear to
follow those that did. The behavior of common and lesser kestrels may illustrate
different feeding behaviors of similar birds with different roosting habits. The common
kestrel hunts vertebrate animals in a small, familiar hunting ground, whereas the very
similar lesser kestrel feeds on insects over a large area. The common kestrel roosts and
(20) hunts alone, but the lesser kestrel roosts and hunts in flocks, possibly so one bird can
learn from others where to find insect swarms.
Finally, there is safety in numbers at communal roosts since there will always be a
few birds awake at any given moment to give the alarm. But this increased protection is
partially counteracted by the fact that mass roosts attract predators and are especially
(25) vulnerable if they are on the ground. Even those in trees can be attacked by birds of
prey. The birds on the edge are at greatest risk since predators find it easier to catch
small birds perching at the margins of the roost.
9. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) How birds find and store food
(B) How birds maintain body heat in the winter
(C) Why birds need to establish territory
(D) Why some species of birds nest together
10. The word “conserve ”in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) retain
(B) watch
(C) locate
(D) share
11. Ptarmigan keep warm in the winter by
(A) huddling together on the ground with other birds
(B) building nests in trees
(C) burrowing into dense patches of vegetation
(D) digging tunnels into the snow
12. The word “magnified”in line 6 is closest in meaning to
(A) caused
(B) modified
(C) intensified
(D) combined
13. The author mentions kinglets in line 9 as an example of birds that
(A) protect themselves by nesting in holes
(B) nest with other species of birds
(C) nest together for warmth
(D) usually feed and nest in pairs
14. The word “forage”in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) fly
(B) assemble
(C) feed
(D) rest
15. Which of the following statements about lesser and common kestrels is true?
(A) The lesser kestrel and the common kestrel have similar diets.
(B) The lesser kestrel feeds sociably but the common kestrel does not.
(C) The common kestrel nests in larger flocks than does the lesser kestrel.
(D) The common kestrel nests in trees; the lesser kestrel nests on the ground.
16. The word “counteracted”in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) suggested
(B) negated
(C) measured
(D) shielded
17. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as an advantage derived
by birds that huddle together while sleeping?
(A) Some members of the flock warn others of impending dangers.
(B) Staying together provides a greater amount of heat for the whole flock
(C) Some birds in the flock function as information centers for others who are
looking for food.
(D) Several members of the flock care for the young.
18. Which of the following is a disadvantage of communal roosts that is mentioned in
the passage?
(A) Diseases easily spread among the birds.
(B) Groups are more attractive to predators than individual birds.
(C) Food supplies are quickly depleted.
(D) Some birds in the group will attack the others.
19. The word “they”in line 25 refers to
(A) a few birds
(B) mass roosts
(C) predators
(D) trees
Question 20 - 30
Before the mid-nineteenth century, people in the United States ate most foods only
in season. Drying, smoking, and salting could preserve meat for a short time, but the
availability of fresh meat, like that of fresh milk, was very limited; there was no way
to
Line prevent spoilage. But in 1810 a French inventor named Nicolas Appert developed the
(5) cooking-and-sealing process of canning. And in the 1850's an American named Gail
Borden developed a means of condensing and preserving milk. Canned goods and
condensed milk became more common during the 1860's, but supplies remained low
because cans had to be made by hand. By 1880, however, inventors had fashioned
stamping and soldering machines that mass-produced cans from tinplate. Suddenly all
(10) kinds of food could be preserved and bought at all times of the year.
Other trends and inventions had also helped make it possible for Americans to vary
their daily diets. Growing urban populations created demand that encouraged fruit and
vegetable farmers to raise more produce. Railroad refrigerator cars enabled growers
and meat packers to ship perishables great distances and to preserve them for longer
(15) periods. Thus, by the 1890's, northern city dwellers could enjoy southern and western
strawberries, grapes, and tomatoes, previously available for a month at
most, for up to
six months of the year. In addition, increased use of iceboxes enabled families to store
perishables. An easy means of producing ice commercially had been
invented in the
1870's, and by 1900 the nation had more than two thousand commercial ice plants,
(20) most of which made home deliveries. The icebox became a fixture in most homes and
remained so until the mechanized refrigerator replaced it in the 1920's and 1930's.
Almost everyone now had a more diversified diet. Some people continued to eat
mainly foods that were heavy in starches or carbohydrates, and not everyone could
afford meat. Nevertheless, many families could take advantage of previously
(25) unavailable fruits, vegetables, and dairy products to achieve more varied fare.
20. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Causes of food spoilage
(B) Commercial production of ice
(C) Inventions that led to changes in the American diet
(D) Population movements in the nineteenth century
21. The phrase “in season” in line 2 refers to
(A) a kind of weather
(B) a particular time of year
(C) an official schedule
(D) a method of flavoring food
22. The word “prevent” in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) estimate
(B) avoid
(C) correct
(D) confine
23. During the 1860's, canned food products were
(A) unavailable in rural areas
(B) shipped in refrigerator cars
(C) available in limited quantities
(D) a staple part of the American diet
24. It can be inferred that railroad refrigerator cars came into use
(A) before 1860
(B) before 1890
(C) after 1900
(D) after 1920
25. The word “them ” in line 14 refers to
(A) refrigerator cars
(B) perishables
(C) growers
(D) distances
26. The word “fixture” in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) luxury item
(B) substance
(C) commonplace object
(D) mechanical device
27. The author implies that in the 1920's and 1930's home deliveries of ice
(A) decreased in number
(B) were on an irregular schedule
(C) increased in cost
(D) occurred only in the summer
28. The word “Nevertheless” in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) therefore
(B) because
(C) occasionally
(D) however
29. Which of the following types of food preservation was NOT mentioned in the
passage?
(A) Drying
(B) Canning
(C) Cold storage
(D) Chemical additives
30. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?
(A) Tin cans and iceboxes helped to make many foods more widely available.
(B) Commercial ice factories were developed by railroad owners.
(C) Most farmers in the United States raised only fruits and vegetables.
(D) People who lived in cities demanded home delivery of foods.
Question 31 - 38
The ability of falling cats to right themselves in midair and land on their feet has
been a source of wonder for ages. Biologists long regarded it as an example of
adaptation by natural selection, but for physicists it bordered on the miraculous.
Line Newton's laws of motion assume that the total amount of spin of a body cannot change
(5) unless an external torque speeds it up or slows it down. If a cat has no spin when it is
released and experiences no external torque, it ought not to be able to twist around as it
falls.
In the speed of its execution, the righting of a tumbling cat resembles a magician's
trick. The gyrations of the cat in midair are too fast for the human eye to follow, so the
(10) process is obscured. Either the eye must be speeded up, or the cat's fall slowed down
for the phenomenon to be observed. A century ago the former was accomplished by
means of high-speed photography using equipment now available in any pharmacy.
But in the nineteenth century the capture on film of a falling cat constituted a scientific
experiment.
(15)
The experiment was described in a paper presented to the Paris Academy in 1894.
Two sequences of twenty photographs each, one from the side and one from behind,
show a white cat in the act of righting itself. Grainy and quaint though they are, the
photos show that the cat was dropped upside down, with no initial spin, and still landed
on its feet. Careful analysis of the photos reveals the secret ; As the cat rotates the front
(20) of its body clockwise, the rear and tail twist counterclockwise, so that the total spin
remains zero, in perfect accord with Newton's laws. Halfway down, the cat pulls in its
legs before reversing its twist and then extends them again, with the desired end result.
The explanation was that while no body can acquire spin without torque, a flexible one
can readily change its orientation, or phase. Cats know this instinctively, but scientists
(25) could not be sure how it happened until they increased the speed of their perceptions a
thousandfold.
31. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The explanation of an interesting phenomenon
(B) Miracles in modern science
(C) Procedures in scientific investigation
(D) The differences between biology and physics
32. The word “process”in line 10 refers to
(A) the righting of a tumbling cat
(B) the cat's fall slowed down
(C) high-speed photography
(D) a scientific experiment
33. Why are the photographs mentioned in line 16 referred to as an “experiment”?
(A) The photographs were not very clear.
(B) The purpose of the photographs was to explain the process.
(C) The photographer used inferior equipment.
(D) The photographer thought the cat might be injured.
34. Which of the following can be inferred about high-speed photography in
the late 1800's ?
(A) It was a relatively new technology.
(B) The necessary equipment was easy to obtain.
(C) The resulting photographs are difficult to interpret.
(D) It was not fast enough to provide new information.
35. The word “rotates” in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) drops
(B) turns
(C) controls
(D) touches
36. According to the passage, a cat is able to right itself in midair because it is
(A) frightened
(B) small
(C) intelligent
(D) flexible
37. The word “readily”in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) only
(B) easily
(C) slowly
(D) certainly
38. How did scientists increase “the speed of their perceptions a
thousandfold”(lines 25-26)?
(A) By analyzing photographs
(B) By observing a white cat in a dark room
(C) By dropping a cat from a greater height
(D) By studying Newton's laws of motion
Question 39 - 50
The changing profile of a city in the United States is apparent in the shifting
definitions used by the United States Bureau of the Census. In 1870 the census
officially distinguished the nation's “urban” from its “rural” population for the first
Line time. “Urban population” was defined as persons living in towns of 8,000 inhabitants
(5) or more. But after 1900 it meant persons living in incorporated places having 2,500 or
more inhabitants.
Then, in 1950 the Census Bureau radically changed its definition of“urban”to take
account of the new vagueness of city boundaries. In addition to persons living in
incorporated units of 2,500 or more, the census now included those who lived in
(10) unincorporated units of that size, and also all persons living in the densely settled urban
fringe, including both incorporated and unincorporated areas located around cities of
50,000 inhabitants or more. Each such unit, conceived as an integrated economic and
social unit with a large population nucleus, was named a Standard Metropolitan
Statistical Area (SMSA).
(15)
Each SMSA would contain at least (a) one central city with 50,000 inhabitants or
more or (b) two cities having shared boundaries and constituting, for general economic
and social purposes, a single community with a combined population of at least 50,000,
the smaller of which must have a population of at least 15,000. Such an area included
the county in which the central city is located, and adjacent counties that are found to
(20) be metropolitan in character and economically and socially integrated with the county
of the central city. By 1970, about two-thirds of the population of the United States was
living in these urbanized areas, and of that figure more than half were living outside the
central cities.
While the Census Bureau and the United States government used the term SMSA
(25) (by 1969 there were 233 of them), social scientists were also using new terms to
describe the elusive, vaguely defined areas reaching out from what used to be simple
“towns” and “cities”. A host of terms came into use : “metropolitan
regions,”
“polynucleated population groups,” “conurbations,” “metropolitan clusters,”
“megalopolises,” and so on.
39. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) How cities in the United States began and developed
(B) Solutions to overcrowding in cities
(C) The changing definition of an urban area
(D) How the United States Census Bureau conducts a census
40. According to the passage, the population of the United States was
first classified as rural or urban in
(A) 1870
(B) 1900
(C) 1950
(D) 1970
41. The word “distinguished”in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) differentiated
(B) removed
(C) honored
(D) protected
42. Prior to 1900, how many inhabitants would a town have to have before being
defined as urban?
(A) 2,500
(B) 8,000
(C) 15,000
(D) 50,000
43. According to the passage, why did the Census Bureau revise the definition
of urban in 1950?
(A) City borders had become less distinct.
(B) Cities had undergone radical social change.
(C) Elected officials could not agree on an acceptable definition.
(D) New businesses had relocated to larger cities.
44. The word “those”in line 9 refers to
(A) boundaries
(B) persons
(C) units
(D) areas
45. The word “constituting” in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) located near
(B) determined by
(C) calling for
(D) making up
46. The word “which ” in line 18 refers to a smaller
(A) population
(C) character
(B) city
(D) figure
47. Which of the following is NOT true of an SMSA?
(A) It has a population of at least 50,000
(B) It can include a city's outlying regions.
(C) It can include unincorporated regions.
(D) It consists of at least two cities.
48. By 1970, what proportion of the population in the United States did NOT live in
an SMSA?
(A) 3/4
(B) 2/3
(C) 1/2
(D) 1/3
49. The Census Bureau first used the term “SMSA” in
(A) 1900
(B) 1950
(C) 1969
(D) 1970
50. Where in the passage does the author mention names used by social scientists for
an urban area?
(A) Lines 4-5
(B) Line 7-8 (C) Line 21-23(D) Line 27-29
Test 2
Question 1 - 8
It is commonly believed in the United States that school is where people go to get an
education. Nevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education
to go to school. The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark
Line is important.
(5)
Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling. Education
knows no bounds. It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or on the job,
whether in a kitchen or on a tractor. It includes both the formal learning that takes place
in schools and the whole universe of informal learning. The agents of education can
range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio, from a
(10) child to a distinguished scientist. Whereas schooling has a certain predictability,
education quite often produces surprises. A chance conversation with a stranger may
lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions. People are engaged in
education from infancy on. Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term. It is a
lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that
(15) should be an integral part of one's entire life.
Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general
pattern varies little from one setting to the next. Throughout a country, children arrive
at school at approximately the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult,
use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on. The slices of reality that
(20) are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the workings of
government, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject
being taught.
For example, high school students know that they are not likely to find out in their
classes the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest
filmmakers are experimenting with. There are definite conditions surrounding the
(25) formalized process of schooling.
1. What does the author probably mean by using the expression “children interrupt
their education to go to school” (lines 2-3) ?
(A) Going to several different schools is educationally beneficial.
(B) School vacations interrupt the continuity of the school year.
(C) Summer school makes the school year too long.
(D) All of life is an education.
2. The word “bounds”in line 6 is closest in meaning to
(A) rules
(B) experience
(C) limits
(D) exceptions
3. The word “chance” in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) unplanned
(B) unusual
(C) lengthy
(D) lively
4. The word “an integral” in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) an equitable
(B) a profitable
(C) a pleasant
(D) an essential
5. The word “they” in line 20 refers to
(A) slices of reality
(B) similar textbooks
(C) boundaries
(D) seats
6. The phrase “For example,” line 22, introduces a sentence that gives
examples of
(A) similar textbooks
(B) the results of schooling
(C) the workings of a government
(D) the boundaries of classroom subjects
7. The passage supports which of the followng conclusions?
(A) Without formal education, people would remain ignorant.
(B) Education systems need to be radically reformed.
(C) Going to school is only part of how people become educated.
(D) Education involves many years of professional training.
8. The passage is organized by
(A) listing and discussing several educational problems
(B) contrasting the meanings of two related words
(C) narrating a story about excellent teachers
(D) giving examples of different kinds of schools
Question 9-17
The hard, rigid plates that form the outermost portion of the Earth are about 100
kilometers thick. These plates include both the Earth's crust and the upper mantle.
The rocks of the crust are composed mostly of minerals with light elements, like
Line aluminum and sodium, while the mantle contains some heavier elements, like iron and
(5) magnesium. Together, the crust and upper mantle that form the surface plates are called
the lithosphere. This rigid layer floats on the denser material of the lower mantle the
way a wooden raft floats on a pond. The plates are supported by a weak, plastic layer
of the lower mantle called the asthenosphere. Also like a raft on a pond, the
lithospheric plates are carried along by slow currents in this more fluid layer beneath
(10) them.
With an understanding of plate tectonics, geologists have put together a new history
for the Earth's surface. About 200 million years ago, the plates at the Earth's surface
formed a “supercontinent” called Pangaea. When this supercontinent started to tear
apart because of plate movement, Pangaea first broke into two large continental masses
(15) with a newly formed sea that grew between the land areas as the depression filled with
water. The southern one ― which included the modern continents of South America,
Africa, Australia, and Antarctica ― is called Gondwanaland. The northern one ― with
North America, Europe, and Asia ― is called Laurasia. North America tore away from
Europe about 180 million years ago, forming the northern Atlantic Ocean.
(20)
Some of the lithospheric plates carry ocean floor and others carry land masses or a
combination of the two types. The movement of the lithospheric plates is
responsible
for earthquakes, volcanoes, and the Earth's largest mountain ranges.
Current
understanding of the interaction between different plates explains why these occur
where they do. For example, the edge of the Pacific Ocean has been called the “Ring
(25) of Fire” because so many volcanic eruptions and earthquakes happen there. Before the
1960's, geologists could not explain why active volcanoes and strong earthquakes
were concentrated in that region. The theory of plate tectonics gave them an answer.
9. With which of the following topics is the passage mainly concerned?
(A) The contributions of the theory of plate tectonics to geological knowledge
(B) The mineral composition of the Earth's crust
(C) The location of the Earth's major plates
(D) The methods used by scientists to measure plate movement
10. According to the passage, the lithospheric plates are given support by the
(A) upper mantle
(B) ocean floor
(C) crust
(D) asthenosphere
11. The author compares the relationship between the lithosphere and the
asthenosphere to which of the following?
(A) Lava flowing from a volcano
(B) A boat floating on the water
(C) A fish swimming in a pond
(D) The erosion of rocks by running water
12. The word“one”in line 16 refers to
(A) movements
(B) masses
(C) sea
(D) depression
13. According to the passage, the northern Atlantic Ocean was formed when
(A) Pangaea was created
(B) plate movement ceased
(C) Gondwanaland collided with Pangaea
(D) parts of Laurasia separated from each other
14. The word “carry” in line 20 could best be replaced by
(A) damage
(B) squeeze
(C) connect
(D) support
15. In line 27, the word“concentrated”is closest in meaning to which of the following?
(A) Allowed
(B) Clustered
(C) Exploded
(D) Strengthened
16. Which of the following can be inferred about the theory of plate tectonics?
(A) It is no longer of great interest to geologists.
(B) It was first proposed in the 1960's.
(C) It fails to explain why earthquakes occur.
(D) It refutes the theory of the existence of a supercontinent.
17. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses
(A) why certain geological events happen where they do
(B) how geological occurrences have changed over the years
(C) the most unusual geological developments in the Earth's history
(D) the latest innovations in geological measurement
Question18-27
In the United States in the early 1800's, individual state governments had more
effect on the economy than did the federal government. States chartered
manufacturing, banking, mining, and transportation firms and participated in the
Line construction of various internal improvements such as canals, turnpikes, and railroads.
(5) The states encouraged internal improvements in two distinct ways ; first, by actually
establishing state companies to build such improvement ; second, by
providing part of
the capital for mixed public-private companies setting out to make a profit.
In the early nineteenth century, state governments also engaged in a surprisingly
large amount of direct regulatory activity, including extensive licensing and inspection
(10) programs. Licensing targets reflected both similarities in and differences between the
economy of the nineteenth century and that of today : in the nineteenth century, state
regulation through licensing fell especially on peddlers, innkeepers, and retail
merchants of various kinds. The perishable commodities of trade generally came under
state inspection, and such important frontier staples as lumber and gunpowder were
(15) also subject to state control. Finally, state governments experimented with direct labor
and business regulation designed to help the individual laborer or consumer, including
setting maximum limits on hours of work and restrictions on price-fixing by businesses.
Although the states dominated economic activity during this period, the federal
government was not inactive. Its goals were the facilitation of western settlement and
(20) the development of native industries. Toward these ends the federal government
pursued several courses of action. It established a national bank to stabilize banking
activities in the country and, in part, to provide a supply of relatively easy money to the
frontier, where it was greatly needed for settlement. It permitted access to public
western lands on increasingly easy terms, culminating in the Homestead Act of 1862,
(25) by which title to land could be claimed on the basis of residence alone. Finally, it set up
a system of tariffs that was basically protectionist in effect, although maneuvering for
position by various regional interests produced frequent changes in tariff rates
throughout the nineteenth century.
18. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) States's rights versus federal rights
(B) The participation of state governments in railroad, canal, and
turnpike construction
(C) The roles of state and federal governments in the economy
of the nineteenth century
(D) Regulatory activity by state governments
19. The word “effect” in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) value
(B) argument
(C) influence
(D) restraint
20. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as areas that involved state
governments in the nineteenth century EXCEPT
(A) mining
(B) banking
(C) manufacturing
(D) higher education
21. The word “distinct” in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) separate
(B) innovative
(C) alarming
(D) provocative
22. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that in the nineteenth century canals
and railroads were
(A) built with money that came from the federal government
(B) much more expensive to build than they had been previously
(C) built predominantly in the western part of the country
(D) sometimes built in part by state companies
23. The regulatory activities of state governments included all of the following
EXCEPT
(A) licensing of retail merchants
(B) inspecting materials used in turnpike maintenance
(C) imposing limits on price-fixing
(D) control of lumber
24. The word “setting” in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) discussing
(B) analyzing
(C) establishing
(D) avoiding
25. The word “ends” in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) benefits
(B) decisions
(C) services
(D) goals
26. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the Homestead
Act of 1862 ?
(A) It made it increasingly possible for settlers to obtain land in the West.
(B) It was a law first passed by state governments in the West.
(C) It increased the money supply in the West.
(D) It established tariffs in a number of regions.
27. Which of the following activities was the responsibility of the federal government
in the nineteenth century?
(A) Control of the manufacture of gunpowder
(B) Determining the conditions under which individuals worked
(C) Regulation of the supply of money
(D) Inspection of new homes built on western lands
Question 28-37
Life originated in the early seas less than a billion years after Earth was formed.
Yet another three billion years were to pass before the first plants and animals
appeared
on the continents. Life's transition from the sea to the land was perhaps as much of an
Line evolutionary challenge as was the genesis of life.
(5)
What forms of life were able to make such a drastic change in lifestyle ? The
traditional view of the first terrestrial organisms is based on megafossils ― relatively
large specimens of essentially whole plants and animals. Vascular plants, related to
modern seed plants and ferns, left the first comprehensive megafossil record. Because
of this, it has been commonly assumed that the sequence of terrestrialization reflected
(10) the evolution of modern terrestrial ecosystems. In this view, primitive vascular plants
first colonized the margins of continental waters, followed by animals that fed on the
plants, and lastly by animals that preyed on the plant-eaters. Moreover, the megafossils
suggest that terrestrial life appeared and diversified explosively near the boundary
between the Silurian and the Devonian periods, a little more than 400 million
(15) years ago.
Recently, however, paleontologists have been taking a closer look at the sediments
below this Silurian-Devonian geological boundary. It turns out that some fossils can be
extracted from these sediments by putting the rocks in an acid bath.
The
technique has
uncovered new evidence from sediments that were deposited near the shores of the
(20) ancient oceans ― plant microfossils and microscopic pieces of small animals. In many
instances the specimens are less than one-tenth of a millimeter in diameter. Although
they were entombed in the rocks for hundreds of millions of years, many of the fossils
consist of the organic remains of the organism.
These newly discovered fossils have not only revealed the existence of previously
(25) unknown organisms, but have also pushed back these dates for the invasion of land by
multicellular organisms. Our views about the nature of the early plant and animal
communities are now being revised. And with those revisions come new
speculations
about the first terrestrial life-forms.
28. The word “drastic” in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) widespread
(B) radical
(C) progressive
(D) risky
29. According to the theory that the author calls “the traditional view,” what was the
first form of life to appear on land?
(A) Bacteria
(B) Meat-eating animals
(C) Plant-eating animals
(D) Vascular plants
30. According to the passage, what happened about 400 million years ago?
(A) Many terrestrial life-forms died out.
(B) New life-forms on land developed at a rapid rate.
(C) The megafossils were destroyed by floods.
(D) Life began to develop in the ancient seas.
31. The word “extracted” in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) located
(B) preserved
(C) removed
(D) studied
32. What can be inferred from the passage about the fossils mentioned in lines 17-20 ?
(A) They have not been helpful in understanding the evolution of terrestrial life.
(B) They were found in approximately the same numbers as vascular plant fossils.
(C) They are older than the megafossils.
(D) They consist of modern life-forms.
33. The word “instances” in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) methods
(B) processes
(C) cases
(D) reasons
34. The word “they” in line 22 refers to
(A) rocks
(B) shores
(C) oceans
(D) specimens
35. The word “entombed” in lime 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) crushed
(B) trapped
(C) produced
(D) excavated
36. Which of the following resulted from the discovery of microscopic fossils?
(A) The time estimate for the first appearance of terrestrial life-forms was revised.
(B) Old techniques for analyzing fossils were found to have new uses.
(C) The origins of primitive sea life were explained.
(D) Assumptions about the locations of ancient seas were changed.
37. With which of the following conclusions would the author probably agree?
(A) The evolution of terrestrial life was as complicated as the origin of
life itself.
(B) The discovery of microfossils supports the traditional view of how terrestrial
life evolved.
(C) New species have appeared at the same rate over the course of the last
400 million years.
(D) The technology used by paleontologists is too primitive to make accurate
determinations about ages of fossils.
Questions 38-50
What we today call American folk art was, indeed, art of, by, and for ordinary,
everyday “folks” who, with increasing prosperity and leisure, created a market for art
of all kinds, and especially for portraits. Citizens of prosperous, essentially
Line middle-class republics ― whether ancient Romans, seventeenth-century Dutch
(5) burghers, or nineteenth-century Americans ― have always shown a marked taste for
portraiture. Starting in the late eighteenth century, the United States contained
increasing numbers of such people, and of the artists who could meet their demands.
The earliest American folk art portraits come, not surprisingly, from New
England ― especially Connecticut and Massachusetts ― for this was a
wealthy and
(10) populous region and the center of a strong craft tradition. Within a few decades after
the signing of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the population was pushing
westward, and portrait painters could be found at work in western New York, Ohio,
Kentucky, Illinois, and Missouri. Midway through its first century as a nation, the
United States's population had increased roughly five times, and eleven new states had
(15) been added to the original thirteen. During these years the demand for portraits grew
and grew eventually to be satisfied by the camera. In 1839 the daguerreotype was
introduced to America, ushering in the age of photography, and within a generation the
new invention put an end to the popularity of painted portraits. Once
again an
original
portrait became a luxury, commissioned by the wealthy and executed by the
(20) professional.
But in the heyday of portrait painting ― from the late eighteenth century until the
1850's ― anyone with a modicum of artistic ability could become a limner, as such a
portraitist was called. Local craftspeople ― sign, coach, and house painters ― began to
paint portraits as a profitable sideline ; sometimes a talented man or woman who began
(25) by sketching family members gained a local reputation and was besieged with requests
for portraits ; artists found it worth their while to pack their paints, canvases, and
brushes and to travel the countryside, often combining house decorating with portrait
painting.
38. In lines 4-5 the author mentions seventeenth-century Dutch burghers as an
example of a group that
(A) consisted mainly of self-taught artists
(B) appreciated portraits
(C) influenced American folk art
(D) had little time for the arts
39. The word “marked”in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) pronounced
(B) fortunate
(C) understandable
(D) mysterious
40. According to the passage, where were many of the first American
folk art portraits painted?
(A) In western New York
(B) In Illinois and Missouri
(C) In Connecticut and Massachusetts
(D) In Ohio
41. The word “this”in line 9 refer to
(A) a strong craft tradition
(B) American folk art
(C) New England
(D) western New York
42. How much did the population of the United States increase in the first fifty years
following independence?
(A) It became three times larger.
(B) It became five times larger.
(C) It became eleven times larger.
(D) It became thirteen times larger.
43. The phrase “ushering in”in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) beginning
(B) demanding
(C) publishing
(D) increasing
44. The relationship between the daguerreotype(line 16)and the painted portrait is
similar to the relationship between the automobile and the
(A) highway (B) driver
(C) horse-drawn carriage (D) engine
45. According to the passage, which of the following contributed to a decline in the
demand
for painted portrait?
(A) The lack of a strong craft tradition
(B) The westward migration of many painters
(C) The growing preference for landscape paintings
(D) The invention of the camera
46. The word “executed” in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) sold
(B) requested
(C) admired
(D) created
47. The author implies that most limners (line 22)
(A) received instruction from traveling teachers
(B) were women
(C) were from wealthy families
(D) had no formal art training
48. The word “sketching” in line 25 is closest in meaning to
(A) drawing
(B) hiring
(C) helping
(D) discussing
49. Where in the passage does the author provide a definition?
(A) Lines 3-6
(B) Lines 8-10
(C) Lines 13-15
(D) Lines 21-23
50. The phrase “worth their while”in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) essential
(B) educational
(C) profitable
(D) pleasurable
Test 3
Questions 1-10
Around the year 1500, hunting people occupied the entire northern third of North
America. They lived well from the animals with whom they shared these lands. Hunters
of sea mammals had colonized the Arctic coasts of Canada and Greenland between
Line four and five thousand years before. Land-hunting people had lived throughout much
(5) of the northern interior for at least 12,000 years.
Northern North America is part of a larger circumpolar ecological domain that
continues across the narrow Bering Strait into Siberia and northern Europe. The overall
circumpolar environment in the 1500's was not very different from the environment of
the present. This vast landmass had a continental climate and was dominated by cold
(10) arctic air throughout a long winter and spring season. Summer temperature ranged
from near freezing to the mid-20's Celsius, while winter temperature were often as
low as 40 degrees below zero Celsius.
Geographers divide the overall circumpolar domain into two zones, the Arctic and,
below it, the Subarctic. They refer to the landforms of these areas as tundra and taiga,
(15) respectively.
Temperatures in the northern lands were below freezing for eight or nine months of
the year. Subsurface soil in the Arctic's tundra remained permanently frozen. Even
when summer temperatures were above freezing and the top inches of earth became
saturated with water, the soil below remained frozen into a permafrost, as hard as rock.
(20) When water flowed upon the surface of permanently frozen tundra, it made overland
travel extremely difficult. Summer travel in the boggy lands, or muskeg country, of the
Subarctic's taiga was also slow and arduous. Tracking animals was more difficult than
it was during the winter when the swampy ground was frozen solid and covered with
snow. In both tundra and taiga, hordes of mosquitoes and biting flies bred in the
(25) standing pools of water. Clothing lost its thermal efficiency when it became damp.
Northern people looked forward to the turn of the season to bring the easier traveling
conditions associated with cold weather. In the Arctic, they could haul food and
supplies by dogsled while in the Subarctic, people could travel quickly and efficiently
by snowshoes and toboggan.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The hunting people of North America
(B) The circumpolar environment of the sixteenth century
(C) Animals that inhabit the Arctic coast
(D) The geography of Canada and Greenland
2. The word “domain”in line 6 is closest in meaning to
(A) temperature
(B) period
(C) region
(D) process
3. Which of the following terms is used to describe the landforms
of the Arctic region?
(A) Subarctic
(B) Taiga
(C) Tundra
(D) Muskeg
4. For how many months of the year were temperatures below freezing
in the circumpolar region?
(A) 4-5 months
(B) 6 months
(C) 8-9 months
(D) 12 months
5. The word “saturated”in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) enriched
(B) dissolved
(C) removed
(D) soaked
6. The word “arduous”in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) humid
(B) difficult
(C) indirect
(D) unnecessary
7. The word “standing”in line 25 is closest in meaning to
(A) not flowing
(B) very deep
(C) numerous
(D) contaminated
8. All of the following are mentioned as having made travel in the summer
difficult EXCEPT
(A) insects
(B) wet clothing
(C) swampy lands
(D) lack of supplies
9. The subsurface soil in the Arctic's tundra is most comparable to which
of the following?
(A) Cement
(B) A bog
(C) A pond
(D) Sand
10. Where in the passage does the author mention a means by which
people traveled in the northern lands?
(A) Lines 2-4
(B) Lines 6-7
(C) Lines 20-21
(D) Lines 27-29
Question 11-20
Social parasitism involves one species relying on another to raise its young. Among
vertebrates, the best known social parasites are such birds as cuckoos and cowbirds; the
female lays egg in a nest belonging to another species and leaves it for the host to
Line rear.
(5)
The dulotic species of ants, however, are the supreme social parasites. Consider, for
example, the unusual behavior of ants belonging to the genus Polyergus. All species of
this ant have lost the ability to care for themselves. The workers do not forage for food,
feed their brood or queen, or even clean their own nest. To compensate for these
deficits, Polyergus has become specialized at obtaining workers from the related genus
(10) Formica to do these chores.
In a raid, several thousand Polyergus workers will travel up to 500 feet in search of
a Formica nest, penetrate it, drive off the queen and her workers, capture the pupal
brood, and transport it back to their nest. The captured brood is then reared by the
resident Formica workers until the developing pupae emerge to add to the Formica
(15) population, which maintains the mixed-species nest. The Formica workers forage for
food and give it to colony members of both species. They also remove wastes and
excavate new chambers as the population increases.
The true extent of the Polyergus ants' dependence on the Formica becomes apparent
when the worker population grows too large for existing nest. Formica scouts locate
(20) a new nesting site, return to the mixed-species colony, and recruit additional Formica
nest mates. During a period that may last seven days, the Formica workers carry to the
new nest all the Polyergus eggs, larvae, and pupae, every Polyergus adult, and even the
Polyergus queen.
Of the approximately 8,000 species of ants in the world, all 5 species of Polyergus
(25) and some 200 species in other genera have evolved some degree of parasitic
relationship with other ants.
11. Which of the following statements best represents the main idea of the passage?
(A) Ants belonging to the genus Formica are incapable of performing certain tasks.
(B) The genus Polyergus is quite similar to the genus Formica.
(C) Ants belonging to the genus Polyergus have an unusual relationship with ants
belonging to the genus Formica.
(D) Poltergus ants frequently leave their nests to build new colonies.
12. The word “raise”in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) rear
(B) lift
(C) collect
(D) increase
13. The author mentions cuckoos and cowbirds in line 2 because they
(A) share their nests with each other
(B) are closely related species
(C) raise the young of their birds
(D) are social parasites
14. The word “it”in line 3 refers to
(A) species
(B) nest
(C) egg
(D) female
15. What does the author mean by stating that“The dulotic species of ants...are the
supreme social parasites”(line5) ?
(A) The Polyergus are more highly developed than the Formica.
(B) The Formica have developed specialized roles.
(C) The Polyergus are heavily dependent on the Formica.
(D) The Formica do not reproduce rapidly enough to care for themselves.
16. Which of the following is a task that an ant of the genus Polyergus might do?
(A) Look for food.
(B) Raid another nest.
(C) Care for the young.
(D) Clean its own nest.
17. The word “excavate”in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) find
(B) clean
(C) repair
(D) dig
18. The word “recruit”in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) create
(B) enlist
(C) endure
(D) capture
19. What happens when a mixed colony of Polyergus and Formica ants
becomes too large?
(A) The Polyergus workers enlarge the existing nest.
(B) The captured Formica workers return to their original nest.
(C) The Polyergus and the Formica build separate nests.
(D) The Polyergus and the Formica move to a new nest.
20. According to the information in the passage, all of the following terms
refer to ants belonging to the genus Formica EXCEPT the
(A) dulotic species of ants (line 5)
(B) captured brood (line 13)
(C) developing pupae (line 14)
(D) worker population (line 19)
Question 21-30
The Winterthur Museum is a collection and a house. There are many museums
devoted to the decorative arts and many house museums, but rarely in the United States
is a great collection displayed in a great country house. Passing through successive
Line generations of a single family, Winterthur has been a private estate for more than a
(5) century. Even after the extensive renovations made to it between 1929 and 1931, the
house remained a family residence. This fact is of importance to the atmosphere and
effect of the museum. The impression of a lived-in house is apparent to the visitor; the
rooms look as if they were vacated only a short while ago ― whether by the original
owners of the furniture of the most recent residents of the house can be a matter of
(10) personal interpretation. Winterthur remains, then, a house in which a collection of
furniture and architectural elements has been assembled. Like an English country
house, it is an organic structure; the house, as well as the collection and manner of
displaying it to the visitor, has changed over the years. The changes have coincided
with developing concepts of the American arts, increased knowledge on the part of
(15) collectors and students, and a progression toward the achievement of a historical effect
in period-room displays. The rooms at Winterthur have followed this current, yet still
retained the character of a private house.
The concept of a period room as a display technique has developed gradually over
the years in an effort to present works of art in a context that would show them to
(20) grater effect and would give them more meaning for the viewer. Comparable to the
habitat group in a natural history museum, the period room represents the decorative
arts in a lively and interesting manner and provides an opportunity to assemble objects
related by style, date, or place of manufacture.
21. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The reason that Winterthur was redesigned
(B) Elements that make Winterthur an unusual museum
(C) How Winterthur compares to English country houses
(D) Historical furniture contained in Winterthur
22. The phrase “devoted to”in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) surrounded by
(B) specializing in
(C) successful with
(D) sentimental about
23. What happened at Winterthur between 1929 and 1931 ?
(A) The owners moved out.
(B) The house was repaired.
(C) The old furniture was replaced.
(D) The estate became a museum.
24. What does the author mean by stating “The impression of a lived-in
house is apparent to the visitor”(line 7) ?
(A) Winterthur is very old.
(B) Few people visit Winterthur.
(C) Winterthur does not look like a typical museum.
(D) The furniture at Winterthur looks comfortable
25. The word “assembled”in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) summoned
(B) appreciated
(C) brought together
(D) fundamentally changed
26. The word “it”in line 12 refers to
(A) Winterthur
(B) collection
(C) English country house
(D) visitor
27. The word “developing”in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) traditional
(B) exhibiting
(C) informative
(D) evolving
28. According to the passage, objects in a period room are related by all of the
following EXCEPT
(A) date
(B) style
(C) place of manufacture
(D) past ownership
29. What si the relationship between the two paragraphs in the passage?
(A) The second paragraph explains a term that was mentioned in the
first paragraph.
(B) Each paragraph describes a dafferent approach to the display of
objects in a museum.
(C) The second paragraph of explains a philosophy art appreciation that
contrasts with the philosophy explained in the first paragraph.
(D) Each paragraph describes a different historical period.
30. Where is the passage does the author explain why displays at Winterthur have
changed?
(A) Lines 1-3
(B) Lines 5-6
(C) Lines 7-10
(D) Lines 13-16
Questions 31-40
The modern comic strip started out as ammunition in a newspaper war between
giants of the American press in the late nineteenth century. The first full-color comic
strip appeared January 1894 in the New York World, owned by Joseph Pulitzer. The
Line first regular weekly full-color comic supplement, similar to today's Sunday funnies,
(5) appeared two years later, in William Randolph Hearst's rival New York paper, the
Morning Journal.
Both were immensely popular, and publishers realized that supplementing the news
with comic relief boosted the sale of papers. The Morning Journal started another
feature in 1896, the "Yellow Kid," the first continuous comic character in the United
(10) States, whose creator, Richard Outcault, had been lured away from the World by the
ambitious Hearst. The "Yellow Kid" was in many ways a pioneer. Its comic dialogue
was the strictly urban farce that came to characterize later strips, and it introduced the
speech ballon inside the strip, usually placed above the characters' heads.
The first strip to incorporate all the elements of later comics was Rudolph Dirks's
(15) "Katzenjammer Kids," based on Wilhelm Busch's Max and Moritz, a European satire
of the nineteenth century. The "Kids" strip, first published in 1897, served as the
prototype for future American strips. It contained not only speech balloons, but a
continuous cast of characters, and was divided into small regular panels that did away
with the larger panoramic scenes of most earlier comics.
(20)
Newspaper syndication played a major role in spreading the popularity of comic
strips throughout the country. Though weekly colored comics came first, daily blackand-white strips were not far behind. The first appeared in the Chicago American in
1904. It was followed by many imitators, and by 1915 black-and-white comic strips
had become a staple of daily newspapers around the country.
31. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) A comparison of two popular comic strips
(B) The differences between early and modern comic strips
(C) The effects of newspapers on comic strip stories
(D) Features of early comic strips in the United States
32. Why does the author mention Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Heart?
(A) They established New York's first newspaper.
(B) They published comic strips about the newspaper war.
(C) Their comic strips are still published today.
(D) They owned major competitive newspapers.
33. The passage suggests that comic strips were popular for which of the
following reasons?
(A) They provided a break from serious news stories.
(B) Readers enjoyed the unusual drawings.
(C) Readers could identify with the characters
(D) They were about real-life situations.
34. To say that Richard Outcault had been“lured away from”the World by
Heart (line10) means which of the following?
(A) Hearst convinced Outcault to leave the World.
(B) Hearst fired Outcault from the World.
(C) Hearst warned Outcault not to leave the World.
(D) Hearst wanted Outcault to work for the World.
35. The word “it”in line 12 refers to
(A) The“Yellow Kid”
(B) dialogue
(C) farce
(D) balloon
36. According to the passage, the “Yellow Kid” was the first comic strip
to do all of the following EXCEPT
(A) feature the same character in each episode
(B) include dialogue inside a balloon
(C) appear in a Chicago newspaper
(D) characterize city life in a humorous way
37. The word “incorporate”in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) affect
(B) create
(C) combine
(D) mention
38. The word “prototype”in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) story
(B) humor
(C) drawing
(D) model
39. The word “staple”in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) regular feature
(B) popular edition
(C) new version
(D) huge success
40. In what order does the author discuss various comic strips in the passage?
(A) In alphabetical order by title
(B) In the order in which they were created
(C) According to the newspaper in which they appeared
(D) From most popular to least popular
Question 41-50
Every drop of water in the ocean, even in the deepest parts, responds to the forces
that create the tides. No other force that affects the sea is so strong. Compared with the
tides, the waves created by the wind are surface movements felt no more than a
Line hundred fathoms below the surface. The currents also seldom involve more than the
(5) upper several hundred fathoms despite their impressive sweep.
The tides are a response of the waters of the ocean to the pull of the Moon and the
more distant Sun. In theory, there is a gravitational attraction between the water and
even the outermost star of the universe. In reality, however, the pull of remote stars is
so slight as to be obliterated by the control of the Moon and, to a lesser extent, the Sun.
(10) Just as the Moon rises later each day by fifty minutes, on the average, so, in most
places, the time of high tide is correspondingly later each day. And as the Moon waxes
and wanes in its monthly cycle, so the height of the tide varies. The tidal movements
are strongest when the Moon is a sliver in the sky, and when it is full. These are the
highest flood tides and the lowest ebb tides of the lunar month and are called the spring
(15) tides. At these times the Sun, Moon, and Earth are nearly in line and the pull of the two
heavenly bodies is added together to bring the water high on the beaches, to send its
surf upward against the sea cliffs, and to draw a high tide into the harbors. Twice
each
month, at the quarters of the Moon, when the Sun, Moon, and Earth lie at the apexes of
a triangular configuration and the pull of the Sun and Moon are opposed, the moderate
(20) tidal movements called neap tides occur. Then the difference between high and low
water is less than at any other time during the month.
41. What is the main point of the first paragraph?
(A) The waves created by ocean currents are very large.
(B) Despite the strength of the wind, it only moves surface water.
(C) Deep ocean water is seldom affected by forces that move water.
(D) The tides are the most powerful force to affect the movement of ocean water.
42. The word “felt”in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) based
(B) dropped
(C) detected
(D) explored
43. The words “In reality”in line 8 are closest in meaning to
(A) surprisingly
(B) actually
(C) characteristically
(D) similarly
44. It can be inferred from the passage that the most important factor in determining
how much gravitational effect one object in space has on the tides is
(A) size
(B) distance
(C) temperature
(D) density
45. The word “correspondingly”in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) unpredictably
(B) interestingly
(C) similarly
(D) unusually
46. What is the cause of spring tides?
(A) Seasonal change in the weather
(B) The gravitational pull of the Sun and the Moon when nearly in line
with the Earth
(C) The Earth's movement around the Sun
(D) The triangular arrangement of the Earth, Sun, and Moon
47. Which of the following pictures best represents the position of the Sun, Moon,
and Earth during spring tides?
48. The word “configuration”in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) unit
(B) center
(C) surface
(D) arrangement
49. Neap tides occur when
(A) the Sun counteracts the Moon's gravitational attraction
(B) the Moon is full
(C) the Moon is farthest from the Sun
(D) waves created by the wind combine with the Moon's gravitational attraction
50. According to the passage, all of the following statements about tides are
true EXCEPT:
(A) The time of high tide is later each day.
(B) Tides have a greater effect on the sea than waves do.
(C) The strongest tides occur at the quarters of the Moon.
(D) Neap tides are more moderate than spring tides.
Test 4
Questions 1-8
Hotels were among the earliest facilities that bound the United States together. They
were both creatures and creators of communities, as well as symptoms of the frenetic
quest for community. Even in the first part of the nineteenth century, Americans were
Line already forming the habit of gathering from all corners of the nation for both public and
(5) private, business and pleasure purposes. Conventions were the new occasions, and
hotels were distinctively American facilities making conventions possible. The first
national convention of a major party to choose a candidate for President (that of the
National Republican party, which met on December 12, 1831, and nominated Henry
Clay for President) was held in Baltimore, at a hotel that was then reputed to be the
(10) best in the country. The presence in Baltimore of Barnum's City Hotel, a six-story
building with two hundred apartments, helps explain why many other early national
political conventions were held there.
In the longer run, too, American hotels made other national conventions not only
possible but pleasant and convivial. The growing custom of regularly assembling from
afar the representatives of all kinds of groups ― not only for political conventions, but
(15) also for commercial, professional, learned, and avocational ones ― in turn supported
the multiplying hotels. By mid-twentieth century, conventions accounted for over a
third of the yearly room occupancy of all hotels in the nation; about eighteen thousand
different conventions were held annually with a total attendance of about ten million
(20) persons.
Nineteenth-century American hotelkeepers, who were no longer the genial,
deferential “hosts” of the eighteenth-century European inn, became leading citizens.
Holding a large stake in the community, they exercised power to make it prosper. As
owners or managers of the local “palace of the public,” they were makers and shapers
of a principal community attraction. Travelers from abroad were mildly shocked by
this high social position.
1. What is the main topic of the passage?
(A) The size of early American hotels
(B) The importance of hotels in American culture
(C) How American hotels differed from European hotels
(D) Why conventions are held at hotels
2. The word “bound” in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) led
(B) protected
(C) tied
(D) strengthened
3. The National Republican party is mentioned in line 8 as an example of a group
(A) from Baltimore
(B) of learned people
(C) owning a hotel
(D) holding a convention
4. The word “assembling ”in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) announcing
(B) motivating
(C) gathering
(D) contracting
5. The word “ones” in line 16 refers to
(A) hotels
(B) conventions
(C) kinds
(D) representatives
6. The word “it” in line 23 refers to
(A) European inn
(B) host
(C) community
(D) public
7. It can be inferred form the passage that early hotelkeepers in the
United States were
(A) active politicians
(B) European immigrants
(C) professional builders
(D) influential citizen
8. Which of the following statements about early American hotels is NOT
mentioned in the passage?
(A) Travelers from abroad did not enjoy staying in them.
(B) Conventions were held in them.
(C) People used them for both business and pleasure.
(D) They were important to the community.
Question 9-18
Beads were probably the first durable ornaments humans possessed, and the
intimate relationship they had with their owners is reflected in the fact that beads are
among the most common items found in ancient archaeological sites. In the past, as
Line today, men, women, and children adorned themselves with beads. In some cultures
(5) still, certain beads are often worn from birth until death, and then are buried with their
owners for the afterlife. Abrasion due to daily wear alters the surface features of beads,
and if they are buried for long, the effects of corrosion can further changed their
appearance. Thus, interest is imparted to the bead both by use and the effects of time.
Besides their wearability, either as jewelry or incorporated into articles of attire,
(10) beads possess the desirable characteristics of every collectible : they are durable,
portable, available in infinite variety, and often valuable in their original cultural
context as well as in today's market. Pleasing to look at and touch, beads come in
shapes, colors, and materials that almost compel one to handle them and to sort them.
Beads are miniature bundles of secrets waiting to be revealed : their history,
(15) manufacture, cultural context, economic role, and ornamental use are all points of
information one hopes to unravel. Even the most mundane beads may have traveled
great distances and been exposed to many human experiences. The bead researcher
must gather information from many diverse fields. In addition to having to be a
generalist while specializing in what may seem to be a narrow field, the researcher is
(20) faced with the problem of primary materials that have little or no documentation. Many
ancient beads that are of ethnographic interest have often been separated from their
original cultural context.
The special attractions of beads contribute to the uniqueness of bead research. While
often regarded as the “small change of civilizations”, beads are a part of every culture,
(25) and they can often be used to date archaeological sites and to designate the degree of
mercantile, technological, and cultural sophistication.
9. What is the main subject of the passage?
(A) Materials used in making beads
(B) How beads are made
(C) The reasons for studying beads
(D) Different types of beads
10. The word “adorned” in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) protected
(B) decorated
(C) purchased
(D) enjoyed
11. The word “attire”in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) ritual
(B) importance
(C) clothing
(D) history
12. All of the following are given as characteristic of collectible
objects EXCEPT
(A) durability
(B) portability
(C) value
(D) scarcity
13. According to the passage, all of the following are factors that
make people want to touch beads EXCEPT the
(A) shape
(B) color
(C) material
(D) odor
14. The word “unravel”in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) communicate
(B) transport
(C) improve
(D) discover
15. The word “mundane ”in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) carved
(B) beautiful
(C) ordinary
(D) heavy
16. It is difficult to trace the history of certain ancient beads because they
(A) are small in size
(B) have been buried underground
(C) have been moved from their original locations
(D) are frequently lost
17. Knowledge of the history of some beads may be useful in the studies
done by which of the following?
(A) Anthropologists
(B) Agricultural experts
(C) Medical researchers
(D) Economists
18. Where in the passage does the author describe why the appearance
of beads may change?
(A) Lines 3-4
(B) Lines 6-8
(C) Lines 12-13
(D) Lines 20-22
Question 19-32
In the world of birds, bill design is a prime example of evolutionary fine-tuning.
Shorebirds such as oystercatchers use their bills to pry open the tightly sealed shells of
their prey, hummingbirds have stilettolike bills to probe the deepest nectar-bearing
Line flowers, and kiwis smell out earthworms thanks to nostrils located at the tip of their
(5) beaks. But few birds are more intimately tied to their source of sustenance than are
crossbills. Two species of these finches, named for the way the upper and lower parts
of their bills cross, rather than meet in the middle, reside in the evergreen forests of
North America and feed on the seeds held within the cones of coniferous trees.
The efficiency of the bill is evident when a crossbill locates a cone. Using a lateral
(10) motion of its lower mandible, the bird separates two overlapping scales on the cone and
exposes the seed. The crossed mandibles enable the bird to exert a powerful biting
force at the bill tips, which is critical for maneuvering them between the scales and
spreading the scales apart. Next, the crossbill snakes its long tongue into the gap and
draws out the seed. Using the combined action of the bill and tongue, the bird cracks
(15) open and discards the woody seed covering and swallows the nutritious inner kernel.
This whole process takes but a few seconds and is repeated hundreds of times a day.
The bills of different crossbill species and subspecies vary ― some are stout and
deep, others more slender and shallow. As a rule, large-billed crossbills are better at
securing seeds from large cones, while small-billed crossbills are more deft at
(20) removing the seeds from small, thin-scaled cones. Moreover, the degree to which cones
are naturally slightly open or tightly closed helps determine which bill design is the
best.
One anomaly is the subspecies of red crossbill known as the Newfoundland
crossbill. This bird has a large, robust bill, yet most of Newfoundland's conifers have
small cones, the same kind of cones that the slender-billed white-wings rely on.
19. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The importance of conifers in evergreen forests
(B) The efficiency of the bill of the crossbill
(C) The variety of food available in a forest
(D) The different techniques birds use to obtain food
20. Which of the following statements best represents the type of "evolutionary
fine-tuning" mentioned in line 1?
(A) Different shapes of bills have evolved depending on the available food supply.
(B) White-wing crossbills have evolved from red crossbills.
(C) Newfoundland's conifers have evolved small cones.
(D) Several subspecies of crossbills have evolved from two species.
21. Why does the author mention oystercatchers, hummingbirds, and kiwis in lines 2-4?
(A) They are examples of birds that live in the forest.
(B) Their beaks are similar to the beak of the crossbill.
(C) They illustrate the relationship between bill design and food supply.
(D) They are closely related to the crossbill.
22. Crossbills are a type of
(A) shorebird
(B) hummingbird
(C) kiwi
(D) finch
23. Which of the following most closely resembles the bird described in lines 6-8?
24. The word "which" in line 12 refers to
(A) seed
(B) bird
(C) force
(D) bill
25. The word "gap" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) opening
(B) flower
(C) mouth
(D) tree
26. The word "discards" in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) eats
(B) breaks
(C) finds out
(D) gets rid of
27. The word "others" in line 18 refers to
(A) bills
(B) species
(C) seeds
(D) cones
28. The word "deft" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) hungry
(B) skilled
(C) tired
(D) pleasant
29. The word "robust" in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) strong
(B) colorful (C) unusual (D) sharp
30. In what way is the Newfoundland crossbill an anomaly?
(A) It is larger than the other crossbill species.
(B) It uses a different technique to obtain food.
(C) The size of its bill does not fit the size of its food source.
(D) It does not live in evergreen forests.
31. The final paragraph of the passage will probably continue with a discussion of
(A) other species of forest birds
(B) the fragile ecosystem of Newfoundland
(C) what mammals live in the forests of North America
(D) how the Newfoundland crossbill survives with a large bill
32. Where in the passage does the author describe how a crossbill removes a seed from
its cone?
(A) The first paragraph
(B) The second paragraph
(C) The third paragraph
(D) The fourth paragraph
Question 33-39
If you look closely at some of the early copies of the Declaration of Independence,
beyond the flourished signature of John Hancock and the other 55 men who signed it,
you will also find the name of one woman, Mary Katherine Goddard. It was she, a
Line Baltimore printer, who published the first official copies of the Declaration, the first
(5) copies that included the names of its signers and therefore heralded the support of all
thirteen colonies.
Mary Goddard first got into printing at the age of twenty-four when her brother
opened a printing shop in Providence, Rhode Island, in 1762. When he proceeded to
get into trouble with his partners and creditors, it was Mary Goddard and her mother
(10) who were left to run the shop. In 1765 they began publishing the Providence Gazette, a
weekly newspaper. Similar problems seemed to follow her brother as he opened
businesses in Philadelphia and again in Baltimore. Each time Ms. Goddard was
brought in to run the newspapers. After starting Baltimore's first newspaper, The
Maryland Jounal, in 1773, her brother went broke trying to organize a colonial postal
(15) service. While he was in debtor's prison, Mary Katherine Goddard's name appeared on
the newspaper's masthead for the first time.
When the Continental Congress fled there from Philadelphia in 1776, it
commissioned Ms. Goddard to print the first official version of the Declaration of
Independence in January 1777. After printing the documents, she herself paid the post
(20) riders to deliver the Declaration throughout the colonies.
During the American Revolution, Mary Goddard continued to publish Baltimore's
only newspaper, which one historian claimed was "second to none among the
colonies." She was also the city's postmaster from 1775 to 1789 ― appointed by
Benjamin Franklin ― and is considered to be the first woman to hold a federal position.
33. With which of the following subjects is the passage mainly concerned?
(A) The accomplishments of a female publisher
(B) The weaknesses of the newspaper industry
(C) The rights of a female publisher
(D) The publishing system in colonial America
34. Mary Goddard's name appears on the Declaration of Independence because
(A) she helped write the original document
(B) she published the document
(C) she paid to have the document printed
(D) her brother was in prison
35. The word "heralded" in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) influenced
(B) announced
(C) rejected
(D) ignored
36. According to the passage, Mary Goddard first became involved in
publishing when she
(A) was appointed by Benjamin Franklin
(B) signed the Declaration of Independence
(C) took over her brother's printing shop
(D) moved to Baltimore
37. The word "there" in line 17 refers to
(A) the colonies
(B) the print shop
(C) Baltimore
(D) Providence
38. It can be inferred from the passage that Mary Goddard was
(A) an accomplished businesswoman
(B) extremely wealthy
(C) a member of the Continental Congress
(D) a famous writer
39. The word "position" in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) job
(B) election
(C) document
(D) location
Question 40-50
Galaxies are the major building blocks of the universe. A galaxy is a giant family of
many millions of stars, and it is held together by its own gravitational field. Most of the
material universe is organized into galaxies of stars, together with gas and dust.
Line
There are three main types of galaxy ; spiral, elliptical, and irregular. The Milky
(5) Way is a spiral galaxy : a flattish disc of stars with two spiral arms emerging from its
central nucleus. About one-quarter of all galaxies have this shape. Spiral galaxies are
well supplied with the interstellar gas in which new stars form ; as the rotating spiral
pattern sweeps around the galaxy it compresses gas and dust, triggering the formation
of bright young stars in its arms. The elliptical galaxies have a symmetrical elliptical or
(10) spheroidal shape with no obvious structure. Most of their member stars are very old
and since ellipticals are devoid of interstellar gas, no new stars are forming in them.
The biggest and brightest galaxies in the universe are ellipticals with masses of about
1013 times that of the Sun; these giants may frequently be sources of strong radio
emission, in which case they are called radio galaxies. About two-thirds of all galaxies
(15) are elliptical. Irregular galaxies comprise about one-tenth of all galaxies and they come
in many subclasses.
Measurement in space is quite different from measurement on Earth. Some
terrestrial distances can be expressed as intervals of time : the time to fly from one
continent to another or the time it takes to drive to work, for example. By comparison
(20) with these familiar yardsticks, the distances to
the galaxies are incomprehensibly
large,
but they too are made more manageable by using a time calibration, in this case the
distance that light travels in one year. On such a scale the nearest giant spiral galaxy,
the Andromeda galaxy, is two million light years away. The most distant luminous
objects seen by telescopes are probably ten thousand million light years away. Their
light was already halfway here before the Earth even formed. The light from the nearby
Virgo galaxy set out when reptiles still dominated the animal world.
40. The world "major" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) intense
(B) principal
(C) huge
(D) unique
41. What does the second paragraph mainly discuss?
(A) The Milky Way
(B) Major categories of galaxies
(C) How elliptical galaxies are formed
(D) Difference between irregular and spiral galaxies
42. The word "which" in line 7 refers to
(A) dust
(B) gas
(C) pattern
(D) galaxy
43. According to the passage, new stars are formed in spiral galaxies due to
(A) an explosion of gas
(B) the compression of gas and dust
(C) the combining of old stars
(D) strong radio emissions
44. The word "symmetrical" in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) proportionally balanced
(B) commonly seen
(C) typical large
(D) steadily growing
45. The word "obvious" in line 10 is closest in meaning to
(A) discovered
(B) apparent
(C) understood
(D) simplistic
46. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true of
elliptical galaxies?
(A) They are the largest galaxies.
(B) They mostly contain old stars.
(C) They contain a high amount of interstellar gas.
(D) They have a spherical shape
47. Which of the following characteristics of radio galaxies is mentioned
in the passage?
(A) They are a type of elliptical galaxy.
(B) They are usually too small to be seen with a telescope
(C) They are closely related to irregular galaxies.
(D) They are not as bright as spiral galaxies.
48. What percentage of galaxies are irregular?
(A) 10%
(B) 25%
(C) 50%
(D) 75%
49. The word "they" in line 21 refers to
(A) intervals
(B) yardsticks
(C) distances
(D) galaxies
50. Why does the author mention the Virgo galaxy and the Andromeda galaxy
in the third paragraph?
(A) To describe the effect that distance has on visibility
(B) To compare the ages of two relatively young galaxies
(C) To emphasize the vast distances of the galaxies from Earth
(D) To explain why certain galaxies cannot be seen by a telescope
Test 5
Question 1-8
A distinctively American architecture began with Frank Lloyd Wright, who had
taken
to heart the admonition that form should follow function, and who thought of buildings
not as separate architectural entities but as parts of an organic whole that included the
Line land, the community, and the society. In a very real way the houses of colonial New
(5) England and some of the southern plantations had been functional, but Wright was the
first architect to make functionalism the authoritative principle for public as well as for
domestic buildings.
As early as 1906 he built the Unity Temple in Oak Park, Illinois, the first of those
churches that did so much to revolutionize ecclesiastical architecture in the United
(10) States. Thereafter he turned his genius to such miscellaneous structures as houses,
schools, office buildings, and factories, among them the famous Larkin Building
in Buffalo, New York, and the Johnson Wax Company Building in Racine, Wisconsin.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The architecture of public buildings
(B) An architectural pioneer
(C) New England architecture
(D) principles of architecture
2. The phrase “taken to heart” in lines 1-2 is closest in meaning to which
of the following?
(A) Taken seriously
(B) Criticized
(C) Memorized
(D) Taken offence
3. The word “admonition” in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) monition
(B) support
(C) discussion
(D) consideration
4. The word “entities” in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) principles
(B) existences
(C) subtractions
(D) properties
5. In what way did Wright's public buildings differ from most of those
built by earlier architects?
(A) They were built on a larger scale.
(B) Their materials came from the southern United States.
(C) They looked more like private homes.
(D) Their designs were based on how they would be used.
6. The author mentions the Unity Temple because it
(A) was Wright's first building
(B) influenced the architecture of subsequent churches
(C) demonstrated traditional ecclesiastical architecture
(D) was the largest church Wright ever designed
7. Which of the following statements best reflects one of Frank Lloyd Wright's
architectural principles?
(A) Beautiful design is more important than utility.
(B) Ecclesiastical architecture should be derived from traditional designs.
(C) A building should fit into its surroundings.
(D) The architecture of public buildings does not need to be revolutionary.
8. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a type of structure Frank Lloyd
Wright made ?
(A) houses
(B) factories
(C) southern plantations
(D) churches
Question 9-15
There are two basic types of glaciers, those that flow outward in all directions with
little regard for any underlying terrain and those that are confined by terrain to a
particular path.
Line
The first category of glaciers includes those massive blankets that cover whole
(5) continents, appropriately called ice sheets. There must be over 50,000 square
kilometers
of land covered with ice for the glacier to qualify as an ice sheet. When portions of an
ice sheet spread out over the ocean, they form ice shelves.
About 20,000 years ago the Cordilleran Ice Sheet covered nearly all the mountains
in southern Alaska, western Canada, and the western United States. It was about
(10) 3 kilometers deep at its thickest point in northern Alberta. Now there are only two
sheets left on Earth, those covering Greenland and Antarctica.
Any domelike body of ice that also flows out in all directions but covers less than
50,000 square kilometers is called an ice cap. Although ice caps are rare nowadays,
there are a number in northeastern Canada, on Baffin Island, and on the Queen
(15) Elizabeth Islands.
The second category of glaciers includes those of a variety of shapes and sizes
generally called mountain or alpine glaciers. Mountain glaciers are typically identified
by the landform that controls their flow. One form of mountain glacier that resembles
an ice cap in that it flows outward in several directions is called an ice field. The
(20) difference between an ice field and an ice cap is subtle. Essentially, the flow of an ice
field is somewhat controlled by surrounding terrain and thus does not have the
domelike
shape of a cap. There are several ice fields in the Wrangell, St. Elias, and Chugach
mountains of Alaska and northern British Columbia.
Less spectacular than large ice fields are the most common types of mountain
(25) glaciers : the cirque and valley glaciers. Cirque glaciers are found in depressions in the
surface of the land and have a characteristic circular shape. The ice of valley glaciers,
bound by terrain, flows down valleys, curves around their corners, and falls over cliffs.
9. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Where major glaciers are located
(B) How glaciers shape the land
(C) How glaciers are formed
(D) The different kinds of glaciers
10. It can be inferred that ice sheets are so named for which of the
following reasons?
(A) They are confined to mountain valleys.
(B) They cover large areas of land.
(C) They are thicker in some areas than in others.
(D) They have a characteristic circular shape.
11. According to the passage, where was the Cordilleran Ice Sheet thickest ?
(A) Alaska
(B) Greenland
(C) Alberta
(D) Antarctica
12. The word “rare” in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) small
(B) unusual
(C) valuable
(D) widespread
13. According to the passage (paragraph 5), ice fields resemble ice caps in
which of the following ways?
(A) Their shape
(B) Their flow
(C) Their texture
(D) Their location
14. All of the following are alpine glaciers EXCEPT
(A) cirque glaciers
(B) ice caps
(C) valley glaciers
(D) ice fields
15. The word “depressions” in line 25 is closest in meaning to
(A) intrusion
(B) dejection
(C) concaves
(D) convexes
Question 16-22
Tools and hand bones excavated from the Swartkrans cave complex in South Africa
suggest that a close relative of early humans known as Australopithecus robustus may
have made and used primitive tools long before the species became extinct 1 million
Line years ago. It may even have made and used primitive tools long before humanity's
direct ancestor, Homo habilis, or “handy man,” began doing so. Homo habilis and its
successor, Homo eretus, coexisted with Australopithecus robustus on plains of
South Africa for more than a million years.
The Swartkrans cave in South Africa has been under excavation since the 1940's.
The earliest fossil-containing layers of sedimentary rock in the cave date from about
(10) 1.9 million years ago and contain extensive remains of animals, primitive tools, and
two or more species of apelike hominids. The key recent discovery involved bones
from the hand of Australopithecus robustus, the first time such bones have been found.
The most important feature of the Australopithecus robustus hand was the pollical
distal thumb tip, the last bone in the thumb. The bone had an attachment point for a
(15) “uniquely human” muscle, the flexor pollicis longus, that had previously been found
only in more recent ancestors. That muscle gave Australopithecus robustus an
opposable
thumb, a feature that would allow them to grip objects, including tools. The researchers
also found primitive bone and stone implements, especially digging tools, in the same
layers of sediments.
(20)
Australopithecus robustus were more heavily built ― more “robust” in
anthropological
terms ― than their successors. They had broad faces, heavy jaws,
and massive crushing
and grinding teeth that were used for eating hard fruits, seeds, and fibrous underground
plant parts. They walked upright, which would have allowed them to carry and use
tools.
Most experts had previously believed that Home habilis were able to supplant
(25) Australopithecus robustus because the former's ability to use tools gave them an innate
superiority. The discovery that Australopithecus robustus also used tools means that
researchers will have to seek other explanations for their extinction. Perhaps their
reliance on naturally occurring plants led to their downfall as the climate became drier
and cooler, or perhaps Homo habilis, with their bigger brains, were simply able to
(30) make more sophisticated tools.
(5)
16. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that all of the following
may have made and used tools EXCEPT
(A) Australopithecus robustus
(B) Home erectus
(C) Home habilis
(D) Australopithecus robustus' ancestors
17. Which of the following does the author mention as the most important
recent discovery made in the Swartkrans cave?
(A) Tools
(B) Teeth
(C) Plant fossils
(D) Hand bones
18. What does the third paragraph mainly discuss?
(A) Features of Australopithecus robustus' hand
(B) Purposes for which hominids used tools
(C) Methods used to determine the age of fossils
(D) Significant plant fossils found in layers of sediment
19. It can be inferred from the description in the last paragraph that
Australopithecus robustus was so named because of the species'
(A) ancestors
(B) thumb
(C) build
(D) diet
20. The word “supplant”in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) exploit
(B) displace
(C) understand
(D) imitate
21. The word “them” in line 25 refers to
(A) tools
(B) Homo habilis
(C) Australopithecus robustus
(D) experts
22. The word “innate” in line 25 is closest in meaning to
(A) inherent
(B) incidental
(C) objective
(D) irrelevant
23. What does the author suggest is unclear about Australopithecus robustus?
(A) whether they used tools
(B) what they most likely ate
(C) whether they are closely related to humans
(D) why they became extinct
Question 24-29
The first two decades of this century were dominated by the microbe hunters. These
hunters had tracked down one after another of the microbes responsible for the most
dreaded scourges of many centuries ; tuberculosis, cholera, diphtheria. But there
remained
Line some terrible diseases for which no microbe could be incriminated : scurvy, pellagra,
(5) rickets, beriberi. Then it was discovered that these diseases were caused by the lack of
vitamins, a trace substance in the diet. The diseases could be prevented or cured by
consuming foods that contained the vitamins. And so in the decades of the 1920's and
1930's, nutrition became a science and the vitamin hunters replaced the microbe
hunters.
In the 1940's and 1950's, biochemists strived to learn why each of the vitamins was
(10) essential for health. They discovered that key enzymes in metabolism depend on one or
another of the vitamins as coenzymes to perform the chemistry that provides cells with
energy for growth and function. Now, these enzymes hunters occupied center stage.
You are aware that the enzyme hunters have been replaced by a new breed of hunters
who are
tracking genes ― the blueprints for each of the enzymes ― and are
discovering
(15) the defective genes that cause inherited diseases ― diabetes, cystic fibrosis. These gene
hunters, or genetic engineers, use recombinant DNA technology to identify and clone
genes and introduce them into bacterial cells and plants to create factories for the
massive
production of hormones and vaccines for medicine and for better crops
for agriculture.
Biotechnology has become a multibillion-dollar industry.
(20)
In view of the inexorable progress in science, we can expect that the gene hunters
will be replaced in the spotlight. When and by whom? Which kind of hunter will
dominate
the scene in the last decade of our waning century and in the early decades of the next ?
I wonder whether the hunters who will occupy the spotlight will be neurobiologists
who apply the techniques of the enzyme and gene hunters to the functions of the brain.
(25) What to call them? The head hunters. I will return to them later.
24. What is the main topic of the passage?
(A) The microbe hunters
(B) The potential of genetic engineering
(C) The progress of modern medical research
(D) The discovery of enzymes
25. Which of the following can be cured by a change in diet?
(A) Tuberculosis
(B) Cholera
(C) Cystic fibrosis
(D) Pellagra
26. How do vitamins influence health?
(A) They are necessary for some enzymes to function.
(B) They protect the body from microbes.
(C) They keep food from spoiling.
(D) They are broken down by cells to produce energy.
27. In the third paragraph, the author compares cells that have been
genetically altered by biotechnicians to
(A) gardens
(B) factories
(C) hunters
(D) spotlights
28. The phrase“occupy the spotlight”in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) receive the most attention
(B) go the furthest
(C) conquer territory
(D) lighten the load
29. The author implies that the most important medical research topic of the
future will be
(A) the functions of the brain
(B) inherited diseases
(C) the operation of vitamins
(D) the structure of genes
Question 30-35
In the mid-nineteenth century, the United States had tremendous natural resources
that could be exploited in order to develop heavy industry. Most of the raw materials
that are valuable in the manufacture of machinery, transportation facilities, and
consumer
Line goods lay ready to be worked into wealth. Iron, coal, and oil ― the basic ingredients of
(5) industrial growth ― were plentiful and needed only the application of technical
expertise,
organizational skill, and labor.
One crucial development in this movement toward industrialization was the growth
of the railroads. The railway network expanded rapidly until the railroad map of the
United States looked like a spider's web, with the steel filaments connecting all
important
(10) sources of raw materials, their places of manufacture, and their centers of distribution.
The railroads contributed to the industrial growth not only by connecting these major
centers, but also by themselves consuming enormous amounts of fuel, iron, and coal.
Many factors influenced emerging modes of production. For example, machine
tools, the tools used to make goods, were steadily improved in the latter part of the
(15) nineteenth century ― always with an eye to speedier production and lower unit costs.
The products of the factories were rapidly absorbed by the growing cities that sheltered
the workers and the distributors. The increased urban population was nourished by the
increased farm production that, in turn, was made more productive by the use of the
new farm machinery. American agricultural production kept up with the urban demand
(20) and still had surpluses for sale to the industrial centers of Europe.
The labor that ran the factories and built the railways was recruited in part from
American farm areas where people were being displaced by farm machinery, in part
from Asia, and in part from Europe. Europe now began to send tides of immigrants
from eastern and southern Europe ― most of whom were originally poor farmers but
(25) who settled in American industrial cities. The money to finance this tremendous
expansion of the American economy still came from European financiers for the most
part, but the Americans were approaching the day when their expansion could be
financed in their own “money market”
30. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The history of railroads in the United States
(B) The major United States industrial centers
(C) Factors that affected industrialization in the United States
(D) The role of agriculture in the nineteenth century
31. Why does the author mention “a spider's web” in line 9?
(A) To emphasize the railroad's consumption of oil and coal
(B) To describe the complex structure of the railway system
(C) To explain the problems brought on by railway expansion
(D) To describe the difficulties involved in the distribution of raw materials
32. The word “themselves” in line 12 refers to
(A) sources
(B) centers
(C) railroads
(D) places
33. According to the passage, what was one effect of the improvement
of machine tools?
(A) Lower manufacturing costs
(B) Better distribution of goods
(C) More efficient transportation of natural resources
(D) A reduction in industrial jobs
34. Which of the following is NOT true of United States farmers in the
nineteenth century?
(A) They lost some jobs because of mechanization
(B) They were unable to produce sufficient food for urban areas.
(C) They raised their productivity by using new machinery.
(D) They sold food to European countries
35. The word “ran” in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) operated
(B) hurried
(C) constructed
(D) owned
Question 36-44
The concept of obtaining fresh water from iceberg that are towed to populated areas
and arid
regions of the world was once treated as a joke more appropriate to cartoons than real
life. But
now it is being considered quite seriously by many nations, especially since scientists
have
Line warned that the human race will outgrow its fresh water supply faster than it runs out of
food.
Glaciers are a possible source of fresh water that have been overlooked until recently.
(5)
<A>
Three-quarters of the Earth's fresh water supply is still tied up in glacial ice, a
reservoir of
untapped fresh water so immense that it could sustain all the rivers of the world for
1,000 years.
Floating on the oceans every year are 7,659 trillion metric tons of ice encased in 10,000
icebergs
that break away from the polar ice caps, more than ninety percent of them from
Antarctica. <B>
(10) Huge glaciers that stretch over the shallow continental shelf give birth to icebergs
throughout
the year. Icebergs are not like sea ice, which is formed when the sea
itself freezes ; rather, they
are formed entirely on land, breaking off when glaciers spread
over the sea. As they drift away
from the polar region, icebergs sometimes move mysteriously in a direction opposite to
the wind,
pulled by subsurface currents. Because they melt more slowly than smaller pieces of ice,
icebergs
(15) have been known to drift as far north as 35 degrees south of the equator in the Atlantic
Ocean.
<C>
The difficulty arises in other technical matters, such as the prevention of rapid
melting in
warmer climates and the funneling of fresh water to shore in great volume. But even if
the
icebergs lost half of their volume in towing, the water they could provide would be far
cheaper
than that produced by desalination, or removing salt from water. <D>
36. What is the main topic of the passage?
(A) The movement of glaciers
(B) Icebergs as a source of fresh water
(C) Future water shortages
(D) The future of the world's rivers
37. The word “arid” in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) anhydrous
(B) fruitful
(C) remote
(D) distant
38. The word "it" in line 3 refers to
(A) an iceberg that is towed
(B) obtaining fresh water from icebergs
(C) the population of arid areas
(D) real life
39. According to the author, most of the world's fresh water is
to be found in
(A) oceans
(B) rivers
(C) glaciers
(D) reservoirs
40. The word “currents” in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) pulls
(B) waves
(C) weather
(D) flows of water
41. How are icebergs formed?
(A) They break off from glaciers
(B) Seawater freezes
(C) Rivers freeze
(D) Small pieces of floating ice converge
42. With which of the following ideas would the author be likely to agree?
(A) Towing icebergs to dry areas is economically possible.
(B) Desalination of water is the best way to obtain drinking water.
(C) Using water from icebergs is a very short-term solution to water shortages.
(D) Icebergs could not be towed very far before they would melt.
43. Which of the following is the best place where the sentence
"To corral them and steer them to parts of the world where they are
needed would not be too difficult."
will most properly fit ?
(A) <A>
(B) <B>
(C) <C>
(D) <D>
44. The word "that" in the last line refers to
(A) the volume
(B) the water
(C) the iceberg
(D) the towing
Question 45-50
Surrounding Alaska on all but one side are two oceans and a vast sea, giving this state
the
longest coastline in the United States. In fact, if the coastlines of all of its peninsulas and
islands are considered, Alaska has a longer coastline, 33,904 miles (54,563 kilometers),
than all
Line the other 49 states together.
(5)
Most of the state lies on a peninsula, bounded by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the
Bering
Sea to the west, and the Pacific Ocean on the southwest, south, and southeast. This
peninsula,
stretching away from the rest of North America, forms the northwest corner of
the continent.
One of the world's largest peninsulas, it is partly shared with Canada on the east.
The seas indent the shores of the main peninsula to form other peninsulas that
contribute
(10) some of the most outstanding features to Alaska's outline. Most notable of these is the
Alaska
Peninsula. The peninsula itself is 550 miles (885 kilometers) long,
before the spectacular chain
of islands reaches toward Asia.
Another of Alaska's large peninsulas is Seward, in which a number of smaller eastern
states
could be swallowed up. The Kenai Peninsula, less extensive than Seward, is
about the size of
(15) the state of Maryland.
Part of Alaska's ocean heritage, many islands lie along the fringes of the state. Much
of
southeastern Alaska is made up of the Alexander Archipelago of 1100 islands,
including
Baranof, Kuiu, and Admiralty. Continuing up the coast are the islands of Prince
William
Sound. The Aleutian Islands pursue their bleak and windswept course in a long arc that
(20) encloses the Bering Sea. Included in the Aleutian chain are whole archipelagoes, such
as the
Fox, Near, and Rat islands.
45. What is the main topic of the passage?
(A) The geography of the western United States
(B) The coastline of North America
(C) The territory that makes up Alaska
(D) The countries that border Alaska
46. The word “its” in line 2 refers to
(A) sea
(B) coastline
(C) Alaska
(D) peninsula
47. Alaska is bordered on the southwest by
(A) the Pacific Ocean
(B) the Arctic Ocean
(C) the Bering Sea
(D) Canada
48. Why does the author mention Maryland in line 15 ?
(A) To show another state that has a peninsula
(B) To compare the coastline of Alaska with that of Maryland
(C) To contrast the weather patterns in two states
(D) To illustrate a point about the size of one of Alaska's peninsulas
49. Kuiu is the name of
(A) an ocean
(B) an island
(C) a peninsula
(D) a country
50. The word “pursue” in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) follow
(B) direct
(C) divide
(D) slide
Test 6
Questions 1-10
The ocean bottom ― a region nearly 2.5 times greater than the total land area of the
Earth ― is a vast frontier that even today is largely unexplored and uncharted, Until
about a century ago, the deep-ocean floor was completely inaccessible, hidden beneath
Line waters averaging over 3,600 meters deep. Totally without light and subjected to intense
(5) pressures hundreds of times greater than at the Earth's surface, the deep-ocean bottom
is a hostile environment to humans, in some ways as forbidding and remote as the void
of outer space.
Although researchers have taken samples of deep-ocean rocks and sediments for
over a century, the first detailed global investigation of the ocean bottom did not
(10) actually start until 1968, with the beginning of the National Science Foundation's Deep
Sea Drilling Project (DSDP). Using techniques first developed for the offshore oil and
gas industry, the DSDP's drill ship, the Glomar Challenger, was able to maintain a
steady position on the ocean's surface and drill in very deep waters, extracting samples
of sediments and rock from the ocean floor.
(15)
The Glomar Challenger completed 96 voyages in a 15-year research program that
ended in November 1983. During this time, the vessel logged 600,000 kilometers and
took almost 20,000 core samples of seabed sediments and rocks at 624 drilling sites
around the world. The Glomar Challenger's core sample have allowed geologists
to reconstruct what the planet looked like hundreds of millions of years ago and to
(20) calculate what it will probably look like millions of years in the future. Today, largely
on the strength of evidence gathered during the Glomar Challenger's voyages, nearly
all earth scientists agree on the theories of plate tectonics and continental drift that
explain many of the geological processes that shape the Earth.
The cores of sediment drilled by the Glomar Challenger have also yielded
(25) information critical to understanding the world's past climates. Deep-ocean sediments
provide a climatic record stretching back hundreds of millions of years, because they
are largely isolated from the mechanical erosion and the intense chemical and
biological
activity that rapidly destroy much land-based evidence of past climates. This record has
already provided insights into the patterns and causes of past climatic change ―
information that may be used to predict future climates.
1. What is the main topic of the passage?
(A) Marine life deep in the ocean
(B) The Earth's climate millions of years ago
(C) The first detailed study of the bottom of the ocean
(D) Geologists' predictions for the future environment of the Earth
2. The author refers to the ocean bottom as a "frontier" in line 2 because it
(A) is not a popular area for scientific research
(B) contains a wide variety of life forms
(C) attracts courageous explorers
(D) is an unknown territory
3. The word "inaccessible" in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) unrecognizable
(B) unreachable
(C) unusable
(D) unsafe
4. The author mentions outer space in line 7 because
(A) the Earth's climate millions of years ago was similar to conditions in outer space
(B) it is similar to the ocean floor in being alien to the human environment
(C) rock formations in outer space are similar to those found on the ocean floor
(D) techniques used by scientists to explore outer space were similar to those used in
ocean exploration
5. Which of the following is true of the Glomar Challenger?
(A) It is a type of submarine.
(B) It is an ongoing project.
(C) It has gone on over 100 voyages.
(D) It made its first DSDP voyage in 1968.
6. The word "extracting" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) breaking
(B) locating
(C) removing
(D) analyzing
7. The Deep Sea Drilling Project was signigicant because it was
(A) an attempt to find new sources of oil and gas
(B) the first extensive exploration of the ocean bottom
(C) composed of geologists from all over the world
(D) funded entirely by the gas and oil industry
8. The word "strength" in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) basis
(B) purpose
(C) discovery
(D) endurance
9. The word "they" in line 26 refers to
(A) years
(B) climates
(C) sediments
(D) cores
10. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as being
a result of the Deep Sea Drilling Project?
(A) Geologists were able to determine the Earth's appearance hundreds
of millions of years ago.
(B) Two geological theories became more widely accepted by scientists.
(C) Information was revealed about the Earth's past climatic changes.
(D) Geologists observed forms of marine life never before seen.
Questions 11-22
Basic to any understanding of Canada in the 20 years after the Second World War is
the country's impressive population growth. For every three Canadians in 1945, there
were over five in 1966. In September 1966 Canada's population passed the 20 million
Line mark. Most of this surging growth came from natural increase. The depression of the
(5) 1930's and the war had held back marriages, and the catching-up process began after
1945. The baby boom continued through the decade of the 1950's, producing a
population increase of nearly fifteen percent in the five years from 1951 to 1956. This
rate of increase had been exceeded only once before in Canada's history, in the decade
(10)
(15)
(20)
(25)
before 1911, when the prairies were being settled. Undoubtedly, the good economic
conditions of the 1950's supported a growth in the population, but the expansion also
derived from a trend toward earlier marriages and an increase in the average size of
families. In 1957 the Canadian birth rate stood at 28 per thousand, one of the highest in
the world.
After the peak year of 1957, the birth rate in Canada began to decline. It continued
falling until in 1966 it stood at the lowest level in 25 years. Partly this decline reflected
the low level of births during the depression and the war, but it was also caused by
changes in Canadian society. Young people were staying at school longer; more
woman were working; young married couples were buying automobiles or houses
before starting families; rising living standards were cutting down the size of families.
It appeared that Canada was once more falling in step with the trend toward smaller
families that had occurred all through the Western world since the time of the Industrial
Revolution.
Although the growth in Canada's population had slowed down by 1966 (the
increase in the first half of the 1960's was only nine percent), another large population
wave was coming over the horizon. It would be composed of the children of the
children who were born during the period of the high birth rate prior to 1957.
11. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Educational changes in Canadian society
(B) Canada during the Second World War
(C) Population trends in postwar Canada
(D) Standards of living in Canada
12. According to the passage, when did Canada's baby boom begin?
(A) In the decade after 1911
(B) After 1945
(C) During the depression of the 1930's
(D) In 1966
13. The word "five" in line 3 refers to
(A) Canadians
(B) years
(C) decades
(D) marriages
14. The word "surging" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) new
(B) extra
(C) accelerating
(D) surprising
15. The author suggests that in Canada during the 1950's
(A) the urban population decreased rapidly
(B) fewer people married
(C) economic conditions were poor
(D) the birth rate was very high
16. The word "trend" in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) tendency
(B) aim
(C) growth
(D) directive
17. The word "peak" in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) pointed
(B) dismal
(C) mountain
(D) maximum
18. When was the birth rate in Canada at its lowest postwar level?
(A) 1966
(B) 1957
(C) 1956
(D) 1951
19. The author mentions all of the following as causes of declines in population
growth after 1957 EXCEPT
(A) people being better educated
(B) people getting married earlier
(C) better standards of living
(D) couples buying houses
20. It can be inferred from the passage that before the Industrial Revolution
(A) families were larger
(B) population statistics were unreliable
(C) the population grew steadily
(D) economic conditions were bad
21. The word "It" in line 25 refers to
(A) horizon
(B) population wave
(C) nine percent
(D) first half
22. The phrase "prior to" in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) behind
(B) since
(C) during
(D) preceding
Questions 23-31
Are organically grown foods the best food choices? The advantages claimed for
such foods over conventionally grown and marketed food products are now being
debated. Advocates of organic foods ― a term whose meaning varies greatly ―
Line frequently proclaim that such products are safer and more nutritious than others.
(5)
The growing interest of consumers in the safety and nutritional quality of the
typical North American diet is a welcome development. However, much of this
interest has been sparked by sweeping claims that the food supply is unsafe or
inadequate in meeting nutritional needs. Although most of these claims are not
supported by scientific evidence, the preponderance of written material advancing
(10) such claims makes it difficult for the general public to separate fact from fiction.
As a result, claims that eating a diet consisting entirely of organically grown foods
prevents or cures disease or provides other benefits to health have become widely
publicized and form the basis for folklore.
Almost daily the public is besieged by claims for "no-aging" diets, new vitamins,
(15) and other wonder foods. There are numerous unsubstantiated reports that natural
vitamins are superior to synthetic ones, that fertilized eggs are nutritionally superior
to unfertilized eggs, that untreated grains are better than fumigated grains, and the like.
One thing that most organically grown food products seem to have in common is
that they cost more than conventionally grown foods. But in many cases consumers are
(20) misled if they believe organic foods can maintain health and provide better nutritional
quality than conventionally grown foods. So there is real cause for concern if
consumers,
particularly those with limited incomes, distrust the regular food supply and buy only
expensive organic foods instead.
23. The word "Advocates" in line 3 is closest in meaning to which of the following?
(A) Proponents
(B) Merchants
(C) Inspectors
(D) Consumers
24. In line 4, the word "others" refers to
(A) advantages
(B) advocates
(C) organic foods
(D) products
25. The "welcome development" mentioned in line 6 is an increase in
(A) interest in food safety and nutrition among North Americans
(B) the nutritional quality of the typical North American diet
(C) the amount of healthy food grown in North America
(D) the number of consumers in North America
26. According to the first paragraph, which of the following is true about
the term "organic food"?
(A) It is accepted by most nutritionists.
(B) It has been used only in recent years.
(C) It has no fixed meaning.
(D) It is seldom used by consumers.
27. The word "unsubstantiated" in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) unbelievable
(B) uncontested
(C) unpopular
(D) unverified
28. The word "maintain" in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(A) improve
(B) monitor
(C) preserve
(D) restore
29. The author implies that there is cause for concern if consumers with
limited incomes buy organic foods instead of conventionally grown foods
because
(A) organic foods can be more expensive but are often no better than
conventionally grown foods
(B) many organic foods are actually less nutritious than similar conventionally
grown foods
(C) conventionally grown foods are more readily available than organic foods
(D) too many farmers will stop using conventional methods to grow food crops
30. According to the last paragraph, consumers who believe that organic foods
are better than conventionally grown foods are often
(A) careless
(B) mistaken
(C) thrifty
(D) wealthy
31. What is the author's attitude toward the claims made by advocates of health
foods?
(A) Very enthusiastic
(B) Somewhat favorable
(C) Neutral
(D) Skeptical
Questions 32-41
There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece. The one
most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual.
The argument for this view goes as follows. In the beginning, human beings viewed
Line the natural forces of the world, even the seasonal changes, as unpredictable, and they
(5) sought, through various means, to control these unknown and feared powers. Those
measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated
until they hardened into fixed rituals. Eventually stories arose which explained or
veiled the mysteries of the rites. As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but
the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.
(10)
Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites
contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and costumes were almost
always used. Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances, and
when the entire community did not participate, a clear division was usually made
between the "acting area" and the "auditorium." In addition, there were performers,
(15) and, since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment
of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. Wearing mask and costumes, they
often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the
desired
effect ― success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun ― as an actor
might. Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious
(20) activities.
Another theory traces the theater's origin from the human interest in storytelling.
According to this view, tales (about the hunt, war, or other feats) are gradually
elaborated, at first through the use of impersonations, action, and dialogue by a narrator
and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person. A closely
(25) related theory traces theater to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and
gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds.
32. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The origins of theater
(B) The role of ritual in modern dance
(C) The importance of storytelling
(D) The variety of early religious activities
33. The word "they" in line 4 refers to
(A) seasonal changes
(B) natural forces
(C) theories
(D) human beings
34. What aspect of drama does the author discuss in the first paragraph?
(A) The reason drama is often unpredictable
(B) The seasons in which dramas were performed
(C) The connection between myths and dramatic plots
(D) The importance of costumes in early drama
35. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a common element of theater
and ritual?
(A) Dance
(B) Costumes
(C) Music
(D) Magic
36. The word "considerable" in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) thoughtful
(B) substantial
(C) relational
(D) ceremonial
37. The word "enactment" in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) establishment
(B) performance
(C) authorization
(D) season
38. The word "they" in line 16 refers to
(A) mistakes
(B) costumes
(C) animals
(D) performers
39. According to the passage, what is the manin difference between ritual
and drama?
(A) Ritual uses music whereas drama does not.
(B) Ritual is shorter than drama.
(C) Ritual requires fewer performers than drama.
(D) Ritual has a religious purpose and drama does not.
40. The passage supports which of the following statements?
(A) No one really knows how the theater began.
(B) Myths are no longer represented dramatically.
(C) Storytelling is an important part of dance.
(D) Dramatic activities require the use of costumes.
41. Where in the passage does the author discuss the separation of the
stage and the audience?
(A) Lines 8-9
(B) Lines 12-14
(C) Lines 19-20
(D) Lines 22-24
Questions 42 - 50
Staggering tasks confronted the people of the United States, North and South, when
the Civil War ended. About a million and a half soldiers from both sides had to be
demobilized, readjusted to civilian life, and reabsorbed by the devastated economy.
Line Civil government also had to be put back on a peacetime basis and interference from
(5) the military had to be stopped.
The desperate plight of the South has eclipsed the fact that reconstruction had to be
undertaken also in the North, though less spectacularly. Industries had to adjust to
peacetime conditions; factories had to be retooled for civilian needs.
Financial problems loomed large in both the North and the South. The national debt
(10) had shot up from a modest $65 million in 1861, the year the war started, to nearly $3
billion in 1865, the year the war ended. This was a colossal sum for those days but one
that a prudent government could pay. At the same time, war taxes had to be reduced to
less burdensome levels.
Physical devastation caused by invading armies, chiefly in the South and border
(15) states, had to be repaired. This herculean task was ultimately completed, but with
discouraging slowness.
Other important questions needed answering. What would be the future of the four
million black people who were freed from slavery? On what basis were the Southern
states to be brought back into the Union?
(20)
What of the Southern leaders, all of whom were liable to charges of treason? One
of these leaders, Jefferson Davis, president of the Southern Confederacy, was the
subject of an insulting popular Northern song, "Hang Jeff Davis from a Sour Apple
Tree," and even children sang it. Davis was temporarily chained in his prison cell
during the early days of his two-year imprisonment. But he and the other Southern
(25) leaders were finally released, partly because it was unlikely that a jury from Virginia, a
Southern Confederate state, would convict them. All the leaders were finally pardoned
by President Johnson in 1868 in an effort to help reconstruction efforts proceed with as
little bitterness as possible.
42. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Wartime expenditures
(B) Problems facing the United States after the war
(C) Methods of repairing the damage caused by the war
(D) The results of government efforts to revive the economy
43. The word " Staggering" inline 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) specialized
(B) confusing
(C) various
(D) overwhelming
44. The word "devastated" in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) developing
(B) ruined
(C) complicated
(D) fragile
45. According to the passage, which of the following statements about the
damage in the South is correct?
(A) It was worse than in the North.
(B) The cost was less than expected.
(C) It was centered in the border states.
(D) It was remedied rather quickly.
46. The passage refers to all of the following as necessary steps following
the Civil War EXCEPT
(A) helping soldiers readjust
(B) restructuring industry
(C) returning government to normal
(D) increasing taxes
47. The word "task" in line 15 refers to
(A) raising the tax level
(B) sensible financial choices
(C) wise decisions about former slaves
(D) reconstructions of damaged areas
48. Why does the author mention a popular song in lines 22-23?
(A) To give an example of a Northern attitude towards the South
(B) To illustrate the Northern love of music
(C) To emphasize the cultural differences between the North and South
(D) To compare the Northern and Southern presidents
49. The word "them" in line 26 refers to
(A) charges
(B) leaders
(C) days
(D) irons
50. Which of the following can be inferred from the phrase "...it was unlikely
that a jury from Virginia, a Southern Confederate state, would convict
them"(lines 25-26)?
(A) Virginians felt betrayed by Jefferson Davis.
(B) A popular song insulted Virginia.
(C) Virginians were loyal to their leaders.
(D) All of the Virginia military leaders had been put in chains.
Test 7
Questions 1-10
In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related.
A theory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an
observed event could be produced. A good example of this is found in the kinetic
Line molecular theory, in which gases are pictured as being made up of many small particles
(5) that are in constant motion.
A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observation, helps to predict events
that have not as yet been observed. After a theory has been publicized, scientists design
experiments to test the theory. If observations confirm the scientists' predictions, the
theory is supported. If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must
(10) search further. There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be
revised or rejected.
Science involves imagination and creative thinking as will as collecting information
and performing experiments. Facts by themselves are not science. As the
mathematician
Jules Henri Poincare said: "Science is built with facts just as a house is built with
(15) bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks
can be called a house."
Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have
learned about a particular problem. After known facts have been gathered, the scientist
comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerable imagination. Possible
(20) solutions to the problem are formulated. These possible solutions are called hypotheses.
In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown. It extends the scientist's
thinking beyond the known facts. The scientist plans experiments, performs
calculations,
and makes observations to test hypotheses. For without hypotheses, further
investigation
lacks purpose and direction. When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated
into theories,
1. Which of the following is the main subject of the passage?
(A) The importance of models in scientific theories
(B) The place of theory and hypothesis in scientific investigation
(C) The sorts of facts that scientists find most interesting
(D) The ways that scientists perform different types of experiments
2. The word "related" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) connected
(B) described
(C) completed
(D) identified
3. The word "this" in line 3 refers to
(A) a good example
(B) an imaginary model
(C) the kinetic molecular theory
(D) an observed event
4. According to the second paragraph, a useful theory is one that helps
scientists to
(A) find errors in past experiments
(B) make predictions
(C) observe events
(D) publicize new findings
5. The word "supported" in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) finished
(B) adjusted
(C) investigated
(D) upheld
6. Bricks are mentioned in lines 14-16 to indicate how
(A) mathematicians approach science
(B) building a house is like performing experiments
(C) science is more than a collection of facts
(D) scientific experiments have led to improved technology
7. In the fourth paragraph, the author implies that imagination is most
important to scientists when they
(A) evaluate previous work on a problem
(B) formulate possible solutions to a problem
(C) gather know facts
(D) close an investigation
8. In line 21, the author refers to a hypothesis as "a leap into the unknown
in order to show that hypotheses
(A) are sometimes ill-conceived
(B) can lead to dangerous results
(C) go beyond available facts
(D) require effort to formulate
9. In the last paragraph, what does the author imply is a major function of
hypotheses ?
(A) Sifting through known facts
(B) Communicating a scientist's thoughts to others
(C) Providing direction for scientific research
(D) Linking together different theories
10. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?
(A) Theories are simply imaginary models of past events.
(B) It is better to revise a hypothesis than to reject it.
(C) A scientist's most difficult task is testing hypotheses.
(D) A good scientist needs to be creative
Questions 11-21
By the mid-nineteenth century, the term "icebox" had entered the American
language, but ice was still only beginning to affect the diet of ordinary citizens in the
United States. The ice trade grew with the growth of cities. Ice was used in hotels,
Line taverns, and hospitals, and by some forward-looking city dealers in fresh meat, fresh
(5) fish, and butter. After the Civil War(1861-1865), as ice was used to refrigerate freight
cars, it also came into household use. Even before 1880, half the ice sold in New York,
Philadelphia, and Baltimore, and one-third of that sold in Boston and Chicago, went to
families for their own use. This had become possible because a new household
convenience, the icebox, a precursor of the modern refrigerator, had been invented.
(10)
Making an efficient ice box was not as easy as we might now suppose. In the early
nineteenth century, the knowledge of the physics of heat, which was essential to a
science of refrigeration, was rudimentary. The commonsense notion that the best
icebox was one that prevented the ice from melting was of course mistaken, for it was
the melting of the ice that performed the cooling. Nevertheless, early efforts to
(15) economize ice included wrapping the ice in blankets, which kept the ice from doing its
job. Not until near the end of the nineteenth century did inventors achieve the delicate
balance of insulation and circulation needed for an efficient icebox.
But as early as 1803, an ingenious Maryland farmer, Thomas Moore, had been on
the right track. He owned a farm about twenty miles outside the city of Washington, for
(20) which the village of Georgetown was the market center. When he used an icebox of his
own design to transport his butter to market, he found that customers would pass up the
rapidly melting stuff in the tubs of his competitors to pay a premium price for his
butter, still fresh and hard in neat, one-pound bricks. One advantage of his icebox,
Moore explained, was that farmers would no longer have to travel to market at night in
(25) order to keep their produce cool.
11. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The influence of ice on the diet
(B) The development of refrigeration
(C) The transportation of goods to market
(D) Sources of ice in the nineteenth century
12. According to the passage, when did the word "icebox" become part of
the language of the United States?
(A) In 1803
(B) Sometime before 1850
(C) During the Civil War
(D) Near the end of the nineteenth century
13. The phrase "forward-looking" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) progressive
(B) popular
(C) thrifty
(D) well-established
14. The author mentions fish in line 5 because
(A) many fish dealers also sold ice
(B) fish was shipped in refrigerated freight cars
(C) fish dealers were among the early commercial users of ice
(D) fish was not part of the ordinary person's diet before the invention
of the icebox
15. The word "it" in line 6 refers to
(A) fresh meat
(B) the Civil War
(C) ice
(D) a refrigerator
16. According to the passage, which of the following was an obstacle to the
development of the icebox?
(A) Competition among the owners of refrigerated freight cars
(B) The lack of a network for the distribution of ice
(C) The use of insufficient insulation
(D) Inadequate understanding of physics
17. The word "rudimentary" in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) growing
(B) undeveloped
(C) necessary
(D) uninteresting
18. According to the information in the second paragraph, an ideal
icebox would
(A) completely prevent ice from melting
(B) stop air from circulating
(C) allow ice to melt slowly
(D) use blankets to conserve ice
19. The author describes Thomas Moore as having been "on the right
track" (line18 -19) to indicate that
(A) the road to the market passed close to Moore's farm
(B) Moore was an honest merchant
(C) Moore was a prosperous farmer
(D) Moore's design was fairly successful
20. According to the passage, Moore's icebox allowed him to
(A) charge more for his butter
(B) travel to market at night
(C) manufacture butter more quickly
(D) produce ice all year round
21. The "produce" mentioned in line 25 could include
(A) iceboxes
(B) butter
(C) ice
(D) markets
Questions 22-23
Aside from perpetuating itself, the sole purpose of the American Academy and
Institute of Arts and Letters is to "foster, assist and sustain an interest" in literature,
music, and art. This it does by enthusiastically handing out money. Annual cash awards
Line are given to deserving artists in various categories of creativity: architecture, musical
(5) composition, theater, novels, serious poetry, light verse, painting, sculpture. One award
subsidizes a promising American writer's visit to Rome. There is even an award for a
very good work of fiction that failed commercially ― once won by the young John
Updike for the Poorhouse Fair and, more recently, by Alice Walker for In Love and
Trouble.
(10)
The awards and prizes total about $750,000 a year, but most of them range in size
from $5,000 to $12,500, a welcome sum to many young practitioners whose work may
not bring in that much money in a year. One of the advantages of the awards is that
many go to the struggling artists, rather than to those who are already successful.
Members of the Academy and Institute are not eligible for any cash prizes. Another
(15) advantage is that, unlike the National Endowment for the Arts or similar institutions
throughout the world, there is no government money involved.
Awards are made by committee. Each of the three departments ― Literature
(120 members), Art(83), Music(47) ― has a committee dealing with its own field.
Committee membership rotates every year, so that new voices and opinions are
(20) constantly heard.
The most financially rewarding of all the Academy-Institute awards are the Mildred
and Harold Strauss Livings. Harold Strauss, a devoted editor at Alfred A. Knopf, the
New York publishing house, and Mildred Strauss, his wife, were wealthy and childless.
They left the Academy-Institute a unique bequest : for five consecutive years, two
(25) distinguished (and financially needy) writers would receive enough money so they
could devote themselves entirely to "prose literature"(no plays, no poetry, and no
paying job that might distract). In 1983, the first Strauss Livings of $35,000 a year
went to short-story writer Raymond Carver and novelist-essayist Cynthia Ozick. By
1988, the fund had grown enough so that two winners, novelists Diane Johnson and
(30) Robert Stone, each got $50,000 a year for five years.
22. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Award-winning works of literature
(B) An organization that supports the arts
(C) The life of an artist
(D) Individual patrons of the arts
23. The word "sole" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) only
(B) honorable
(C) common
(D) official
24. The word "subsidizes" in line 6 is closest in meaning to
(A) assures
(B) finances
(C) schedules
(D) publishes
25. Which of the following can be inferred about Alice Walker's book
In Love and Trouble ?
(A) It sold more copies than The Poorhouse Fair.
(B) It described the author's visit to Rome.
(C) It was a commercial success.
(D) It was published after The Poorhouse Fair.
26. Each year the awards and prizes offered by the Academy-Institute
total approximately
(A) $ 12,500
(B) $ 35,000
(C) $ 50,000
(D) $ 750,000
27. The word "may" in line 13 refers to
(A) practitioners
(B) advantages
(C) awards
(D) strugglers
28. What is one of the advantages of the Academy-Institute awards mentioned
in the passage?
(A) They are subsidized by the government.
(B) They are often given to unknown artists.
(C) They are also given to Academy-Institute members.
(D) They influence how the National Endowment for the Arts makes its
award decisions.
29. The word "rotates" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) alternate
(B) participates
(C) decides
(D) meets
30. The word "they" in line 25 refers to
(A) Mildred and Harold Strauss
(B) years
(C) writers
(D) plays
31. Where in the passage does the author cite the goal of the Academy-Institute?
(A) Lines 1-3
(B) Lines 12-13
(C) Lines 19-20
(D) Lines 22-23
Questions 32-42
Archaeological records ― paintings, drawings, and carvings of humans engaged in
activities involving the use of hands ― indicate that humans have been predominantly
right-handed for more than 5,000 years. In ancient Egyptian artwork, for example, the
Line right-hand is depicted as the dominant one in about 90percent of the examples. Fracture
(5)
or wear patterns on tools also indicate that a majority of ancient people were
right-handed.
Cro-Magnon cave paintings some 27,000years old commonly show outlines of
human
hands made by placing one hand against the cave wall and applying paint with the
other. Children today make similar outlines of their hands with crayons on paper. With
few exceptions, left hands of Cro-Magnons are displayed on cave walls, indicating that
(10) the paintings were usually done by right-handers.
Anthropological evidence pushes the record of handedness in early human ancestors
back to at least 1.4 million years ago. One important line of evidence comes from
flaking patterns of stone cores used in toolmaking: implements flaked with a
clockwise motion (indicating a right-handed toolmaker) can be distinguished from
(15) those flaked with a counter-clockwise rotation (indicating a left-handed toolmaker).
Even scratches found on fossil human teeth offer clues. Ancient humans are thought
to have cut meat into strips by holding it between their teeth and slicing it with stone
knives, as do the present-day Inuit. Occasionally the knives slip and leave scratches on
the users' teeth. Scratches made with a left-to-right stroke direction (by right-handers)
(20) are more common than scratches in the opposite direction (made by left-handers).
Still other evidence comes from cranial morphology: scientists think that physical
differences between the right and left sides of the interior of the skull indicate subtle
physical differences between the two sides of the brain. The variation between the
hemispheres corresponds to which side of the body is used to perform specific
(25) activities. Such studies, as well as studies of tool use, indicate that right- or left-sided
dominance is not exclusive to modern Homo sapiens. Populations of Neanderthals,
such as Homo erectus and Homo habilis, seem to have been predominantly
right-handed, as we are.
32. What is the main idea of the passage?
(A) Human ancestors became predominantly right-handed when
they began to use tools.
(B) It is difficult to interpret the significance of anthropological evidence
concerning tool use.
(C) Humans and their ancestors have been predominantly right-handed
for over a million years.
(D) Human ancestors were more skilled at using both hands than modern
humans.
33. The word "other" in line 8 refers to
(A) outline
(B) hand
(C) wall
(D) paint
34. What does the author say about Cro-Magnon paintings of hands?
(A) Some are not very old.
(B) It is unusual to see such paintings.
(C) Many were made by children.
(D) The artists were mostly right-handed.
35. The word "implements" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) tools
(B) designs
(C) examples
(D) pieces
36. When compared with implements "flaked with a counter-clockwise rotation"
(line15),
it can be inferred that "implements flaked with a clockwise motion" (lines 13-14) are
(A) more common
(B) larger
(C) more sophisticated
(D) older
37. The word "clues" in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) solutions
(B) details
(C) damage
(D) information
38. The fact that the Inuit cut meat by holding it between their teeth is significant
because
(A) the relationship between handedness and scratches on fossil human teeth can
be verified
(B) it emphasizes the differences between contemporary humans and their ancestors
(C) the scratch patterns produced by stone knives vary significantly from patterns
produced by modern knives
(D) it demonstrates that ancient humans were not skilled at using tools
39. The word "hemispheres" in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) differences
(B) sides
(C) activities
(D) studies
40. Why does the author mention Homo erectus and Habilis in line 27
(A) To contrast them with modern humans
(B) To explain when human ancestors began to make tools
(C) To show that early humans were also predominantly right-handed
(D) To prove that the population of Neanderthals was very large
41. All of the following are mentioned as types of evidence concerning
handedness EXCEPT
(A) ancient artwork
(B) asymmetrical skulls
(C) studies of tool use
(D) fossilized hand bones
42. Which of the following conclusions is suggested by the evidence from cranial
morphology(line 21)?
(A) Differences in the hemispheres of the brain probably came about relatively
recently
(B) There may be a link between handedness and differences in the brain's
hemispheres.
(C) Left-handedness was somewhat more common among Neanderthals.
(D) Variation between the brain's hemispheres was not evident in the skulls of Homo
erectus
and Homo habilis.
Questions 43-50
Plants are subject to attack and infection by a remarkable variety of symbiotic
species and have evolved a diverse array of mechanisms designed to frustrate the
potential colonists. These can be divided into preformed or passive defense
mechanisms
Line and inducible or active systems. Passive plant defense comprises physical and chemical
(5) barriers that prevent entry of pathogens, such as bacteria, or render tissues unpalatable
or toxic to the invader. The external surfaces of plants, in addition to being covered by
an epidermis and a waxy cuticle, often carry spiky hairs known as trichomes, which
either prevent feeding by insects or may even puncture and kill insect larvae. Other
trichomes are sticky and glandular and effectively trap and immobilize insects.
(10)
If the physical barriers of the plant are breached, then preformed chemicals may
inhibit or kill the intruder, and plant tissues contain a diverse array of toxic or
potentially toxic substances, such as resins, tannins, glycosides, and alkaloids, many of
which are highly effective deterrents to insects that feed on plants. The success of the
Colorado beetle in infesting potatoes, for example, seems to be correlated with its high
(15) tolerance to alkaloids that normally repel potential pests. Other possible chemical
defenses, while not directly toxic to the parasite, may inhibit some essential step in the
establishment of a parasitic relationship. For example, glycoproteins in plant cell walls
may inactivate enzymes that degrade cell walls. These enzymes are often produced by
bacteria and fungi.
(20)
Active plant defense mechanisms are comparable to the immune system of
vertebrate animals, although the cellular and molecular bases are fundamentally
different. Both, however, are triggered in reaction to intrusion, implying that the host
has some means of recognizing the presence of a foreign organism. The most dramatic
example of an inducible plant defense reaction is the hypersensitive response. In the
(25) hypersensitive response, cells undergo rapid necrosis ― that is, they become diseased
and die ― after being penetrated by a parasite ; the parasite itself subsequently ceases to
grow and is therefore restricted to one or a few cells around the entry site. Several
theories have been put forward to explain the bases of hypersensitive resistance.
43. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The success of parasites in resisting plant defense mechanisms
(B) Theories on active plant defense mechanisms
(C) How plant defense mechanisms function
(D) How the immune system of animals and the defense mechanisms
of plants differ
44. The phrase "subject to" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) susceptible to
(B) classified by
(C) attractive to
(D) strengthened by
45. The word "puncture" in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) pierce
(B) pinch
(C) surround
(D) cover
46. The word "which" in line 13 refers to
(A) tissues
(B) substances
(C) barriers
(D) insects
47. Which of the following substances does the author mention as NOT
necessarily being toxic to the Colorado beetle?
(A) Resins
(B) Tannins
(C) Glycosides
(D) Alkaloids
48. Why does the author mention "glycoproteins" in line 17 ?
(A) To compare plant defense mechanisms to the immune system of animals
(B) To introduce the discussion of active defense mechanisms in plants
(C) To illustrate how chemicals function in plant defense
(D) To emphasize the importance of physical barriers in plant defense
49. The word "dramatic" in line 23 could best be replaced by
(A) striking
(B) accurate
(C) consistent
(D) appealing
50. Where in the passage dose the author describe an active plant-defense
reaction?
(A) Lines 1-3
(B) Lines 4-6
(C) Lines 15-17
(D) Lines 24-27
Test 8
Questions 1-9
Another early Native American tribe in what is now the southwestern part of the
United States was the Anasazi. By A.D. 800 the Anasazi Indians were constructing
multistory pueblos - massive, stone apartment compounds. Each one was virtually a
Line stone town, which is why the Spanish would later call them pueblos, the Spanish word
(5) for towns. These pueblos represent one of the Anasazis' supreme achievements. At
least a dozen large stone houses took shape below the bluffs of Chaco Canyon in
northwest New Mexico. They were built with masonry walls more than a meter thick
and adjoining apartments to accommodate dozens even hundreds, of families. The
largest, later named Pueblo Bonito (Pretty Town) by the Spanish, rose in five terraced
(10) stories, contained more than 800 rooms, and could have housed a population of 1,000
or more.
Besides living quarters, each pueblo included one or more kivas ― circular
underground chambers faced with stone. They functioned as sanctuaries where the
elders met to plan festival, perform ritual dances, settle pueblo affairs, and impart
(15) tribal lore to the younger generation. Some kivas were enormous. Of the 30 or so at
Pueblo Bonito, two measured 20 meters across. They contained niches for ceremonial
objects, a central fire pit, and holes in the floor for communicating with the spirits of
tribal ancestors.
Each pueblo represented an astonishing amount of well-organized labor. Using only
(20) stone and wood tools, and without benefit of wheels or draft animals, the builders
quarried ton upon ton of sandstone from the canyon walls, cut it into small blocks,
hauled the blocks to the construction site, and fitted them together with mud mortar.
Roof beams of pine or fir had to be carried from logging areas in the mountain forests
(25) many kilometers away. Then, to connect the pueblos and to give access to the
surrounding tableland, the architects laid out a system of public roads with stone
staircases for ascending cliff faces. In time, the roads reached out to more than
80 satellite villages within a 60-kilometer radius.
1. What is the main topic of the passage?
(A) The Anasazi pueblos
(B) Anasazi festivals of New Mexico
(C) The organization of the Anasazi tribe
(D) The use of Anasazi sanctuaries
2. The word "supreme" in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) most common
(B) most outstanding
(C) most expensive
(D) most convenient
3. The word "They" in line 7 refers to
(A) houses
(B) bluffs
(C) walls
(D) families
4. The author mentions that Pueblo Bonito had more than 800 rooms
as an example of which of the following?
(A) How overcrowded the pueblos could be
(B) How many ceremonial areas it contained
(C) How much sandstone was needed to build it
(D) How big a pueblo could be
5. The word "settle" in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) sink
(B) decide
(C) clarify
(D) locate
6. It can be inferred from passage that building a pueblo probably
(A) required many workers
(B) cost a lot of money
(C) involved the use of farm animals
(D) relied on sophisticated technology
7. The word "ascending" in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) arriving at
(B) carving
(C) connecting
(D) climbing
8. It can be inferred from the passage that in addition to pueblos the
Anasazis were skilled at building which of the following?
(A) Roads
(B) Barns
(C) Monuments
(D) Water systems
9. The pueblos are considered one of the Anasazis' supreme achievements
for all of the following reasons EXCEPT that they were
(A) very large
(B) located in forests
(C) built with simple tools
(D) connected in a systematic way
Questions 10-20
Accustomed though we are to speaking of the films made before 1927 as "silent,"
the film has never been, in the full sense of the word, silent. From the very beginning,
music was regarded as an indispensable accompaniment ; when the Lumiere films were
Line shown at the first public film exhibition in the Unites States in February 1896, they
(5) were accompanied by piano improvisations on popular tunes. At first, the music played
bore no special relationship to the films ; an accompaniment of any kind was sufficient.
Within a very short time, however, the incongruity of playing lively music to a solemn
film became apparent, and film pianists began to take some care in matching their
pieces to the mood of the film.
(10)
As movie theaters grew in number and importance, a violinist, and perhaps a cellist,
would be added to the pianist in certain cases, and in the larger movie theaters small
orchestras were formed. For a number of years the selection of music for each film
program rested entirely in the hands of the conductor or leader of the orchestra, and
very often the principal qualification for holding such a position was not skill or taste
(15) so much as the ownership of a large personal library of musical pieces. Since the
conductor seldom saw the films until the night before they were to be shown (if,
indeed, the conductor was lucky enough to see them then), the musical arrangement
was normally improvised in the greatest hurry.
To help meet this difficulty, film distributing companies started the practice of
(20) publishing suggestions for musical accompaniments. In 1909, for example, the Edison
Company began issuing with their films such indications of mood as "pleasant," "sad,"
"lively." The suggestions became more explicit, and so emerged the musical cue sheet
containing indications of mood, the titles of suitable pieces of music, and precise
directions to show where one piece led into the next.
(25)
Certain films had music especially composed for them. The most famous of these
early special scores was that composed and arranged for D.W. Griffith's film Birth of
a Nation, which was released in 1915.
10. The passage mainly discusses music that was
(A) performed before the showing of a film
(B) played during silent films
(C) specifically composed for certain movie theaters
(D) recorded during film exhibitions
11. What can be inferred from the passage about the majority of films
made after 1927 ?
(A) They were truly "silent."
(B) They were accompanied by symphonic orchestras.
(C) They incorporated the sound of the actors' voices.
(D) They corresponded to specific musical compositions.
12. The word "solemn" in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) simple
(B) serious
(C) short
(D) silent
13. It can be inferred that orchestra conductors who worked in movie
theaters needed to
(A) be able to play many instruments
(B) have pleasant voices
(C) be familiar with a wide variety of music
(D) be able to compose original music
14. The word "them" in line 17 refers to
(A) years
(B) hands
(C) pieces
(D) films
15. According to the passage, what kind of business was the Edison Company?
(A) It produced electricity.
(B) It distributed films.
(C) It published musical arrangements.
(D) It made musical instruments.
16. It may be inferred from the passage that the first musical cue sheets
appeared around
(A) 1896
(B) 1909
(C) 1915
(D) 1927
17. Which of the following notations is most likely to have been included on
a musical cue sheet of the early 1900's?
(A) "Calm, peaceful"
(B) "Piano, violin"
(C) "Key of C major"
(D) "Directed by D.W. Griffith"
18. The word " composed" in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) selected
(B) combined
(C) played
(D) created
19. The word "scores" in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) totals
(B) successes
(C) musical compositions
(D) groups of musicians
20. The passage probably continues with a discussion of
(A) famous composers of the early twentieth century
(B) other films directed by D.W. Griffith
(C) silent films by other directors
(D) the music in Birth of a Nation
Questions 21-30
The Earth comprises three principal layers : the dense, iron-rich core, the mantle
made of silicate rocks that are semimolten at depth, and the thin, solid-surface crust.
There are two kinds of crust, a lower and denser oceanic crust and an upper, lighter
Line continental crust found over only about 40 percent of the Earth's surface. The rocks
(5) of the crust are of very different ages. Some continental rocks are over 3,000 million
years old, while those of the ocean floor are less then 200 million years old. The crusts
and the top, solid part of the mantle, totaling about 70 to 100 kilometers in thickness,
at present appear to consist of about 15 rigid plates, 7 of which are very large. These
plates move over the semimolten lower mantle to produce all of the major topographical
(10) features of the Earth. Active zones where intense deformation occurs are confined to
the narrow, interconnecting boundaries of contact of the plates.
There are three main types of zones of contact : spreading contacts where plates
move
apart, converting contacts where plates move towards each other, and transform
contacts where plates slide past each other. New oceanic crust is formed along one or
(15) more margins of each plate by material issuing from deeper layers of the Earth's crust,
for example, by volcanic eruptions of lava at midocean ridges. If at such a spreading
contact the two plates support continents, a rift is formed that will gradually widen and
become flooded by the sea. The Atlantic Ocean formed like this as the American and
Afro-European plates moved in opposite directions. At the same time at margins of
(20) converging plates, the oceanic crust is being reabsorbed by being subducted into the
mantle and remelted beneath the ocean trenches. When two plates carrying continents
collide, the continental blocks, too light to be drawn down, continue to float and
therefore buckle to form a mountain chain along the length of the margin of the plates.
21. The word "comprises" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) adapts to
(B) benefits from
(C) consists of
(D) focuses on
22. According to the passage, on approximately what percent of the
Earth's surface is the continental crust found?
(A) 15
(B) 40
(C) 70
(D) 100
23. The word "which" in line 8 refers to
(A) crusts
(B) kilometers
(C) plates
(D) continents
24. The word "intense" in line 10 is closest in meaning to
(A) surface
(B) sudden
(C) rare
(D) extreme
25. What does the second paragraph of the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The major mountain chains of the Earth
(B) Processes that create the Earth's surface features
(C) The composition of the ocean floors
(D) The rates at which continents move
26. Which of the following drawings best represents a transform contact (line 13-14)?
27. The word "margins" in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) edges
(B) peaks
(C) interiors
(D) distances
28. The word "support" in line 17 is closest in meaning to
(A) separate
(B) create
(C) reduce
(D) hold
29. According to the passage, mountain ranges are formed then
(A) the crust is remelted
(B) two plates separate
(C) a rift is flooded
(D) continental plate collide
30. Where in the passage does the author describe how oceans are formed?
(A) Lines 3-4
(B) Lines 6-8
(C) Lines 16-18
(D) Lines 19-21
Questions 31-39
Coincident with concerns about the accelerating loss of species and habitats has
been a growing appreciation of the importance of biological diversity, the number of
species in a particular ecosystem, to the health of the Earth and human well-being.
Line Much has been written about the diversity of terrestrial organisms, particularly the
(5) exceptionally rich life associated with tropical rain-forest habitats. Relatively little has
been said, however, about diversity of life in the sea even though coral reef systems are
comparable to rain forests in terms of richness of life.
An alien exploring Earth would probably give priority to the planet's dominant,
most-distinctive feature ― the ocean. Humans have a bias toward land that sometimes
(10) gets in the way of truly examining global issues. Seen from far away, it is easy to
realize that landmasses occupy only one-third of the Earth's surface. Given that twothirds of the Earth's surface is water and that marine life lives at all levels of the ocean,
the total three-dimensional living space of the ocean is perhaps 100 times greater than
that of land and contains more than 90 percent of all life on Earth even though the
(15) ocean has fewer distinct species.
The fact that half of the known species are thought to inhabit the world's rain forests
does not seem surprising, considering the huge numbers of insects that comprise the
bulk of the species. One scientist found many different species of ants in just one tree
from a rain forest. While every species is different from every other species, their
(20) genetic makeup constrains them to be insects and to share similar characteristics with
750,000 species of insects. If basic, broad categories such as phyla and classes are
given more emphasis than differentiating between species, then the greatest diversity of
life is unquestionably the sea. Nearly every major type of plant and animal has some
representation there.
(25)
To appreciate fully the diversity and abundance of life in the sea, it helps to think
small. Every spoonful of ocean water contains life, on the order of 100 to 100,000
bacterial cells plus assorted microscopic plants and animals, including larvae of
organisms ranging from sponges and corals to starfish and clams and much more.
31. What is the main point of the passage?
(A) Humans are destroying thousands of species.
(B) There are thousands of insect species.
(C) The sea is even richer in life than the rain forests.
(D) Coral reefs are similar to rain forests.
32. The word "appreciation" in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) ignorance
(B) recognition
(C) tolerance
(D) forgiveness
33. Why does the author compare rain forests and coral reefs(lines 4-7) ?
(A) They are approximately the same size.
(B) They share many similar species.
(C) Most of their inhabitants require water.
(D) Both have many different forms of life.
34. The word "bias" in line 9 is closest in meaning to
(A) concern
(B) disadvantage
(C) attitude
(D) prejudice
35. The passage suggests that most rain forest species are
(A) insects
(B) bacteria
(C) mammals
(D) birds
36. The word "there" in line 24 refers to
(A) the sea
(B) the rain forests
(C) a tree
(D) the Earth's surface
37. The author argues that there is more diversity of life in the sea than in the
rain forests because
(A) more phyla and classes of life are represented in the sea
(B) there are too many insects to make meaningful distinctions
(C) many insect species are too small to divide into categories
(D) marine life-forms reproduce at a faster rate
38. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an example of microscopic sea life?
(A) Sponges
(B) Coral
(C) Starfish
(D) Shrimp
39. Which of the following conclusions is supported by the passage?
(A) Ocean life is highly adaptive.
(B) More attention needs to be paid to preserving ocean species and habitats.
(C) Ocean life is primarily composed of plants.
(D) The sea is highly resistant to the damage done by pollutants.
Questions 40-50
What geologists call the Basin and Range Province in the United States roughly
coincides in its northern portions with the geographic province known as the Great
Basin. The Great Basin is hemmed in on the west by the Sierra Nevada and on the east
Line by the Rocky Mountains; it has no outlet to the sea. The prevailing winds in the Great
(5) Basin are from the west. Warm, moist air from the Pacific Ocean is forced upward as it
crosses the Sierra Nevada. At the higher altitudes it cools and the moisture it carries is
precipitated as rain or snow on the western slopes of the mountains. That which
reaches the Basin is air wrung dry of moisture. What little water falls there as rain or
snow, mostly in the winter months, evaporates on the broad, flat desert floors. It is,
(10) therefore, an environment in which organisms battle for survival. Along the rare
watercourses, cottonwoods and willows eke out a sparse existence. In the upland
ranges, piñon pines and junipers struggle to hold their own.
But the Great Basin has not always been so arid. Many of its dry, closed depressions
were once filled with water. Owens Valley, Panamint Valley, and Death Valley were
(15) once a string of interconnected lakes. The two largest of the ancient lakes of the Great
Basin were Lake Lahontan and Lake Bonneville. The Great Salt Lake is all that
remains of the latter, and Pyramid Lake is one of the last briny remnants of the former.
There seem to have been several periods within the last tens of thousands of
years when water accumulated in these basins. The rise and fall of the lakes were
(20) undoubtedly linked to the advances and retreats of the great ice sheets that covered
much of the northern part of the North American continent during those times. Climatic
changes during the Ice Ages sometimes brought cooler, wetter weather to midlatitude
deserts worldwide, including those of the Great Basin. The broken valleys of the Great
Basin provided ready receptacles for this moisture.
40. What is the geographical relationship between the Basin and Range
Province and the Great Basin?
(A) The Great Basin is west of the Basin and Range Province.
(B) The Great Basin is larger than the Basin and Range Province
(C) The Great Basin is in the northern part of the Basin and Range Province.
(D) The Great Basin is mountainous ; the Basin and Range Province is flat desert.
41. According to the passage, what does the Great Basin lack?
(A) Snow
(B) Dry air
(C) Winds from the west
(D) Access to the ocean
42. The word "prevailing" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) most frequent
(B) occasional
(C) gentle
(D) most dangerous
43. It can be inferred that the climate in the Great Basin is dry because
(A) the weather patterns are so turbulent
(B) the altitude prevents precipitation
(C) the winds are not strong enough to carry moisture
(D) precipitation falls in the nearby mountains
44. The word "it" in line 5 refers to
(A) Pacific Ocean
(B) air
(C) west
(D) the Great Basin
45. Why does the author mention cottonwoods and willows in line 11?
(A) To demonstrate that certain trees require a lit of water
(B) To give examples of trees that are able to survive in a difficult environment
(C) To show the beauty of the landscape of the Great Basin
(D) To assert that there are more living organisms in the Great Basin than there
used to be
46. Why does the author mention Owens Valley, Panamint Valley, and Death Valley
in the second paragraph?
(A) To explain their geographical formation
(B) To give examples of depressions that once contained water
(C) To compare the characteristics of the valleys with the characteristics of the lakes
(D) To explain what the Great Basin is like today
47. The words "the former" in line 17 refer to
(A) Lake Bonneville
(B) Lake Lahontan
(C) the Great Salt Lake
(D) Pyramid Lake
48. The word "accumulated" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(A) dried
(B) flooded
(C) collected
(D) evaporated
49. According to the passage, the Ice Ages often brought about
(A) desert formation
(B) warmer climates
(C) broken valleys
(D) wetter weather
50. Where in the passage does the author explain how lakes probably formed
in the Great Basin?
(A) Lines 6-7
(B) Lines 10-11
(C) Lines 13-14
(D) Lines 21-24
Test 9
Questions 1-12
Before the 1500's, the western plains of North America were dominated by farmers.
One group, the Mandans, lived in the upper Missouri River country, primarily in
present-day North Dakota. They had large villages of houses built close together. The
Line tight arrangement enabled the Mandans to protect themselves more easily from the
(5) attacks of others who might seek to obtain some of the food these highly capable
farmers stored from one year to the next.
The women had primary responsibility for the fields. They had to excercise
considerable skill to produce the desired results, for their northern location meant
fleeting growing seasons. Winter often lingered ; autumn could be ushered in by
(10) severe frost. For good measure, during the spring and summer, drought, heat, hail,
grasshoppers, and other frustrations might await the wary grower.
Under such conditions, Mandan women had to grow maize capable of weathering
adversity. They began as early as it appeared feasible to do so in the spring, clearing
the land, using fire to clear stubble from the fields and then planting. From this point
(15) until the first green corn could be harvested, the crop required labor and vigilance.
Harvesting proceeded in two stages. In August the Mandans picked a smaller
amount of the crop before it had matured fully. This green corn was boiled, dried, and
shelled, with some of the maize slated for immediate consumption and the rest stored
in animal-skin bags. Later in the fall, the people picked the rest of the corn. They saved
(20) the best of the harvest for seeds or for trade, with the remainder eaten right away or
stored for later use in underground reserves. With appropriate banking of the extra
food, the Mandans protected themselves against the disaster of crop failure and
accompanying hunger.
The women planted another staple, squash, about the first of June, and harvested it
(25) near the time of the green corn harvest. After they picked it, they sliced it, dried it, and
strung the slices before they stored them. Once again, they saved the seed from the best
of the year's crop. The Mandans also grew sunflowers and tobacco ; the latter was the
particular task of the older men.
1. What is the main topic of the passage ?
(A) The agricultural activities of a North American Society
(B) Various ways corn can be used
(C) The problems encountered by farmers who specialize in growing one crop
(A) Weather conditions on the western plains
2. The Mandans built their houses close together in order to
(A) guard their supplies of food
(B) protect themselves against the weather
(C) allow more room for growing corn
(A) share farming implements
3. The word "enabled" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(A) covered
(B) reminded
(C) helped
(A) isolated
4. The word "considerable" in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) planning
(B) much
(C) physical
(A) new
5. Why does the author believe that the Mandans were skilled farmers ?
(A) They developed effective fertilizers.
(B) They developed new varieties of corn.
(C) They could grow crops in most types of soil.
(A) They could grow crops despite adverse weather.
6. The word "consumption" in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) decay
(B) planting
(C) eating
(A) conversion
7. Which of the following processes does the author imply was done by both
men and women ?
(A) Clearing fields
(B) Planting corn
(C) Harvesting corn
(A) Harvesting squash
8. The word "disaster" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) control
(B) catastrophe
(C) avoidance
(A) history
9. According to the passage, the Mandans preserved their food by
(A) smoking
(B) drying
(C) freezing
(A) salting
10. The word "it" in line 25 refers to
(A) June
(B) corn
(C) time
(A) squash
11. Which of the following crops was cultivated primarily by men ?
(A) Corn
(B) Squash
(C) Sunflower
(A) Tobacco
12. Throughout the passage, the author implies that the Mandans
(A) planned for the future
(B) valued individuality
(C) were open to strangers
(A) were very adventurous
Questions 13-21
The elements other than hydrogen and helium exist in such small quantities that it is
accurate to say that the universe is somewhat more than 25 percent helium by weight
and somewhat less than 75 percent hydrogen.
Line
Astronomers have measured the abundance of helium throughout our galaxy and in
(5) other galaxies as well. Helium has been found in old stars, in relatively young ones, in
interstellar gas, and in the distant objects known as quasars. Helium nuclei have also
been found to be constituents of cosmic rays that fall on the earth (cosmic "rays" are
not really a form of radiation; they consist of rapidly moving particles of numerous
different kinds). It doesn't seem to make very much difference where the helium is
(10) found. Its relative abundance never seems to vary much. In some places, there may be
slightly more of it ; in others, slightly less, but the ratio of helium to hydrogen nuclei
always remains about the same.
Helium is created in stars. In fact, nuclear reactions that convert hydrogen to helium
are responsible for most of the energy that stars produce. However, the amount of
(15) helium that could have been produced in this manner can be calculated, and it turns out
to be no more than a few percent. The universe has not existed long enough for this
figure to be significantly greater. Consequently, if the universe is somewhat more than
25 percent helium now, then it must have been about 25 percent helium at a time near
the beginning.
(20)
However, when the universe was less than one minute old, no helium could have
existed. Calculations indicate that before this time temperatures were too high and
particles of matter were moving around much too rapidly. It was only after the oneminute point that helium could exist. By this time, the universe had cooled so
sufficiently
that neutrons and protons could stick together. But the nuclear reactions that led to the
(25) formations of helium went on for only relatively short time. By the time the universe
was a few minutes old, helium production had effectively ceased.
13. What does the passage mainly explain ?
(A) How stars produce energy
(B) The difference between helium and hydrogen
(C) When most of the helium in the universe was formed
(D) Why hydrogen is abundant
14. According to the passage, helium is
(A) the second-most abundant element in the universe
(B) difficult to detect
(C) the oldest element in the universe
(D) the most prevalent element in quasars
15. The word "constituents" in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) relatives
(B) causes
(C) components
(A) targets
16. Why does the author mention "cosmic rays" in line 7 ?
(A) As part of a list of things containing helium
(B) As an example of an unsolved astronomical puzzle
(C) To explain how the universe began
(A) To explain the abundance of hydrogen in the universe
17. The word "vary" in line 10 is closest in meaning to
(A) mean
(B) stretch
(C) change
(A) include
18. The creation of helium within stars
(A) cannot be measured
(B) produces energy
(C) produces hydrogen as a by-product
(A) causes helium to be much more abundant in old stars
than in young stars
19. The word "calculated" in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) ignored
(B) converted
(C) increased
(A) determined
20. Most of th helium in the universe was formed
(A) in interstellar space
(B) in a very short time
(C) during the first minute of the universe's existence
(A) before most of the hydrogen
21. The word "ceased" in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) extended
(B) performed
(C) taken hold
(A) stopped
Questions 22-31
In colonial America, people generally covered their beds with decorative quilts
resembling those of the lands from which the quilters had come. Wealthy and socially
prominent settlers made quilts of the English style, cut from large lengths of cloth of
Line the same color and texture rather than stitched together from smaller pieces. They made
(5) these until the advent of the Revolutionary War in 1775, when everything English
came to be frowned upon.
Among the whole-cloth quilts made by these wealthy settlers during the early period
are those now called linsey-woolseys. This term was usually applied to a fabric of wool
and linen used in heavy clothing and quilted petticoats worn in the wintertime. Despite
(10) the name, linsey-woolsey bedcovers did not often contain linen. Rather, they were
made of a top layer of woolen or glazed worsted wool fabric, consisting of smooth,
compact yarn from long wool fibers, dyed dark blue, green, or brown, with a bottom
layer of a coarser woolen material, either natural or a shade of yellow. The filling was
a soft layer of wool which had been cleaned and separated and the three layers were
(15) held together with decorative stitching done with homespun linen thread. Later, cotton
thread was used for this purpose. The design of the stitching was often a simple one
composed of interlocking circles or crossed diagonal lines giving a diamond pattern.
This type of heavy, warm, quilted bedcover was so large that it hung to the floor.
The corners were cut out at the foot of the cover so that the quilt fit snugly around the
tall
(20) four-poster beds of the 1700's, which differed from those of today in that they were
shorter and wider ; they were short because people slept in a semi-sitting position with
many bolsters and pillows, and wide because each bed often slept three or more. The
linsey-woolsey covering was found in the colder regions of the country because of the
warmth it afforded. There was no central heating and most bedrooms did not have
fireplaces.
22. What does this passage mainly discuss ?
(A) The processing of wool
(B) Linsey-woolsey bedcovers
(C) Sleeping habits of colonial Americans
(A) Quilts made in England
23. The word "prominent" in line 3 is closest in meaning to
(A) isolated
(B) concerned
(C) generous
(A) distinguished
24. The author mentions the Revolutionary War as a time period when
(A) quilts were supplied to the army
(B) more immigrants arrived from England
(C) quilts imported from England became harder to find
(A) people's attitude toward England changed
25. The phrase "applied to" in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) sewn onto
(B) compared to
(C) used for
(D) written down on
26. The term "linsey-woolsey" originally meant fabric used primarily in
(A) quilts
(B) sheets
(C) clothing
(D) pillows
27. The word "coarser" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(A) older
(B) less heavy
(C) more attractive
(D) rougher
28. The quilts described in the second and third paragraphs
were made primarily of
(A) wool
(B) linen
(C) cotton
(D) a mixture of fabrics
29. It can be inferred from the third paragraph that the sleeping habits of most
Americans have changed since the 1700's in all of the following ways EXCEPT
(A) the position in which people sleep
(B) the numbers of bolsters or pillows people sleep on
(C) the length of time people sleep
(D) the number of people who sleep in one bed
30. The word "afforded" in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) provided
(B) spent
(C) avoided
(D) absorbed
31. Which of the following was most likely to be found in a bedroom in
the colder areas of the American colonies ?
(A) A linsey-woolsey
(B) A vent from a central heating system
(C) A fireplace
(D) A wood stove
Questions 32-41
Growing tightly packed together and collectively weaving a dense canopy of
branches, a stand of red alder trees can totally dominate a site to the exclusion of
almost everything else. Certain species such as salmonberry and sword ferns have
Line adapted to the limited sunlight dappling through the canopy, but few evergreen trees
(5) will survive there; still fewer can compete with the early prodigious growth of alders.
A Douglas fir tree reaches its maximum rate of growth ten years later than an alder,
and if two of them begin life at the same time, the alder quickly outgrows and
(10)
(15)
(20)
(25)
dominates the Douglas fir. After an alder canopy has closed, the Douglas fir suffers a
marked decrease in growth, often dying within several years. Even more shade-tolerant
species of trees such as hemlock may remain badly suppressed beneath aggressive
young alders.
Companies engaged in intensive timber cropping naturally take a dim view of alders
suppressing more valuable evergreen trees. But times are changing; a new generation
of foresters seems better prepared to include in their management plans consideration
of the vital ecological role alders play.
Among the alder's valuable ecological contributions is its capacity to fix nitrogen in
nitrogen-deficient soils. Alder roots contain clusters of nitrogen-fixing nodules like
those found on legumes such as beans. In addition, newly developing soils exposed by
recent glacier retreat and planted with alders show that these trees are applying the
equivalent of ten bags of high-nitrogen fertilizer to each hectare per year. Other
chemical changes to soil in which they are growing include a lowering of the base
content and rise in soil acidity, as well as a substantial addition of carbon and calcium
to the soil.
Another important role many alders play in the wild, particularly in mountainous
areas, is to check the rush of water during spring melt. In Japan and elsewhere, the
trees are planted to stabilize soil on steep mountain slopes. Similarly, alders have been
planted to stabilize and rehabilitate waste material left over from old mines, flood
deposits, and landslide areas in both Europe and Asia.
32. What does this passage mainly discuss ?
(A) Differences between alder trees and Douglas fir trees
(B) Alder trees as a source of timber
(C) Management plans for using alder trees to improve soil
(D) The relation of alder trees to their forest environments
33. The word "dense" in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) dark
(B) tall
(C) thick
(D) broad
34. Alder trees can suppress the growth of nearby trees by depriving them of
(A) nitrogen
(B) sunlight
(C) soil nutrients
(D) water
35. The passage suggests that Douglas fir trees are
(A) a type of alder
(B) a type of evergreen
(C) similar to sword fern
(D) fast-growing trees
36. It can be inferred from paragraph 1 that hemlock trees
(A) are similar in size to alder trees
(B) interfere with the growth of Douglas fir trees
(C) reduce the number of alder trees in the forest
(D) need less sunlight than do Douglas fir trees
37. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that previous generations of foresters
(A) did not study the effects of alders on forests
(B) did not want alders in forests
(C) harvested alders for lumber
(D) used alders to control the growth of evergreens
38. The word "they" in line 21 refers to
(A) newly developing soils
(B) alders
(C) bags
(D) chemical changes
39. According to the passage, alders added all of the following to soil EXCEPT
(A) nitrogen
(B) calcium
(C) carbon
(D) oxygen
40. It can be inferred from the passage that alders are used in mountainous areas to
(A) prevent water from carrying away soil
(B) hold the snow
(C) protect mines
(D) provide material for housing
41. What is the author's main purpose in the passage ?
(A) To argue that alder trees are useful in forest management
(B) To explain the life cycle of alder trees
(C) To criticize the way alders take over and eliminate forests
(D) To illustrate how alder trees control soil erosion
Questions 42-50
In taking up a new life across the Atlantic, the early European settlers of the United
States did not abandon the diversions with which their ancestors had traditionally
relieved the tedium of life. Neither the harshness of existence on the new continent nor
Line the scattered population nor the disapproval of the clergy discouraged the majority
(5)
(10)
(15)
(20)
(25)
from the pursuit of pleasure.
City and country dwellers, of course, conducted this pursuit in different ways. Farm
dwellers in their isolation not only found it harder to locate companions in play but
also, thanks to the unending demands and pressures of their work, felt it necessary to
combine fun with purpose. No other set of colonists took so seriously one expression of
the period, "Leasure is time for doing something useful." In the countryside farmers
therefore relieved the burden of the daily routine with such double-purpose relaxations
as hunting, fishing, and trapping. When a neighbor needed help, families rallied from
miles around to assist in building a house or barn, husking corn, shearing sheep, or
chopping wood. Food, drink, and celebration after the group work provided relaxation
and soothed weary muscles.
The most eagerly anticipated social events were the rural fairs. Hundreds of men,
women, and children attended from far and near. The men bought or traded farm
animals and acquired needed merchandise while the women displayed food prepared in
their kitchens, and everyone, including the youngsters, watched or participated in a
variety of competitive sports, with prizes awarded to the winners. These events
typically included horse races, wrestling matches, and foot races, as well as some
nonathletic events such as whistling competitions. No other occasions did so much to
relieve the isolation of farm existence.
With the open countryside everywhere at hand, city dwellers naturally shard in
some of the rural diversions. Favored recreations included fishing, hunting, skating,
and swimming. But city dwellers also developed other pleasures, which only compact
communities made possible.
42. What is the passage mainly about ?
(A) Methods of farming used by early settlers of the United States
(B) Hardships faced by the early settlers of the United States
(C) Methods of buying, selling, and trading used by early settlers of
the United States
(D) Ways in which early settlers of the United States relaxed
43. What can be inferred about the diversions of the early settlers of
the United States ?
(A) They followed a pattern begun in Europe.
(B) They were enjoyed more frequently than in Europe.
(C) The clergy organized them.
(D) Only the wealthy participated in them.
44. Which of the following can be said about the county dwellers' attitude
toward "the pursuit of pleasure" ?
(A) They felt that it should help keep their minds on their work.
(B) They felt that it was not necessary.
(C) They felt that it should be productive.
(D) They felt that it should not involve eating and drinking.
45. The phrase thanks to" in line 8 is closest in meaning to
(A) grateful for
(B) help with
(C) because of
(D) machines for
46. The word "their" in line 8 refers to
(A) ways
(B) farm dwellers
(C) demands
(D) pressures
47. What is meant by the phrase "double-purpose" in line 11 ?
(A) Very frequent
(B) Useful and enjoyable
(C) Extremely necessary
(D) Positive and negative
48. The phrase "eagerly anticipated" in line 16 in closest in meaning to
(A) well organized
(B) old-fashioned
(C) strongly opposed
(D) looked forward to
49. Which of the following can be said about the rural diversions mentioned
in the last paragraph in which city dwellers also participated ?
(A) They were useful to the rural community.
(B) They involved the purchase of items useful in the home.
(C) They were activities that could be done equally easily in the towns.
(D) They were all outdoor activities.
50. What will the author probably discuss in the paragraph following this passage ?
(A) The rural diversions enjoyed by both urban and rural people
(B) Leisure activities of city dwellers
(C) Building methods of the early settlers in rural areas
(D) Changes in the lifestyles of settlers as they moved to the cities
Test 10
Questions 1-10
In the 1500's when the Spanish moved into what later was to become the
southwestern United States, they encountered the ancestors of the modern-day
Pueblo,
Hopi, and Zuni peoples. These ancestors, known variously as the Basket Makers,
the
Line
were
(5)
Anasazi, or the Ancient Ones, had lived in the area for at least 2,000 years. They
an advanced agricultural people who used irrigation to help grow their crops.
The Anasazi lived in houses constructed of adobe and wood. Anasazi houses
were
originally built in pits and were entered from the roof. But
around the year 700 A.D.,
the Anasazi began to build their homes above ground and join them together
into
rambling multistoried complexes, which the Spanish called pueblos or villages.
(10)
Separate subterranean rooms in these pueblos ― known as kivas or chapels ―
were set
aside for religious ceremonials. Each kiva had a fire pit and a hole that was
believed to
lead to the underworld. The largest pueblos had five stories and more than 800
rooms.
The Anasazi family was matrilinear, that is, descent was traced through the
female.
The sacred objects of the family were under the control of the oldest female,
but the
(15)
actual ceremonies were conducted by her brother or son. Women owned the
rooms in
the pueblo and the crops, once they were harvested. While still growing, crops
belonged to the men who, in contrast to most other Native American groups,
planted
them. The women made baskets and pottery; the men
wove textiles and crafted
turquoise jewelry.
(20)
Each village had two chiefs. The village chief dealt with land disputes and
religious
affairs. The war chief led the men in fighting during occasional conflicts that
broke out
with neighboring villages and directed the men in community building projects.
The
cohesive political and social organization of the Anasazi made it almost
impossible for
other groups to conquer them.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(a) The culture of the Anasazi people
(b) European settlement in what became the southeastern United States
(c) The construction of Anasazi houses
(d) Political structures of Native American peoples
2. The Anasazi people were considered "agriculturally advanced" because
of the way they --(a) stored their crops
(b) fertilized their fields
(c) watered their crops
(d) planted their fields
3. The word "pits" in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(a) stages
(b) scars
(c) seeds
(d) holes
4. The word "stories" in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(a) articles
(b) tales
(c) levels
(d) rumors
5. Who would have been most likely to control the sacred objects
of an Anasazi family?
(a) A twenty-year-old man
(b) A twenty-year-old woman
(c) A forty-year-old man
(d) A forty-year-old woman
6. The word "they" in line 16 refers to
(a) women
(b) crops
(c) rooms
(d) pueblos
7. The word "disputes" in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(a) discussions
(b) arguments
(c) developments
(d) purchases
8. Which of the following activities was NOT done by Anasazi men?
(a) Making baskets
(b) Planting crops
(c) building homes
(d) Crafting jewelry
9. According to the passage, what made it almost impossible for other groups
to conquer the Anasazi?
(a) The political and social organization of th Anasazi
(b) The military tactics employed by the Anasazi
(c) The Anasazi's agricultural technology
(d) The natural barriers surrounding Anasazi villages
10. The passage supports which of the following generalizations?
(a) The presence of the Spanish threatened Anasazi society.
(b) The Anasazi benefited from trading relations with the Spanish.
(c) Anasazi society exhibited a well-defined division of labor.
(d) Conflicts between neighboring Anasazi villages were easily resolved.
Questions 11-20
Barbed wire, first patented in the United States in 1867, played an important
part in
the development of American farming, as it enabled the settlers to make
effective
fencing to enclose their land and keep cattle away from their crops. This had a
Line
considerable effect on cattle ranching, since the herds no longer had unrestricted
use of
(5)
the plains for grazing, and the fencing led to conflict between the farmers and
the cattle
ranchers.
Before barbed wire came into general use, fencing was often made from
serrated
wire, which was unsatisfactory because it broke easily when under strain, and
could
snap in cold weather due to contraction. The first practical machine for
producing
(10)
barbed wire was invented in 1874 by an Illinois farmer, and between then and
the end
of the century about 400 types of barbed wire were devised, of which only about
a
dozen were ever put to practical use.
Modern barbed wire is made from mild steel, high-tensile steel, or aluminum.
Mild
steel and aluminum barbed wire have two strands twisted together to form a
cable
(15)
which is stronger than single-strand wire and less affected by temperature
changes.
Single-strand wire, round or oval, is made from
high-tensile steel with the barbs
crimped or welded on. The steel wires used are galvanized ― coated with zinc
to make
them rustproof. The two wires that make up the line wire or cable are fed
separately
into a machine at one end. They leave it at the other end
twisted together and barbed.
(20)
The wire to make the barbs is fed into the machine from the sides and cut to
length by
knives that cut diagonally through the wire to produce a
sharp point. This process
continues automatically, and the finished
barbed wire is wound onto reels, usually
made of wire, in lengths of 400 meters or in weights of up to 50 kilograms.
A variation of barbed wire is also used for military purposes. It is formed into
long
coils or entanglements called concertina wire.
11. What is the main topic of the passage?
(a) Cattle ranching in the United States (b) A type of fencing
(c) Industrial uses of wire
(d) A controversy over land use
12. The word "unrestricted" in line 4 is closest in meaning to
(a) unsatisfactory (b) difficult
(c) considerable (d) unlimited
13. The word "snap" in line 9 could best be replaced by which of the following?
(a) freeze
(b) click
(c) loosen
(d) break
14. What is the benefit of using two-stranded barbed wire?
(a) Improved rust-resistance
(b) Increased strength
(c) More rapid attachment of barbs (d) Easier installation
15. According to the author, the steel wires used to make barbed wire are
specially processed to
(a) protect them against rust
(b) make them more flexible
(c) prevent contraction in cold weather (d) strengthen them
16. The word "fed" in line 20 is closest in meaning to
(a) put
(b) eaten
(c) bitten
(d) nourished
17. The knives referred to in line 21 are used to
(a) separate double-stranded wire
(b) prevent the reel from advancing too rapidly
(c) twist the wire
(d) cut the wire that becomes barbs
18. What is the author's purpose in the third paragraph?
(a) To explain the importance of the wire
(b) To outline the difficulty of making the wire
(c) To describe how the wire is made
(d) To suggest several different uses of the wire
19. According to the passage, concertina wire is used for
(a) livestock management
(b) international communications
(c) prison enclosures
(d) military purposes
20. Which of the following most closely resembles the fencing described in the
passage?
Questions 21-29
Under certain circumstances, the human body must cope with gases at
greater-thannormal atmospheric pressure. For example, gas pressures increase rapidly
during a dive
made with scuba gear because the breathing equipment allows divers to stay
Line
underwater longer and dive deeper. The pressure exerted on the human body
increases
(5)
by 1 atmosphere for every 10 meters of depth in seawater, so that at 30 meters in
seawater a diver is exposed to a pressure of about 4 atmospheres. The pressure
of the
gases being breathed must equal the external pressure applied to the body ;
otherwise
breathing is very difficult. Therefore all of the gases in the air breathed by a
scuba
(10)
diver at 40 meters are present at five times their usual pressure. Nitrogen, which
composes 80 percent of the air we breathe, usually causes a balmy feeling of
well-being at this pressure. At a depth of 5 atmospheres, nitrogen causes
symptoms
resembling alcohol intoxication, known as nitrogen narcosis. Nitrogen narcosis
apparently results from a direct effect on the brain of the large amounts of
nitrogen
(15)
effect.
dissolved in the blood. Deep dives are less dangerous if helium is substituted for
nitrogen, because under these pressures helium does not exert a similar narcotic
As a scuba diver descends, the pressure of nitrogen in the lungs increases.
Nitrogen
then diffuses from the lungs to the blood, and from the blood to body tissues.
The
reverse occurs when the diver surfaces ; the nitrogen pressure in the lungs falls
and the
nitrogen diffuses from the tissues into the blood, and from the blood into the
lungs. If
(20)
diffuse
the return to the surface is too rapid, nitrogen in the tissues and blood cannot
out rapidly enough and nitrogen bubbles are formed. They can cause severe
pains,
particularly around the joints.
Another complication may result if the breath is held during ascent. During
ascent
from a depth of 10 meters, the volume of air in the lungs will double because the
air
(25)
volume
pressure at the surface is only half of what it was at 10 meters. This change in
may cause the lungs to distend and even rupture. This condition is called air
embolism.
To avoid this event, a diver must ascend slowly, never at a rate exceeding the
rise of
the exhaled air bubbles, and must exhale during ascent.
21. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(a) The equipment divers use
(b) The effects of pressure on gases in the human body
(c) How to prepare for a deep dive
(d) The symptoms of nitrogen bubbles in the bloodstream
22. The words "exposed to" in line 6 are closest in meaning to
(a) leaving behind
(b) prepared for
(c) propelled by
(d) subjected to
23. The word "exert" in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(a) cause
(b) permit
(c) need
(d) change
24. The word "diffuses" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(a) yields
(b) starts
(c) surfaces
(d) travels
25. What happens to nitrogen in body tissues if a diver ascends too quickly?
(a) it forms bubbles.
(b) It goes directly to the brain
(c) It is reabsorbed by the lungs
(d) It has a narcotic effect
26. The word "they" in line 21 refers to
(a) joints
(b) pains
(c) bubbles
(d) tissues
27. The word "rupture" in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(a) hurt
(b) shrink
(c) burst
(d) stop
28. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following
presents the greatest danger to a diver?
(a) pressurized helium
(b) Nitrogen diffusion
(c) Nitrogen bubbles
(d) An air embolism
29. What should a diver do when ascending?
(a) Rise slowly
(b) Breathe faster
(c) Relax completely
(d) Breathe helium
Questions 30-39
Each advance in microscopic technique has provided scientists with new
perspectives
on the function of living organisms and the nature of matter itself. The invention
of the
visible-light microscope late in the sixteenth century introduced
a previously unknown
Line
realm of single-celled plants and animals. In the twentieth century, electron
microscopes
(5)
have provided direct views of viruses and minuscule surface structures. Now
another
type of microscope, one that utilizes x-rays rather than light or electrons, offers a
different way of examining tiny details; it should extend human perception still
farther
into the natural world.
The dream of building an x-ray microscope dates to 1895 ; its development,
however,
(10)
was virtually halted in the 1940's because the development of the electron
microscope
was progressing rapidly. During the 1940's, electron microscopes routinely
achieved
resolution better than that possible with a visible-light microscope, while the
performance of x-ray microscopes resisted improvement. In recent years,
however,
interest in x-ray microscopes has revived, largely because of advances such as
the
(15)
development of new sources of x-ray illumination. As a result, the brightness
available
today is millions of times that of x-ray tubes, which, for most of the century,
were the
only available sources of soft x-rays.
The new x-ray microscopes considerably improve on the resolution
provided by optical
microscopes. They can also be used to map the
distribution of certain chemical elements.
(20)
Some can form pictures in extremely short times ; others hold the promise of
special
capabilities such as three-dimensional imaging. Unlike conventional electron
microscopy,
x-ray microscopy enables specimens to be kept in air and in water, which means
that
biological samples can be studied under conditions similar to their natural state.
The
illumination used, so-called soft x-rays in the wavelength range of twenty to
forty
(25)
penetrating
angstroms(an angstrom is one ten-billionth of a meter), is also sufficiently
to image intact biological cells in many cases. Because of the wavelength of the
x-rays
used, soft x-ray microscopes will never match the highest resolution possible
with
electron microscopes. Rather, their special properties will make possible
investigations
that will complement those performed with light- and electron-based
instruments.
30. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(a) The detail seen through a microscope
(b) Sources of illumination for microscopes
(c) A new kind of microscope
(d) Outdated microscopic techniques
31. According to the passage, the invention of the visible-light microscope
allowed scientists to
(a) see viruses directly
(b) develop the electron microscope late on
(c) understand more about the distribution of the chemical elements
(d) discover single-celled plants and animals they had never seen before
32. The word "minuscule" in line 5 s closest in meaning to
(a) circular
(b) dangerous
(c) complex
(d) tiny
33. The word "it" in line 7 refers to
(a) a type of microscope
(b) human perception
(c) the natural world
(d) light
34. Why does the author mention the visible-light microscope in the first
paragraph?
(a) To begin a discussion of sixteenth-century discoveries
(b) To put the x-ray microscope in a historical perspective
(c) To show how limited its uses are
(d) To explain how it functioned
35. Why did it take so long to develop the x-ray microscope?
(a) Funds for research were insufficient.
(b) The source of illumination was not bright enough until recently.
(c) Materials used to manufacture x-ray tubes were difficult to obtain
(d) X-ray microscopes were too complicated to operate.
36. The word "enables" in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(a) constitutes (b) specifies
(c) expands
(d) allows
37. The word "Rather" on line 28 is closest in meaning to
(a) Significantly
(b) Preferably
(c) Somewhat
(d) Instead
38. The word "those" in line 29 refers to
(a) properties
(b) investigations
(c) microscopes
(d) x-rays
39. Based on the information in the passage, what can be inferred
about x-ray microscopes in the future?
(a) They will probably replace electron microscopes altogether.
(b) They will eventually be much cheaper to produce than they are now.
(c) They will provide information not available from other kinds of
microscopes.
(d) They will eventually change the illumination rage that they now use.
Questions 40-50
Perhaps the most striking quality of satiric literature is its freshness, its
originality of
perspective. Satire rarely offers original ideas. Instead, it
presents the familiar in a new
form. Satirists do not offer the world new philosophies. What they do is look at
Line
familiar conditions from a perspective that makes these conditions seem foolish,
(5)
harmful, or affected. Satire jars us out of complacence into a pleasantly shocked
realization that many of the values we unquestioningly accept are false. Don
Quixote
makes chivalry seem absurd ; Brave New World ridicules the pretensions of
science ; A
Modest Proposal dramatizes starvation by advocating cannibalism. None of
these ideas
is original. Chivalry was suspect before Cervantes, humanists objected to the
claims of
(10)
Swift. It
pure science before Aldous Huxley, and people were aware of famine before
was not the originality of the idea that made these satires popular. It was the
manner of
expression, the satiric method, that made them
interesting and entertaining. Satires are
read because they are aesthetically satisfying works of art, not because they are
morally
wholesome or ethically instructive. They are stimulating
and refreshing because with
(15)
commonsense briskness they brush away illusions and secondhand opinions.
With
spontaneous irreverence, satire rearranges perspectives, scrambles familiar
objects into
incongruous juxtaposition, and speaks in a personal idiom instead of abstract
platitude.
Satire exists because there is need for it. It has lived because readers
appreciate a
refreshing stimulus, an irreverent reminder that they live in a world of
platitudinous
(20)
thinking, cheap moralizing, and foolish philosophy. Satire serves to prod people
into an
awareness of truth, though rarely to any action on behalf of truth. Satire tends to
remind people that much of what they see, hear, and read in popular media is
sanctimonious, sentimental, and only partially true. Life resembles in only a
slight
degree the popular image of it. Soldiers rarely hold the ideals that movies
attribute to
(25)
them, nor do ordinary citizens devote their lives to unselfish service of
humanity.
Intelligent people know these things but tend to forget them when they do not
hear
them expressed.
40. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(a) Difficulties of writing satiric literature
(b) Popular topics of satire
(c) New philosophies emerging from satiric literature
(d) Reasons for the popularity of satire
41. The word "realization" in line 6 is closest in meaning to
(a) certainty (b) awareness
(c) surprise (d) confusion
42. Why does the author mention Don Quixote, Brave New World, and A
Modest Proposal
in lines 6-8?
(a) They are famous examples of satiric literature.
(b) They present commonsense solutions to problems.
(c) They are appropriate for readers of all ages.
(d) They are books with similar stories.
43. The word "aesthetically" in line 13 is closest in meaning to
(a) artistically
(b) exceptionally
(c) realistically
(d) dependably
44. Which of the following can be found in satiric literature?
(a) Newly emerging philosophies
(b) Odd combinations of objects and ideas
(c) Abstract discussion of morals and ethics
(d) Wholesome characters who are unselfish
45. According to the passage, there is a need for satire because people need to b
(a) informed about new scientific developments
(b) exposed to original philosophies when they are formulated
(c) reminded that popular ideas are often inaccurate
(d) told how they can be of service to their communities
46. The word "refreshing" in line 19 is closest in meaning to
(a) popular (b) ridiculous
(c) meaningful (d) unusual
47. The word "they" in line 22 refers to
(a) people
(b) media
(c) ideals
(d) movies
48. The word "devote" in line 25 is closest in meaning to
(a) distinguish (b) feel affection
(c) prefer
(d) dedicate
49. As a result of reading satiric literature, readers will be most likely to
(a) teach themselves to write fiction
(b) accept conventional points of view
(c) become better informed about current affairs
(d) reexamine their opinions and values
50. The various purposes of satire include all of the following EXCEPT
(a) introducing readers to unfamiliar situations
(b) brushing away illusions
(c) reminding readers of the truth
(d) exposing false values
answers
Test 1
1. A 2. C 3. B 4. A 5. D 6. D 7. B 8. B
9. D 10. A
11. D 12. C 13. C 14. C 15. B 16. B 17. D 18. B 19. B 20. C
21. B 22. B 23. C 24. B 25. B 26. C 27. A 28. D 29. D 30. A
31. A 32. A 33. B 34. A 35. B 36. D 37. B 38. A 39. C 40. A
41. A 42. B 43. A 44. B 45. D 46. B 47. D 48. D 49. B 50. D
Test 2
1. D 2. C
3. A 4. D 5. A
6. D 7. C
8. B 9. A 10. D
11. B 12. B 13. D 14. D 15. B 16. B 17. A 18. C 19. C 20. D
21. A 22. D 23. B 24. C 25. D 26. A 27. C 28. B 29. D 30. B
31. C 32. C 33. C 34. D 35. B 36. A 37. A 38. B 39. A 40. C
41. C 42. B 43. A 44. C 45. D 46. D 47. D 48. A 49. D 50. C
Test 3
1. B
2. C
3. C 4. C 5. D 6. B
7. A 8. D
9. A 10. D
11. C 12. A 13. D 14. C 15. C 16. B 17. D 18. B 19. D 20. A
21. B 22. B 23. B 24. C 25. C 26. A 27. D 28. D 29. A 30. D
31. D 32. D 33. A 34. A 35. A 36. C
37. C 38. D 39. A 40. B
41. D 42. C
43. B 44. B 45. C 46. B
47. D 48. D 49. A 50. C
Test 4
1. B 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. B 6. C 7. B 8. A 9. C
10. B
11. C 12. D 13. D 14. D 15. C 16. C 17. A 18. B 19. B 20. A
21. C 22. D 23. B 24. C 25. A 26. D 27. A 28. B 29. A 30. C
31. D 32. B 33. A 34. B 35. B 36. C 37. C 38. A 39. A 40. B
41. B 42. B 43. B 44. A 45. B 46. C 47. A 48. A 49. C 50. C
Test 5
1. B
11. C
21. B
31. B
41. A
2. C 3. A 4. B
5. D 6. B 7. C 8. C 9. D 10. B
12. B 13. B 14. B 15. C 16. D 17. D 18. A 19. C 20. B
22. A 23. D 24. C 25. D 26. A 27. B 28. A 29. A 30. C
32. C 33. A 34. B 35 A 36. B 37. A 38. B 39. C 40. D
42. A 43. C 44. B 45. C 46. C 47. A 48. D 49. B 50. A
Test 6
1. C
11. C
21. B
31. D
41. B
2. D 3. B
4. B 5. D
6. C
7. B
8. A
9. C 10. D
12. B 13. A
14. C 15. D 16. A 17. D 18. A 19. B 20. A
22. D 23. A
24. D 25. A 26. C 27. D 28. C 29. A 30. B
32. A 33. D 34. C 35. D 36. B 37. B 38. D 39. D 40. A
42. B 43. D 44. B 45. A 46. D 47. D 48. A 49. B 50. C
Test 7
1. B 2. A
3. B
11. B 12. B 13. A
21. B 22. B 23. A
31. A 32. C 33. B
4. B
5. D
6. C
7. B 8. C
9. C 10. D
14. C 15. C 16. D 17. B 18. C
19. D 20. A
24. B 25. D 26. D 27. C 28. B
29. A 30. C
34. D 35. A 36. A 37. D 38. A
39. B 40. C
41. D 42. B
43. C
44. A
Test 8
1. A
2. B
11. D 12. B
21. C 22. B
31. C 32. B
41. D 42. A
3. A
13. C
23. C
33. D
43. D
4. D
5. B
6. A
7. D 8. A 9. B 10. B
14. D 15. B 16. B 17. A 18. D 19. C 20 D
24. D 25. B 26. D 27. A 28. D 29. D 30. C
34. D 35. A 36. A 37. A 38. D 39. B 40. C
44. B 45. B 46. B 47. B 48. C 49. D 50. D
Test 9
1. A
11. A
21. A
31. A
41. A
45. A
46. B
47. D 48. C
49. A
50. D
2. A 3. C
4. B
5. A
6. C
7. C 8. B
9. B 10. A
12. A 13. C 14. A 15. C 16. A 17. C 18. B 19. A 20. B
22. B 23. A 24. A 25. C 26. C 27. D 28. A 29. C 30. A
32. D 33. C 34. B 35. B 36. D 37. B 38. B 39. D 40. A
42. D 43. A 44. C 45. C 46. B 47. B 48. D 49. C 50. B
Test 10
1. A 2. C
3. D 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. B 8. A 9. A 10. C
11. B 12. D 13. D 14. B 15. A 16. A 17. D 18. C 19. D 20. A
21. B 22. D 23. A 24. D 25. A 26. C 27. C 28. D 29. A 30. C
31. D 32. D 33. A 34. B 35. B 36. D 37. D 38. B 39. C 40. D
41. B 42. A 43. A 44. B 45. C 46. D 47. A 48. D 49. D 50. B
Reading 1
PASSAGE 1 – Questions 1-10
Beads were probably the first durable ornaments humans possessed, and
the intimate relationship they had with their owners is reflected in the fact that
beads are among the most common items found in ancient archaeological sites.
In the past, as today, men, women, and children adorned themselves with
beads. In some cultures still, certain beads are often worn from birth until death,
and then are buried with their owners for the afterlife. Abrasion due to daily wear
alters the surface features of beads, and if they are buried for long, the effects of
corrosion can further change their appearance. Thus, interest is imparted to the
bead both by use and the effects of time.
Besides their wearability, either as jewelry or incorporated into articles of
attire, beads possess the desirable characteristics of every collectible: they are
durable, portable, available in infinite variety, and often valuable in their original
cultural context as well as in today's market. Pleasing to look at and touch, beads
come in shapes, colors, and materials that almost compel one to handle them
and to sort them.
Beads are miniature bundles of secrets waiting to be revealed: their
history, manufacture, cultural context, economic role, and ornamental use are all
points of information one hopes to unravel. Even the most mundane beads may
have traveled great distances and been exposed to many human experiences.
The bead researcher must gather information from many diverse fields. In
addition to having to be a generalist while specializing in what may seem to be a
narrow field, the researcher is faced with the problem of primary materials that
have little or no documentation. Many ancient beads that are of ethnographic
interest have often been separated from their original cultural context.
The special attractions of beads contribute to the uniqueness of bead
research. While often regarded as the "small change of civi lizations,” beads are
a part of every culture, and they can often be used to date archaeological sites
and to designate the degree of mercantile, technological, and cultural
sophistication.
1. What is the main subject of the passage?
A. Materials used in making beads
B. How beads are made
C. The reasons for studying beads
D. Different types of beads
2. The word "adorned" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
A. protected
B. decorated
C. purchased
D. enjoyed
3. Where in the passage does the author describe why the appearance beads
may change?
A. Lines 2-4
B. Lines 5-8
C. Lines 11-13
D. Lines 19-21
4. The word "attire" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
A. ritual
B. importance
C. clothing
D. history
5. All of the following are given as characteristics of collectible objects EXCEPT
A. durability
B. portability
C. value
D. scarcity
6. According to the passage, all of the following are factors that make people want
to touch beads EXCEPT the
A. shape
B. color
C. material
D. odor
7. The word "unravel" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
A. communicate
B. transport
C. improve
D. discover
8. The word "mundane" in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
A. carved
B. beautiful
C. ordinary
D. heavy
9. It is difficult to trace the history of certain ancient beads because they
A. are small in size
B. have been buried underground
C. have been moved from their original locations
D. are frequently lost
10. Knowledge of the history of some beads may be useful in the studies done by
which of the following?
A. Anthropologist
B. Agricultural experts
C. Medical researchers
D. Economists
Reading 2
The word laser was coined as an acronym for Light Amplification by the
Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Ordinary light, from the Sun or a light bulb, is
emitted spontaneously, when atoms or molecules get rid of excess energy by
themselves, without any outside intervention. Stimulated emission is different
because it occurs when an atom or molecule holding onto excess energy has
been stimulated to emit it as light.
Albert Einstein was the first to suggest the existence of stimulated
emission in a paper published in 1917. However, for many years physicists
thought that atoms and molecules always were much more likely to emit light
spontaneously and that stimulated emission thus always would be much weaker.
It was not until after the Second World War that physicists began trying to make
stimulated emission dominate. They sought ways by which one atom or molecule
could stimulate many others to emit light, amplifying it to much higher powers.
The first to succeed was Charles H. Townes, then at Columbia University
in New York. Instead of working with light, however, he worked with microwaves,
which have a much longer wavelength, and built a device he called a “maser,” for
Microwave Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Although he
thought of the key idea in 1951, the first maser was not completed until a couple
of years later. Before long, many other physicists were building masers and
trying to discover how to produce stimulated emission at even shorter
wavelengths.
The key concepts emerged about 1957. Townes and Arthur Schawlow,
then at Bell Telephone Laboratories, wrote a long paper outlining the conditions
needed to amplify stimulated emission of visible light waves. At about the same
time, similar ideas crystallized in the mind of Gordon Gould, then a 37-yearold
graduate student at Columbia, who wrote them down in a series of notebooks.
Townes and Schawlow published their ideas in a scientific journal, physical
Review Letters, but Gould filed a patent application. Three decades later, people
still argue about who deserves the credit for the concept of the laser.
11. The word “coined” in paragraph 1 could best be replaced by
A. created
B. mentioned
C. understood
D. discovered
12. The word “intervention” in paragraph 1 can best be replaced by
A. need
B. device
C. influence
D. source
13. The word “it” in paragraph 1 refers to
A. light bulb
B. energy
C. molecule
D. atom
14. Which of the following statements best describes a laser?
A. A device for stimulating atoms and molecules to emit light
B. An atom in a high-energy state
C. A technique for destroying atoms or molecules
D. An instrument for measuring light waves
15. Why was Towne's early work with stimulated emission done with microwaves?
A. He was not concerned with light amplification.
B. It was easier to work with longer wavelengths.
C. His partner Schawlow had already begun work on the laser.
D. The laser had already been developed.
16. In his research at Columbia University, Charles Townes worked with all of
the following EXCEPT
A. stimulated emission
B. microwaves
C. light amplification
D. a maser
17. In approximately what year was the first maser built?
A. 1917
B. 1951
C. 1953
D. 1957
18. The word “emerged” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to
A. increased
B. concluded
C. succeeded
D. appeared
19. The word “outlining” in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to
A. assigning
B. studying
C. checking
D. summarizing
20. Why do people still argue about who deserves the credit for the concept of the laser?
A. The researchers' notebooks were lost.
B. Several people were developing the idea at the same time.
C. No one claimed credit for the development until recently.
D. The work is still incomplete.
READING 3
In the United States in the early 1800's, individual state governments had more
effect on the economy than did the federal government. States chartered
manufacturing, banking, mining, and transportation firms and participated in the
construction of various internal improvements such as canals, turnpikes, and
railroads. The states encouraged internal improvements in two distinct ways: first, by
actually establishing state companies to build such improvements; second, by
providing part of the capital for mixed public-private companies setting out to make a
profit.
In the early nineteenth century, state governments also engaged in a
surprisingly large amount of direct regulatory activity, including extensive licensing
and inspection programs. Licensing targets reflected both similarities in and
differences between the economy of the nineteenth century and that of today: in the
nineteenth century, state regulation through licensing fell especially on peddlers,
innkeepers, and retail merchants of various kinds. The perishable commodities of
trade generally came under state inspection, and such important frontier staples as
lumber and gunpowder were also subject to state control. Finally, state governments
experimented with direct labor and business regulation designed to help the individual
laborer or consumer, including setting maximum limits on hours of work and
restrictions on price-fixing by businesses.
Although the states dominated economic activity during this period, the federal
government was not inactive. Its goals were the facilitation of western settlement and
the development of native industries. Toward these ends the federal government
pursued several courses of action. It established a national bank to stabilize banking
activities in the country and, in part, to provide a supply of relatively easy money to
the frontier, where it was greatly needed for settlement. It permitted access to public
western lands on increasingly easy terms, culminating in the Homestead Act of 1862,
by which title to land could be claimed on the basis of residence alone. Finally, it set
up a system of tariffs that was basically protectionist in effect, although maneuvering
for position by various regional interests produced frequent changes in tariff rates
throughout the nineteenth century.
21. What does the passage mainly discuss?
E. States' rights versus federal rights
F. The participation of state governments in railroad, canal, and turnpike
construction
G. The roles of state and federal governments in the economy of the nineteenth
century
H. Regulatory activity by state governments
22. The word "effect" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
A. value
B. argument
C. influence
D. restraint
23. All of the following are mentioned in the passage as areas that involved state
governments in the nineteenth century EXCEPT
A. mining
B. banking
C. manufacturing
D. higher education
24. The word "distinct" in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to
A. separate
B. innovative
C. alarming
D. provocative
25. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that in the nineteenth century canals and
railroads were
A. built with money that came from the federal government
B. much more expensive to build than they had been previously
C. built predominantly in the western part of the country
D. sometimes built in part by state companies
26. The regulatory activities of state governments included all of the following EXCEPT
A. licensing of retail merchants
B. inspecting materials used in turnpike maintenance
C. imposing limits on price fixing
D. control of lumber
27. The word "setting" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
A. discussing
B. analyzing
C. establishing
D. avoiding
28. The word "ends" in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to
A. benefits
B. decisions
C. services
D. goals
29. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the Homestead Act of
1862?
A. It made it increasingly possible for settlers to obtain land in the West.
B. It was a law first passed by state governments in the West.
C. It increased the money supply in the West.
D. It established tariffs in a number of regions.
30. Which of the following activities was the responsibility of the federal government in
the nineteenth century?
A. Control of the manufacture of gunpowder
B. Determining the conditions under which individuals worked
C. Regulation of the supply of money
D. Inspection of new homes built on western lands
Reading 4
Social Networks
Do the names MySpace, Facebook, Orkut, etc. ring a bell? They probably do
because they are some of the most popular sites on the internet today. These sites
are all called 'social networking' sites because they help people meet and discuss
things online.
Each of these social networking sites has its own strengths: MySpace is especially
popular among teenagers, Facebook is popular with college age people, Orkut is
especially loved in Brazil, and CyWorld is the site to visit in South Korea. The
common thread between all of these social networks is that they provide a place for
people to interact, rather than a place to go to read or listen to 'content'. Web 2.0
Social networks are considered to be web 2.0. What does this mean? To
understand this, it's important to understand what the original web did (often called
web 1.0). Back in the nineties, the internet - or web - was a place to go to read
articles, listen to music, get information, etc.
Most people didn't contribute to the sites. They just 'browsed' the sites and took
advantage of the information or resources provided. Of course, some people did
create their own sites. However, creating a site was difficult. You needed to know
basic HTML coding (the original language the internet uses to 'code' pages). It
certainly wasn't something most people wanted to do as it could take hours to get a
basic page just right.
Things began to get easier when blogs (from web log) were introduced. With blogs,
many more people began writing 'posts', as well as commenting on other people's
blogs.
MySpace Surprises Everybody
In 2003 a site named MySpace took the internet by storm. It was trying to mimic the
most popular features of Friendster, the first social networking site. It quickly became
popular among young users and the rest was history. Soon everyone was trying to
develop a social networking site. The sites didn't provide 'content' for people to
enjoy, they helped people create, communicate and share what they loved including
music, images and videos. Key to Success
Relying on users to create content is the key to the success of web 2.0 companies.
Besides the social networking sites discussed here, other huge success stories
include: Wikipedia, Digg.com and the latest success - Twitter. All of these companies
rely on the desire of users to communicate with each other, thereby creating the
'content' that others want to consume.
1. Which social networking site was NOT mentioned in the reading?
A. MySpace
B. LinkedIn
C. Facebook
D. Friendster
2. Where is Orkut especially popular?
A. In Japan
C. In the United States
B. In South Korea
D. In Brazil
3. Why does the writer mention CyWorld in paragraph 2?
A. to give an example of a strong point of a social networking site
B. to emphasize the importance social networking sites
C. to demonstrate the popularity of social networking sites
D. to express the common feature of social networking sites
4. Which phrase best describes what people do at social networking sites?
A. They comment other people’s blog.
B. They code pages in HTML.
C. They browse articles and other content.
D. They interact with other people.
5. What was the original web mainly used for?
A. Interacting with other people
B. Browsing content
C. Creating pages in HTML
D. Writing on blogs
6. What does the word they in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. resources
C. most people
B. the sites
D. social networks
7. The world mimic in paragraph 6 could be best replaced by:
A. imitate
B. imagine
C. eliminate
D. utilize
8. What does the writer imply about MySpace?
A. It was the first social networking site.
B. It was successful.
C. People could enjoy the content it provided.
D. It destroyed the internet like a storm.
9. What is most important for web 2.0 companies to be successful?
A. Users' desire to communicate with each other
B. Users' desire to read interesting content written by professionals
C. Users' desire to learn coding
D. Users' intelligence
10. What is the writer’s purpose?
A. to advertise for web 2.0 companies
B. to persuade people to develop social networking sites
C. to give information about social networking sites
D. to criticize social networking sites
Reading 5
Floods are second only to fire as the most common of all natural disasters.
They occur almost everywhere in the world, resulting in widespread damage and
even death. Consequently, scientists have long tried to perfect their ability to predict
floods. So far, the best that scientists can do is to recognize the potential for flooding
in certain conditions. There are at least a number of conditions, from deep snow on
the ground to human error, that cause flooding.
The first cause of flooding is deep snow on the ground. When deep snow
melts, it creates a large amount of water. Although deep snow alone rarely causes
floods, when it occurs together with heavy rain and sudden warmer weather, it can
lead to serious flooding. If there is a fast snow melt on top of frozen or very wet
ground, flooding is more likely to occur than when the ground is not frozen. Frozen
ground or ground that is very wet and already saturated with water cannot absorb the
additional water created by the melting snow. Melting snow also contributes to high
water levels in rivers and streams. Whenever rivers are already at their full capacity of
water, heavy rains will result in the rivers overflowing and flooding the surrounding
land.
Secondly, rivers that are covered in ice can also lead to flooding. When ice
begins to melt, the surface of the ice cracks and breaks into large pieces. These
pieces of ice move and float down the river. They can form a dam in the river, causing
the water behind the dam to rise and flood the land upstream. If the dam breaks
suddenly, then the large amount of water held behind the dam can flood the areas
downstream too.
Broken ice dams are not the only dam problems that can cause flooding.
Those carelessly constructed by humans can also result in floods. When a large
human-made dam breaks or fails to hold the water collected behind it, the results can
be devastating. Dams contain such huge amounts of water behind them that when
sudden breaks occur, the destructive force of the water is like a great tidal wave.
Unleashed dam waters can travel tens of kilometres, cover the ground in metres of
mud and debris, and drown and crush every thing and creature in their path.
Although scientists cannot always predict exactly when floods will occur, they do
know a great deal about when floods are likely, or probably, going to occur. Deep
snow, ice-covered rivers, and weak dams are all strong conditions for potential
flooding. Hopefully, this knowledge of why floods happen can help us reduce the
damage they cause.
11. What is the most common natural disaster?
A. flood
B. fire
C. tidal wave
D. rain
12. What does the word they in paragraph 1 refer to?
A. floods
C. scientists
B. disasters
D. conditions
13. Which of the following best describes how deep snow causes flooding?
A. melting snow that creates a large amount of water causes flooding.
B. freezing water causes flooding.
C. melting snow combining with considerable amount of rain and sudden increase
in temperature leads to flooding.
D. snow that melts in wet weather causes flooding.
14. Why does saturated ground contribute to flooding problems?
A. the ground cannot absorb more water
B. the ground is too hard, so the water runs off
C. the ground forms a kind of dam
D. it remains frozen
15. How can a frozen river cause a flood?
A. The ice in the river melts too quickly and causes a flood.
B. The ice in the river cracks causing the water to overflow.
C. The ice in the river cracks into pieces that eventually create a dam causing the
water to overflow.
D. The water behind the ice dam collects and when the dam breaks, it causes
flooding upstream.
16. Why does the writer mention tidal wave in paragraph 4?
A. to compare the force of a broken human-made dam
B. to introduce another natural disaster
C. to emphasize the effects of natural disasters
D. to criticize dam designers
17. How far can dam water travel when it is unleashed from a broken dam?
A. less than 10 kilometres
B. tens of kilometres
C. thousands of kilometres
D. tens of thousands of kilometres downstream
18. The word devastating in paragraph 4 has the closest meaning to
A. fabulous
C. priceless
B. uncountable
D. disastrous
19. Which of the following is not mentioned as a cause for flood in the reading passages?
A. melting snow
B. ice-covered rivers
C. broken dams
D. poorly built roads
20. What can be inferred from the last
paragraph?
A. Scientists know very little about
floods.
B. Potential flooding cannot be
predicted.
C. Consequences of flooding can be
reduced if its causes are
identified.
D. There are only three conditions
for potential flooding.
READING PAPER 4
Time permitted: 60 minutes
Number of questions: 40
PASSAGE 1: QUESTIONS 1-10
Maya Lin was born in Athens, Ohio, on October 5, 1959. In 1949, her parents fled Communism in
China and came to the United States. In 1958 they moved to Athens, home of Ohio University, where they
were professors. Her mother wrote poetry and taught literature; her father was a ceramic artist and became
Dean of the College of Fine Arts.
As a child, Maya Lin liked to hike, read, watch birds, work in her father's ceramics studio, and build
miniature towns. She loved to think and solve problems. In high school, she was an excellent math student
who took college level courses and worked at McDonalds. She thought she was kind of nerdy because she
never dated or wore make-up.
Maya went to Yale University to study architecture. While she was 21 and still a student, she entered
a blind contest to submit a design for the new Vietnam War Memorial in Washington D.C. According to
contest rules, the memorial had to fit in with the Lincoln Memorial and Washington Monument, include the
names of all the dead and missing from the war, and refrain from making political statements. Maya’s simple
but elegant design featured a pair of two hundred foot long, polished black granite walls. The monument was
V-shaped, with one side pointing to the Lincoln Memorial and the other to the Washington Monument. The
wall had the carved names of 58,195 men and women who were killed or missing in the war listed according
to the dates they were reported killed or missing, instead of in alphabetical order. Her design was chosen over
1,441 others. Maya believed her design would not have been chosen if the judges had known she was
Chinese-American. Some people harassed her after her family background and age became known.
Today, Maya Lin continues to work on sculpture and architecture. Some of her other projects include
the Civil Rights Memorial in Montgomery, Alabama; Wave Field at the University of Michigan; and the
Confluence Project along the Columbia and Snake rivers in Washington and Oregon. She has also written
several books and is interested in sustainable energy use. In 2009, she was awarded the National Medal of
Arts by President Barack Obama.
1. Which of the following best describes Maya Lin in high school?
A. glamorous
B. average
C. bored
D. hard-working
C. problem solving
D. fine arts
2. Maya went to Yale University to study ......
A. math
B. architecture
3. Maya Lin was born in ......
A. Washington D.C.
B. The passage doesn't say
C. Ohio
D. China
4. Which of the following is NOT true about Maya Lin.
A. She wanted to be a ceramics artist
C. Her parents were professors
B. She liked to watch birds
D. She was good at math
5. Maya Lin believed ......
A. that the names of the dead or missing should be listed alphabetically
B. her design was definitely the best
C. that both sides of the monument should be pointed toward the Lincoln Memorial
D. that her design may not have been chosen if the judges knew her background
6. Which of the following is not answered in the third paragraph?
A. How many names are carved on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial?
B. How are the names of the missing or dead arranged on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial?
C. What was Maya's design for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial contest?
D. Who were the judges who chose Maya Lin's design over 1,441 other designs?
7. Which question is answered in the second paragraph?
A. What math courses did Maya take in high school?
B. Why did Maya decide to enter the contest to build the Vietnam Veterans Memorial?
C. What did Maya major in in college?
D. Why did Maya believe she was nerdy?
8. If the entire passage only included the final paragraph, what would be an appropriate title?
A. Construction of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial
B. Maya Lin: Projects after the Vietnam Veterans Memorial
C. Chinese-Americans in Architecture
D. How Maya Lin Became Famous
9. Maya Lin's design for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial was...
A. elaborate
B. very complicated C. simple
D. controversial
10. Based on your understanding of the passage, what is a "blind" contest?
A. One in which only architects invited to submit their design can enter.
B. One in which the personal identity of a design's author is not known to the judges
C. One in which the judges decide exactly what the design of the memorial must look like
D. One in which only blind people can enter
PASSAGE 2: QUESTIONS 11-20
THE SENATE
The U.S. Senate is the upper house of Congress. Unlike the House of Representatives, the Senate
consists of two senators for each state, regardless of that state's population. This ensures equal representation
for each state. Hence, there are 100 Senators.
Senators serve six year terms, however, senate elections are held every two years to ensure that no
state ever holds an election in which both Senate seats are in contention. Elections are held on the first
Tuesday after the first Monday in November in even-numbered years. Senators must be thirty years of age, a
citizen of the United States for the prior nine years, and must live in the state they seek to represent. Much of
the work done in the Senate is performed in committees. 16 standing committees, each with a specific
jurisdiction (such as foreign relations, judicial review, or finance) edit, amend, and consider bills related to
those jurisdictions.
Powers exclusive to the Senate include the approval of treaties as a condition to their ratification, and
the approval of federal judges and cabinet members as a condition of their appointment. The Senate also tries
impeachments.
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
The U.S. House of Representatives is one of the two houses of Congress. Unlike the Senate, a state’s
number of representatives is based on its population. States with large populations have more representatives
than states with small populations. The state of California, America ’s most populous state, currently has 55
representatives. There are 435 total representatives and each serves a two-year term. Like the Senate, the
House of Representatives performs much of its legislative work in committees. The House of Representatives
has 20 standing committees. Much like the Senate committees, these committees meet to review, amend, edit,
and consider bills specific to a certain jurisdictions such as agriculture, revenue, or foreign relations.
The top officer of the House of Representatives is referred to as the Speaker of the House. He or she
is elected by other members of the House and has substantial powers including choosing the order in which
other representatives speak, choosing members of conference committees, and choosing which committees
reviews specific bills. Representatives must be 25 years old, a U.S. citizen for seven years, and a resident of
the state they wish to represent.
Much like the Senate, the House of Representatives has exclusive powers including the right to
impeach (an impeachment is a legal statement of charges against an official. The Senate only has the power
to try impeachment), to initiate revenue bills (those involving money), and to elect the president in the case
of an electoral tie.
11. There are ………… senators for every state.
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 1
12. Each senator serves a term of ………… years
A. 7
B. 6
C. 4
D. 2
13. Which of the following is NOT true about a U.S. Senator?
A. They must be a citizen of the United States for at least 9 years prior to appointment.
B. Only men can be senators.
C. They must live in the state they hope to represent.
D. They must be 30 years old.
14. Select all of the following that are TRUE.
A. Representatives must not be the residents of the state they wish to represent.
B. The Senate elects the president of the United States in the event of an electoral tie.
C. Senators can introduce revenue bills.
D. Impeachments are tried in the Senate.
15. The top official in the U.S. House of Representatives is known as the ………… of the House.
A. Master
B. Speaker
C. Leader
D. President
16. The number of representatives per state in the House of Representative is determined by
the ………… of that state.
A. population
B. income level
C. total area
D. power
C. Alaska
D. New York
17. ………… has the most representatives.
A. California
B. Texas
18. A state representative must be ………… years old.
A. 30
B. 20
C. 35
D. 25
19. Which of the following is NOT true?
A. The right to impeach an elected official can be invoked in the Senate.
B. A Senator can be 31 years old.
C. Senators serve longer terms that representatives.
D. Revenue bills can be initiated in the House of Representatives.
20. In the following passage,
“The House of Representatives has 20 standing committees. Much like the Senate committees, these
committees meet to review, amend, edit, and consider bills specific to a certain jurisdictions such as
agriculture, revenue, or foreign relations.”
What does amend mean?
A. determine
B. trade
C. change
D. withdraw
PASSAGE 3 – Questions 21-30
No one can calculate the quantity of solid waste that has been dumped in the world’s oceans, but the
total certainly exceeds many millions of tons. For example, from 1880 to 1895, 75 percent of the solid waste
from New York City was dumped untreated into the Atlantic Ocean. Although it is now prohibited by law,
the dumping of solid waste, including wastewater sludge, industrial waste, and high - level radioactive waste
were common in the United States until 1970. Cruise ships and huge floating fishing factories still regularly
dispose of their solid waste products directly into the ocean.
The earth naturally recycles water and refreshes the land in what is called the hydrological cycle. The
hydrological cycle not only renews the supply of water, but cleans it as well. The process begins as heat from
the sun causes sea water, 97 percent of the earth’s total water reserve, to evaporate and form clouds. Because
water evaporates at lower temperatures than most pollutants, the water vapor that rises from the seas is
relatively pure and free of the contaminants, which are left behind. Next, water returns to us as rain, which
drains into streams and rivers and rushes toward the sea.
Chemicals, petroleum products, and other dangerous substances such as radioactive materials remain
in the ocean, polluting it permanently. The polluted ocean water kills fish or makes them dangerous to eat,
posing health problems for those who consume them. It kills the tiny sea creatures that are the source of food
for larger fish, sharks, and whales. It also spoils a source of great beauty and pleasure when some solid waste
is thrown onto beaches during storms. Discharged petroleum products are frequently found on beaches and
they not only ruin the beach, the petroleum residue kills hundreds of shore birds. Nonpoint pollutants are
dumped into lakes, rivers, and streams that may be far away from any ocean. However, these pollutants flow,
eventually, into the oceans. They can come from a variety of sources, from road salt to agricultural pesticides.
One source of nonpoint pollution is runoff from farming, including fertilizers, manure, and pesticides.
Another source is industrial runoff, including heavy metals, phosphorous, and many other chemicals. Urban
runoff (oils, salts, various chemicals) and atmospheric fallout of airborne pollution are other sources of
nonpoint pollutants that reach the oceans. This includes water and waste from sinks, toilets, washing
machines and bathtubs. The problem with this type of waste is that it provides massive amounts of nutrients
for water plants such as algae, so that they grow rapidly. This sudden growth causes concentration or algae
blooms, which use up the oxygen in the water. As the oxygen level of the water declines, many organisms
suffer and die, and the ocean ecosystem is radically altered. This can be prevented by the installation of waste
treatment plants that prevent waste from entering the sea, but such facilities do not exist in many poorer
countries.
21. What can be inferred about the waste dumped into the world’s oceans?
A. It’s mainly household waste
B. Much of it was not treated
C. It is billions of tons
D. It is primary industrial waste
22. As can be inferred from the passage, which of the following was NOT disposed into the ocean?
A. waste from dead plants
B. waste from cruise ships
C. wastewater sludge
D. radioactive waste
23. Which of the following is NOT referred to as use of hydrological cycle?
A. refreshing the land
B. separating water from used liquid
C. cleaning water
D. renewing the water supply
24. Which of the following has similar meaning to the word “contaminants” in the second paragraph?
A. pollutants
B. rushes
C. sea water
D. vapor
25. What does the word “which” in the second paragraph refer to?
A. rain water
B. the earth
C. sea water
D. water vaporizer
26. Why are chemicals, petroleum products and radioactive materials mentioned in the passage?
A. as untreated waste
B. as industrial substances
C. as raw sewage
D. as dangerous pollutants
27. Which of the following is NOT referred to as a result of polluted ocean water?
A. killing fish
B. harming people who eat sea food
C. spoiling beach beauty
D. killing shore birds
28. Which of the following is NOT an example of farming runoff?
A. manure
B. pesticide
C. road salt
D. fertilizer
29. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
A. It is expensive to build waste treatment plants
B. developing countries do not need waste treatment plant yet
C. the environment of develop countries is more polluted than that of poor countries
D. the environment of industrial countries is more polluted than that of agricultural countries
30. Where is the passage most probably found?
A. in a geography book
B. in a bibliography
C. in a tourism book
D. in a social science report
PASSAGE 4 – Questions 31-40
WILD WEATHER
British people are famous for always talking about the weather, but there’s a good reason why we do. The
British Isles are located in a place where two huge weather systems meet and, it often seems, do battle. Even
so, strange things have been happening in recent years, as they have been in many other places around the
world. There can’t be many people that haven’t been affected by weather that was hotter, wetter, drier or
wilder than the weather they are used to. This article, based on an article by Peter Miller from the September
2013 issue of National Geographic Magazine, looks at what is happening to our weather.
What is happening to our weather?
One weekend in May 2010, Nashville in the USA was expecting a few centimeters of rain. Two days
later, 33 centimeters had fallen and eleven people had died in the resulting floods.
There’s been a change in the weather. Extreme events like the Nashville flood – described by officials
as a once-in-a-millennium occurrence – are more frequent than before. Also in 2010, 28 centimeters of rain
fell on Rio de Janeiro in 24 hours, causing mud slides that buried hundreds of people. And record rains in
Pakistan led to flooding that affected more than 20 million people. The following year, floods in Thailand left
factories near Bangkok under water, creating a worldwide shortage of computer hard drives. Meanwhile,
severe droughts have affected Australia, Russia and East Africa. Deadly heat waves have hit Europe, leaving
35,000 people dead in 2003. Financial losses from such events jumped 25 percent to an estimated $150
billion worldwide in 2011.
What’s going on? Are these extreme events signals of a dangerous, human-made change in the
Earth’s climate? Or are we just going through a natural run of bad luck? The short answer is: probably both.
On the one hand, the most important influences on weather events are natural cycles in the climate. Two of
the most famous weather cycles, El Niño and La Niña, originate in the Pacific Ocean and can affect weather
patterns worldwide. But something else is happening too: the Earth is steadily getting warmer, with
significantly more moisture in the atmosphere. The long-term accumulation of greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere is trapping heat and warming up the land, oceans and atmosphere. As the oceans warm up, they
produce more water vapour and this, in turn, feeds big storms, such as hurricanes and typhoons.
And yet, there are ways of dealing with the effects of such extreme events. After 2003, French cities
set up air-conditioned shelters for use in heat waves. In the 2006 heat wave, the death rate was two-thirds
lower.
‘We know that warming of the Earth’s surface is putting more moisture into the atmosphere. We’ve
measured it. The satellites see it,’ says climatologist Jay Gulledge. Another scientist, Michael Oppenheimer,
agrees. We need to face up to that reality, he says, and do the things we know can save lives and money.
31. The article says that extreme weather events ...
A. have an influence on the climate.
B. kill more people than before.
C. cause mud slides in Bangkok.
D. are part of a long-term change.
32. According to the article, ...
A. scientists don’t know what causes extreme weather.
B. there’s more than one factor influencing our weather.
C. it’s not possible for humans to influence the weather.
D. big storms, such as hurricanes and typhoons, come from the oceans.
33. Why was the rain in Nashville considered to be an extreme event?
A. There was very high rainfall over many days.
B. The amount of rain was forecast in advance.
C. There was very high rainfall in a very short time.
D. The amount of rain was unmeasurable.
34. The rainfall in Nashville in May 2010 ...
A. caused very rare flooding.
B. last happened a thousand years ago.
C. happens every one hundred years.
D. was more frequent in the past.
35. What caused deaths in Rio de Janeiro?
A. people were trapped under soil
B. the intensity of the rain
C. extensive floods
D. the yearly mud slides
36. According to the article, ...
A. there has been a dramatic increase in the economic costs of extreme weather.
B. extreme weather events have risen by 25 percent since 2010.
C. in 2011, 25 percent of financial losses were weather-related.
D. the under-watered factories manufacture computer hard drives.
37. Which statement is NOT supported by information in the article?
A. Extreme weather is influenced by human activity.
B. Unusual weather events are part of natural weather cycles.
C. In the world, there are two weather cycles affect weather patterns worldwide
D. Such extreme weather is too rare to be a result of climate change.
38. What is the key factor in the formation of storms?
A. warmer land temperatures
B. greenhouse gases
C. moisture in the air
D. the heat released by air-conditioners
39. Why did fewer people die in France in the 2006 heat wave?
A. There were better facilities provided.
B. Fewer people were in city centers at the time.
C. It wasn’t as severe as in 2003.
D. People didn’t go out when it was too hot.
40. According to Michael Oppenheimer ...
A. there’s no way to stop extreme weather.
B. we can be better prepared for the effects of climate change.
C. we need to spend more money so that fewer people die.
D. we need to provide citizens with air conditioners during hottest periods.
VSTEP Speaking part 1 (Tương tác xã hội – Social Interaction)
Một số từ để hỏi quen thuộc, học viên phải thuộc những từ để hỏi này thì mới hiểu
được câu hỏi của đề nói, khi đọc câu hỏi phải thật chú ý đến từ để hỏi, động từ, nhìn
vào đó để mình biết được câu hỏi hỏi về gì.
Có 2 loại câu hỏi:
Yes/No Questions: Do you? Have you? Did you? Are you?
WH-Questions
1. Who: Đây là từ dùng để hỏi về người. (Ai)
Ví dụ: 1. Who are you close to in your family? Close: gần gũi, trong gia đình bạn ai là
người gần gũi với bạn?
Ví dụ 2. If you were going on a long trip, Who would you go with? Nếu bạn đi 1 chuyến đi
nghỉ dài, bạn sẽ muốn đi cùng ai?
Ví dụ 3. Who do you live with?
2. Where: Đây là từ dùng để hỏi về vị trí, địa điểm. Nơi nào
Ví dụ 1: Where is your hometown? (quê của bạn ở đâu)
Ví dụ 2: Where are you going this weekend? (cuối tuần) đi đâu vào ngày cuối tuần; Where
were you born?
3. When: Đây là từ dùng để hỏi về thời gian. Khi nào
Ví dụ: When were you born? Ngày tháng năm sinh: I was born on 14th, August, 1990
When is your birthday? Ngày sinh nhật: It is on 14th August
4. What: Đây là từ dùng để hỏi thông tin về một thứ hay một vấn đề nào đó, nó cũng được
sử dụng để hỏi ai đó nhằm xác định thông tin chính xác hay nhắc lại về điều vừa nói.
What time: Mấy giờ
Ví dụ 1: What time do you get up? (Bạn thức dậy lúc mấy giờ?)
Trả lời: a.m: buổi sáng; p.m: buổi chiều và tối; o’clock: giờ đúng; giới từ đi kèm giờ là AT–
I get up at 6 a.m
Ví dụ 2: What time do you wake up? Thức dậy nhưng vẫn ở trên giường
Ví dụ 3: What time do you go to work? Mấy giờ đi làm
Ví dụ 4: What time do you have breakfast/lunch/dinner? Mấy giờ ăn sáng
Ví dụ 5: What do you like doing in your free time?
1. What is your mother like? Hỏi về mẹ bạn như thế nào, tính cách? She is friendly
(thân thiện), helpful, kind (tốt bụng), generous, nice, caring, creative, hard working
(chăm chỉ)
2. What does your mother like? Câu hỏi mẹ bạn thích gì, sở thích? She likes cooking;
shopping; watching TV.
3. What does your mother look like? Mẹ bạn hình dáng ntn? Ngoại hình? She is beautiful,
pretty; good looking (ưa nhìn). She is tall and slim (mảnh mai); thin; She has black eyes and
long/short dark hair. / He is handsome
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What kind of (loại gì)?
What kind of music do you like?
What kind of sports do you like?
What kind of films?
What kind of books? ….. Loại gì?
What for: Đây là từ dùng để hỏi về một mục đích
Ví dụ: What do you use your mobile phone for/ What do you use the Internet for?
(Dùng điện thoại/ Internet để làm gì)
In what ways: = How (như thế nào?)
Ví dụ 1. In what ways has children’s English much improved nowadays? (Ngày nay tiếng
anh của trẻ em được cải thiện nhiều như thế nào?) improve speaking and listening skills;
learn Eng from early ages (kindergarten); study in the English centres; study E with foreign
teachers; study English online or on the Internet
Ví dụ 2. In what ways is café a great place for people to enjoy their free time? (Quán cà phê
là nơi tuyệt vời cho mọi người tận hưởng thời gian rảnh rỗi như thế nào?) Relax after hard
working hours; make new friends; talk to each other/chat with each other about work, study,
family; drink their favorite drinks; listen to music; read favorite books;
5. Why: Đây là từ dùng để hỏi về nguyên nhân của sự việc.
Để trả lời cho câu hỏi “why” ta thường bắt đầu bằng từ “Because /bɪˈkɒz/
…”/ cause /kɔːz/ (Interesting /ˈɪntrəstɪŋ//ˈɪntrestɪŋ/ / restaurant /ˈrestrɑːnt/
/ˈrestərɑːnt/ / history /ˈhɪstri/ /interest /ˈɪntrəst/ /ˈɪntrest/)
6. Which: Đây là từ dùng để hỏi khi muốn biết đáp án của một sự lựa chọn nào đó. Cái nào
trong 2 cái
Ví dụ: Which season do you like, summer or winter?
7. How: Đây là từ dùng để hỏi về cách thức, đặc tính, tính cách của chủ thể.
How: hỏi về phương tiện
Ví dụ: How do you go to work? How do you go to school? Hỏi về phương tiện đi lại?
How long: Đây là từ dùng để hỏi về thời gian. Bao lâu (hỏi về thời gian bao lâu: tính bằng
giờ, phút, giây, ngày, tháng, năm)
Ví dụ: 1. How long have you been learning English? Bạn học tiếng anh bao lâu rồi?
2. How long have you been living in your house?
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How far: Đây là từ dùng để hỏi về khoảng cách, nó thường đi cùng với “from”. Bao xa
Ví dụ 1: How far is it from your house to museum? (Khoảng cách từ nhà bạn đến bảo
tàng là bao xa?)
Ví dụ 2: How far is it from your house to your office? Từ nhà đến văn phòng bao xa
It is 5km from my house to the office
Km: kilometer /kɪˈlɒmɪtə(r)/
m: meter /ˈmiːtə(r)/
How much/many: Đây là cụm từ dùng để hỏi về số lượng. Với những danh từ không đếm
được ta dùng “how much” và với những danh từ đếm được ta dùng “how many”.
Ví dụ 1: How many people are there in your English class? (Có bao nhiêu người trong lớp
học tiếng Anh của bạn?)
Ví dụ 2: How much time do you go shopping every week? I spend 2 hours going shopping
every week
Ví dụ 3: How much money/ How much time/ How much water/ homework……
Ví dụ 4: How many students/ How many children/ How many hours (bao nhiêu
tiếng/giờ)…..
How much is your new dress? Giá tiền cái váy (3 million; millions of people) million chỉ
thêm s khi đi với giới từ of; hàng tỉ là billion
How often: tần suất bao lâu 1 lần
Ví dụ 1: How often do you go to the cinema?
Ví dụ 2: How often do you watch TV?
Once (1 lần) a month, twice (2 lần) a month, rarely (hiếm khi), sometimes (thi thoảng),
always /ˈɔːlweɪz/ (luôn luôn), usually (thường thường); often (thường), never (không
bao giờ); once a week; once every two weeks; 3 times, 4 times; several times: vài lần;
every day; every week/month/year
Who
Where
When
How/ How long/ How
far/ How often /How
much/ How many
Why
Which
What/ What kind of
music/ films/ sports
What for?
Ai
Ở đâu
Khi nào
How: How do you go to work? Phương tiện, cách thức
How long: bao lâu
How far: bao xa
How often: tần suất
How much: bao nhiêu
How many: bao nhiêu
Tại sao
Câu hỏi lựa chọn 1 trong 2
What kind of: Loại gì
What for: Để làm gì
In what ways: Như thế nào
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What do you use your
mobile phone for?
Whose car is it? It is
Ms. Thuy’s car
Book
Book on my
major
Short-story
Novel
Comic book
Music
Pop
Jazz
Rap
Bolero
1. LIKE
Films
Romanti
c
Drama
Horror
Action
Sport
Swimming
Badminton
Yoga
driving
TV
Food
Movie channel
Salad
Music channel Sausage
Sport channel
Burger
Health channel sandwich
Clothes
Dress
T shirt and
jeans
Transport
Motorbike
Bus
bike
- Yes of course…is my cup of tea.
- I have had a habit of…since I was I a child.
- I am really into…because (2) it’s not only…but also… (1)
wonderful…
2. HOW OFTEN
- Well, when…student, I normally used to…
- But now…breadwinner, I don’t…
- And I hope…future, If…, I will…
3. KIND OF
- Oh, I…various things.
- Especially…keen on…
- Basically, I often…other types of…such as...
4. WHERE/WHEN
- Yeah, I mostly…when…at…
- Sometimes…keen on…at…
5. IMPORTANT
- Absolutely yes, I think it is extremely essential for…
- As you can see, thanks to…, we can…
- Besides, it’s also…
6. FAVORITE
- Oh I…various things. So it’s really hard to decide…what/who my
favorite...
- If I have to opt one of them, I would say…is the best… Because…
7. OR
- Well, I would say that I am keen on… better because…
- However, sometimes I also… to…
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Speaking part 1 (Tương tác xã hội – Social Interaction)
Thí sinh sẽ trả lời 6 câu hỏi liên quan đến 2 chủ đề quen thuộc, mỗi chủ đề gồm 3 câu
hỏi ví dụ về quê quán, công việc, sở thích, gia đình, …. Mỗi chủ đề chỉ có 1,5 phút để
trả lời 3 câu hỏi nên phải trả lời đúng, nói nhanh, dứt khoát, ko ê a mất thời gian, để
mất thời gian thì sẽ ko có thời gian trả lời các câu sau nữa, học viên phải thật lưu ý điều
này.
Phương pháp làm bài: (Trả lời khoảng 2 câu)
 Với câu hỏi YES/NO, trả lời Yes hoặc No; Mở rộng ý khi nói, cung cấp
thêm thông tin; đừng chỉ trả lời Yes hoặc No. Có thể mở rộng ý bằng cách
đưa ra các lý do; ví dụ; giải thích;
 Với câu hỏi WH-questions, phải trả lời đúng yêu cầu của đề bài sau đó mới
mở rộng thêm ý, cung cấp thêm thông tin (lý do, ví dụ, giải thích)
 B1 cung cấp thêm khoảng 1 câu; B2 thêm khoảng 2 câu
Ví dụ:
1. Do you read books?
- Yes, I do. I read books for fun and for work. At work, I read a lot of documents (tài
liệu) and reports (báo cáo). When I have free time, I also read my favorite novels (tiểu
thuyết) or comics (truyện tranh).
- Yes, I do. I usually read books in my free time because of 2 mains reasons. Firstly, it
makes me feel relaxed after work. Secondly, reading broadens my mind (mở mang đầu
óc), by reading, I know more about the world around me.
 Dùng các từ nối để liên kết các ý lại với nhau ví dụ because; firstly,
secondly, thirdly; next; then; moreover; finally. (những từ nối này rất quan
trọng cho viết và nói phần 2,3)
1. What season do you like the most? Bạn thích mùa nào nhất?
• I like summer because I have a long summer holiday.
• My favorite season is summer because I can eat my favorite food, ice cream.
Moreover, my family can go on summer holiday together when my children
are off school.
2. Who are you close to in your family?
- I am close to my mother in my family = Well, I get on very well with = close to (có
mối quan hệ tốt) my mother. She always listens to me and gives me good/useful
advice (cho lời khuyên) when I have problems in my life. Besides (ngoài ra), she is
the person whom I can tell my secret to./ I can tell any secret to my mother. (tôi có
thể kể bất kỳ bí mật nào cho mẹ nghe)
-
Với trình độ B2: Dùng từ ngữ khác, ví dụ từ đồng nghĩa để trả lời câu hỏi, tránh
lặp lại cấu trúc, từ vựng trong câu hỏi để được điểm cao hơn. (paraphrase)
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Ví dụ:
1. What do you often do in your free time?
Well, there are many things I often do in my spare time/ leisure time = free time. I have
various/ different interests (sở thích khác nhau). I love watching TV, listening to music
and going shopping with friends at the weekend.
Practice: Speaking part 1 topics
Topic 1. Let’s talk about Free time activities/ hobbies
1. What do you usually do in your free time? Bạn làm gì vào thời gian rảnh
- Well, in my spare/free time I like watching TV. I am busy during the day so I love
watching the news in the evening while our family are having dinner. Besides, I enjoy
listening to music. My favorite kind of music is POP music.
- Whenever I have free time, I usually listen to music. I am a big fan of pop music which
helps me to relax after hard- working days. I also have an interest in reading books. In my
pastime, I usually read some comics.
- In my free time, I like reading newspapers and watching TV.
2. What do you usually do on weekdays? Ngày thường
I am quite busy (bận) during the week. I work from 8 a.m to 5 p.m on weekdays so in the
evening I often cook dinner, stay at home and chat with my family members about what they
have done during the day.
3. What do you usually do when you go out? Khi đi ra ngoài thì làm gì?
When I am out, I often eat out with my family or go for a drink with my friends. Sometimes,
my family go to the park, go shopping.
4. What do you usually do with your friends? Bạn thường làm gì với những người bạn của
mình
- We often go to a café and chat about work, life, family. Sometimes, we visit each other’s
home and enjoy meals together.
- I drink coffee with my friends; I learn English with my friends.
5. What are good hobbies and bad hobbies? Sở thích tốt và ko tốt
I would say good hobbies are those which bring benefits to people such as reading books or
playing sports. However, spending too much time on the Internet is a bad hobby because it is
not good for your health.
- I think good hobbies are good for people: playing sports; swimming; reading
Bad hobbies are not good for people: using the Internet too much; smoking; drinking
wine, beer.
6. Do you prefer spending your time alone or with others?
Well, I really like spending my time hanging out with my family and friends. They can give
me much useful help in my work as well as interesting ideas to enjoy life.
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1.1 Let’s talk about exercises (tập thể dục)
1. How often do you do the exercise?
I do the exercise everyday because it helps me to relax and keep fit, to stay healthy/ it is
good for my health.
2. Would you prefer to do the exercise alone or with someone else? Câu hỏi lựa chọn 1
trong 2 (tập thể dục 1 mình hay cùng với người khác)
I prefer to do exercise with my friends because we have the same hobby and it’s a good
chance for me to make friends and open the relationship.
3. How important is it to do the exercise?
Doing the exercise is very/extremely important because it makes me healthy and keep fit,
avoid some diseases./ It is good for my health.
1.2 Talk about the coffee shop
1. Do you often go to the coffee shop? Yes, I do. I go to the coffee shop every morning to relax,
to drink something (drink tea, coffee, fruit juice) and to chat with my friends.
2. Do you go there alone or with friends? I go there with my friends because we have the same
hobby and it’s a good chance for me to make friends and open the relationship.
3. What do you do there? We drink tea, coffee, fruit juice and chat about life, work and family./
listen to our favorite music. We feel really happy when being there.
1.3 Talk about bookstore
1. What’s your favourite book store? My favourite book store is Tien Tho bookstore……, it
is near my house. There are many interesting books and the price is reasonable./ cheap. It is
cheap to buy books there.
2. Do you go there alone or with someone else? I go there with my friends because we have
the same hobby and it’s a good chance for me to make friends and open the relationship.
3. What do you often buy there? Why? I often buy books and newspapers, novels, school
objects there. The shop assistant is very helpful and friendly.
1.4 Talk about newspapers
1. How do you usually get daily news? I usually get daily news by different media such as
TV, Internet, radio, newspaper……/ it is easy and fast to get the news.
2. How do most people get news in your country? Like me, most people in my country get the
news by media or face to face communication, phone, message…./
B1: People in my country get the news on TV and the Internet.
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3. Do you think international news is important? Yes, I think international news is very
important because it helps people broaden/get the knowledge in the world. / because it is
useful.
1.5 Let’s talk about Keeping fit (giữ dáng cho cân đối)
1. What do you do to be in shape?
2. What is your favorite sport?
3. How can we get young people do more exercise? Encourage (làm sao khuyến khích các bạn
trẻ tập thể dục)
- Make them understand the benefits of doing exercise
- Parents should do exercise with their children
- Organize some exercise clubs
- Do exercise with the trainer at the gym
Topic 2. Shopping
1. Do you enjoy going shopping? Yes. I do; I am really a shopaholic/ In my spare time, I
like to go shopping with my friends to the supermarket or go shopping online. /special
offers: giảm giá đặc biệt/ bargains: món hời
2. How much time do you spend shopping every week? 2 hours
3. Do you enjoy going shopping alone or with your friends?
Topic 3. Hometown or birth place (nơi sinh)
1. Where do you come from? Can you describe your hometown or village?
- I am from ………../ my hometown is Hanoi. Hanoi is the capital of Vietnam, Hanoi has a
lot of famous tourist attractions: Hoan Kiem Lake, Uncle Ho Mausoleum (Lăng Bác), the
Temple of Literature (Văn Miếu). Hanoi also has many kinds of traditional food like Pho,
bun cha.
(Khi miêu tả về quê hương mình ở đâu thì phải nói được tên, danh lam thắng cảnh nổi tiếng)
- My hometown is Thach That District, Hanoi, it is 30km from the city centre. It is very quiet
and peaceful with rice fields like many other villages in Vietnam. My hometown is famous
for Tay Phuong pagoda, an ancient pagoda in Hanoi.
2. What do you like about your hometown? I like the delicious food; I like friendly people
and beautiful landscapes.
specialities
3. What do you dislike about your hometown? the dirty air, polluted air/ air pollution; traffic
jam./ traffic accident
Topic 4. Family
1. Can you tell me about your family? Giới thiệu về gia đình
- I come from a small/big family which has 4 members: my husband/wife, my 2 children and
me. My son is 7 years old, he is in the 2nd grade. My little daughter is 3 years old. She goes
to kindergarten. My husband/wife is 35 years old. He is a businessman.
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2. What is your father like? Bố của bạn tính cách như thế nào? (Khác với What does your
father like là sở thích; what does your father look like là ngoại hình)
- My father is humorous/ He has a good sense of humour, he often tells jokes (kể chuyện
cười) that make us laugh. Besides, he is very strict. He never allows me to come home late
at night.
- He is friendly and helpful, humourous
- He is friendly, kind and hard working
3. What is your mother like?
- My mother is a caring and understanding person. She takes good care of my family and
whenever I have a problem, I always share with her because she often listens to my problem
and gives me good advice.
- My mother is helpful, friendly, humourous
4. Do you have brothers and sisters? Are they older or younger than you?
- I have a brother. He is married and has a daughter and a son. He lives with my parents in
my hometown.
She is a university student.
5. Do you live alone? Who do you live with? Bạn có sống 1 mình ko? Bạn sống cùng ai?
- No, I don’t. I live with my family on Quang Trung street. I have been living there since
2010. / for 4 years. 19 90 2021
6. Who do you respect most in your family? Bạn tôn trọng ai nhất trong gia đình?
In my family I respect my mother most because she has been taking good care of me since I
was little. She is also very understanding. I always come to her when I have any problems.
She is really my idol and I want to become a person like her.
7. Who has had the most influence in your life? Ai là người có ảnh hưởng nhất với bạn?
My father has had the most influence in my life. It is my father who strictly taught me
valuable/good lessons in life and always stands by my side whenever I have trouble. He
really sets a good example for us to follow.
- My mother: give me useful advice in my life, take good care of; talk to me;
understand me; teach me good things.
Suggestion:
Inspire/ motivate
8. Who do you get on well with in your family? Có mối quan hệ tốt? Who are you close to
in your family?
I love everyone in my family but I get on well with my mother. I often share with her
everything or when I have trouble, I often ask her for advice. We understand each other very
well.
- I love everyone in my family but I get on well with my mother. I often ask her for
advice.
9. Do you ever argue with someone in your family? What do you argue about? Bạn có bao
giờ cãi nhau với ai trong gia đình ko? Cãi nhau về vấn đề gì?
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- Yes, I do. I and my brother sometimes have an argument about what TV programs to
watch. I like watching films while he prefers to watch sports programs.
- Yes, I do. I and my husband/ my wife sometimes argue about how to teach our children.
He often says I am spoiling my children (làm hư con). My husband, on the other hand, is
very strict to them. Sometimes we argue bout money.
- Yes, I do. I and my husband sometimes argue about how to teach children and about
money.
10. Do you want to live in a big house or a small house?
- I want to live in a small house and all family members live happily together.
4.1 Let’s talk about children
1. Do you love children? Lovely, cute, naive
2. How many children do you have? Primary school students, grade 4; grade 1
3. What do you like doing with your children? Entertainment center; kids’ play area
4.2 Talk about relationship to your parents
1. Who are you closer to? Your mom or your dad?
2. What do you like to do when you are together?
3. Do you want to live with your parents when you get married?
Topic 5. Travelling
1. Do you like travelling? Bạn có thích đi du lịch ko?
Yes, I do. I enjoy travelling a lot because I love exploring beautiful places and meeting new
people. Besides, I can taste local food and have a chance to refresh my mind.
- Yes, I do. I and my husband sometimes go travelling to many places.
2. Do you like to travel alone or with your friends? Bạn thích đi du lịch 1 mình hay đi với
bạn?
- I prefer/like travelling with my friends because it is more fun and more interesting to go
with friends. We can try new food and meet new people together. We can take photos for
each other.
3. Have you travelled to other places? Where are they? Bạn đã đi du lịch đến các nơi khác
chưa?
Yes, I have. I have been to several/some places in Vietnam such as Halong Bay, Ninh Binh,
Sapa. I like Halong Bay most because I love the ocean and I enjoy swimming in the sea.
Moreover, I can visit beautiful caves and the seafood there is fresh and delicious.
- I am really impressed by the people, the mountains in Japan.
4. What do you usually do when you first arrive a new place? Bạn thường làm gì khi lần đầu
bạn đến 1 nơi mới?
Well, first of all, I often go sightseeing in the area. Then I find a good local restaurant to
enjoy the delicious food. Besides, I often take lots of photos to keep my memories.
5. What are the benefits of travelling? Lợi ích của việc đi du lịch là gì?
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- There are many advantages of travelling. Firstly, travelling broadens our mind. When
you travel, you learn many new things such as new cultures, local people’s ways of life.
Secondly, you can visit many beautiful places and take part in interesting activities. Finally,
travelling helps you relax and it is a great way to spend time with family and friends.
- It helps me relax/reduce stress after hard-working days.
6. Why do so many people travel nowadays? Tại sao ngày nay nhiều người đi du lịch?
- I think nowadays more and more people travel because of several reasons. Firstly,
transportation is much more convenient today such as airplanes, trains, buses are popular and
not too expensive. Secondly, people can earn more money so they might want to travel to
spend time with family and friends and relax after busy working hours.
- Because their life is better, they have more money.
5.1 Let’s talk about favourite beach
1. What is your favourite beach in Vietnam?
- There are many beautiful beaches in VN but my favourite one is Da nang because it’s tidy
and clean. Especially the view is fantastic.
- I love Sam Son beach where I often go on holiday every summer
2. How often do you go there? I go there every summer with my friends because I have a
long summer holiday. When I go to the beach, I feel very relaxed and live with the nature.
3. What do you often do when you are there? There are many activities we can do when we
are on the beach such as swimming, enjoying seafood, taking photos, walking along the
beach, seeing the sunrise and sunset. It’s a great time to reduce stress after hard work.
Specialities: đặc sản
5.2 Let’s talk about favourite place
1. When you are sad, where do you often go?
When I am sad, I often stay at home listening to music or watching TV, going for a walk
with my friends in the park.
2. Do you prefer there alone or with someone else?
I prefer there with my friends because we have the same hobby and it’s a good chance for
me to make friends and open the relationship.
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3. Which places do you recommend your friends to go? There are many places to go but I
think beach is the best choice because it’s a fantastic place to reduce stress and enjoy a lot of
activities such as swimming, enjoying seafood; ……
5.3 Let’s talk about traveling (đi du lịch)
1. Do you like traveling?
Yes, I like traveling because it helps me relax and feel comfortable, I can explore new
places, broadens my mind.
2. What kind of places have you visited in your life?
I have visited many places in VietNam such as : Nha Trang, Da Nang, HCM. They are
beautiful and exciting.
3. Do you prefer to travel alone or with someone else? = 4. Who do you like to go
travelling with? thích đi du lịch 1 mình hay với ai?
I prefer/like to travel with my friends because we have the same hobby. It’s a good chance
for me to make friends and open/expand the relationship.
5.4 Talk about holiday destination (địa điểm du lịch, điểm đến du lịch)
1. What’s your favourite holiday destination? Bạn thích địa điểm du lịch nào?
My favourite holiday destination is Da Nang where there is a beautiful beach and Ba Na hills
2. Do you prefer to go on holiday overseas (du lịch nước ngoài) or in the country? Why?
I prefer to go on holiday overseas because I can explore new places and I can make friends
and open the relationship. Moreover, I can improve my knowledge and open my mind.
3. What are advantages and disadvantages of holiday overseas? Thuận lợi, bất lợi của du
lịch nước ngoài?
There are some advantages of holiday overseas. Firstly, I can experience new place, new
culture, new habits and customs of many countries in the world. Secondly, I can open my
knowledge and enrich my mind.
However, there are some disadvantages of holidays overseas. Firstly, it’s very expensive.
Secondly, it’s difficult to communicate with foreigners if we don’t know about the foreign
language. Moreover, when we have oversea holidays, we have to spend much time off from
work and study, so it can have a bad effect on our job and study schedule. Finally, when we
go on holiday abroad, there are new places we don’t know, thus we can be lost or cannot find
the way to the right destination.
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5.5 Holiday
1. How often do you have a holiday?
2. What do Vietnamese people do during summer holiday?
3. What do you do during summer holiday?
 Holiday is a great way to reduce stress and escape from daily routines to meet up new
friends and see new places. A holiday is a gift from the boss to appreciate those who work
hard for the whole year. When children are out of school and excited about a long summer
holiday, my family and other Vietnamese people often take the whole family members a
trip to the sea to enjoy delicious and fresh seafood, go swimming, go sunbathing and go for
sight seeing.
Topic 6. Friends
1. Do you have many friends? Are they casual acquaintances or close friends? Bạn có nhiều
bạn ko? Họ là người quen hay bạn thân?
I have many friends but only some of them are close friends because I think we should
have only several close friends to spend time and share everything with. For example: we
study and relax together.
2. Do you prefer to stay with your family or with your friends? Bạn thích ở nhà với gia đình
hay với bạn?
- I prefer/like to stay with my friends because then I have more freedom. I can do whatever I
like. Moreover, staying with my friends helps me learn better as we can share learning
materials and discuss difficult questions. Finally, sometimes it is easier to share with friends
than with family members.
- I want to spend time with my family members. I can cook good food and watch TV
with them. I feel really happy when being with them.
3. Do you prefer one or two close friends or many friends? Bạn thích có 1 hoặc 2 người bạn
thân hay nhiều bạn?
I prefer to have just one or 2 close friends because If I had many close friends, I wouldn’t
have enough time to spend with them all. Having only one or 2 close friends I can easily
share with them my secrets and happiness. Besides, we can get together and have interesting
conversations more often.
The more, the merrier: càng đông càng vui
4. Are your friends mostly your age or different ages? Bạn của bạn là cùng tuổi hay các độ
tuổi khác nhau?
Most of my friends are about my age because we met at school or university. I have got
several friends who are older or younger than me as we met at work.
5. Do you usually see your friends during the week or at weekends? Bạn thường gặp bạn bè
trong tuần hay cuối tuần?
I tend to meet up with my friends at weekends because everyone’s/ we are too busy
during the week.
- I meet my friends at weekends because we are busy on weekdays.
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6. The last time you saw your friends, what did you do together? Lần trước bạn gặp bạn của
bạn vào lúc nào?
I met my friends last weekend. We went shopping for some clothes together. After that,
we went to a café and chatted about work and family.
7. What do you like doing with your friends?
Topic 7. Music
1. Do you like music?
Yes, I do. I like Pop music and rock ballad because I like soft melody.
I like music because it makes me feel relaxed after hard working hours.
2. What kind of music do you like best?
I like pop music best because I like soft and beautiful melody. Besides, It really helps me
reduce stress.
3. What are the benefits of listening to music? Lợi ích của việc nghe nhạc
Listening to music has several advantages. Firstly, it helps you relax after long working
hours. It motivates (tạo động lực) you to work better. Moreover, music allows you sleep
better. That’s why many people listen to music before bedtime.
- Music helps me relax and sleep better.
4. Who is your favorite singer?
I like My Tam because she is beautiful; she sings really well. She is kind, too. She often
helps other people.
- Tuan Hung: Handsome, sings very well, kind, friendly
5. What is your favorite song?
I like “Nhu mot giac mo” – “Like a dream” by My Tam. She looks beautiful in the MV, the
song is moving (xúc động), Meaningful lyric ; the lyric (lời bài hát) is meaningful (có ý
nghĩa); easy to sing and remember.
Winter Lover: Người tình mùa đông
Karaoke: /ˌkæriˈəʊki/
7.1 Let’s talk about musical instrument
1. Can you play any musical instrument?
2. If you could learn a musical instrument, what would it be?
3. How easy is it to learn to play a musical instrument without a teacher?
7.2 Let’s talk about Traditional music (nhạc truyền thống)
1. Do you often listen to traditional music?
Yes. I am a big fan of traditional music because it helps me to relax and know about culture,
history.
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2. What is your favourite song?
In my life I have heard a lot of songs but my favourite one is….. because the melody is very
gentle and it’s easy to remember the song. (quan ho folk song: nguoi o nguoi o dung ve)
3. How important is traditional music in your country?
Yes, it is very important because it helps me know more about culture, tradition and history
of the country.
7.3 Let’s talk about Rock music (nhạc rock)
1. Do you like rock music (bạn có thích nhạc rock ko)? Yes, rock music makes me feel
relaxed, reduce stress after hard-working hours.
2. Do you know any rock band or rock singer (bạn có biết ban nhạc rock hoặc ca sĩ rock
nào ko) ? I know the rock band “Bức Tường”, The Wall rock band in Vietnam. They
have many good and famous rock songs.
7.4 Let’s Talk about music and infants (âm nhạc và trẻ sơ sinh)
1. How does music influence infants (babies)? Âm nhạc ảnh hưởng ntn đến trẻ sơ sinh?
It helps babies sleep well and develop their brain
2. Is music good for infants (babies)? Yes it is, because they can sleep well and develop
their brain
3. What kinds of music are good for infants? Classical music and traditional music
because the melody is very gentle. /lullaby (/ˈlʌləbaɪ/: nhạc ru e bé ngủ)
7.5. Talk about music festival
1. Have you ever been to a music festival?
2. Would you prefer to go alone or with someone else?
3. Why do people like music festival
7.6. Talk about listening to music online
1. Do you often listen to music?
2. What is your favourite website to listen to music?
3. What makes it your favourite website to listen to music
Topic 8. Transportation
1. How do you get to work/school?
I often go to work by motorbike because it is convenient (tiện) and easy to use. It is easy to
move around the narrow streets of Hanoi.
2. What is your favorite means of transport? Phương tiện giao thông
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I like motorbike the most because it is easy to use, convenient, easy to move around.
Moreover, it is not expensive to buy one.
3. Do you often use public transport? Phương tiện giao thông công cộng
I sometimes travel by bus when I have to travel for long distance.
It saved money/ it is money saving, it is cheap; I had a lot of good memories
4. Which do you prefer, public transport or private transport? Why? Phương tiện giao thông
công cộng hay giao thông cá nhân?
- I would say I prefer to travel by private transport. I often go by motorbike because it is
convenient. I can travel anywhere, anytime I like.
- I prefer public transport like buses because it is cheap to travel by bus. It costs only 7,000
Vietnamdong. Moreover, I don’t have to worry about the rainy or sunny weather.
5. Can you say something about transportation in your hometown? Bạn nói gì về giao thông
ở quê của bạn?
In my opinion, the biggest problem about transportation in Hanoi is traffic jam. It takes
people a lot of time to move during rush hours (giờ cao điểm) in the early morning and in the
late afternoon. This is because the number of vehicles (xe cộ) has increased while the streets
are narrow.
6. What is the most common means of transport in your country? Phương tiện giao thông
phổ biến
In Vietnam, the most popular means of transport is motorbike. People can see motorbikes
everywhere in Vietnam because it doesn’t cost much to buy one. It is easy to move, it is
convenient.
7. Do traffic jams often occur in your hometown or in the city where you live? Tắc đường có
thường xảy ra ở quê của bạn hoặc nơi bạn ở ko?
Traffic jams are one of the biggest problems in Hanoi where I live now. Everyday people get
stuck in the traffic jam. There are several reasons for that. Firstly, the number of vehicles has
increased while streets are narrow. Secondly, some people do not follow the traffic laws.
- Traffic jams often occur during rush hours (giờ cao điểm) / at peak times (lúc cao điểm)
In the early morning 7-8 a.m; late afternoon 5-6 p.m.
8. How to solve the problems of traffic jams? Cách giải quyết vấn đề tắc đường
I think the government should improve public transport/ the government should have
better public tranport (hệ thống giao thông công cộng tốt hơn). For example, they should
reduce the bus ticket price and provide more buses with better quality. Besides, they could
ban (cấm) private vehicles from the city centre.
- I think the city government should widen the roads (mở rộng đường)
- Encourage people to use public transport (khuyến khíc sử dụng giao thông công cộng)
- Obey the traffic laws: tuân thủ luật giao thông
9. What changes in transportation have taken place in the past several years in Vietnam?
I think there are more buses. At the same time, the number of private cars has risen
considerably due to high standard of living. However, motorbikes are still the most popular
means of transport because they don’t cost a lot and it is convenient to move in Hanoi.
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8.1 Let’s Talk about train/bus (public transport)
1. Have you ever traveled by train/bus? Yes, I have traveled by train since I was 15. It was
long time ago. I remember that the train at that time was very slow, crowded and old.
2. Is the train service good in your country? Yes, it is better now than in the past. It’s faster
and more modern./ However, not many people in VN use train service because they have
different choice of other means of transport which are more convenient such as motorbike,
car, plane…..
3. What are the benefits of going by train? There are some benefits of going by train. Firstly,
it’s cheap and convenient. Moreover, it is useful to protect the environment and reduce the
traffic jam.
4. What are disadvantages of going by train? There are some disadvantages of going by train.
Firstly, it is crowded and noisy. Moreover, it takes much time and the timetable is not flexible
so the people have to follow the schedule. Sometimes, there are some social problems on train
such as stealing possessions, pick-pocket, sexual abuse……
8.2 Let’s Talk about traffic in town
1. How much traffic is there in your town? There is much traffic in my town with different
means of transport such as motorbike, cars, bus, taxi…. They often cause traffic congestion in
rush hours.
2. What are common means of transport in your town? There are some common means of
transport in my town such as motorbike, cars, bus, taxi… However, motorbike is the most
popular means of transport because it’s fast, convenient and small in enough to run on the
street. Moreover, the price of motorbike is reasonable.
3. What are solutions to traffic jams? There are some solutions to traffic jams. Firstly,
we should use public transport instead of private cars. Secondly, the government
should invest more money to open the new road and upgrade the road that helps to
reduce the traffic jam. More importantly, everyone should be educated to follow the
traffic rules and will be punished strictly if they break the traffic rules.
8.3 Let’s Talk about bus/ train
1. Have you ever gone by bus/train? Yes I usually go by bus every day because it’s cheap,
convenient and helps to protect the environment.
2. Is bus service good in your country? I think it is not good because it’s crowded, noisy, the
bus driver and the bus assistant are very rude.
3. What are benefits of travelling by bus?
Topic 9. Clothes
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1. Are clothes and fashion important to you? Quần áo và thời trang có quan trọng với bạn
không?
- No, clothes and fashion are not really important to me. I tend to wear clothes that are
comfortable and practical rather than fashionable.
- Yes, clothes and fashion are important to me because they make me beautiful/handsome,
confident and comfortable.
2. What different clothes do you wear for different situations? Bạn có mặc các loại quần áo
khác nhau trong các tình huống khác nhau?
- Well, I have to dress quite formally at work so I wear shirt and trousers. At home, I prefer
to wear comfortable clothes like jeans and T-shirt. On special occasions I might wear a suit/a
dress/ a skirt/ áo dài/ suit.
3. Do you wear different styles of clothes now compared to 10 years ago? Gu thời trang của
bạn bây giờ và 10 năm trước?
- No, not really because I don’t follow fashion. I think I have dressed in a similar way for the
last 10 years.
-Yes, 10 years ago I used to wear school uniforms, but now I wear suit, jeans, T-shirts.
4. Do you think the clothes we wear say something about who we are? Bạn có nghĩ rằng
quần áo ta mặc nói lên điều gì về ta hay ko?
Yes, I do. Some people are really careful about what they wear because they want to be seen
as stylish. Some other people wear clothes that show wealth or status such as clothes by
famous designers.
9.1 Let’s Talk about the favourite pair of shoes (Đôi giày ưa thích của bạn)
1. How often do you wear your shoes? I often wear the shoes when I go out because it helps
to protect my toes better than sandals from dust or the sun.
2. Do you prefer shoes or sandals? Why? As I said above, I prefer shoes because it’s the
best way to protect my toes from the bad weather and the polluted environment. / keep you
safe and protect your health
3. What makes it your favorite pair of shoes? There are some factors that make it my
favourite one. Firstly, it is a good and has fashionable design. Secondly, the price is reasonable.
Moreover, it’s suitable for my age and lifestyle. Finally, it has my favorite color such as white
or pink.
Topic 10. Communication/Mobile phones
1. How do you usually keep in touch with members of your family? Bạn thường giữ liên lạc
với gia đình bằng cách nào?
- I often keep in touch with/contact my family by phone and by the Internet by using social
networks Zalo, Facebook, Facetime. Sometimes I visit members of my family in person.
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- I use Facebook messenger or chat online (cho hoc vien B1)
2. Do you prefer to speak to people by phone or by writing emails? Thích cái nào hơn
It depends. I often talk on the phone with my family and friends. However, I prefer to send
emails to my customers and my coworkers because then I can save information.
3. Do you ever write letters by hand? (Why? Why not?) bạn có bao giờ viết thư tay ko?
No, I don’t write letters by hand because it takes a long time to receive and it’s so much
easier to send an email that will arrive immediately.
4. How often do you use your mobile phone? Tần suất
Well, to be honest I use my phone everyday. I always use it to get in touch with my family
and friends. Besides, I play games in my mobile phone when I have nothing to do at home in
the day time. I listen to music, I read books on the internet.
5. Can you describe your mobile phone? Miêu tả cái điện thoại của bạn
I am using Iphone X/ Samsung S 20. It has all features I need for a phone, for example,
keeping my contacts, having good games and a camera. I bought it last year.
I use my phone everyday to communicate with my family and friends and customers.
6. What was your first mobile phone?
My first mobile phone was Nokia in 2008. It was my birthday present that my parents gave
me.
7. How has your mobile phone changed your life? Điện thoại đã thay đổi cuộc sống của bạn
ntn?
Well, mobile phone has changed my life a lot. It helps me keep in touch with my family and
friends easily because you know, it is not always easy to meet face to face. I can phone my
parents to tell them that I will come home late so that they won’t be worried.
Convenient (tiện) for my life
Explore (khám phá)
10.1 Let’s talk about communication
1. What is your favourite way to communicate with other people? There are many ways
to communicate with other people but my favourite one is talking with other people on the
phone because it is very fast and convenient.
2. Do you prefer sending text messages or talking on the phone?
I prefer talking the phone because it is very fast and easy, convenient / I prefer sending text
message because I can take more time to think about what I am going to say.
3. What is the benefit of face-to face communication with others?
- We can see our partner’s face and guess their feelings/ emotions.
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- We can feel the close atmosphere with our friends, so the communication is more
successful.
- Have immediate response
- Face to face talk with others is very good because it helps me to get more information and
know each other better
10.2 Let’s talk about mobile phone service
1. How often do you use a mobile phone? Why?
I use a mobile phone every day because it is fast and convenient/ it’s useful for my job and
helps me relax,
2. Are you satisfied with your mobile phone service? Hài lòng
I am satisfied with my mobile phone service because it helps me to talk with friends around
the world and keep in touch with other people.
3. What makes a good mobile phone service?
To make a good mobile service, it’s necessary to have a good signal, A good design, long
battery life (pin lâu), big storage = large amount of memory; high resolution (cấu hình cao);
many functions (nhiều chức năng) …
10.3 Let’s Talk about mobile phones
1. How often do you use mobile phone? I use mobile phone everyday to work , to study,
communicate and relax.
2. What do you use mobile phone for? I update the latest news on the Internet and study English
online. Moreover, I can contact with other people by mobile phone.
3. What are disadvantages of mobile phones? There are some disadvantages of mobile
phones. Firstly, it’s not good for children because it makes them addicted with some games
on mobile phone. Secondly, it’s not good for eyes when we look at the screen too long.
Topic 11. Reading
1. Do you like reading?
Yes, I like reading a lot. I read many things such as books, newspapers, magazines, online
newspapers, novels, comics. I love reading because it helps me relax after hardworking
hours. Besides, I can broaden my knowledge about different aspects of life.
2. Do you usually read for leisure or for work purpose? Bạn thường đọc sách để giải trí hay
cho công việc
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Well, in my free time I enjoy reading books for fun. I read some novels or funny stories.
Moreover, I also read some books about business and economics that are useful for my work.
3. What was your favorite book or story when you were a child? Cuốn sách yêu quý của bạn
khi còn nhỏ
The first book that I really enjoyed when I was small is Doraemon. It took me only a few
days to read because I liked it so much that I couldn’t put it down. / It is interesting/ exciting
Truyện cổ tích: Fairy tales
4. Do you think it is important that children read regularly? Bạn có nghĩ rằng trẻ em nên
đọc sách đều đặn ko?
Yes, of course. I think reading is the most important skill that children learn because when
reading children can broaden/get their knowledge (mở rông vốn kiến thức) about
different aspects of life/ many things in life and help them develop their imagination and
creativity (trí tưởng tượng và sự sáng tạo). Besides, picture books might help them reduce
stress after school, they feel relaxed.
Topic 12. Movies
1. Do you like watching movies?
Yes, I do. I like watching movies on TV or sometimes I go to the cinema with my friends at
the weekend. Sometimes in my free time I watch movies on Youtube. Watching movies
really makes me relaxed after hardworking hours.
2. What kind of movie do you like? Why?
- I am interested in action movies, American movies. They have a lot of thrilling actions
(cảnh rùng rợn, hành động rùng rợn).
- I enjoy watching romantic movies and comedies (phim hài) because they make me laugh
and I can relax after hard-working hours.
3. Who is your favorite actor/actress? Diễn viên nam, Diễn viên nữ
I like Angelia Jolie because she looks beautiful and because of her excellent acting/ she acted
very well. I was really impressed by her acting in the movie “Mr&Mrs. Smith”.
4. Do you see films on TV, DVDs or at the cinema or on Youtube or website?
I rarely see films on DVDs. I have cable TV which has a lot of channels so I often watch
movies on Starmovies or HBO. Sometimes I also watch movies on the Internet. At the
weekend I sometimes go to the cinema with my friends and It is great to watch movies on a
very wide screen.
5. Is there any film that you have seen for several times? What film?
Yes, of course. It is Tom and Jerry or Mr. Beans. I have a collection of these cartoons and
often watch it again and again when I have free time.
6. Have you ever met a film actor or director?
Honestly (thú thật là), I haven’t met any film directors but I have met some actors and
actresses (Hồng Diễm, Hồng Đăng) on the street.
12.1 Let’s talk about cinema
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1. How often do you go to the cinema?
I often go to the cinema with my friends every month because it helps me relax after
hardworking time and it’s a good chance for me to meet my friends to enjoy the time
together.
2. Would you prefer to watch films at home or at the cinema?
I would prefer to watch films at the cinema with my friends because we have the same hobby
and it’s a good chance for me to make friends and open the relationship/ it is large screen
and good sound quality.
3. How important is it of going to the cinema/ What are benefits of going to the cinema?
- relax, update the latest film in the world.
Yes it is important because it helps me to relax after a hardworking day and watch an
interesting film.
12.2 Let’s Talk about the cinema
1. Do you watch films at the cinema or at home? I watch film at home because I want to watch
films with my children.
2. What are benefits of watching films? Relax, broaden the knowledge, meet friends
3. How often do you watch films? I watch film 3 times a week and there are some kinds of
film I often watch such as: action films, romantic films or science fiction film…..
Topic 13. Work
1. What is your job?
- I work as a teacher at a secondary school in Hanoi. I teach Maths. I love my job because I
have a chance to work with different students who are young and active. I love children, I
want to teach them to become good people.
2. Do you enjoy your job?
Yes, I really like my job because I have a chance to work with different students who are
young and active. I love children, I want to teach them to become good people. Besides,
teaching is a stable job and I have time to take care of my family.
3. What is the best thing about your job?
- Well, I am a teacher, I would say the best thing about my job is that I find it really happy to
help my students improve their knowledge and skills day by day. /
- I am very happy to work with my students. They are lovely.
Topic 14. School and study
1. What was your major at university? Chuyên ngành gì ở trường đại học
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- I majored in/ studied ……(ngành gì) tourism. I graduated from (tên trường đại học)
University of Social Sciences and Humanities (name of university) in ……… (year)
Now I am doing a master degree in this university.
2. What were your favorite subjects (môn học ưa thích) at high school? Secondary school?
Primary school?
I couldn’t remember what subjects I liked at primary school but I was interested in Maths at
secondary and high school maybe because I got high marks for it and I found it easy to do.
3. What kind of secondary school did you go to? Tên trường câp 2
I studied at ………………………. Secondary school in my hometown. It is a state school/
public school, located about 1km from my house so I used to ride a bike to school everyday.
Gifted school: trường chuyên
4. How much homework did you have?
I didn’t have as much homework as students do nowadays because at that time we went to
school in the morning only and had the whole afternoon and evening free to do homework. I
didn’t go to any extra classes but did exercises in the textbooks. I usually spent about an hour
or 2 finishing all homework a day.
5. Did you have to wear a uniform? Có phải mặc đồng phục ko?
No, I didn’t. Luckily, when I was at school, we didn’t have to wear uniform. I hate wearing
the same clothes everyday.
6. Was the discipline very strict? Kỷ luật có nghiêm khắc ko?
Yes, it was. While I as at school, the discipline was very strict. We had to go to school on
time and did all homework before going to class. Those who didn’t follow the regulations
were punished seriously.
7. Which subjects were you good and bad at?
Well, I like social science subjects such as Literature and History and I was rather good at
them. I was very bad at Maths. It took me too much time to solve math problems.
14.1 Let’s talk about secondary school
1. Could you tell me something about your secondary school?
I studied at ……school which is in Hanoi city. It is beautiful and very big with good
teachers and modern facilities .
2. What subject did you find the most difficult? Why?
I find E the most difficult because there are many new words.
3. What teacher impressed you most? Why? I have many teachers but the one who
impressed me most is Ms Hoa because she is very beautiful and helps me a lot in my study.
4. Did you like it? Why? Why not? Có thích trường đấy ko? Vì sao?
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Yes, I did because it was near my house. Moreover, all my friends in my neighborhood
studied at the same school so we went to school and did exercises together. Finally, it was a
rather big school with a large schoolyard where we used to play.
14.2 Let’s talk about exams at school
1. How do you usually feel before exams? I feel nervous (lo lắng)/ stressful/ worried before
exam because I have a lot of pressure (áp lực) to pass the exam as a condition for my job.
2. Which is your style of preparing for exams? Prepare long time before exams or
prepare just before the exams?
I prepare long time before exams because it’s difficult. I feel more confident, less nervous.
3. What do you think about doing homework/ home assignment? It is important to do
homework because it helps me to improve the knowledge I’ve learnt and remember the
lessons better.
14.3 Let’s talk about your major
1. What was your major at university?
2. Why did you choose your major? I choose it simply because ……..
3. Is there anything you dislike about your major?
14.4 Teachers
1.Who is your favourite teacher?
2. Should teachers be strict on students?
3. If you were a teacher, which subject would you like to teach?
=>My favorite teacher was an academic advisor when I studied for master's degree in Korea.
She taught that education is not about controlling students and making them behave while you
impart knowledge, but about leading them and inspiring them. Though leadership and
inspiration you give them as a gift of confidence, self-reliance and love of learning that they
will use long after any facts are forgotten. In my opinion, strict teachers are the key to academic
success. There is nothing wrong with a funny, relaxed teacher—they can still be great!
However, if you are aiming to do well in school, it will be necessary to get work done in class.
Often without a strict teacher, the class can get out of hand and be too rowdy for anyone to use
their time wisely. Often when teachers are strict, they have the whole class engaged, allowing
students the opportunity to do their best. This creates a learning environment where students
are willing to get work done and help one another.
Topic 15. Food and restaurants
1. What food do you like best? Is there any food you dislike?
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My favorite food is chicken. I often have it once a week for lunch or dinner because it is
quite expensive. I like boiled or fried chicken which is made by my mother. It is so
delicious./ good for health.
I don’t like ……………because ……..
2. What do you usually have for breakfast/ lunch/ dinner?
I usually eat sticky rice, bread, fried rice for breakfast. Sometimes, I have Pho – traditional
rice noodle soup. When I get up late, I don’t have enough time to prepare for/ to cook
breakfast, I just skip breakfast (bỏ bữa sáng).
Lunch/dinner: rice, meat, vegetables
I am not a morning person. (tôi ko hay dậy sớm)
3. What’s your favorite meal of the day?
Well, the meal I like best is breakfast because after a long night sleep, I often feel very
hungry; everything tastes delicious. Breakfast is the most important meal of the day because
it provides energy for the whole day.
4. Where do you usually have lunch?
In the morning I often get up early to prepare a lunchbox so I have lunch in the office.
Sometimes, I go out for lunch with my colleagues/coworkers, we often enjoy Pho or rice
noodles together.
5. How often do you eat out? Có hay đi ăn ngoài nhà hàng ko?
I don’t go to restaurant very often as I often cook at home. I often eat out just about one or
twice a month at the weekend when all family members are free or I get together with my
friends. I prefer to try new food in different restaurants each time for example Korean,
Japanese or traditional Vietnamese food from other regions in Vietnam like Hue.
6. What restaurant do you often go to?
I like trying new food in different restaurants each time I eat out but my favorite one is Sen
buffet restaurant because I prefer Vietnamese food and a variety of traditional Vietnamese
food is served there such as spring rolls, sea food. The food is delicious and the staff are
friendly, the view is great.
7. What kind of food does it serve?
It serves all kinds of traditional Vietnamese food such as spring rolls, fish, chicken, beef,
seafood and so on.
8. Do you prefer eating at home or eating out?
- I prefer eating at home to eating out because eating at home is clean and safe. Moreover, it
is great for family members to cook and have meals together. However, sometimes I would
prefer to eat out on special occasions (dịp đặc biệt) such as birthday party so that I can save
time as I don’t have to prepare or do the washing up.
- Eating out: more delicious (ngon), funny when eating with friends; don’t have to prepare
the food and cook, don’t have to do the washing up
9. Are you taking any vitamins or food supplements at the moment? Bạn có đang uống thêm
vitamins hoặc thực phẩm bổ sung gì ko?
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No, I am not. I have a rather balanced diet at home/ I have a good diet (chế độ ăn tốt). I often
eat a lot of vegetables, some kinds of meat such as pork, beef, chicken, seafood. I also eat a
lot fruits and drink a lot of water everyday. Therefore, I don’t take any vitamins or food
supplements.
10. Are you trying to eat healthily at the moment? Bạn có đang cố gắng ăn uống tốt ko?
What is a healthy diet?
Yes, I want to be healthy so that I have good health. I tend to eat more vegetables and fruits
rather than eat meat.
15.1 Let’s talk about Fast food restaurant
+ Have you ever been to a fast food restaurant?
Yes. I have been to KFC fast food restaurant in TN because it’s delicious.
+ What is your favourite fast food?
I like fried chicken / pizza/ hamburger because it’s very tasty/ eye –catching/ it serves
quickly
+ Is it healthy to eat fast food? No it is not healthy to eat fast food because it’s fat and oily
and it can cause a lot of diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cancer…..
15.2 Let’s talk about cooking class
1. Have you ever been to a cooking class?
Yes I have been to a cooking class because it helps me to relax and cook good meals for my
family.
2. Would you prefer to go there alone or with someone else?
I would prefer to go there with my friends because we have the same hobby. Moreover, it’s
a good chance for me to share the feelings, emotions, open the relationship and make friends.
3. How important is cooking class?
I think It is very important to take part in cooking class because it helps us relax and cook
good meals for my family. More importantly, it provides us with useful skills to live
independently and feel confident in the life.
15.3 Talk about ice-cream
1. What’s your favorite kind of ice-cream? I like Trang Tien icecream because it is a famous
brand and it is delicious
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2. Is ice cream good for health? It is the best way to relax but it’s not good for throat if we eat
it a lot
3. How often do you eat ice cream? I sometimes eat ice-creams in the summer/ when It is hot
15.4 Meals of the day
1. What is your favourite meal of the day?
Among meals of the day, I usually spend much time on breakfast. It’s considered as
the most important one. As breakfast supplies necessary nutrients for the day long, I have a
diverse menu for this meal including bread, eggs, noodles, salads and some types of drink such
as milk, soya and fruit juices.
2. Do you cook it or someone else does it for you?
My mother usually prepares meals for me. I love all dishes made by her. However, when
I live far from home, I have to cook by myself. At the beginning, it seemed to be
difficult and out of my ability. However, I’ve become a big fan of cook day by day.
Although I have to get up earlier and go to the kitchen, I find it interesting to cook and enjoy
my favorite food.
3. What time is good to have meals?
I think for breakfast it is after 6 am. For Lunch it is between 12.30pm and 1pm. And the best
time to eat dinner is 6 pm to 6:30 pm.
15.5. Drinks
1. Do you drink milk every day? Why? / why not?
2. Do you like drinking juice?
3. What else do you like to drink?
Every day, after having a breakfast I drink a glass of milk because Milk is a nutrious source
which is very healthy. Furthermore, this fully nutrient provision makes me feel confident and
active in my work during morning. In other words, Milk is supportive for both physical and
mental health. Therefore, I drink milk frequently in order to wake up our minds and generate
more interesting ideas. Juice is my passion and I enjoy drinking juice every day. As far as I
concerned, drinking more juice makes us look younger and keeps our skin be more energetic.
Juice also helps me refresh my mind and it is the best choice in the summer days, when the
thirsty feeling causes me to be dead exhausted. Sometimes I enjoy drinking a glass of red wine
which is not only a favorite drink but is also very healthy. The doctors suggest that drinking a
glass of red wine every night may help people with type-2 diabetes manage their cholesterol
and reduce their sugar in blood
Topic 16. Learning English
1. Do you like learning English?
Yes, I do. I love learning English for several reasons. Firstly, English is a global language so
if I know English, I can communicate with people from different countries in the world.
Secondly, I will get a better job with high salary.
2. How long have you been learning English?
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I started learning English when I was at primary school. However, I just focused on
grammar, reading and how to do well in exams. Nowadays English is very important for my
job and I am trying to improve my English speaking skills.
3. How did you study it?
When I was at school, I just learned in class, studied grammar, vocabulary and reading.
Nowadays I also learn speaking and listening by listening to English songs or watch videos
on Youtube.
4. Do you think it is important to learn languages?
Yes, of course. If I can speak foreign languages well, I can communicate with foreigners and
I can work with them, I can get a good job with high salary. I can travel to other countries
without worry.
5. Is it important for children to learn foreign languages?
Yes, I think children should learn foreign languages at school as soon as possible because
they can learn quickly when they are little. In Vietnam, English is a compulsory subject at
schools.
16.1 Let’s talk about foreign language
1. What foreign language do you speak?
I speak English as a foreign language because English is very important for my job.
2. Do you enjoy learning a foreign language? Yes. I love learning English because it is an
international language which is useful for my job. Moreover, I can communicate with
foreigners in English.
3. How important is it to learn a foreign language?
It is very important to learn English because it helps me to get a good job with high salary.
Topic 17. Weather
1. What is your favorite kind of weather?
Well, I prefer/like cloudy and windy weather because then It is not too hot, not too cold.
That kind of weather makes me feel comfortable and I want to go outside going to the park
or hanging out with friends.
2. What is your favorite season?
I like spring the best because of some reasons. Firstly, the weather is perfect. It is not too hot,
not too cold so I feel comfortable. Besides, there are many festivals in the spring in my
country, we have Tet holiday. I usually have a long holiday and I can come back home to
spend time with my family.
Autumn: mid-autumn festival
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3. Do you think weather affects the way people feel? Thời tiết ảnh hưởng đến cảm xúc con
người
Yes, of course. When the weather is sunny and nice, people tend to feel happy. However,
when the weather is bad (rainy), people feel sad and uncomfortable.
4. How do you depend on the weather reports on TV?
In fact, I don’t watch the weather reports on TV. I often see the weather forecast when I read
news online.
17.1 Let’s talk about the weather/climate
1. What’s the weather like at this time of the year in your area? It’s very hot in my area.
2. What’s your favourite season/ What season do you like best? Why? I like summer because
the weather is sunny and beautiful. I have a summer holiday.
3. Do you like hot or cold weather? Why? I like hot weather because I can go swimming in
the beach.
17.2 Talk about seasons
1. How many seasons are there in your country?
2. Which is the best season?
3. Which season is most fun? Spring is most fun because there are many festivals such as Tet
holiday
Topic 18. TV programs
1. Do you watch TV?
Yes, I do. I am busy during the day so I often watch the news on TV in the evening while I
am having dinner. It helps me know what is going on, the news in Vietnam and in the world.
2. What TV program do you like watching? Chương trình nào?
I enjoy watching the news because I want to know what’s happening around me. Besides, I
love watching gameshows because it is exciting when the contestants win big prizes.
3. What TV channel do you often watch? Kênh nào?
My favorite TV channel is VTV3 because there are many interesting gameshows that I like.
Besides, I often watch the news in the evening to update the latest news.
4. What are the benefits of watching TV?
Watching TV has some benefits. Firstly, watching TV is relaxing. It helps me to reduce
stress after work. Secondly, watching TV helps me to gain knowledge through news or
programs. Finally, watching TV is a great time for my family to gather and spend time for
each other and share about things in life.
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18.1 Talk about the game show
1. What game show on TV do you watch? There are many game shows on Tv but my
favourite one is “ who is a millionaire”, which is broadcasted on TV every Tuesday evening.
I like this game show because it helps me relax after hardworking time and improve my
knowledge.
2. Do you prefer to watch alone or with someone else?......
3. What are the benefits of watching game show? There are many benefits of watching
game show. The first benefit is that it is a good way to reduce stress after hard working time
and we have the time to fun with some games on TV. Besides, game show provides me with
useful knowledge about different fields in life. Moreover, game show is the place that helps
us to connect with many people to make friends and open the relationship.
Topic 19. Social networks (mạng xã hội)
1. What kinds of social networking websites do you like to use?
Well, as for me, I like using Facebook. I often keep in touch with my family and friends by
updating status, sharing photos, videos. Sometimes, I make video calls with the messenger.
2. What kinds of people do you like to be friends with on those websites? Người nào bạn
muốn kết bạn trên những trang web đó
I would like to be friends with my friends in the real life because then we can update
information about each other by sharing photos, videos and chatting online. I also love
making friends with those who share the same hobbies so that we can talk about our
interests.
3. Is it easy to find real friends on a social networking website?
- Well, I don’t think it’s easy to find true friendship on the Internet because online close
friends have never met each other face-to-face and people might tell lies (nói dối) about
themselves.
Topic 20. Teamwork (hoạt động nhóm)
1. Do you like teamwork? Why? Why not?
Yes, I do. I think it is more interesting when various people work together in a team. You
can learn a lot more because different people have different knowledge and experience. I can
learn from other members in the team.
2. When was the last time you worked with a team?
Well, the last time I worked in a team was last week when we made a group presentation
about a new product. Each person in a team was responsible for a task. I was in charge of
writing advertisements for it.
3. Do you like to work or study with others or just by yourself?
I think it depends. Sometimes it’s great working in teams while getting and sharing ideas
with each other. Sometimes I prefer sitting at my desk doing my work.
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4. What’s the most important thing for teamwork?
In my opinion, the key point for a successful teamwork is listening, The ability to listen to
others, understand what they do so that we can cooperate with them effectively. Team
members will feel happy of others listen to their ideas and all feel free to share their ideas
with others.
5. Do you think teamwork is important?
Important skills at work & for study
Yes, it is extremely important because more people will share more useful ideas and they can
work on the task more quickly and effectively. The employers always highly appreciate the
employees with good teamwork skills.
20.1 Working style
Are you a night person or a morning person? Why?
Would you prefer to work as part of team or individual?
What kind of people do you most like to work with?
Topic 21. Public holidays (ngày lễ)
1. What public holidays do you have in your country?
There are many public holidays in my country: Tet, May Day, Victory Day, Independence
Day; Hung King’s Day; Among them, Tet is the most popular and longest one. People often
come back to their homes to spend time with their family members and friends.
2. Do you like public holidays?
- Yes, I do. I love them a lot because I have some days off work. I have time to come back
home or travel. Moreover, this is a chance for me to relax after hard working hours.
- I don’t have to work
3. Which public holidays do you like the most?
I think my favorite public holiday is Tet because I often have a long holiday which lasts
about a week. I always come back to my hometown to spend time with my family members.
On this occasion, I often visit relatives and friends and give them best wishes for the new
year.
4. What do other people in your country usually do on public holidays?
I think it depends. Some people might come back to their hometown to visit their families.
Others might take this chance to go travelling because holidays often last several days. Some
might just stay at home and relax themselves.
5. Do you think public holidays are important?
Yes, of course. Public holidays are very important because people can have more time to
refresh their minds. When coming back to work, they will get better results. Moreover, it is
time for people to spend time together, a time for them to relax after hardworking hours.
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Topic 22. Sleeping
1. How many hours do you sleep every day?
I usually sleep for 7 to 8 hours everyday in order to let my body relax but if I want to do
something very important at night for example sometimes I have to work overtime, I could
only sleep for about 4 hours.
2. Is it necessary to take a nap every day? Nghỉ trưa
Yes, taking a nap is important because it helps you relax your mind. I think that after a good
nap, people can work more effectively in the afternoon.
3. How to have a good sleep?
I think in order to have a good sleep, people need to go to bed early and at the same time
every night, for example at 9p.m or 10p.m. Besides, having a comfortable bed is also good
for a good sleep. People should also have a stress-free mood. They should not feel stress.
Finally, people should not have a big meal before bedtime or stay up late.
4. Do you like to get up early in the morning?
Yes, getting up early in the morning is really beneficial for health because I can enjoy the
fresh air in the morning. Besides, I can do morning exercise like running and jogging to
improve my health. I also have time to prepare my breakfast well and even prepare food for
my lunch.
5. Can you sleep well if you are in a noisy environment?
Well, I am afraid that I can’t fall asleep in the noisy place like barking dogs, noisy neighbors,
loud music; baby crying; the noise of city traffic. I try to have a quiet place to have a good
night sleep.
22.1 Let’s talk about sleeping habit
1. How many hours a day do you sleep?
I sleep 6 hours a day because it helps me relax and feel comfortable.
2. How important is it to have a good sleep?
I think a good sleep is very important in our life. When I have a good sleep, I feel healthy,
comfortable and I can work effectively.
3. What should we do to have a good sleep?
We should go to bed early / listen to music/ read book before going to bed.
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Topic 23. Being alone (ở một mình)
1. Do you like to be alone?
Yes, sometimes I want to be on my own when I study or prepare for an important exam.
However, I want to spend most of my time with my family and friends because it is more
fun.
2. What do you like to do when you are alone?
I really enjoy being alone in the weekend morning, reading some books and listening to my
favorite music. It is relaxing to do things without being interrupted/ without interruption.
However, I prefer to spend time with family members and friends because it is more fun
being with them.
3. Do you like to spend time with your friends or just stay at home on your own?
Well, it depends. Sometimes I love hanging out with friends and we can go to a café or go to
the park. Sometimes I love being on my own doing my favorite things like reading books or
listening to music.
4. When was the last time you were alone?
The last time I stayed alone at home was when my family came back to my hometown in
Nam Dinh while I had an important exam. I felt very lonely so I asked friends to go out for a
drink.
Topic 24. Taking photos (chụp ảnh)
1. Do you like to take photos? Why?
Yes, I do. I love taking photos of beautiful places and good food I have enjoyed. After that, I
can share with my friends and family members. You know, photos keep our great memories
in life.
2. What kind of photos do you like to take? Why?
I love to take pictures of landscapes and food. For example, I often take photos of the sunset,
lakes, trees and flowers because they look so beautiful. Sometimes, I enjoy taking photos of
people while they are doing their daily activity.
3. Do you prefer to take photos yourself or to have other people take your photos? Why?
Well, I prefer to have others take my photos because those photos will look great with good
background of trees or something. I rarely take a selfie because it will make me embarrassed.
4. Do you prefer to take pictures of people or scenery?
Honestly, I prefer to take photos of scenery because I really enjoy the marvelous natural
scenery such as the seashore, sunset and trees but if I go on holiday, I will prefer to take
photos of my family to save sweet memories.
5. How do you keep your photos?
I keep my photos in my mobile phone albums and the Internet for backup. I also print out
some good photos and hang them on the walls or put them in frames on the table.
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Topic 25. Being in a hurry (vội vàng)
1. When was the last time you did something in a hurry? Lần gần đây nhất bạn làm gì đó vội
vàng là khi nào
Well, it happened just yesterday because I got up too late in the morning. I had no time to
have breakfast and rushed to work. However, I got stuck in the traffic jam so I still went to
work late. As a result, my boss was not happy about it.
2. Do you like to finish things quickly?
No, I don’t. If I finish things too soon, I might make mistakes. I prefer to consider things
carefully and ensure that everything goes smoothly.
3. What kinds of things will you never do in a hurry? Những công việc gì mà mình không bao
giờ vội vàng làm
- Well, I think I will never finish the work for my clients in a hurry because there might
cause lots of errors and my clients will get terrible loss from that. As a result, they will not
buy our products any longer.
- Well, I think when I take any test, I will not do it in a hurry because I might make mistakes
if I do it hurriedly.
4. Why do people make mistakes more easily when they are in a hurry?
I think people often make mistakes when they are in a hurry because they do not prepare
well for things. Besides, they do not have enough time to deal with problems that might
arise.
25.1 Let’s talk about time management (quản lý thời gian)
1. Are you good at managing your time? => I am totally good at managing my time
2. How do you manage your time? => by setting up a time table/ a schedule/ list the things
that I want to do in a day
3. How important is the time management? => crucial role in our life => helps to have more
chances/ opportunities to do many other things at the same/ short time/ fisnish our tasks earlier
than expected/ save our time and our energy/ get more benefits
=>Time management is a necessary skill that everybody needs to learn not only inside the
classroom but also in our daily life. Time management plays an important role because it helps
us have more chances to do many other things at the same/ short time. For me, I am quite good
at managing my time and I frequently manage my time by setting up my schedule/ time-table
and list the things that I want to do in a day. When you know how to manage your time well,
you can spend more time to stay with your family.
Topic 26. Snacks (bữa ăn nhẹ, đồ ăn nhẹ)
1. What kinds of snacks do you like to eat?
Well, as for me, I like eating fruits most because it is easy to bring along so I can just eat
some in the afternoon when I am hungry. Moreover, it is good for my health as it contains
vitamins and minerals.
2. Is it healthy to eat snacks?
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I think it depends on what kinds of snacks you eat. Fresh or dried fruit makes an ideal snack
while many snacks are high in salt, sugar and fat which are bad for health.
3. What was the most popular snack when you were young?
When I was little, candy was very popular among children. We ate too much candy so our
parents were really worried about our teeth.
4. What kinds of snacks do children in your country like to eat nowadays?
Well, nowadays there are many kinds of snacks for children and children have more pocket
money to spend on snacks. However, I think children still love all sweet things like candy or
some might have milk as a light snack.
Topic 27. Countryside (nông thôn, miền quê)
1. Do you like to live in the countryside in the future?
I prefer to live in the countryside in the future because I find that life in the rural areas is less
stressful and people are friendly and helpful. Besides, the air in the country is really fresh so
It’s good for health.
2. What do people living in the countryside like to do?
People living in rural areas love holding parties. I mean they often organize parties and invite
their neighbors and relatives to come. Besides, some might like chatting with others./
meeting others.
3. What are the benefits of living in rural areas?
I think that there are many benefits of living in the countryside. Firstly, the cost of living is
rather low because people pay less money for services. Secondly, people are very friendly
and helpful. Finally, the air is really fresh because there are more trees and less traffic.
4. What’s the difference between living in the city and living in the countryside?
I think cities and the countryside are different in many ways. Firstly, the standard of living in
cities is much higher than in the countryside. For example, people living in urban areas can
have better education and healthcare services. Another thing is the environment in big cities
is often polluted while people living in the country can enjoy the fresh air.
Topic 28. Interviews (phỏng vấn)
1. Have you ever attended any interview? Yes, I attended the job interview several
years ago (bạn đã bao giờ tham gia buổi phỏng vấn chưa?)
2. How was that interview? It was good, I was accepted (buổi phỏng vấn đó như thế
nào?)
3. Was It important? Yes, It was important because it decided whether I was given the
job or not (buổi phỏng vấn đấy có quan trọng ko?)
Topic 29. Computer brand (thương hiệu máy tính) How you use your computer
1. What brand is your computer (máy tính của bạn thương hiệu gì)? What is your
computer brand?
- I have a laptop, it is a Dell
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- Hoặc My computer brand is Sony, which my parents gave me on last birthday. I like
this present because it’s useful for my study.
2. What do you use computer for?
- I use computer for work, study, communication and entertainment.
3. Would you like to change your computer? Why? Why not?
- No, I don’t like to change my computer because it’s still very good and a meaningful
gift/present from my parents.
Topic 30. Dating (hẹn hò)
 Do you like dating?
Yes I am keen on dating because when I go for a date, I feel very happy. It’s a good chance
for me to meet people and open the relationship.
 Have you dated someone? If yes, can you describe that person? If no, what kind
of person would you like to date?
Yes, I used to date with a boyfriend who is handsome and tall. He was very kind to me and
loved me so much.
 And what should you prepare for a successful date? Để có 1 cuộc hẹn hò thành
công thì nên chuẩn bị gì?
Well I think that for a successful date, I should prepare suitable time ( I should go to the
appointment place sooner than my partner because it’s the way to respect him/her). Besides,
we should choose clothes which are suitable our style, color, and circumstance) . Finally, the
place is important to make a successful date (beautiful view and the atmosphere is romantic,
close and friendly).
Topic 31. Gallery/ Museum (phòng tranh/ viện bảo tàng)
1. Have you ever been to an art gallery? I have never been to art gallery because it is not my
hobby. Moreover, it is not available in my hometown.
Yes, I have been to some art galleries on flowers and food in Hn city. They were very
wonderful and I learn so much from it.
2. Would you prefer to go there alone or with someone else?
I would prefer to go there with my friends because we have the same hobby. It’s a good
chance for me to make friends and open the relationship.
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3.What are some benefits of going to an art gallery?
There are some benefits of going to an art gallery. Firstly it helps me reduce stress after
hardworking time and makes me comfortable. Moreover, I can understand more about the
culture, tradition, history, habits and customs of our country. Finally, when we go to an art
gallery, we can meet a lot of people and open the relationship.
Topic 32. Technology in your house (công nghệ trong gia đình)
1. Do you have a lot of technological devices in your house? Yes, I have a lot of technology
devices in my house such as smart TV, computer, mobile phones, air-conditioning, fridge,
washing machine…..They are very useful and convenient to our modern life.
2. What is your most favourite device?
My most favourite device is computer because I can use computer for studying, working,
entertainment, communication…
3. How important is technology to your life?
It is very/ extremely important. It makes our life more convenient, comfortable,
relaxing and connect to the world.
Topic 33. Environment (môi trường)
1.What environment problems are popular in your areas? Nowadays environment has
become a big concern to general public. There are many environment problems which are
popular in my areas such as water pollution or air pollution, soil pollution….They are
destroying our life.
2.What are the reasons?
There are a lot of reasons that make environment polluted. Firstly, I think that there is lot of
smoke and waste from factories and means of transport that make the air polluted. Moreover,
people throw away the rubbish and make the environment polluted.
3. What can we do to stop these problems? There are some ways to solve these problems.
Firstly, we plant a lot of trees to make the environment tidy and clean. Also we should put the
rubbish in the right place. Moreover, we should use public transport instead of private
transport.
Topic 34. Post office (bưu điện)
1. Have you ever been to a post office?
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Yes, I have been to post office to send letters or buy some newspapers.
2. Can you describe some services offered?
Post offices can offer some services like fast track letters/ sending packages / selling
newspapers/ magazines/ transferring money. These services are useful
3. What are some good points of sending letters by post? Gửi thư tay ở bưu điện
Firstly, it’s very cheap. Secondly the information is secret and we can keep the letters for a
long time.
Topic 35 Let’s talk about community services (Hoạt động công ích giúp đỡ mọi người)
1. What kinds of community service have you done?
I used to donate blood (hiến máu) to help patients in HN hospital when I was a student. I think
this activity is very meaningful to educate the people about the responsibility for the
community.
- donate (ủng hộ) clothes, books, money for street children, people in flooded areas, poor
children
2. Who usually works for community activities?
Volunteer groups/ doctors/ soldiers/ police/ students often work for community service
because they are energetic/enthusiastic and willing to take responsibility to help the
community.
3. What are the benefits of participating in community activities? Take part in/join in
There are many benefits of participating in community activities. The first benefit is that we
can help the people who are in the difficult situation. Moreover, we can connect with
community and open the social network to make friends and establish the relationship with
other people.
Topic 36 Talk about celebrities (famous people)
1.Who is your favourite celebrity in your country? My favorite celebrity in my country
is…..
There are many famous people in my country, but the person that I like most is DVH
because he is a famous singer who performs wonderful songs. Moreover, he is very friendly
and sociable and willing to help other people who are in difficult circumstances.
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2. Do you want to be a celebrity?
I want to be a celebrity because it helps me earn a lot of money.
Why?/ why not? Yes, I do because I will be famous, rich and have a lot of money.
3. Do you like any foreign celebrities? Why?/ why not?
Billgates because he is rich and famous.
Topic 37 Talk about advertisement (quảng cáo)
1. Are there many advertisements in your country?
Yes, there are. I can see them everywhere.
2. Why do you think there are so many advertisements now?
Because companies want people to know more about their products and they can promote
their business and get a lot of profit.
3. What are the various places where we can see advertisements?
I see advertisements on TV, Internet, social network, on the street…. However, sometimes
advertisements in the middle of the films can make people feel annoyed or lose the
concentration on the movie.
Topic 38 Tell about collection/ collecting (sưu tập)
1. Do you like collection/ Have you ever collected anything as a hobby? Yes I do because
it’s interesting
2. What kinds of thing do you like collecting? I like collecting books, stamps, coins
3. Why do you like collection? Because it helps me relax, improve my knowledge
Topic 39 Let’s talk about library (thư viện)
1. Do you often go to the library? Yes because it helps me relax and improve my knowledge
2. Do you go to the library alone or with someone else? I go to the library with my friends
because we have the same hobby.
3. What kinds of books do you read in the library? History and science books because I
know more about the culture, history and tradition of the country.
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Topic 40 Talk about flowers
+Do you like flowers? Yes, I do because they are beautiful and romantic
+What kinds of flowers do you like? I like sunflowers because it is meaningful
I like roses because they are the symbol of love; they are beautiful; It comes in a variety of
colors and fragrance
+Are flowers good or not good for our life? / Do you think flowers are important? They are
good because flowers help us to relax and make our life more beautiful; flowers are beautiful
home decorations.
Topic 41 Let’s talk about dancing
+Do you like dancing? Yes I do because it’s interesting
+In the future, would you like to learn dancing? Yes because it helps me relax and keep fit
+What kinds of dancing do people in your country like? Hip hop because it’s exciting
Topic 42 Let’s talk about your childhood (thời thơ ấu) chia thì quá khứ đơn
1. What did you enjoy doing when you were a child? I enjoyed reading books/ watching TV
because it helped me relax after studying hard and it broadened my knowledge….….
2. Who did you spend more time with when you were a child: your friends or family? When
I was a child, I spent more time with my friends because we often played football and went
to school together.
3. Can you tell me about memories at your primary school? I remember about my close
friend. Her name is….. She looks beautiful. She is friendly and helpful.
Topic 42.1 Let’s talk about your walking
+How often you go for an evening walk? Why? I often go for an evening walk everyday
because it helps me to keep fit and relax
+ Where would you like to go for an evening walk? I often go for an evening walk in the
park near my house because it’s beautiful, quiet and peaceful
+ What are benefits of walking? It helps to relax and stay healthy
Topic 43 Talk about postcard (bưu thiếp)
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1. Have you ever written a postcard? Yes, I have written a postcard to my friend when
I studied at high school. I remember at that time I travel to Da Nang and bought a
postcard. Then I wrote some greetings to my close friend who passed the university
entrance exam and sent to her. Now we are still close friend and keep in touch usually.
2. Who would you like to send/ get postcard? The people I would like to get or send
postcard are my friends or my family because I want to share my feelings, emotion
and sweet memories with them.
3. What are the benefits of postcard? we can keep the post card for a long time as a
good memory and it helps us to improve the knowledge about the culture, the land
and the people of many locations around the world.
Topic 43.1 Handicraft = handmade thing (Đồ thủ công)
1. Have you ever made any handicraft? Yes, I have made some handicraft such as hats; baskets
2. What kind of handicraft do people in your country often make?
3. Is making handicraft important to children?
 You know handicraft is a type of work where useful and decorative objects are made
completely by hand. In some parts of Vietnam, several people live on handicraft objects
which often have represented as well as conveyed historical and cultural meanings. They
tend to make conical hats made of bamboo or coconut leaves and are sold everywhere with
a reasonable price to protect from the sun and rain. When I was at school, handicraft was
one of the most interesting subject I’ve ever had. At that time, I used to make bamboo
baskets to contain the stationery such as pen, pencil, ruler, erasers and so on. I think
teaching handicraft for children at schools is quite important because it helps to teach them
how to express themselves and develop their creative thinking
 Souvenirs: đồ lưu niệm
Topic 44 Talk about updating news (cập nhật tin tức)
1. How often do you update news? I update news every day because it’s very useful for job
and my life
2. Which sources do you update news? I update news on TV, mobile phone, internet,
newspapers……
3. How important is it to update news? It is very important to update news because it helps me
understand more about different fields in life such as politics, economy, society, culture,
tradition, history…. I can improve the knowledge and open my mind.
Topic 45 Talk about home
1. Do you live in a house or a flat/ an apartment?
I live in a house with my family. It is small but very nice and warm.
2. Do you plan to live there in the future? Yes, of course because I love my house. It has many
beautiful memories and the neighbors near my house.
3. What would you change about your house? I want to paint the color of the wall again. Now
it is yellow and I want to change in to blue.
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Topic 45.1 Renting a house/ a flat
1. Have you ever rented a house?
2. Would you prefer to pay the rent monthly or yearly?
3. What do you like in a rented house?
 Renting a house is more flexible than homeownership because when renting a house, you
don’t have to worry about savings for repairs, paying housing taxes. More importantly,
renting a house helps you to choose a conveniently located place which is near your
workplace, schools, hospitals or shopping malls. Bearing this in mind, I have ever rented a
house and I am quite satisfied with house renting service because of its convenience and
economic. I tend to pay the rent monthly to save my money and use the rest of money for
different purposes.
Topic 46 Talk about birthday
1. Do you usually celebrate birthday? Yes I usually celebrate birthday in my home and I invite
some friends to come for the party
2. What did you do on the latest birthday? I cooked dinner and some close friends came to
celebrate birthday party with me. We had a meal, sang a birthday song and danced together. It
was wonderful.
3. What do people do on birthday in your country? They sing a happy birthday song and cut
the cake and blow the candles. They enjoy birthday party with family and friends.
Topic 47 Talk about accommodation (chỗ ở) = chủ đề 45
1. Do you live in a house or a flat? Why? I live in a house with my family. It is small but very
nice and warm.
2. What are advantages and disadvantages of living in house or a flat? There are some
advantages of living in a house. Firstly, I can design my home in the way I want. Secondly, I
don’t have to pay for the renting. Moreover, I feel very comfortable to live in my house.
However, there are some disadvantages of my house. Firstly it is small and far from the city
centre. Besides, it is old and not convenient.
3. Can you describe your dream house? My dream house will be a greenhouse with 2 floors
and there is a big garden in front of my house where I can grow flowers and plants to make
the view beautiful.
Topic 48 Talk about using Internet for study
1. How often do you use Internet? I use Internet everyday to work, to study, communicate
and relax.
2. What do you look for on the Internet? I update the latest news on the Internet and study
English online.
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3. What are benefits of using Internet? There are some benefits of using Internet. First, it’s
easy to access the internet. Secondly, it provides with useful information of all fields in life.
Moreover, we can use internet for communication and entertainment.
4. What are drawbacks of using Internet? There are some drawbacks of using Internet. Firstly,
not all information on internet is reliable because there is a lot of fake news that has a bad
effect on our work and life. Secondly, if we waste a lot of time using internet, we can distract
the time for study and working. Thirdly, when we use Internet, we have to provide personal
information which is one of the reasons that make our private life threatened or followed by
many people and even the personal account can be stolen by hackers for bad purposes.
Topic 49 Talk about body language (ngôn ngữ cơ thể)
Eye contact: ánh mắt
Facial expressions: biểu cảm nét mặt
Gestures: cử chỉ, dáng điệu
1. Do you often use body language? I often use body language to send our messages, emotions,
feelings without saying the words directly.
2. What situation do you use body language? I can use body language in some special
situations without making noise such as in a restaurant, meeting, on a plane…..
3. What are benefits of body language? we use body language to transfer some messages or
express feelings and emotions without using words.
Topic 50 Talk about where you live
1. Do you live in a big city or in the country? Can you describe it? I live in a big city which is
very crowded, busy but very exciting.
2. What part of the city/ country is the best for visitors? Why? There are some places that are
good for visitors such as…….because it’s the symbol of our country.
3. Will you live there for the whole life? why? Yes I think I will live there the whole life
because I love this place where I was born and grew up. Ha Noi is a rewarding place to live
because it is the centre of business, culture, politics and economy.
Topic 51 Talk about the neighbors (hàng xóm)
1. Do you know the people who live next door to you? Yes, I know a lot of people around my
house. We often meet to talk and have the parties together.
2. Do you get along with your neighbors? How? Yes, I have a good relationship with my
neighbors. We often help each other when we have problems in our life. When I feel sad and
disappointed about life, I often chat with my neighbors to relax and they help me to reduce
stress and have more positive view in my life.
3. Are your neighbors helpful? Of course they are good friends who are always next to me and
share with me the sadness and happiness about life. They also give me good advice to
overcome challenges in my life.
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Topic 52 Talk about the market (chợ)
1. How often do you go to the market? I go to the market every day to buy the food
2. What sorts/ kinds of things do you buy there? I buy fruits, vegetables, meat, fish and some
spices to cook the meal for my family. Moreover, I can buy some domestic stuffs for my family
such as shoes, clothes, soap, toothpaste…..
3. What are benefits of going to the market? There are some benefits of going to the market.
The first benefit is that I can buy a lot of food and necessary things for my family. Moreover,
I can update the latest price and products in the market. Moreover, going to the market is also
a good chance to meet many people to make friends and open the relationship.
Topic 53 Talk about the happiness
1. Are you a happy person? I think I am a happy person. I have a good job, a family with 2
children and a big house.
2. What usually makes you happy? … There are many things that make me happy such as
good health, good job and happy family. However, at this moment, I will feel the happiest if I
pass B2 exam.
3. Does the weather affect how you feel? Yes. The Weather has a big effect on our life. If the
weather is too hot or too cold, I will feel tired and uncomfortable if the weather is beautiful,
we will feel happy and excited.
Topic 54 Talk about the lifestyle (lối sống)
1. Do you have 3 meals a day? I have 3 meals; breakfast, lunch and dinner. I think that breakfast
is the most important meal in a day
2. What do you do to relax in the evening? There are many activities that I can do to relax in
the evening such as:……
3. Are you happy with your lifestyle now? Yes, I feel pleased with my life
Topic 55 Talk about banking (ngân hàng)
1. Have you ever been to the bank? Yes I have ever been to the bank to transfer money or
withdraw money (chuyển tiền, rút tiền)
2. What do you often do in the bank? Open account and bank saving; save money; transfer
money; withdraw money
3. What do you think about ATM service? The quality of ATM service is not good because
it’s so crowded and not safe. Moreover, when I come to withdraw the cash, sometimes it runs
out of money or doesn’t work.
Topic 56 Talk about going out
1. How often do you go out?
2. Do you go out alone or with someone else? With friends or family?
3. What do you like doing when you go out?
44
Topic 57 Talk about personalities (tính cách)
1. What’s your personality? I am a friendly, sociable, hospitable and very open person.
2. What characteristics are you and your friend similar? We both have positive view in life
and we are willing to help other people
3. Can you compare characteristics? I am talkative while my friend is quiet
Topic 58 Talk about colors
1. What’s your favourite color? I like blue because it looks very cool
2. What is its meaning? It is the symbol of peace
3. Why do people like different colors? People like different colors because they have different
characteristics and hobbies.
Red: the color in our country’s national flag
Topic 59 Talk about party
1. Do you like party? Yes, I do because I like meeting people/ I like socializing with people
2. Do you go to the party alone or with other people? I go to the party with other people because
it makes me feel happy, I like meeting people and talking to them.
3. What do you often do at the party? I often sing at the party/ dance; drink; eat; talk to other
people; play games……
Topic 60 Talk about Tet holiday
1. What do you often do on Tet holiday? Temples (đền), pagodas (chùa)
2. What do you do with lucky money? I am too old to get lucky money, but I give lucky money
for kids and the old people.
3. What do you like most about Tet holiday? I like going to the market to buy things for Tet
(flowers, food, drinks, candies, ….)
Topic 61 Let’s talk about pets (thú cưng)
1. Do you keep a pet? Keeping pets is one of my hobbies. I keep a dog, I think dogs are loyal
pets. Dogs are intelligent, a dog can help me relax and be my friend.
2. What are the advantages of keeping a pet? Pets are lovely, cute; they can be good friends;
making us less lonely. While you are walking in the park with your pet, you can have chance
to make friends with others
3. What are the disadvantages of keeping a pet? It takes a lot of time to take care of them;
some of them are dirty; people may be allergic to the pets; they can cause some diseases; it is
costly.
Topic 62 Fruits
1. Do you like fruits? Why?
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I enjoy eating fruits so much. Each of them has it own smell and taste but to me, they are all
delicious. Eating a lot fruits provides us with necessary vitamins which are very good for our
health.
2. What is your favourite fruit?
Well, I would say that I like all types of tropical fruits, especially orange. This is mainly
because orange is cheap to buy, easy to eat. As it’s very popular in Vietnam, I can buy
orange in almost markets or supermarkets, even though from some vendors on streets. It’s
so tasty!
3. How important is fruit to your health?
Certainly, fruits is considered as a natural source of vitamins. They are not only good for our
health but also help us to take care our beauty, especially our skin. It’d better for us to
choose seasonal fruits for daily diet.
Topic 63 Parks
1. Do you like to go to the park?
Certainly, I usually walk in the park with my pet or my friends. Sometimes, I go to the
park with my family at the weekends. The atmosphere there is very fresh with many big trees
and immense greens.
2. Do people go to parks in your area?
Yes. As you may see, there many people who walk in the park every morning and late
afternoon. Public parks provide people in my area with the opportunity to be physically
active.
3. What makes a good park?
I think an idea park is one which has a lot of trees and ponds to look at, lots of grass to walk
on and fresh air. A good park should have lots of walking paths that people can wander
along. Well, it should be centrally located and accessible to people of all generations.
Topic 64 Neighbors
1. Do you know the people who live next door to you?
I know my neighbors quite well. There are 3 people in their family, including a young
couple and a cute son. They're really nice people. They are also very polite so that there are
seldom arguments between us.
2. Do you get on well with your neighbors?
Certainly, it's important to get on well with the people who live next door. I always stop to
talk whenever I see them. Sometimes, I help them to take care of their baby or pick him up
from kindergarten. And of course, so do they.
3. In what ways are neighbors helpful?
We all want good neighbors because they are closest people whom we share the daily life
with. Therefore, I would like to live near friendly and helpful people who can at least smile
and say hello whenever we meet each other. Even neighbors can help each other in some
necessary cases.
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65. Birds
1.What are your favourite types of birds?
=> I am keen on nature, therefore I love to learn about different species of animals, especially birds.
In my country there are many kinds of birds, however one of my most favourite types of bird is canary
( khow-ne-ri) or parrot because they can talk like human and sing beautifully
2.How do people in your country treat birds?
=> People in country treat the bird difreently because it depends of different generations in which
young always hunt the birds for different purposes, however the elder also release them into the
forest, protect them from being endangered or becoming extint, keep them far away from forest fire.
3.Do birds have any special meaning in your country?
=>Each bird has a special meaning in my country. For example a pigeon is the representative of love,
peace and symbol of freedom not only in my country but also in all over the world.
65. Driving
1.Can you drive a car?
I have been driving for many years and I am quite good at driving. Right now I am owning my CX5
car which helps me to go to work everyday
2.How is the traffic situation in your country?
=> The traffic situation in my country is quite good because people in my country always follow the
rules, therefore there are no traffic jams and traffic accident in the rush hours
3.Do you prefer to be a driver or a passenger?
I prefer to be a driver because it challenges me and help to learn how to focus on something seriously
and how to control the speed, the destination where I want to reach
66. Handicraft = handmade thing
1. Have you ever made any handicraft?
2. What kind of handicraft do people in your country often make?
3. Is making handicraft important to children?
 Handicraft is a type of work where useful and decorative objects are made completely by hand. In some
parts of Vietnam, several people live on handicraft objects which often have represented as well as
conveyed historical and cultural meanings. They tend to make conical hats made of bamboo or coco nut
leaves and are sold everywhere with a reasonable price to protect from the sun and rain. When I was at
school, handicraft was one of the most interesting subject I’ve ever had. At that time, I used to make
bamboo baskets to contain my stationery such as pen, pencil, ruler, erasers and so on. I think teaching
handicraft for children at schools is quite important because it helps to teach them how to express
themselves and develop their creative thinking
67. Going to the wedding
- Have you ever attended any wedding?
- What role did you play in the wedding?
- Did you have happy time there?
68. Talk about birthday celebration
1. Do you often celebrate your birthday?
2. What did you do on your latest birthday?
3. What do people often do on their birthday in your country?
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69. Using maps
1. Have you ever used maps? Yes, I often use maps when I don’t know the way to go
somewhere. For example When I go to HN by own car, maps can show me the right way to
go the destination.
2. Do you prefer paper or electric maps? Nowadays electric maps are popular and convenient
such as google maps, which use the signal on the satellite to show the right way for me to go.
3. Have you asked for direction instead of using maps? Sometimes I also have to ask for
direction in some particular places which do not appear on the map.
70.
1. Do you enjoy playing
computer games?
COMPUTER GAME
Absolutely yes. Playing computer game is my
cup of tea. I mostly spend my leisure time to
play because I think it is wonderful way in order
to release tension after hardworking day.
2. what kind of games have
you ever played?
Well, I play various computer games. I mostly play
educational game to enrich my knowledge.
Besides, I also play other type of games such as
sport game, action game to let off steam.
3. Do you think computer are
good for small children?
To be honest, I think computer games have
negative impact on child development. Firstly,
it is not good for child health in a long time
playing. Besides, youngsters should play
outside with friends instead of focus on playing
computer game.
4. How do you usually get
online?
I regularly access the internet to work on a daily
basic. Besides, I also use FB, Zalo to update
information as well as release tension after
hard working day.
5. What is your favorite
website?
I access various websites every day. If I have to
choose one of them, I would say
learningEnglish.com is my best choice. Because
this web contain many necessary sources for
me to upgrade my E skills.
6. Do you think it is important
to learn how to use a
computer?
Yes of course, I think it is essential for human in
modern day. Thank to computer, we can feel
more comfortable, faster and easier in working
and entertainment. Therefore, people should
learn how to use a computer.
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1. Do you often write emails?
71. EMAIL
Well, I send and receive emails on a daily basic,
especially for my work. Sometimes I also contact
with my family and friends through emails.
2. Which do you prefer: letter
or email?
Yeah, I would say that I am into email better
because it’s really simple, fast and convenient
to send and receive email. Sometimes, I also love
writing a letter for my relatives to express love.
3. Do you think emails will
replace letters in the near
future?
In the modern society, more and more people
tend to use emails instead of letters because of
numerous benefits. In my opinion, I believe that
letter couldnt be replaced by emails in the
future because in many cases, people still need
to use letters for different reasons. I am not clear,
but I strongly believe that.
1. Do you like trees?
72. TREES
Yes of course, I am a trees lover, I have a habit
of planting and taking care of green trees since I
was a child. I am keen on plants because it
brings to me natural living space in order to
release tension after hard-working time.
2. Have you ever planted a
tree?
Absolutely yes, I have planted numerous kinds
of trees in the country garden. Most of them
are fruit trees. Besides, there are many types
of flowers like rose, sunflower and lavender.
3. Do you think trees are
important?
Certainly yes, I think plants, especially trees
brings to human and ecosystem various
benefits. For example, trees clean the air. Trees
provide fruits and vegetable. Trees save water.
Trees help prevent water pollution…
1. Who do you eat out with
most often
73. EATING HABIT
Well, when I was a student, I used to eat out
with my group friends, but now I am a
breadwinner, I am into go dine out with my
family members better.
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2. Do you prefer eat out or at
home
3. is there anything would
change your eating habit?
Well, I would say that I am keen on eating in
better, because home-cooked food is not only
safer but also more beneficial for health.
Furthermore, I can also avoid wasting money
and food when eating at restaurants.
Actually, I have to say that nothing can change
my healthy eating habits. Because always pay
attention to my health as well as keeping in
shape.
Talk about birthday celebration
1. Do you often celebrate your birthday?
2. What did you do on your latest birthday?
3. What do people often do on their birthday in your country?
Talk about housing
1. Do you live in a house or a flat? => I live in a small house, but it is very beautiful
2. Do you plan to live there for a long time? All my family members live here so for sure I
will stay here for a long time
3.What would you change about your house?
Talk about music festival
1. Have you ever been to a music festival?
2. Would you prefer to go alone or with someone else?
3. Why do people like music festival
Talk about listening to music online
1. Do you often listen to music?
2. What is your favourite website to listen to music?
3. What makes it your favourite website to listen to music?
Talk about relationship to your parents
1. Who are you closer to? Your mom or your dad?
2. What do you like to do when you are together?
3. Do you want to live with your parents when you get married?
Talk about an evening walk
1. How often do you go for an evening walk?
2. Where would you like to go for an evening talk?
3. What are the benefits of an evening walk?
Talk about writing a postcard => help stand out of the crowd
1. Have you ever written to a postcard
2. Who did you send post card to?
3. What are the benefits of sending a postcard? Synchronize your travels, best way to show
that you have already discovered new places, the way to thank someone
Talk about the neighbor:
1. Do you know the people who live next door to you? => I have some neighbors who live
next door to me.
2. Do you get along with your neighbors? How? Actually I always get along with my neighbors
because they are very kind-hearted and I always help them when they are in troubles. I always
talk to them on a regular evening walk to share about our work and daily life
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3. Are your neighbors helpful?=> Definitely they are helpful because they always stay at my
sides to help me to overcome my difficulties
Talk about the game show
1. What game show on TV do you watch?=> In Vn there are many interesting game shows,
however among these, I often watch the game show “ Who is the millionaire?” which is a very
popular show in my country, in which it not only helps us to relax, but also enrich our
knowledge.
2. Do you prefer to watch alone or with someone else?=> I always prefer to watch the game
show in the evening wwith my family because I would like to spend more time with them. It’s
the time for our family member to get together to talk, to discuss about sport
3. What are the benefits of watching game show? => It’s true to say that watching game show
brings us a lot of benefits. Firstly, it connects people in the showing time. Secdonly, it helps
you ro reduce stress after hard working day. Thirdly, some game shows are helpful and teach
us some practical skills to survive in the real life.
Talk about the favourite pair of shoes
1. How often do you wear your shoes? => Due to my work commitments, I have to wear shoes
at work everyday
2. Do you prefer shoes or sandals? why? => However I don’t like wearing shoes because it
makes me feel uncomfortable and look so conservative, therefore I prefer wearing sandals
because they make me more stylish and comfy my feet.
3. What makes it your favorite pair of shoes? => As I mentioned before, due to the requirement
of my work, I have some nice pairs of shoes because they are very fashionable and durable
with good quality and materials
Talk about traffic in town:
1. How much traffic is there in your town?
2. What are common means of transport in your town?
3. What are solutions of traffic jams?
=> Traffic jam or traffic congestion is a serious problem in the modern society today. The
living cost is higher; therefore, people tend to buy their private cars for travelling
conveniently... This always leads to the traffic jams terribly in the big cities. Therefore, it is
suggested that the Government should widen the road and street in the city to reduce accidents
and traffic congestion and encourage people to use common public transports such as bus,
train, taxi in stead of driving their own cars to work.
Talk about the market
1. How often do you go to the market?
2. What sorts of things do you buy there?
3. What are benefits of going to the market?
=>Going to the market is can be a kind of enjoyable thing for people, especially for women
who always want to buy fresh food for their families. Furthermore, going to the market also
helps them to meet new friends, share their daily life. For me, I love going to the market and I
go there twice a week to buy food, clothes and other necessary things for daily life.
Talk about the friends
1. How often do you meet friends? => Due to the busy life, it’s really hard to keep-up with our
friends. Therefore, when I have free time, I often get together with friends.
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2. What do you do together?=> When we meet, it’s normally for a cup of coffee or hang out
for shopping. That’s a long, fun filled and interesting time we often spend together
3. Is it easy for you to make friends with others? => I am an open/ easy-going person, therefore
it’s not really hard for me to get acquainted with other people.
Talk about the lifestyle
1. Do you have 3 meals a day?
2. What do you do to relax in the evening?
3. Are you happy with your lifestyle now?
=> Each person has their own lifestyle which reflects their living, work, study, interests, and
social relationship. For me, I have a healthy lifestyle because I have 3 meals: breakkfast, lunch
and dinner a day which makes me full of energy to start/ kick off a new day. After coming
back from work I often watch TV news with my family to update the latest news as well as to
see what is going on around the world. You know) I am quite satisfied with my lifestyle now
because I always think positives and more importantly I have a good job, a happy family who
always supports me and stays at my sides when I am in troubles.
Talk about bus
1. Have you ever gone by bus?
2. Is bus service good in your country?
3. What are benefits of travelling by bus?
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VSTEP SPEAKING PART 2 (SOLUTION DISCUSSION) THẢO LUẬN GIẢI PHÁP
Đề bài sẽ cho 1 chủ đề (situation: tình huống) và theo sau là 3 sự lựa chọn (thường là
các hoạt động; các địa điểm; các món quà; chọn người; …), thí sinh đọc kỹ đề và lựa
chọn 1 sự lựa chọn mà mình có thể nói được nhiều ý. Có 1 phút chuẩn bị và tầm 3 phút
để nói.
Phương pháp trả lời:
Trước khi nói, hãy tìm ý trong 1 phút:
- Đọc kỹ đề bài xem đề bài yêu cầu gì, đề bài hỏi gì
- Chọn nhanh 1 lựa chọn nào mà bản thân cảm thấy dễ nói nhất (sự lựa chọn nào
mà mình có nhiều từ vựng để nói, ko nhất thiết là cái mình thích)
- Tìm ít nhất 2 lợi ích/ lý do tại sao bạn chọn và nhược điểm của 2 lựa chọn còn lại,
tại sao tôi ko chọn 2 lựa chọn kia.
Ví dụ:
1. A first year student/freshman is going to choose where to live: living in a university
hostel /ˈhɒstl/ = dormitory /ˈdɔːrmətɔːri/= halls of residence (ký túc xá); renting a flat
with friends or staying with relatives? Which do you think is the best choice?
Outline: trong 1 phút viết thật nhanh các từ và cụm từ chính
- Choice: hostel
1. cheap
2. convenient
3. study in groups/ share learning materials
- Rent a flat: expensive; unsafe
- Live with relatives: uncomfortable; far from university
Trong khi nói:
- Trình bày bài nói thành 3 phần
- Phần 1: mở bài giới thiệu tình huống, trình bày ý kiến là em sẽ chọn giải pháp
nào (đừng đọc lại đề bài vì mất thời gian và ko được điểm)
Mẫu câu mở bài:
In my opinion, …(sự lựa chọn của mình)………. is the best option hoặc the best
choice because of the following reasons.
1
Ví dụ: In my opinion, living in the university hostel is the best option because of
the following reasons.
- Phần 2: thân bài (nêu lần lượt ít nhất 2 lợi ích và so sánh đối chiếu với 2 lựa chọn
còn lại)
- Firstly, (lý do thứ nhất tại sao mình chọn)
- Secondly, (lý do thứ hai tại sao mình chọn)
- Thirdly, (nếu có) lý do thứ 3
- Moreover,/Furthermore,/Besides, ….
On the other hand, about 2 other options/ choices, I do not choose /tʃuːz/to V hoặc là I
do not choose + Danh từ …… because giải thích ra; (thế còn 2 sự lựa chọn còn lại, tôi
ko chọn cái này bởi vì)
Ví dụ: On the other hand, about 2 other options, I do not choose to live with
relatives because …../ I do not choose voluntary work because ……
- Danh từ/ V-ing ……. is not my best choice because …… giải thích ra (cái còn lại
ko phải là sự lựa chọn tốt nhất của tôi bởi vì)
Ví dụ: Renting a flat with friends is not my best choice because …..
- Phần 3: kết bài (khẳng định lại sự lựa chọn của mình)
In short, ….. is the best choice because of the reasons I have mentioned above.
Động từ: choose /tʃuːz/ trong cấu trúc I don’t choose; danh từ: choice /tʃɔɪs/, the best
choice; my best choice; số nhiều: choices
Tóm tắt lại cấu trúc nói 2:
- In my opinion, ……..(sự lựa chọn của mình) is the best choice because of the following
reasons.
-Firstly, (lý do 1)
-Secondly, (lý do 2)
-On the other hand, about 2 other options, I don’t choose …..(sự lựa chọn còn lại)
because ….
-(sự lựa chọn còn lại) isn’t my best choice because ……
-In short, ……. (sự lựa chọn của mình) is the best choice because of the reasons I have
mentioned above
MỘT SỐ GỢI Ý CÁC LÝ DO TẠI SAO CHỌN/TẠI SAO KHÔNG CHỌN
Things/Activities: + has reasonable price, doesn’t cost much money, Budget saving,
+ open our look/ open our world/ broaden/widen our knowledge.
+ Develop creative thinking/ develop our communication skills/ helps me have a deep
understanding about life/
2
+meet up new friends/ build up our social relationship
- Time- consuming/ waste our energy/time/money/ lack of life experience/ not fast/ not
convenience/ far from knowledge/
Places: + beautiful/ has a lot of historical values/ be convenient because it is near the city
centre/ shopping malls/ hospitals/ people are friendly/ food is delicious/ weather is very cool
- Be very far/ it takes 5 hours to get there by bus/car. the weather is not really nice/ it
rains all day/ food is not suitable for our taste
People: + have a good communicative skills/ time management/ life experience/ good advice/
public speaking skills/ significant budget/ have a good teaching method
- Young and probably not enough experiences/ communicative skills and attitudes
1. A first year student/freshman is going to choose where to live: living in a university
hostel /ˈhɒstl/ = dormitory /ˈdɔːrmətɔːri/= halls of residence (ký túc xá); renting a flat
with friends or staying with relatives? Which do you think is the best choice?
Outline: trong 1 phút viết thật nhanh các từ và cụm từ chính
- Choice: hostel
1. cheap
2. convenient
3. study in groups/ share learning materials
- Rent a flat: expensive; unsafe
- Live with relatives: uncomfortable; far from university
Sample 1:
- In my opinion, living in a university hostel is the best choice for the following reasons.
- Firstly, it is cheap to stay there. Students have to pay tuition fees, pay for food, books and
so on. So, living in the dormitory can save them a lot of money.
- Secondly, It is convenient to stay there because it is close to university, students can walk
there. It saves time and money.
- Besides, It is easy to share the learning materials for study with roommates. Students can
study in groups with roommates, can ask them for advice or discuss with them.
- On the other hand, about 2 other options, I don’t choose to rent a flat because it is
expensive and unsafe/ insecure (ko an toàn)
- I don’t choose to stay with relatives because I think I don’t feel comfortable, they might
live far from university. Moreover, I don’t have time to study.
3
- In short, living in university dormitory is the best option because of the reasons I have
mentioned above.
Sample 2:
- Renting a flat: I can live independently/ I can become more independent; mature; It allows
me to do what I like.
- Hostel: crowded, inconvenient
- Stay with relatives because I think I don’t feel comfortable, they might live far from
university. Moreover, I don’t have time to study.
2. A group of students are discussing where to buy clothes: in a shop; in an open-air
market; in an online shop. Which do you think is the best choice?
- In my opinion buying clothes in an open-air market is the best choice for the following
reasons.
- Firstly, there is a wide range of = there are different/ many kinds of clothes in the open-air
market, there are many shops selling different kinds of clothes.
- Secondly, it is cheaper than in the shop because I don’t have much money.
- Next, shoppers can bargain (mặc cả) with the sellers.
- About 2 other options, I don’t choose to buy in an online shop because I can’t try them on,
It is difficult to know whether they fit me or not. Besides, clothes online look really nice
thanks to photoshop.
I don’t choose to buy clothes in a shop because it is more expensive.
- In short, I would prefer to buy clothes in an open-air market.
4. If you won the lottery of 1 billion VND; what would you do? Buying a house? Buying
gold or saving in the bank? Which do you think is the best choice?
- I think I would buy a house because of the following reasons./ In my opinion buying a
house is the best option for the following reasons.
- Firstly, at the moment I have to rent a house. Having my own house has been my
dream since I graduated from university. I don’t have my own house. I don’t have to
worry about finding/looking for accommodation.
- Secondly, a stable accommodation leads to a stable job. I feel comfortable living in
my own house. I would be very proud of buying a house for my family.
4
- I don’t choose to buy gold because I am not good at doing business, the price of gold
goes up and down I don’t know. Moreover, I am worried about where to keep it.
- I think it is not a good idea to save money in the bank because the interest rate (lãi
suất) is now low. Moreover, money will lose its value when we keep it in the bank
because of inflation.
- In short, I would choose to buy a house./ Buying a house is the best choice because of
the reasons I have mentioned above.
5. You have a younger brother who is a talented student. Which high school would you
choose for him: a school abroad in Australia; a public school near home or a gifted
school far from home. (trường chuyên)
Sample 1:
- In my opinion, a public school near my house is the best option because of the following
reasons.
- Firstly, he can still live with my family. He can be well taken care of = My family can take
care of him well.
- Secondly, as he lives at home, my family does not have to pay for his rent or other living
costs. The tuition fee of public schools is cheaper than other kinds of schools.
- About 2 other options, I don’t choose a gifted school far away from home because he has to
live on his own, can’t see the family often, he might feel homesick./ he sometimes get sick
easily.
- I think studying abroad is not a good option because living in another country is quite
challenging for a young person like him. / It’s too expensive, my family can’t afford it.
- In short, wherever he studies, it is himself who decided what he can learn, so I think the
public school close to my house is the best choice for him.
6. You want to improve your English speaking skills. There are 3 options for you:
joining an English club; joining an English class at the center or talking to foreigners in
public places.
- In my opinion, taking an English course is the best choice because of the following reasons.
- Firstly, a course in an English center gives me lessons from the beginning level to higher
level. It provides me with a lot of real life situations. I can take part in many speaking
activities.
5
- Secondly, the teachers in the center are always the experienced teachers who know which
materials are the best for the students, they can correct the mistakes, they have good teaching
methods which make students find easy to understand.
- I don’t choose to join an English club because it is often noisy, you hardly hear what other
people are saying. No one corrects my mistakes.
- I do not choose to talk to foreigners in public places because they are busy sightseeing, they
are not willing to speak to us.
- In short, taking an English course is the best option to me.
7. Your school asks for your opinion about students’ wearing uniforms. Which would
you choose: wearing uniforms all week, wearing uniforms 2 days a week or no uniform
at all?
Sample 1:
- In my opinion, I would choose to wear uniform all week because of the following reasons.
- Firstly, students dress in the same way; there is no difference between the rich students and
the poor students so the poor students will feel more confident. Students feel equal to each
other.
- Secondly, students wear uniforms all week, so they don’t have to think of what to wear
everyday or mix different clothes before getting to school.
- Finally, uniforms show the school unity. They tell other people what school you belong to.
Students feel proud of their school.
- About 2 other options: I don’t choose wearing 2 days a week because it is easy for students
to forget what days they have to wear uniforms.
- I don’t choose no uniform because the school unity will be lost.
- In short, wearing uniforms all week is still a good option. Many schools are now asking
students to wear uniforms all week.
Sample 2:
- In my opinion, I choose the option of wearing 2 days a week on Monday and one weekday
maybe Friday because of the following reasons.
- Firstly, students can be proud of their school with the logo on the uniform; this option can
be guaranteed on important dates especially for big ceremonies or meeting every Monday
morning.
6
- Secondly, students can show their personality comfortably by wearing fashionable clothes
the other days. They can feel more comfortable, they can wear their favorite clothes and keep
up with fashion trends nowadays.
- About 2 other options: wearing all week makes students feel uncomfortable; they don’t
have chance to wear fashionable clothes; and if they do not wear uniform, the school unity
will be lost.
- In short, I think students should wear uniforms 2 days a week.
8. Your cousin is the best student of the class this year. His parents are thinking about a
present, there are three options: a laptop; a holiday or some money. Which option
would you suggest him?
- In my opinion a laptop would be the best present = gift for the following reasons.
- Firstly, a laptop is an important and necessary thing to a student. It is really good for his
study. With a laptop, he can search for information, he can learn English online.
- Secondly, he can relax by reading, listening to music, reading books online.
- About 2 other options, I don’t choose a holiday because every year his family usually goes
on holidays. (he goes on holiday with his family every summer)
- I think some money is not a good choice because money is not a suitable present for a
school student.
- In short, a laptop is the best choice for him.
9. You have a Sunday evening out with your friends: seeing a movie, going shopping or
singing karaoke /ˌkæriˈəʊki/. Which one would you choose?
- In my opinion, going shopping with friends is the best choice because of the following
reasons.
- Firstly, my friends are all keen on shopping. You know, it is great to spend money on
buying favorite items such as clothes, shoes.
- Secondly, going shopping is also a good way to reduce stress after hard working hours.
When I go to the supermarket with my friends and collect some items that I like, I feel really
relaxed and excited.
- About 2 other options, I think seeing is movie is entertaining but we don’t like
watching films, it is difficult to choose a film that all of us like.
- Singing karaoke is not my choice because I am not good at singing. I don’t like too
noisy atmosphere in karaoke bars.
7
- In short, going shopping is the best choice for me and my friends on a Sunday
evening.
10. Your class wants to do something to keep memories at the university before
graduation. Which option do you think is the best one: a collection of essays; a class
photo book or a class video?
- In my opinion the best choice is a class video because of the following reasons.
- Firstly, making a video helps to record real emotions and voices of all class members.
- Secondly, we can keep unforgettable memories in an exciting way with a video. We can
both see images and hear voices of our friends.
- Finally, we can keep it as a soft copy on Google drive or Youtube to avoid being lost.
Whenever we want to see we can open it. And it is easy to share, easy to keep.
- I don’t choose a collection of essays because it takes my classmates much time to prepare
and write essays. It is quite boring to read all of them.
- A photo book is not my best choice because it is not as interesting as a class video and it is
expensive to make the photobook.
- In short, a class video is my best choice to keep memories.
12. Your company is going to have a new product and wants to advertise it. What is the
best option: make a phone call, send emails or leaflets /ˈliːflət/ (tờ rơi).
Sample 1:
- In my opinion using leaflets is the best choice to advertise the new product of my company
because of the following reasons.
- Firstly, leaflets can be delivered to a large number of people. They are easily delivered
everywhere. I can post leaflets through people’s doors or distribute them in public places.
- Secondly, leaflets can attract customers’ attention with colorful and eye-catching images.
On the leaflets, there is a lot of information about the product, design, function, use.
- I don’t choose to make a phone call because I can’t convey all information, sometimes
phone calls annoy customers. People can get angry. Besides, It is expensive.
- About sending emails, many people don’t read them, they may consider as junk mails.
- In short, using leaflets is the best choice for me.
Sample 2:
- Choice: I think the best choice is sending emails
8
- Reasons: 1st reason: Emails are popular and convenient with many people. More people
will know about the new products via emails. I can send emails to many customers at the
same time.
2nd reason: I can provide full information about products with cheap cost, not as expensive as
printing out the leaflets.
- Not choose leaflets: leaflets need more time and human resources and money
- Not choose phone calls: people don’t like; they feel annoyed; they are not willing to listen
to; expensive.
Sample 3
- Choice: make a phone call
- Firstly: they can directly communicate with the listeners and introduce to them about
the new products
- Secondly, they can get the answer immediately and quickly
- 2 other options: emails: many people do not read it and they consider it junk mails
- Leaflets: I am not good at designing; they are expensive; they need time, human
resources and money.
- In short,
Hoặc đề tương tự về cách thức quảng cáo sản phẩm
12. 1 A company is considering advertising a chain of cafeterias.
There are 3 ways of advertising: TV/ Internet/ Brochure (tờ rơi in màu đẹp)
Internet: cheap/ fast/ effective because most people use Internet every day.
Tv: expensive
Brochure: it’s not interesting/ expensive/ it’s not popular for everyone.
Hoặc
12. 2 You have been asked to advertise a play which is being produced by your school
or college. Decide which way you will choose to use.
There are THREE options for you to choose:
-
Local television.
-
Leaflets.
-
Websites.
9
I think using local television and leaflets take me a lot of money and time to advertise. So I
will use websites to advertise a play. I have an own page so I put it on my page and share it
everyone thorough a click. It is very convenient and quite cheap.
Hoặc
12.3 The manager of an English center wants to advertise it. There are three suggested
media: TV, internet and radio. What is your best choice?
Internet: fast and effective/ cheap / internet is very popular and used by many people.
Tv: expensive
Radio: not popular
Sample:
From my point of view, the best choice is internet because of some following reasons.
The first reason is that Internet is the most popular media in the world which easily attracts a
huge of the viewers, so it is easy to connect with people who want to learn English. The second
could be explained that internet advertising doesn’t cost a lot of money to advertise the English
center. Last but not least, online advertising can advertise for a long time and can change the
content of your advertisement based on the need of learners at any time
In contrast, there are several reasons that I don’t choose advertising through TV and radio
because of some following reasons. Firstly, both TV and radio advertisements are not as
popular as internet, so we cannot reach a large of many viewers. Secondly, TV and radio
advertising are more expensive than internet, so we can advertise the English center in a short
period of time.
In short, I think advertising through internet is my best choice because of its convenience
and usefulness.
13. You are going to have some activities for weekend. There are 3 options for you to
choose: relaxing at home/ meeting friends/ going out with family. What is your best
choice?
In my opinion relaxing at home is my best choice because of the following reasons
Firstly, relaxing at home makes me feel comfortable and reduce stress after hard
working time.
Secondly, I can spend time with my family. (cảm xúc thế nào, làm gì với gia đình)
About 2 other options: I don’t choose to meet friends because I often meet my friends at
work every day
Going out with my family is not my best choice because everyone is busy this weekend/ the
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weather is bad this weekend.
In short, relaxing at home is my best choice.
14. You are going to buy a pet. There are 3 options for you to choose: cat/ dog/ bird.
What is your best choice?
In my opinion, I choose a dog because of the following reasons.
Firstly, it is a very intelligent animal which understands what I say.
Moreover, dog is a loyal and brave domestic pet and a good safeguard for my family at night
or when we are away.
I don’t choose a cat because it makes troubles and makes a mess. Moreover, I am allergic to
the cats.
A bird is not my best choice because I don’t have a lot of experience to raise and feed the
bird.
In short, a dog is my best choice because of the reasons I have mentioned above.
15. You have to prepare a birthday present for your brother who likes travelling. There
are 3 options for you to choose: a selfie stick/ camera/ 3-day holiday. What is your
best choice?
Sample 1:
- I will choose a 3-day holiday because of the following reasons
Firstly, it’s a good chance for us to relax/ reduce stress
after hard working time;
Secondly, it is a perfect present/ an ideal present for him; it is a chance for him to
discover/explore a lot interesting things during this trip.
- On the other hand, about 2 other options, I don’t choose a selfie stick because it’s a very
simple present
- I don’t choose a camera because I don’ t have a lot of experience to buy a good camera
In short a three day holiday is my best choice
Sample 2:
- camera
In my opinion, a camera is the best option because of the following reasons
- Firstly, my brother’s hobby is taking photos. He will be very happy when being given the
one he likes
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- Secondly, he has the chance to take a lot of beautiful photos. He can join photography club.
- Moreover, it is the long-lasting present, he can keep it for a long time
- I don’t choose selfie stick and 3-day holiday because
- Selfie stick is a simple present
- a 3-day holiday is not my best choice because he often goes on holiday every year.
In short, a camera is my best choice
16. It is important to give the way how to assess primary students. There are 3
options: marks only/ comments only/ both marks and comments . What is your best
choice? Cách đánh giá học sinh cấp 1: có 3 sự lựa chọn (chỉ chấm điểm/ chỉ nhận xét/ cả
nhận xét cả chấm điểm)
- My choice: both marks and comments because of the following reasons.
Firstly, it’s the best way to assess students comprehensively/ totally;
Secondly, parents know their children’s ability and progress.
- I don’t choose marks only: because it’s stressful for students; it may lead to cheating in the
exam just to get the good marks: some students may copy from other students’ work to get
good marks
- I don’t choose comments only: because it’s not motivated for students and parents don’t
know about the ability of their children.
In short, both marks and comments are my best choice
17. City council is planning to spend a million USD to improve the local environment:
planting more trees, building a factory to recycle wastes, relocating hospital to suburbs.
What do you think is the best choice? (trồng cây/ xây dựng nhà máy tái chế rác thải/ di
chuyển bệnh viện ra ngoại ô) relocate: di chuyển, relocation (n)
- planting more trees: Firstly, it’s useful to protect the environment and makes the air
clean and fresh. Secondly, Help to reduce environmental pollution/ air pollution;
thirdly, It helps to limit soil erosion and improve people’s health.
- building a factory to recycle wastes: It’s expensive; the products are not easy to use; not
feasible
- relocating hospital to suburbs (chuyển bệnh viện đến vùng ngoại ô): it is not suitable and
not convenient for people to visit hospital for treatment. It is costly/expensive/ takes a lot of
money
18. There are plans for your brother after graduation. There are 3 options:
- going to work
- studying for Master’s Degree (đi học thạc sỹ)
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- going traveling
Which is the most suitable?
In my opinion going to work is my best choice because of the following reasons.
Firstly, it helps my brother earn money; he can earn a stable salary which can support
himself and his family, without relying on support from the parents. It reduces my family’s
financial burden.
Secondly, he can gain a lot of experience and open/ expand relationships.
- I don’t choose to study for Master’s Degree because studying Master takes/costs a lot of
money he should study master after he earns enough money;
- Going travelling is not my best choice because he doesn’t have enough money; he has just
graduated from university, it takes a lot of time and money.
In short, going to to work is my best choice.
19. Your parents want your brother to have the best preparation for his entrance
exam to high school. There are 3 options to choose:
- hiring a tutor (thuê gia sư)
- taking an extra class (học thêm)
- learning with his classmates (học cùng bạn cùng lớp)
Sample 1:
Tutor: my brother can learn useful knowledge from tutor. The tutor can help my brother with
difficult exercises, explaining clearly so that my brother can understand easily.
Extra class: it’s crowded/ not effective
Classmates: it’s not easy to do the difficult exercises without the help of the teacher.
Sample 2
In my opinion, Extra class is my best choice because of the following reasons
Firstly, he can improve knowledge and develop communication skills, learn a lot from
teacher and friends;
Secondly, tuition fees are affordable, not expensive.
Thirdly, He can have guidance from experienced teachers.
I do not choose Classmates because in some difficult exercises, they can’t do by themselves.
Without the teacher, The classmates can make noise that makes him difficult to concentrate
on the lesson
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I do not choose Tutor because it is expensive – my parents can’t afford to pay it
In short,
20. Your volunteer group is organizing a trip to help children in a remote class. (lớp
học khu vực xa xôi hẻo lánh)
There are 3 options: books, clothes and movies. What is your best choice?
Hoặc notebooks and pencils/ amount of money/old clothes
Books: it is the best way to improve the knowledge and help to enrich/broaden their mind
and relax
Clothes: not suitable for their favourite/ color/ size/ culture / habits and customs
Movies: not all families in remote areas have modern equipment to open movies
Sample:
From my point of view/In my opinion, the best choice is BOOK because of some
following reasons. The first reason is that Book helps children broaden their knowledge. The
second reason could be explained that Book helps to develop their creative thinking. Last but
not least, Book opens their outlook and gives them more opportunities to get good jobs in the
future
In contrast, there are several reasons I don’t choose other options clothes and movies.
Firstly, living in the remote area lacks a lot of modern equipment to watch movies. Secondly,
children’s fashionable clothes in the city are quite different from children’s clothes in the
remote area, so it is quite hard to choose suitable clothes for these children
In short, I think books will be my best choice because of its conveniences and usefulness
21. You are going to buy a gift for a friend who is going to do a military service. (nghĩa
vụ quân sự) There are 3 gifts: a book, a CD, a diary. What is the best choice?
Sample:
In my opinion buying a book is the best choice for the following reasons
Firstly, he can relax in his free time, reading his favorite book that I give him
Secondly, it is a good way to improve the knowledge
Moreover, Book helps to develop his creative thinking.
+ Book opens his outlook and gives him more opportunities to get a good job in the future
On the other hand, about 2 other options: I don’t choose …… because
……. is not my choice because …………
In short, …… is my best choice because of the reasons I have mentioned above.
Gợi ý:
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Books: The best way to improve the knowledge/ enrich the mind / relax
A CD: not suitable because if he wants to open CD, he needs CD player which may be not
available in the army./ Military base: căn cứ quân sự
A diary; it’s too simple; he doesn’t like writing; he has no time to write a diary because he
has to practice very hard.
22. You are asked the best way to take notes in class. Three ways of taking notes:
using pens, using by phone/ ipad; recording the teacher’s lecture. What is your best
choice?
In my opinion, using pens is the best choice because of the following reasons
Firstly, Pens: fast/light/ and effective to use pen to write on notebook - we can keep it for a
long time. Secondly, Whenever I want to see the notes, I can easily look at my notes on my
notebook.
I don’t choose the Phone: it’s heavy / slow/ Phone has some problems such as running out of
battery or it can be stolen.
Recording is not my best choice because ; it takes a long time to listen to the lecture again
and sometimes the content may be lost
In short, using pens is my best choice.
23. Your friend wants to organize a high school class reunion (họp lớp cấp 3). He’s
thinking 3 options: visiting old school and teachers, organizing a party and inviting
teachers and classmates, holding one day trip. What is your best choice?
Sample 1:
My choice: Organizing ..:it is more meaningful, they can meet teachers and friends to
take pictures/ to review the best memory they had together, update the latest
information about the teachers and classmates; take photos together.
Visiting old school and teachers: too simple, we can’t meet our friends and update the
information. It takes a lot of time and preparation to arrange a meeting at school with
teachers and classmates.
Holding one day trip; expensive, it’s difficult to arrange the suitable time/ destination/ plan
for a whole day.
Sample 2:
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+ Visiting old school and teacher is the best way to reconnect with former teachers and
friends directly.
+ Visiting old school and teachers is also a good way to see how our school has changed
during these times.
+ Visiting old school doesn’t cost a lot money for the trip because I don’t have to plan how
much money I spend for a high school class reunion.
+ organizing a party can be cost a lot of money, and takes time to find suitable place to
make sure that everybody can join the party
+ holding one day trip can be time-consuming and it can definitely be difficult to
find activities that everybody can involve in the trip
23.1 Your friend wants to organize a high school class reunion (họp lớp). He’s thinking
3 options: visiting old school and teachers, organizing a party in the classroom and
inviting teachers and classmates; eating out in the restaurant
- eating out in restaurant: restaurant is a good place for organizing events with a large
number of people; large space; make a video; invite old teachers to join; good services;
beautiful views to take photos; they have more time to chat with each other after a long time
- visit old school and teachers: so simple; we can invite old teachers to join us in the
restaurant
- party in classroom: not allowed to hold party in schools; difficult; need a lot of preparation
24. Your sister decides to lose weight. Three suggested options: going to the gym;
taking weight loss by drugs; going on a diet. What is your best choice?
Option 1: it is the best way to lose weight and it’s safe to keep fit and stay healthy
Option 2: it’s not safe and she can get some diseases and side-effects (tác dụng phụ)
Option 3: it’s not good for health
+Going to the gym is the safest way to burn the fat, lose weight and keep fit,
+Going to the gym helps to meet friends so we can build up our social relationship
+ Going to the gym always helps my sister reduce stress after a hard working day
-Taking weight loss drugs is very dangerous and harmful for our body because it requires a
long-term use so it can cause negative effects such as heart attack, addiction of weight-loss
pills
-Going on a diet is also not good for our health because it makes people be lack of energy
for other activities and also easily affects our digest system
Hoặc
24.1 Your brother would like you to give him some advice on how to lose weight. Which
do you think is the best choice?
There are THREE options for you to choose:
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- Skip meals (bỏ bữa)
- Use drugs (dùng thuốc)
- Exercise regularly (go to the gym)
In my opinion, The best way to lose weight is to exercise regularly. Firstly, doing exercises
helps reduce the level of fat and strengthen the muscles. Moreover, exercises allow more
energy released and help us stronger and healthier. Jogging or going to the gym every day is
the good method.
Nowadays, some people often skip their meals or use drugs as the ways to lose weight.
These are acceptable in a short time because they can have negative influences on our health.
If people don’t eat any of three meals in a day, they tend to die of eating and therefore they
can eat much more in the next meals without control. As a result, they become fatter.
Using drugs can be able to affect negatively to center nervous system and social activities
such as low thinking and memory, ineffective work, easy mistake making,… In conclusion,
it is necessary to exercise every day to maintain a nice and healthy body.
Side effects: tác dụng phụ
25. Reading is being encouraged in your high school. Three options: textbooks (sách
giáo khoa), picture books, reference books (sách tham khảo). What is your best choice?
Sample 1:
Option 1: textbooks: cheap and easy to understand the content; cheap and easy to buy
at any bookstores; provide basic and essential information and exercises for practice.
Option 2: picture books: expensive/ there are a lot of pictures that make students lose
concentration on the content / the content of the picture book is very poor
Option 3: reference books: expensive and it’s difficult to understand the content.
Sample 2:
-
Choice: reference books
-
Firstly: Reference books have a lot advanced knowledge which students do not learn
in the textbooks.
-
Secondly, students can discover new things, learn new information, knowledge
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-
Textbooks: simple; they study a lot in the class everyday
-
Picture books: expensive; poor content
Vocab:
1. Reference (tham khao) /ˈrefrəns/
2. Knowledge (kien thuc) /ˈnɒlɪdʒ/
26. A friend from Nha Trang/Da Nang city wants to visit HN this weekend. There are 3
places: HCM mausoleum, Hoan Kiem lake; Ha noi museum. Which is your best
choice?
In my opinion, HCM Mausoleum is the best choice for me because ……
HCM mausoleum: Firstly, It is one of the most attractive places where attracts a lot of
tourists in HN capital because it is the final resting place of HCM. He will know more
about the life of the president HCM.
Secondly, Around HCM mausoleum there are some other nice places such as HCM’s
house, One Pillar Pagoda and Ba Dinh Square where you can take pictures and more
importantly can deeply understand our history.
I don’t choose HK lake: he visited there many times; It hasn’t changed for a long time. The
streets are very crowded and very dangerous when you across from the streets near HK lake
HN museum is not my best choice because: It’s boring; It is not always open.
In short, ……
27. A foreign student wants to understand about Vietnamese history. There are 3
options: a museum, video, reading books. What is the best choice?
In my opinion, reading books is my best choice because of the following reasons.
Reading books: Firstly, it’s convenient to help him know much information about the
Vietnamese history and culture and secondly, he can read any time and in any places;
Moreover, he can take notes or highlight the important information on the book that he needs
to remember.
On the other hand, about 2 other options, I don’t choose Museum because it’s not easy to
arrange the time to visit and the museum is not always open.
Video is not my best choice because : it’s difficult for him to choose the suitable video about
Vietnamese history and not many videos are translated in to foreign languages.
In short, reading books is my best choice
27.1 A group of foreign students are studying Vietnamese history. You are asked to
suggest the sources of learning. There are 3 options: going to the museum (A), watching
documents (B), listening to Vietnamese songs (C). What is the best choice?
+ Going to the museum is the best way to study Vietnamese history directly by seeing
historical objects and listening to historical events through tour guide/ historians
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+ Going to the museum also helps to relax, enrich their eyesight/outloook, develop their
creative thinking and language use.
-Watching documents and listening to Vietnamese songs to study Vnese history cannot as
direct as going to museum
-Watching documents and listening to Vnese songs may take longer time to understand history
28. You are thinking about the way to congratulate on (chúc mừng) your close
friend’s birthday. There are three ways: posting on facebook/ phone call/ send a
card. What is your best choice?
Sample 1
In my opinion, posting on facebook is my best choice for the following reasons
1: Firstly, I want to make my friend surprised / Through social network/On Facebook, I
want many people to send greetings to my close friend and make her happy (Post on
facebook: Birthday wishes and a Birthday song that was sung by me; that will make
him/her surprised)
2: I don’t choose a phone call because I often call my friend on birthday every year
3; Sending a card isn’t my best choice because It’s too simple
In short, posting wishes on facebook is the best choice
Sample 2
+Posting birthday wishes on facebook timeline is the most direct, convenient and fastest way
in the modern society because everybody uses fb as a means of communication everyday.
+Posting on facebook is also a soft remind which encourages other people to make best wishes
to my close friend
-Phoning a call may cost much money than posting on fb and sometimes when my friend is
busy working, she cannot pick up the phone
- Sending a card can take longer time for both me and my friend who have to go to the post
office and wait for the birthday card.
29. A youth club is inviting a speaker to talk about life experience. There are 3
persons suggested: famous singer, company president, excellent student. What is
the best choice?
Company president: have much life experience to share/they are successful in their
career/ they have good communication skills and presentation skills.
Excellent student: He’s too young to have good life experience although he has
good academic achievement.
Famous singer: they sing very beautifully but I am not sure they can deliver a good
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speech about sharing life experience.
30. You are planning to have a Sunday evening out. There are 3 options to
choose: seeing a movie, going shopping, singing Karaoke. What is the best
choice?
In my opinion, a movie is the best choice for the following reasons
Movie: Firstly, watching movies helps me relax or reduce stress after hard working time/ I
can update the latest films. (phim mới nhất) Secondly, Seeing movies does not cost much
money.
I don’t choose Shopping because: it’s boring and makes me tired/ it costs a lot of money
Karaoke is not my best choice because : It’s not suitable/ noisy atmosphere/sing badly
In short seeing a movie is my best choice.
31. Younger sister told lies many times (nói dối nhiều lần). What are you going to do:
having a talk with her/ informing your parents/ letting her continue telling lies. What is
your choice?
Have a talk: I want to explain to her that it’s not good to tell lies and advise her to
stop telling lies.
Inform parents: I don’t want to hurt my younger sister and my parents to blame her
Letting her…..: This is a bad habit that can affect many people and herself
32. There is a 3 day trip in one city in Viet Nam: Sapa/ HN/ Da Nang. What is
the best choice?
Sapa: it’s a beautiful place that I have never visited. There is the highest
mountain in the south East Asia/ I can know more about the culture of ethnic
groups.
Hanoi: I visited Hn many times
Da nang: I don’t like beach/ it is very expensive
Hoặc 32.1. Suggest a place for a foreign friend to visit when he comes to Vietnam.
(Hanoi/ Danang/ Dalat)
Sample 1- Hanoi: the capital of Vietnam; I will take him to visit many famous places to
visit and take photos: Hoan Kiem lake, Ngoc Son temple; One Pillar pagoda …….
(entertainment centres); enjoy traditional food (Phở, bún chả, spring roll); because I
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have been living here for 30 years; I know many famous places in Hanoi, I want to
introduce to him many things about Hanoi. Visit Ha Long, ………
- I don’t choose Danang: he doesn’t like going to the beach; expensive;
- Dalat: he visited it several times; it is boring
Sample 2 - Dalat: best choice; many beautiful places to visit; the weather: cool; cloudy;
activities: visit pagodas; …….
Danang: hot (summer) makes him feel uncomfortable; sunburn
Hanoi: hot (summer)
33. Your nephew is turning 6 years old next week and you are going to buy
him a gift. There are 3 options: robot/ English comic books/ school bag/.
What’s your best choice?
English comic books: Firstly, it’s useful for him to learn English, learning English
vocabulary; it helps him to develop creativity (sự sáng tạo) and imagination (trí tưởng tượng)
when he looks at the pictures in the books.
Robot: he has a lot of robots at home
School bag: he has it already/ his parents bought him already
33.1 Hoặc Buying things for a five-year old son? What would you buy for a five-year
old son? (a toy/a book/ an Ipad)
- A toy: 5 year-old boy likes the toy; he likes to discover things around him; I would buy him
a model of a house or a lego; it will keep him busy; less focus on TV
- A book: he is small; he can’t read yet
- An Ipad: it is expensive; it is not suitable for him; he should not expose to technology so
early.
33.2 Hoặc Buy present for your brother: a camera, a selfie stick (gậy tự sướng), a 3day holiday?
- I think the best present is a camera for the following reasons
- Firstly, taking photos is his hobby; he can take beautiful photos
- Secondly, he can save his memories with friends and family, helpful because next month
we have a holiday; he likes to take photos of family and landscapes. I will give him on his
birthday.
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- He can earn some money, because he is really good at photography, he can follow his
dream of being a photographer
- Moreover, he can use it for a long time
- Other 2 options: I don’t choose a a selfie-stick because it is not as useful as the camera;
3-day holiday is not my good choice because next month our family is going to Da
Nang.
33.3 Hoặc Your niece is turning 12 years old next week and you are going to buy her
a gift. There are 3 options: a dress/ an English comic book/ a bouquet (‘bukei)
of flowers. What’s your best choice?
English comic books: it’s useful to for her to learn English
a bouquet of flowers : it’s too simple
a dress: she has it already
34. There are some ways to assess students’ behavior: self-assessment/ teacher
assessment/ peer assessment. What is the best choice? (tự đánh giá – giáo viên đánh giá
– bạn bè đánh giá) assess: đánh giá; assessment: sự đánh giá
In my opinion, Teacher’s assessment is the best choice because of the following reasons
- Firstly, Teachers have living experience and know strong points and weak points of
students.
- Secondly, the teachers are flexible and can assess students in a comprehensive and
fair way.
Peer assessment: brings bias attitude and results may be unreliable
Self-assessment: it’s not objective and students do not have enough skills to assess
themselves.
35. You are studying economics (ngành kinh tế học) and need daily update on economic
news: Internet/ TV/ radio. What is the best choice?
I think the Internet is the best choice because of the following reasons
Internet: easy to use, popular (I just need a mobile phone connected to the Internet)
Firstly, it’s cheap, fast, convenient, effective/ I can read the news anywhere at any time I
want with Internet connection.
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Secondly, it contains a rich source of information about economics (websites; online
journals)
TV: It’s not available every time and it follows the timetable
Radio: it’s boring/ the information is limited because of time
36. You have 3 days off and there are some activities: at home/ go hiking/
travel abroad. What is the best choice?
Hiking: relax and see views/ enjoy the fresh air in the mountain; sceneries
At home: boring
Travel abroad: expensive / not enough time to travel abroad for 3 days.
Hoặc
Your family is making a plan for this weekend. There are THREE options for you to
choose:
-
Going to the cinema
-
Having meal in a restaurant
-
Going to the beach
Which plan do you think is the best choice for your family?
-
In my opinion, the best choice is having a meal in a restaurant for the following
reasons.
-
Firstly, This weekend I do not have free time, so I plan to have dinner out with my
family. My children love hotpot, so I intend to have a chicken hotpot in a restaurant near
the city centre. It is a famous restaurant and we have to make a call to book a table before
coming. Last week, we went to the cinema to watch ‘Kungfu Panda 3’ so I am not going
the movie this weekend. I can watch films on the Internet or TV at home with my family.
- it is family’s favorite restaurant; the food there is good, the view is beautiful; staff are
friendly; it is not expensive to eat there
- I don’t choose to go to the cinema because we like different kinds of films, it is difficult to
choose 1 film to see.
- The beach is not my best choice because We are planning to go to the beach this summer
when my children have a long holiday after a school year.
In short, having meal in the restaurant is my best choice.
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37. You are preparing activities for Women’s Day. There are some activities
suggested: class picnic/ Miss contest/ party (karaoke). What’s your best
choice?
Class picnic: have fun together/ have time to meet friends and do many activities together:
eating; drinking; playing outdoor games; we will feel closer, cozy atmosphere; singing
together; taking beautiful pictures.
Miss contest: there are many things/ plans to prepare/ it takes a lot of preparation; a lot of
time
Party (Karaoke): it’s expensive and noisy/ not all students can sing well/ like singing
38. You want to raise money for charity (quyên góp tiền từ thiện). There are 3 options
suggested: concert/ 2nd hand market / marathon
I think a second hand market is my best choice because of the following reasons
Firstly, It’s easy to collect a lot of second hand stuff/ things (clothes, books, newspapers,
magazines, shoes, sandals) and we can get a lot of money; everyone has second-hand
things and they are willing to give to others/ charity.
I don’t choose Concert because I don’t have experience to organize/ not many people
understand about the concert; it is difficult for me to invite music band or famous singers.
I don’t choose Marathon because It takes a lot of time to prepare; I don’t have experience in
organizing this kind of event.
In short, I think my choice is the second-hand market
38.1 A group of students are raising money for charity. There are 3 options: from
companies, from schools and from individuals. What is your best choice?
+ Raising money from schools helps to teach students how to work in team to take care the
community, especially the poor people
+ Raising money from schools through selling their personal things is also a great way to set
up and boost up the students’ their own mini/ startup business
-Raising money from companies perhaps can gain much money than at schools, however
students have to take a lot of their time to find suitable companies, this will be a challenge and
affect their school time
-Raising money from individuals might not make much money because the living cost now is
quite high, therefore some people even do not always have enough money for their life
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39. You need to take photos at the end of school year (chụp ảnh kỷ yếu). There are
some places suggested: park/ flower garden/ zoo. What is the best choice?
- I think flower garden is my best choice because of the following reasons
Firstly, there are many beautiful flowers with different colors to take photos; suitable
for photography; suitable for posing; It inspires people to pose more. They can take photos
with their favorite flowers.
Secondly, Students especialy girls like to see beautiful flowers in the flower garden.
Students will have amazing photos to post on their Facebook as sweet memories.
Finally, The entrance fee is cheap.
- I don’t choose the park because: it’s more suitable to do exercises/ It’s far from school/
not beautiful
- the zoo is not my best choice because: there are many animals; it’s suitable for visitors
especially children/ not suitable for taking photos at the end of school year.
In short, taking photos in the flower garden is my best choice.
40. You need to buy some things on Tet holiday. There are some places
suggested: Traditional market/ supermarket/ department store. What do you
choose?
Sample 1
I think …… is my best choice because of the following reasons.
Traditional market: There are many kinds of things we can buy for Tet holiday and it’s
cheap. We can feel the atmosphere of traditional Tet holiday. Not have to queue to pay the
bill.
Supermarket: expensive/ takes a lot of time for making a line/ queuing to pay the bill.
Department store: limited stuff/ things/ products to buy for Tet holiday; We do not feel the
atmosphere of traditional Tet holiday.
In short, …….
Sample 2
Supermarket:
I dont choose traditional market because the product’s quality is not good
Department store is not my best choice because there are limited products for Tet
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In short, supermarket is my best choice.
41. There are some punishment ways for people who smoke in public places: fining
(pay 500,000 VND)/ community service (lao động công ích)/ put in to prison. What’s the
best choice? Punishment = penalty: hình phạt
Choice: community service: He has to work hard such as cleaning toilets in the public
places/ cleaning the streets to see their bad habits to change.
- pay 500,000 VND; I don’t choose to pay 500,000VND because this penalty is too light for
them; smoke is harmful for both smokers and non-smokers near them/ rich people are ready
to pay a lot of money to continue smoking.
- put in to prison is not my best choice because it is too heavy
In short, ……..
42. Your sister is short-sighted, choose a place for her to sit in the class: sit in front; in
the middle; at the back?
- I think the best place for my sister to sit in the class is in front because sitting in front helps
my sister see every word on the board clearly. It also helps my sister to communicate with
her teacher more and she will understand the lesson better.
- About 2 other choices, it is ok for her to sit in the middle but it is not the best place. I will
never let her sit at the back because she is short-sighted, it is very difficult for to see the
words in the board clearly. It is very bad for her eyes too.
- In short, sitting in front is the best place for her.
43. Your father is going to retire next week. You are thinking of buying him a present:
a bottle of champagne, a puppy, a tie. Which one do you think is the best present for
him?
a bottle of champagne: it’s not good for his health
a puppy: it is a meaningful present/ it is a close friend and loyal pet to my father and my
father really likes domestic pet. When he retires, sometime he feels very sad, so the puppy
can become his best friend.
a tie: My father has a lot of ties
In my opinion, I will buy a puppy for my father when he is going to retire next week
because of the following reasons.
Firstly,
Secondly,
I don’t choose a bottle of champagne because …..
I think a tie is not a best choice because …..
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In short, a puppy is my best present for my father.
43.1 Your friend is going abroad next month. What present are you going to give him?
(copy of a book he likes/ an album/ a handmade accessory)?
- an album of his favorite singer: a big fan of this singer; can listen to it many times;
meaningful: remind him of Vietnam and remember me
- copy of a book: not good in quality;
- a handmade accessory: not talented/ not good at making the handmade products
43.2 Your close friend is going to study abroad. There are 3 presents to choose:
- A backpack
- A book
- A beauty product
Which present do you think is the most suitable?
A backpack: He got it already
A book: it helps him open the knowledge and relax
A beauty product: it’s not suitable for boy
44. If you won the lottery of 1 billion VND, what would you do with the money?
- Buy a new house.
- Start a business.
- Deposit the money in the bank.
a) If I won a lottery of one billion dollars, I would buy a house, because I haven’t got
one now. I am living with my parents, but I prefer an independent life. After I buy it, I
will have my own house and I will be able to do whatever I want with it. Feel happy and
peaceful, comfortable.
b) If I won a lottery of one billion dollars, I would start a business. Firstly, having my
own business is my dream. I want to make money by myself and to stand on my feet. If
my business ran well, I could buy a house, deposit money in the bank, do charity and
other things.
c) If I won a lottery of one billion dollars, I would deposit money in the bank. In my
view, it’s the safest way to keep money while I can get monthly interest to spend. I’m not
young so I want stability and safety.
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44.1 Hoặc
You were a lottery winner. You won one billion VND. There are THREE options for
you to choose:
- Put all in a bank to receive monthly interest
- Bought some valuable things such as a car, a house or a piece of land
- Gave some to a charity organization. Then, went travelling with your family or
friends with the rest.
Which will you choose?
-
If I won the lottery of 1 billion VND, I would deposit all the money in the bank to get
the interest rate in banks in Vietnam increases day by day. I can stay at home or do
leisured work, and take some money more from bank’s interest. I can earn some money
without doing anything from early morning to late night! It’s so interesting!
45. You have just received a sum of money from your father as a birthday present.
How would you use the money?
- To buy a laptop for your study.
- To buy a fashionable smart phone.
- To save up for future.
a) If my father gives a sum of money as a birthday present, I will buy a new laptop for
my study. The reason is that it is really necessary for me to learn and work. It can help me
to search for information, documents and references. I can send and receive emails,
messages from other people. Additionally, I can relax with music and games, and read ebooks with the laptop.
Fashionable smartphone?
Save up for future?
b) If my father gives a sum of money as a birthday present, I will buy a smart phone.
The reason is that I have already had a laptop, and it is not small enough to take with me
to everywhere. A smart phone is useful for my study as well as for my job. I can talk,
chat, and send emails, messages to others conveniently. I can also listen to music, play
games or read e-books with a smart phone too.
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c) If my father gives a sum of money as a birthday present, I will not buy a laptop
or a smart phone, because it’s a waste of money. The reason is that I have had both.
I will save up for the future. Running a business is my dream, but I cannot start a
new business without the capital. Now I do not have enough, but I believe that if I
save money gradually, I will have my own.
46. An optional subject will be added to the curriculum for secondary students in your
city. Three options are suggested:
- photography
- swimming
- dancing
a) If I have the right to choose an optional subject to add to the curriculum for
secondary students in my city, a swimming course is my first choice because of the
following reasons.
- Firstly, In reality, Vietnamese students have a sedentary lifestyle and they
seldom do physical activities to make them strong. They study at school during
the daytime and go to extra classes in the evening. Whenever they have free time,
they play games, see films or listen to music.
- Secondly, Additionally, according to some statistics, the main reason for the high
rate of drowning deaths in Vietnam is that children do not have swimming skills.
Therefore, a swimming course is necessary for them in terms of health and
safety.
I don’t choose photography because It needs modern equipment which takes a lot of
money
I don’t choose dancing because It is diffucult to learn how to dance especially the
boys
In short, swimming is my best choice.
b) In my opinion a photography class is interesting and necessary. Vietnamese students
study most of their time: they go to school during the daytime and go to extra classes in
the evening. Therefore, a photography class can make students relax after hard working
29
hours. It also helps them to enjoy the beauty of life. With a camera, they can keep their
most memorable moments in life with their family and friends for the whole life.
Schoolboys: don’t like dancing
In short, ……..
c) In my opinion a dancing class is interesting and necessary. Vietnamese students study
most of their time: they go to school during the daytime and go to extra classes in the
evening. Therefore, a dancing class can make students relax after hard working hours. It
also helps them to make friends. Dancing practice help students improve their physical
and mental heath, be more energetic and active in real life.
47. You are going to take your secondary students to a private cinema. Three options
of movies are suggested:
- cartoon
- action movie
- detective movie
- I think a detective movie will be the best choice because of the following reasons.
Firstly, Secondary students are curious, they want to explore and investigate everything.
They try to guess and share ideas or comments on what they have seen. As a result, they
will be attracted to the detective movie.
Moreover, it is also a good way for them to learn how to think logically, it helps to
develop imagination and creativity.
- A cartoon is no longer suitable for secondary students.
- On the other hand, an action movie has too many violent scenes which may affect their
behaviors./ which are not suitable for them.
In short, ……
48. Your school, college or workplace is organizing an Open Day. When visitors come
to see and find out about the place, people will be asked to help with various aspects of
the event. There are three options for you to choose:
- A tour guide
- A traffic instructor
- A master of ceremony
30
I think being a tour guide will be the most suitable for me. I can speak English so I want
to make use this chance to practice English. Furthermore, as a citizen of the town, I know
its history very well, so I can tell visitors about the events which happened in the past. I
can take them to the scenic spots of the town. Being a traffic instructor is good; however,
I am not healthy enough to stand out all the time showing ways for people. Being a
master of ceremony is great, but I am not confident enough to speak in front of the
audience.
49. Your friend is going to have his first date this weekend. He would like you to give
advice on where to go. There are THREE options for you to choose:
- Restaurant
- Cinema
- Shopping malls
Which do you think is the best place for the first date?
-
I think he should take his girlfriend to a restaurant to have a meal. They can talk and
share the time while having meal. There is a variety of places for him to choose. He
should ask the girl about the dish she like and pick her up. When they are having dinner,
they could talk to know each other such as hobby, his or her family, work or something
like that. That is a amazing evening to move the next step in their relationship. If they
want to have a next date, going to the cinema or going to shopping malls will be better
instead of the first date.
50. Your parents’ wedding anniversary is coming. You and your sister are thinking of
giving them a great present. There are THREE options for you to choose:
- A wedding cake
- A 3-day tour to the beach
- An album of the whole family
Which do you think is the best present for their wedding anniversary?
-
I will give my parents a three-day tour on the beach. My reason is very simple. My
parents have always loved the beach, and they love going there for a holiday but they
haven’t made it because they are so busy with their kids. I am sure that my gift/present
will make them extremely happy and they will have the moments of their life. Another
31
reason is that a wedding cake can’t be kept for memory. And the album of family is not
necessary because we have already had 2 of it. (2 remaining options) In short, a three-day
holiday at the beach is my best choice.
Hoặc
50.1 Your parents are going to celebrate their wedding anniversary next week. You are
going to give them a present: a couple of movie tickets, a bouquet of flowers, a
handmade card. What do you choose?
Important/ necessary/ interesting/ wonderful / boring / not suitable /
a bouquet of flowers: my parents are keen on flowers
a couple of movie tickets; my parents don’t like going to the cinema, but they like seeing
movie at home.
a handmade card: I don’t know how to make a handmade card.
-
51. Some of your friends are visiting you this weekend. You would like to do
something fun with them. What will you do?
There are THREE options for you to choose:
-
Cook a meal together in your apartment.
-
Go to a local restaurant together.
-
Take your friends out for sightseeing.
- I think we will cook a meal together in my apartment.
-
Firstly, I am a quite good cook so whenever my friends visit me, they always want to
enjoy the food I prepare.
-
Secondly, my friends like staying at home and spend time with each other
-
Going to a local restaurant is also a good choice, but my friends usually prefer to stay
at home so that we have more time together while still save money.
-
I also like taking my friends out for sightseeing but the weather at this time of the
year is not really beautiful.
-
In short, I think I will choose the first option of cooking a meal together in my
apartment.
52. You are about to study at university. Which of these is most important? There are
THREE options for you to choose:
-
Cost of the course
-
Reputation of the university
-
Distance from home
32
C1: I will choose a university because of its reputation.
-
A university which is well-known must have good teaching and learning. So I can
enjoy good study environment.
-
If the cost of the course is high, I will try to afford by doing some part-time job.
-
Distance from home is not very important because nowadays the traffic is much better,
making travelling around easier and more convenient.
C2; In my opinion cost of the course and distance from home are not as important as
reputation of the university because if I have a chance to study at a well-known university, I
will have a lot of opportunities to get a good job with high salary after graduation and I can
afford to pay for tuition fee I get loan during the university’s time. Moreover, I am an active
and independent student, so the distance from home is not important at all because it will
challenge me and train me to become more confident and more dynamic to deal with all the
problems in my life.
- Deal with, cope with, solve, overcome the problem
53. Your university offers free courses for graduate students. Which would you choose?
There are THREE options for you to choose:
-
A time-management course. Khóa học quản lý thời gian
-
A public speaking course. Khóa học nói trước công chúng
-
A teamwork course. Khóa học về làm việc nhóm
If I have a chance to join a free course that my university offers, I want to join timemanagement course because, to me,
-
Firstly, time is the most important and valuable property that people often waste for
useless activities.
-
Secondly, How to manage and use the time effectively and efficiently during 24 hours
is very necessary and if I can manage the time suitably, I can do any things successfully
and perfectly.
-
Next, I am not a good time manager. I don’t know how to manage the time effectively.
-
A public speaking course and team work course are not my choice because when I
study at university, presenting a project in front of my classmates and working in groups
33
or teams are considered usual and regular tasks I have to perform, so they are very
interesting and good but it is not as necessary as a time-management.
In short, …….
54. A student wants to do a part-time job where he can practice his English. Which job
would be best for him?
There are THREE options for you to choose:
-
A job at a souvenir shop (cửa hàng bán đồ lưu niệm)
-
A job at a travel agency (đại lý du lịch lữ hành)
-
A job at a take-away shop (cửa hàng bán đồ ăn mang về)
There are a lot of part time jobs for example student can work in a souvenir shop or a travel
agency or a take-away shop… However, if he wants to practice his English, I think a job at
travel agency is the best suitable for him. You know, working at travel agency, you can be a
temporary guide in English. For example, guiding a group of Australian tourists visiting
Hanoi, you can practice English to describe and present about Hanoi’s sightseeing…
I don’t choose a job at a souvenir shop …..
A job at a take-away shop isn’t my best choice ….
Because it does not help me improve my English.
In short, …..
55. Your friend is going on a long journey by train on his own. Which do you think is
the best way to pass time on a long journey?
There are THREE options for you to choose:
-
Talking to other people
-
Reading books
-
Sleeping
Sample 1
-
In my opinion, the best way to pass time on a long journey is to talk to other people.
-
Firstly, when talking you may forget everything around you and just focus on your
chat.
-
Secondly, you can make new friends
34
-
I don’t think that reading books is good because on a journey as our eyes may become
tired. Moreover, we can get train-sick because of concentrating on reading.
-
Sleeping is also a good way to pass the time but we cannot socialize with others while
sleeping.
-
So for me talking to other people is the best choice
Sample 2
- Talking: More positive experience about journey, makes new friends, more social, break
out of your comfort zone, enjoy the journey more
- Sleeping: tired; train sickness
- Reading book: tired
Getting a long train on your own can be kind of tiring and boring; therefore, you may
probably prefer to find something to do to pass the time. Talking to other people, reading
books or sleeping are some options that, to some extent, are good to be chosen. As far as I’m
concerned, I would rate communicating with others higher than either reading books or
sleeping because of a number of its benefits.
Firstly, in spite of just isolating yourself from others, talking will help you get more
positive experience about your journey. It’s when you can share all about your life, your
job or your ideas with a stranger. And in fact, we often feel comfortable to openly tell a
person we’ve never met before our stories either the bad or good. By this, we can relieve our
stress and become happier. By communicating, we can spice up our tedious moments on the
train.
Besides, talking is prerequisite for a friendship to flourish. Obvious as it is, no friendship
can be built in silence; and all of your friends were once strangers. Breaking out your
comfort zone and starting a conversation with a stranger may probably bring you a soul mate
that you’ve found for long.
In contrast, sleeping and reading book are by far less favorable. Focusing hard on a book
when the train is moving can cause tiredness. The story conveyed will then be less
appealing and barely completely understood. On the other hand, after sleeping during the
whole long journey, you may feel weary to wake up with a possible pain in your head. The
longer you remain apart from others, the less you can enjoy.
35
In a nutshell, I think it is highly recommended that people open themselves to talk with other
so that they can greatly relish their long journey on the train and make new friends and turn
on their excitement.
56. An optional subject will be added to the curriculum for secondary students in your
city. Which do you think is the best option for secondary students?
THREE options are suggested:
- cooking
- swimming
- sewing (may vá)
I will choose cooking because:
+ It helps them to cook for themselves
+ Children will know how hard their parents are to cook
+ cooking make them appreciate the food more
I don’t choose swimming and sewing because:
+ It might be dangerous for children to do these
+ swimming: need the facilities such as the swimming pool, many school don’t have
swimming pool for the students to learn how to swim
In short, ……
57. You are planning to take your students to participate in outdoor activities. Which
do you think is the most suitable one for your students?
THREE options of activities are suggested:
- visiting the zoo
- camping
- drawing
- I am planning to take my students to participate in an outdoor activity and I plan to take
them to the zoo.
- I know my students really like animals. Going to the zoo helps them to widen their
knowledge and satisfy their interest. And I think Thu Le Zoo is quite suitable a place for us
to go to. It is quite large with a lot of games for children to play. But most importantly, there
are a lot of cages of animals which students cannot see at any other places. And my plan for
that day is that we will start off in the morning, go around the zoo and sightsee and play
36
games for about three hours, then at noon we leave the zoo for a restaurant for lunch. While
having lunch, I will ask students to talk about their feelings after the trip. This is really
necessary, giving them an opportunity to express themselves, talking about what they have
learned from the trip, and especially enhancing their love for nature and animals. I hope the
trip will raise their awareness of protecting nature and animals and at the same time, provide
them with interesting and enjoyable moments.
Why not choose camping and drawing:
-
Camping: they have to go to the places far from the city, it takes 2 days, it takes a lot
of time and preparation, it may be dangerous
-
Drawing: they study drawing at schools and some students do not like drawing
In short, …….
58. You are planning to take your secondary students to participate in outdoor
activities. Which do you think are the most preferable to them?
THREE options of dressing for girls are suggested:
- uniforms
- selected tops and shorts
- skirts
Uniforms may be the best choice because of the following reasons.
-
The first reason is that uniforms highly appreciate the community. All the rich and the
poor are the same. There is no difference and unequality between male and female.
-
Moreover, when students put on uniforms they feel so proud of their school and have a
sense of responsibility to keep their school’s reputation.
-
Finally, uniforms make all students look more formal.
I think that selected tops and shorts and skirts are popular costumes that make students more
active and dynamic but they are not suitable for students when they take part in outdoor
activities with their classmates as a school trip.
In short, …..
59. You are planning a holiday and you will be staying in a hotel. You will decide which
feature you consider to be the most important when choosing a hotel to stay in.
There are THREE options for you to choose:
37
- The location of the hotel.
- The comfort of the hotel room.
- Reasonable price.
When having a holiday, your accommodation choice is very important because it can make
or break your holidays.
I consider the convenience of the hotel the most important when choosing a hotel to stay.
Travelling, either by land or air, can be exhausting. So I would be looking forward to a
comfortable and convenient stay when I arrive in my destination. Therefore, my hotel should
have the amenities that would help me relax and unwind. Things like a cozy room, a soft
bed, or a pool spa are a big plus. I can check these, as well as the type of service they give,
by reading reviews or guest testimonials on the Internet. Also, safety and security should not
be overlooked when selecting accommodation.
In my opinion, the location of the hotel is not very important because I will go by my private
car so I can travel everywhere I want without any worrying about the distance. Costs are
another important consideration here but I have affordability so I do not care about the price.
I only want to make sure to check whether the hotel prices are all-inclusive or not.
In short, …..
60. You are giving a short talk on language learning. You will decide which activity is
the best way to learn a new language.
There are THREE options for you to choose:
- Join a class.
- Self-study.
- Talk to native speakers
In learning a language, there are many different options such as joining a class, learning by
oneself and talking to native speakers. In my opinion, talking to native speakers is the best
way to acquire a new language. Communicating with native speakers can help people make
sure whether they can make themselves understood. What is more, it is a great chance for
language learners to practise their pronunciation and sharpen their communicating skills.
Besides, having talks with foreigners can act as a motivation for language learners.
38
-
Joining a class is also a good way but looking for a good classroom is not an easy job.
- Self-studying is necessary in language learning, however it is more suitable for language
learners of high level than low level ones.
-
All things considered, I believe that talking to native speakers is the best way to learn
a language.
61. You have been asked to give a presentation in your English class on a famous city.
Decide which aspect you think is the most important one to focus on in your
presentation.
There are THREE options for you to choose:
- History of the city.
- Tourist attractions in the city.
- Famous citizens of the city.
If I have to make a presentation about a famous city, I think my emphasis will be put on the
tourist attractions of the city because it seems that this is the information that most listeners
want to know. People are usually interested in the beautiful places in a city so that they can
come when they have time. The history of the city is also important as it provides people
with the knowledge that they may know little about, but it should be brief as history is not
always interesting. I will not say much about famous citizens of the city except that one has
special contribution to the city
62. Your local council has been allocated money to add one new entertainment facility
to the community in your area. Decide which one you would choose.
There are THREE options for you to choose:
-
A sports centre
-
A park with a lake.
-
A children’s playground.
I think it should be a park with a beautiful lake because you know in my town there are a lot
of private sport centres and a children’s playground. Firstly, having a park will make a town
39
beautiful. Secondly, people can go there to relax or doing morning exercises or just to see a
lake.
63. Your local council wants to make your area more environmentally friendly. Decide
which way you would choose as being the best one to make your area greener.
There are THREE options for you to choose:
-
Recycle bins in public places.
-
Plant trees.
-
Educate the people on the environment
- I think it should be educate the people on the environment because it’s the most effective
way to protect environment. (awareness of people on protecting environment is raised;
responsibility of people: improved) reasons: teach students at schools about the importance
of environment which is sources for the future.
- Moreover, although there are a lot of recycle bins in public places and a many trees planted
around the city, people still put rubbish into the road.
64. The government is going to give an award to individuals from different professions
who have contributed positively to your country. Decide which category most deserves
to receive an award.
There are THREE options;
- Scientists
- Politicians
- Teachers
I think it should be scientist because nowadays scientist create something which is very
useful for people. I think they have a lot of contribution to my country. Politicians and
teachers maybe have contribution to one part of education or politics.
65. What do you do after an English lesson? Talking to friends; reading books; doing
exercise/
Hoặc nếu bạn có 15 phút giải lao giữa giờ (15-minute break time) bạn sẽ làm gì?
Talking to friends; reading books; doing exercise
In my opinion,talking to friends after an English lesson is the best choice for the following
reasons.
Firstly, talking to friends will help everyone relax after stressful class hours.
Secondly, everyone can share their learned knowledge with each other.
40
About 2 other options,reading books and doing exercise are also a good way but you don’t
have time to relax. In short,talking to friends is the best choice.
66. Your child is entering primary school. Which school do you want to choose: a
school with high focus on personality/ a school on academic development/ a school with
relaxed atmosphere.
- a school with high focus on personality: it helps children to form useful personality to
become good citizens.
- a school on academic development: it’s not necessary for children at grade 1 at primary
school
- a school with relaxed atmosphere: it’s not good and it can make students become lazy and
distract their study.
67. Your family is discussing how your 7th grade nephew spends summer holiday.
There are some options for him to choose: joining a summer camp/ doing a military
training/ staying with grandparents in the country side.
Summer camp: He had a summer camp last summer holiday
military training; it helps him to experience and practice the strict regulations to become a
good citizen.
staying with grandparents in the country side: grandparents do not have the good health to
look after my nephew
68. You have 2 weeks before final exams. Would you stay home to revise for the test (A),
take a short holiday with your family (B); join friends for parties (C)? What is your best
choice?
+Staying at home at this time is the safest way to protect ourselves from Corona pandemic.
+Staying at home to revise for the test helps me understand the lesson better and easily get
good marks for the test
-During the spread of Coronavirus, going on holiday has a lot of travel restrictions because of
easily exporting and importing the virus.
-Joining friends for parties is the fastest way to expand the virus to the crowd
69. A university wants to find a person who can help weak students. There are persons:
a teacher (because he has a lot of experience and good teaching methods/ understand
students’ level and then find effective ways to help them learn better), an academic
advisor, an excellent student.
70. Your are searching to write your graduate thesis. There are three resources: free
online books, journals in your university; journal of your major with payments. What is
your best choice?
+ Free online books; It is very easy to find free online books which are suitable for my graduate
thesis as well as always available in the public domain, just with a good Internet connectivity
and appropriate browser apps.
+ Free online books help to save my budgets and more importantly you can read a lot of peerreview of the e-books to see how it is necessary for my graduate thesis and then give the final
decision of its usage
41
+ Journals in my university or journals of my major with payments are good choice, however
they totally cost a lot of money. As you know that I am a student, therefore I sometimes have
financial problems thus I cannot afford to buy these journals
+ My major is related to international economic development therefore economic journals in
my country and in my university are not really necessary/ helpful for my graduate thesis
71. Your English teacher is going to retire next month, you and your friends are planning
to hold a farewell party. There are some places for your class to choose: your classroom,
teacher’s house and a restaurant near school. What is your best choice?
+Organizing a farewell party in a restaurant near school will create warm atmosphere and have
a chance to enjoy different delicious food as well as a great service.
+Having a party in a restaurant can be used for a large space with hundred of people at the
same time.
- Organizing a farewell party in teacher’s house can be hard to host an elaborate party at her
house home and perhaps will affect her family member and neighbors
- Organizing the party in the classroom is sometimes allowed and has a quite small space for
all people
72. Situation: Your friend who is a musician is having his first published next month.
You want to buy him a gift to celebrate a special occasion. There are three options: a
bouquet of the flowers (B), a hand-made card (A) and a notebook (C). What is your best
choice?
+A hand-made card is a way to show that I had taken much time to make something special
to my friend.
+ it is the way to show how much he means to me and also a good way for my friend to keep
as memory
+A hand-made card is another way to make my own fun and can save my budgets in the long
run
-Buying a bouquet of flower is also a good choice, however it quite costs a lot of money,
because nowadays fresh flowers are quite expensive
-Buying a notebook seems not to be suitable as a present because he is quite busy, therefore I
guess he has no time to use it everyday.
73. Situation: You are going on holiday. There are three options: going with your family (A),
going with your friends (B) and going there alone (C). What is your best choice?
+Going on holiday with family will increase the love between family members
+Going on holiday with family will make me have more time to be closer with my kids and help my
family reduce stress after hard working days
-Going on with friends is a good choice, however it is not as happy as going with our beloved family
-Going on holiday alone is boring. It means it is very boring when travelling alone
74. Situation: Your work is 10 km far away from home. You are considering the means of
transportation to go to work everyday. There are three options: taxi, motorbike and bus. What
is your best choice?
Car/taxi: It’s expensive
Motorbike: it’s convenient and fast / I can be active about time for work
42
Bus: The time is not flexible/ busy/ crowded / it takes a lot of time to go by bus
75. Situation: Your are preparing a presentation on a new product. There are three options
for you to choose to present the product: a powerpoint slide, a poster and a video. What is the
best choice?
76. Situation: You are doing your project about life in the countryside. To do the project well,
three suggestions are offered: going to the countryside, watching it on the Internet and
reading books. What are the best choice?
77. Your friend has a part time job.
-
Shop assistant : work hard in the morning or afternoon, sometimes it can affect her
study time at school,
-
A tutor: this job is suitable to her major and helps her earn much money.
-
A waitress: Work in the evening and come back home late and it’s not good for health
and dangerous to come back at night.
78. Who can help weak students: teacher, academic advisers, an excellent classmate
Teacher: she has a lot of teaching experience and understands the strong points and weak
points of students, so she can give some good help for weak students
academic advisers: They don’t have teaching methodology and experience to support weak
students.
an excellent classmate: because she may not have enough skills to help her friends
79. Your sister’s classmates speak ill of her on her facebook. What advice to her (bạn
cùng lớp của em gái nói xấu e gái mình trên facebook)
- Deactivating her fb account
- Telling her teacher
- Talk with those friends
Deactivating her fb account: because it helps her to spend more time relaxing and recovering
her health.
Telling her teachers and friends: it’s private life which is not necessary to tell the teachers
and those friends
80. Mua quà cho giáo viên về hưu : 1 mua cái túi, 2 là mua đôi giày, 3 là cặp kính
Buy present for a teacher who is going to retire: a handbag; a pair of shoes, a pair of
glasses?
- In my opinion, a handmade handbag is my best choice because of the following
reasons
- Firstly, It does not cost much money to buy
- Secondly, she really loves handbag especially the handmade handbag
- I don’t choose a pair of shoes because she has a lot of shoes already
43
- I don’t choose a pair of glasses because I think she is going to retire, she do not use the
glasses often.
- In short, a handmade handbag is my best choice
81. Part 2. lựa chọn tổ chức sinh nhật:
- ở nhà (at home)
- karaoke bar (karaoke bar)
- ở nhà hàng (restaurant)
44
Vstep Speaking Part 3 (Phát triển chủ đề - Topic Development)
Vstep Speaking phần 3 kéo dài trong khoảng 5 phút bao gồm 2 phần
Topic: Traditional music should be kept
cultural
values
historical
values
Traditional
music
your own
idea.
educational
values
1. Who often listen to traditional music?
2. What can people learn from traditional music?
3. What are some ways to encourage people to listen to traditional music?
Phần 1: Thí sinh nói về chủ đề cho trước (có sẵn 3 gợi ý – dàn ý); thí sinh có 01 phút
chuẩn bị và 2-3 phút trình bày. Chủ đề cho trước có thể là ưu điểm, nhược điểm, lý do,
hệ quả, giải pháp, cách làm, …..
Phần 2: Thí sinh trả lời 3 câu hỏi liên quan đến chủ đề vừa nói (thi máy thí sinh được
nhìn hết cả ba câu hỏi, thí sinh cứ nhìn câu hỏi và trả lời từng câu một)
Cách phát triển chủ đề khi thi Nói Vstep speaking part 3
I. Trong 1 phút chuẩn bị
Topic 1.1: Online learning is beneficial to students (benefit: lợi ích; beneficial: có lợi)
- Flexible (linh hoạt)
- Affordable (giá cả phải chăng)
- Convenient (thuận tiện)
- Your own ideas (thí sinh tự thêm ý tưởng của mình vào)
Follow up questions:
1. Who may benefit from e-learning the most?
2. What are disadvantages of e-learning compared to traditional learning?
3. Do you think online learning will be more popular? Why/why not?
Sample 1:
Outline (trong 1 phút chuẩn bị học viên sẽ liệt kê thật nhanh các từ, cụm từ cần nói)
1
1. convenient + flexible: study whenever, wherever you want/ anywhere, anytime;
smartphone, tablet; computer, laptop, Internet connection
2. Affordable: cheap; free; low cost
3. save time: not travel to the classroom
4. interesting: games, sounds, images, videos
II. Trình bày bài nói, ghi âm bài nói
Cũng giống như phần 2, thí sinh nên triển khai bài nói thành 1 bài hoàn chỉnh có mở
bài, thân bài, kết bài.
- Phần 1: Mở bài (giới thiệu chủ đề bằng cách paraphrase – sử dụng từ ngữ khác,
sử dụng từ đồng nghĩa để diễn đạt lại câu chủ đề. Có thể chèn thêm câu
Nowadays an increasing number of people have been concerned about ….. (chèn
chủ đề) I totally agree with the statement that + topic (chủ đề đã cho) for the
following reasons (tôi hoàn toàn đồng ý với nhận định này) tôi đồng ý với quan
điểm này vì những lý do dưới đây.
Ví dụ:
B1: Nowadays an increasing number of people have been concerned about online
learning. I totally agree with the statement that online learning is beneficial to
students for the following reasons (copy đề bài)
B2: Nowadays an increasing number of people have been concerned about online
learning. I totally agree with the statement that studying on the Internet has some
benefits to students for the following reasons (B2: phải paraphrase topic đề bài
cho 1 chut thi moi duoc diem cao)
- Phần 2: Thân bài (từ 3 gợi ý đã cho dưới dạng từ, cụm từ, thí sinh hãy phát triển
thành 1 câu hoàn chỉnh, với mỗi ý cho sẵn, thí sinh đưa thêm thông tin hoặc nêu
ví dụ hoặc giải thích. Nhớ sử dụng từ nối: Firstly (gợi ý số 1), Secondly (gợi ý số
2), Finally (gợi ý số 3); In my opinion (giới thiệu thêm quan điểm của mình về
chủ đề đã cho);
B1: Yêu cầu cung cấp thêm/giải thích 1,2 câu cho mỗi một gợi ý
B2: Yêu cầu cung cấp thêm/giải thích 2,3 câu cho mỗi một gợi ý
- Phần 3: Khẳng định lại câu chủ đề mà đề bài cho (có thể dùng từ đồng nghĩa với
trình độ B2), có thể đưa ra lời khuyên thì bài càng hay.
In short, đọc lại câu chủ đề đã cho; đọc lại 3 gợi í và đưa ra lời khuyên nếu có
Ví dụ: In short, online learning is good for students. / has a lot of positive effects
on students. I believe that online learning is becoming more and more popular in
the future.
2
Tóm tắt lại cấu trúc bài nói 3:
Nowadays an increasing number of people have been concerned about ….. (chèn chủ
đề) I totally agree with the statement that + topic (chủ đề đã cho) for the following
reasons.
Firstly, đọc lại gợi ý số 1 và giải thích, nêu ví dụ.
Secondly, đọc lại gợi í số 2, giải thích, nêu ví dụ.
Finally, đọc lại gợi í số 3 và giải thích, nêu ví dụ.
In my opinion là chèn quan điểm cá nhân của mình vào.
In short, đọc lại chủ đề mà đề bài cho; đọc lại 3 gợi í và đưa thêm lời khuyên.
Thí sinh sẽ phải trả lời thêm 3 câu hỏi liên quan đến chủ đề vừa trình bày; trả lời đúng
yêu cầu của bài; thí sinh phát triển ý khi nói; đưa thêm lý do, ví dụ.
Cách triển khai ý khi nói phần 3
1. Nếu ý cho sẵn đã có cấu trúc là V + N (động từ + danh từ)
Ví dụ 1: Reading habit should be encouraged among teenagers
- Reduce stress
- Increase knowledge
- Improve memory
 Cách làm là thí sinh sẽ thêm chủ ngữ vào ví dụ:
- Firstly, teenagers can reduce stress. After hard-working hours of studying,
students relax by reading their favorite books, stories, comics.
- Secondly, teenagers can increase/ broaden the knowledge, they can get more
information about science, business, economics, education….which is useful for
their study.
 Hoặc thí sinh thêm chủ ngữ (chính là chủ đề vào)
- Firstly, reading allows/helps/enables teenagers to reduce stress/ improve their
memory.
2. Nếu ý cho sẵn có cấu trúc Adj + N (tính từ + Danh từ) cụm danh từ/ hoặc chỉ có tính
từ
Ví dụ 2: Living in the countryside has many advantages
- Fresh air
- Friendly neighbours
- Cheap cost
Ví dụ 3:
Online learning is beneficial to students (benefit: lợi ích; beneficial: có lợi)
- Flexible (linh hoạt)
- Affordable (giá cả phải chăng)
- Convenient (thuận tiện)
 Cách làm là thêm chủ ngữ và động từ
Ví dụ: dùng there is/there are
3
- Firstly, people in the countryside can enjoy the fresh air/ there is a lot of fresh air
in the countryside./ Rural people can enjoy the fresh air. (rural people: người
dân vùng nông thôn; urban people: người dân thành phố)
- Secondly, rural people can benefit from the cheap cost.
- Finally, online learning is flexible/ it is flexible to study online
 Hoặc là biến thành Danh từ + tobe + adj
Ví dụ:
- Friendly neighbours: Firstly, the neighbours in the countryside are very friendly
- Cheap cost: Secondly, It is cheap to live in the countryside because the cost of
products/ goods is not expensive. / The cost of living in the countryside is cheap.
Practice
Topic 1.1: Online learning is beneficial to students (benefit: lợi ích; beneficial: có lợi)
- Flexible (linh hoạt)
- Affordable (giá cả phải chăng)
- Convenient (thuận tiện)
- Your own ideas (thí sinh tự thêm ý tưởng của mình vào)
Follow up questions:
1. Who may benefit from e-learning the most?
2. What are disadvantages of e-learning compared to traditional learning?
3. Do you think online learning will be more popular? Why/why not?
Sample 1:
Outline (trong 1 phút chuẩn bị học viên sẽ liệt kê thật nhanh các từ, cụm từ cần nói)
1. convenient + flexible: study whenever, wherever you want/ anywhere, anytime;
smartphone, tablet; computer, laptop, Internet connection
2. Affordable: cheap; free; low cost
3. save time: not travel to the classroom
4. interesting: games, sounds, images, videos
- Nowadays an increasing number of people have been concerned about online
learning. I totally agree with the statement that online learning/learning on the
Internet brings a lot of benefits to students for the following reasons.
- Firstly, online learning is very convenient and flexible. You know, students can study
whenever and wherever they want. They just need a smart phone, a tablet or a
computer connected to the Internet, they can get access to a rich source of
information on any subject and attend any online courses.
- Secondly, it is very affordable to study online. Students can search for information
using online sources at very low cost (chi phí thấp) or even for free. Many websites
4
provide free access to information, some others offer online courses at a cheap
cost.
- In my opinion studying on the Internet can save time/ online learning is time saving.
Students can study at their place/ study at home, they do not have to travel to the
classrooms, which saves them a lot of time.
- Finally, In my opinion online courses are more interesting thanks to the use of
technology. It is a good way to engage students, make students more interested in
the lessons by using sounds, images, games, videos.
- In short, studying online is beneficial to students/ studying on the Internet is good
for students. I believe that online learning is becoming more and more popular in
the future.
Follow up questions:
1. Who may benefit from e-learning the most? Students, teachers (students can
study online and broaden their knowledge; the teachers use Internet in their
teaching)
2. What are disadvantages of e-learning compared to traditional learning? Lack
of face-to-face communication/ direct communication between teachers and
students; students and students; sometimes there is the power cut/ Internet
disconnectivity; cheating prevention is complicated; it is hard to control the
students, teachers don’t know whether students are studying or playing games.
3. Do you think online learning will be more popular? Why/why not? Yes,
because in the future information technology is more and more developed/ more
advanced; people use Internet more. Moreover, online learning has a lot of
benefits to students and teachers.
Topic 1.2: Living in the countryside has many advantages
- Fresh air
- Friendly neighbours
- Cheap cost
- Your own ideas
Sample:
- I totally agree with the statement that country life has some benefits for the following
reasons.
5
- Firstly, people living in the countryside are very friendly and hospitable (mến khách).
They are helpful, they often get on well with each other. They often help each other in
life. Sometimes, they hold parties in each other’s house.
- Secondly, it is cheap to live in the countryside. They can grow their own food such as
fresh vegetables, fruits. They also raise chicken or pigs for food. They pay lower fees
for all products and services.
- Finally, people in the countryside can enjoy the fresh air. In the countryside there are
not many factories, not much traffic. There are more green trees, lakes and rice fields
which make the air clean.
- I think there are beautiful landscapes, people visit the countryside to relax, reduce stress
after hard working hours. Children can play a lot of interesting games. They have more
knowledge about nature and environment.
- In short, it is good to live in the countryside.
Environmental pollution/ air pollution
Topic 1.3: There are some benefits of living in the city
- More chances for good jobs
- Better education
- Higher quality of health care services
- Your own ideas
Sample:
- I totally agree with the statement that city life has a lot of advantages for the following
reasons.
- Firstly, the cities offer higher quality of health care services/ good healthcare services
because the central hospitals with modern technologies and good doctors are located in
the big cities. / = the cities have high quality healthcare services, good hospitals, good
doctors and modern technologies.
- Secondly, people living in the city can have more chances for good jobs/ more
employment opportunities with higher salaries because more factories and big
companies which offer well-paid jobs are located in the big cities. People find it easier
to find work. / = City life has more good jobs because there are more factories and big
companies located in the city. It is easier to find a good job with high salary.
- Finally, people living in the city can benefit from better education. The education
system from kindergartens to universities in cities are good because a lot of money is
invested in facilities and excellent teachers. There are more top universities located in
big cities. (with good quality)
6
- In my opinion, there are more entertainment facilities in big cities for example/ such as
cinemas, theme parks, shopping centers, games center. This makes city life more
attractive and comfortable.
- In short, living in the city brings a lot of benefits to people.
Phần trả lời 3 câu hỏi: Follow up questions
1. Is it a good idea for universities to be located in big cities?
Sample 1: It’s not a good idea for universities to be located in city centres. Travelling around
in cities is a big problem. There are many cars, motorbikes, buses and people in the city streets,
making traffic very bad. So it’s not convenient for students.
Sample 2: In my opinion, it is a good idea for universities to be located in big cities because
of the following reasons. The first reason is that it is convenient for students to travel by public
transport which is available in a big city. The second reason is that the modern facilities in a
big city can meet all the requirements for students to enjoy a good study environment and
living condition.
2. Why do young people want to live in a big city?
B1: Many young people like to live in the city because they have more chance to find a good
job and to have better living condition
B2C1: Most young people want to live in a big city because they have a lot of chances to get
a good job with high salary and higher promotion. The city brings them a good working
condition to express their ability and their personality. Moreover, living in a city is very
exciting to provide the young people with good service related to education, health care,
entertainment that can satisfy their demand. Last but not least, the public transportation in a
big city is always available and makes their travel more convenient and easier.
3. Do you think the quality of life in big cities will be better in the future?
B1: Life in the city will be better in the future if we can solve the problems of pollution, traffic,
and social evils. (convenient for work)
B2C1: The rapid development of economy with the help of modern technology brings the
people in big cities a lot of benefits related to good working condition, higher standard of
living, better service of education, heathcare and entertainment. Thus, I know for sure that the
quality of life in big cities will be better in the future. However, as well as advantages of living
in a big city, the people’s life is dealing with some problems such as pollution, traffic jam,
obesity and violent crime…. I hope that all these social problems will be considered by the
government to make the city become ideal places to work and to live.
Topic 1.4: Internet is a good source to collect information
- Easy access
- Rich information
- Low cost
- Your own ideas
Sample:
- Nowadays an increasing number of people have been concerned about the Internet
7
- I totally agree with the statement that the Internet is a good source to collect information
for the following reasons.
- Firstly, people can easily get access to the Internet because nowadays every family can
have Internet connection. Therefore, they find it easy to collect information on the
Internet.
- Secondly, the Internet is a rich source of information. It gives us instant access to
information on any subject. For example, you can use Google to search for some
benefits of the Internet, the results can be available just after seconds. / It takes a few
seconds to get the results.
- Finally, the Internet provides information at a low cost or even for free. You just have
to pay monthly fee for Internet connection. Moreover, some websites offer sources of
information with low cost or even free sources of information.
- In short, the Internet is a great tool to get information because of its easy access, rich
information and cheap cost.
Follow up questions: lessons; lectures
1. In your country what do the young people use the Internet for?
2. Should teachers use the Internet in their teaching? Why?
3. Should parents let their children use the Internet? Why? Yes, to study online or
search for information for their lessons but parents should control the time their children spend
on the Internet.
Topic 1.5: Taking photos is beneficial to people
- Save memories
- Reduce stress
- Improve imagination (tri tuong tuong tot hon)
- Your own ideas: connect people
Sample 1:
- I totally agree with the statement that taking photos brings people many advantages for
the following reasons.
- Firstly, photos help us save our sweet memories. You know, while we are on holiday
or on special occasions (vào dịp đặc biệt), we often take a lot of photos so that we can
keep our sweet memories in life. Images document our journey.
- Secondly, for those who are interested in photography it can help them reduce stress.
For example, I have a friend who loves photography. He often spends time taking
photos of landscapes and people after hard-working days. / You will remember good
memories by seeing the photos, so your mood will get better, less stressful.
8
- Finally, photography helps people improve imagination. Pictures let us come up with
new ideas and make us more creative.
- In my opinion, taking photos make people become closer; they find it easier to connect
with others in an event or in a journey.
- In short, taking photos has many benefits to people.
Sample 2:
- I totally agree with the statement that taking photos is beneficial to students for the
following reasons.
- Firstly, taking photos helps people save memories. Capturing a memorable moment is
great, people feel like they live in the event in the past again such as in ceremonies, a
journey, a holiday or special occasions.
- Secondly, taking photos helps people reduce stress. If we see the photos, especially the
photos of wonderful landscapes or photos of happy moments, our mood will get better.
Good memories bring good mood.
- Finally, photography helps us improve imagination. Capturing photos makes us more
creative thanks to the effort to take a good photo.
- Besides, taking photos helps people get closer, they find it easier to connect with others
in an event or in a journey.
- In short, taking photos has many benefits to people.
Follow up questions:
1. What kind of photos do you prefer to take? I like taking photos of
landscapes/people
2. How do you keep your photos? On my mobile phone/ On my computer/ On google
drive on the Internet
3. Do you prefer to send postcards to people or to send photos that you took yourself?
Why? Send photos I took myself because I can send the beautiful memories to other
people. People can buy postcards anywhere but they can’t buy the photos that I took
myself.
Topic 1.6: There are some advantages of watching films in the cinema
- Good sound quality
- Large screen
- Chance to gather friends/relatives
- Your own ideas: popular, many people of different age groups can go there to
watch movies
9
Sample:
- I totally agree with the statement that watching films in the cinema offers some benefits
for the following reasons.
- Firstly, people going to the cinema can watch movies with better sound quality and on
larger/big screens. It is true that cinemas are often well equipped with the most modern
and high quality projectors (máy chiếu) and loudspeakers (loa) which we cannot afford
at home. So the images and sounds are in higher quality, people feel much more
interested in the films.
- Secondly, watching movies in the cinema is a great way for people to meet up with
their friends and relatives. After a hardworking week, we can enjoy a pleasant
atmosphere with popcorn and some favorite drinks with our friends or relatives.
- Finally, I think the cinemas show the latest movies which are not shown on TV or on
the Internet. The movies are well chosen and they are very good films.
- In my opinion, watching movies is becoming more and more popular and many people
of different ages can go to the cinema to watch films.
- In short, watching movies in the cinema has many benefits. It is worth spending time
there.
Topic 1.7: A healthy breakfast is the best meal for your health
- Healthy body
- Good work/ study concentration
- Disease prevention
- Your own ideas
Sample:
- Nowadays an increasing number of people have been cocnerned about a healthy
breakfast.
- I totally agree that a healthy breakfast is the best meal for your health because of the
following reasons/ I agree with the statement that a healthy breakfast is the best meal
for your health.
- Firstly, it helps us to have a healthy body. I mean a balanced breakfast provides us with
enough energy and nutrients for the morning to work and study. It contains a lot of
calories.
- Secondly, a healthy breakfast helps us to concentrate on our work or study better. Many
studies show that breakfast can improve memory and concentration levels. A breakfast
with high calories keeps our mind active throughout a day. So we will work more
effectively than when we skip breakfast.
10
- Finally, good breakfast helps us prevent diseases. A proper breakfast helps us to have
a healthy body. So it can help improve our immune system (hệ miễn dịch). There is a
saying that “prevention is better than cure”, by eating healthy breakfast everyday, we
can stay away from diseases.
- In conclusion, breakfast is the most important meal of the day.
Appetite: su ngon mieng
Healthy breakfast is weight control (keep fit, stay healthy)
Healthy breakfast provides energy…. ( feel relaxed and can work effectively)
Healthy breakfast improves health ……..( improves immune systems and we stay
strong and happy) / good for digestion / improve the health to fight against the
diseases: diabetes, hear diseases
1. What types of food are often served in breakfast? Fried rice, bread, pho, noodles, fresh
fruits, nuts, …….
2. What are the negative effects of skipping breakfast? Struggle to focus on your work,
cardiovascular disease/ heart disease; tired; hungry; no energy for work and study
3. What makes a healthy diet? Balanced diet: eat more vegetables and fruits; eat yoghurt,
drink a lot of water, fruit juice; eat less meat; less oil, less sugar, less salt;
Topic 1.8: Vietnam is a famous tourist destination for foreigners.
- A lot of tourist sites = tourist attractions = places of interest
- Friendly people
- Delicious food
- Your own ideas
Sample:
- I totally agree with the statement that Vietnam is a well-known destination for
foreigners for the following reasons.
- Firstly, Vietnam has many tourist sites which meet the needs of different visitors. For
example, visitors who love beach holidays can enjoy beautiful beaches in Danang, Hoi
An, Nha Trang, Mui Ne, Phu Quoc, Ha Long. Visitors who love mountains can explore
beautiful mountainous areas in Sapa, Mai Chau, Moc Chau, Ha Giang.
- Secondly, Vietnamese people are friendly and hospitable (mến khách). Wherever they
go, visitors are warmly welcomed by cozy smiles of local people and by the helpfulness
of local people.
- Finally, Vietnam is famous for delicious food. Some Vietnamese dishes like Pho, Bun
Cha, Banh Mi have their names in travel guidebooks. There are also many other
traditional dishes that tourists can taste like spring rolls.
11
- In my opinion foreigners can discover a lot of unique cultural values of Vietnam such
as Love market in Sapa, …..
- In conclusion/ In short, Vietnam is a great destination/place for foreign visitors.
Phần câu hỏi thêm:
1. Why do people go on holidays?
 Holidays make people relax, reduce stress after hard working time. They have chance
to spend time with their family. They have chance to experience new things; new
culture; enjoy the delicious food; visit beautiful sights; meet new people; make friends
with people.
2. What are negative aspects regard to tourism?
* There are several/some disadvantages of tourism.
- Firstly, jobs are often seasonal basing on the time of the year and are poorly paid. (công
việc theo mùa)
- Secondly, it can cause damage to the natural environment,
- Visitors throw litter/ rubbish. Garbage
- Habitats destroyed to build hotels;
- Overcrowding and traffic jams
- Next, prices increase in the local shops where tourists visit
3. What do you think about ecotourism (du lịch sinh thái)?
- I think ecotourism is good for environment; it helps to protect the natural environment.
- Visitors have greater awareness about the need to protect the environment.
- Eco tourism helps to create jobs for local people.
Topic 1.9: Face-to-face communication is very important nowadays. (giao tiếp trực
tiếp mặt đối mặt, nói chuyện trực tiếp)
- Express your feelings
- Build personal relationship
- Reduce misunderstandings (giảm sự hiểu lầm)
- Your own ideas
Sample:
- I totally agree with the statement that face-to-face communication plays an important
part/role in our life for the following reasons.
- Firstly, face to face conversations help to express our feelings. We often show our
feelings through facial expressions (biểu cảm gương mặt) and eye contact. It is easy for
other people to know how you feel when talking face-to-face. Body language speaks
louder than words so you can understand better other people’s feelings than when you
use other forms of communication.
12
- Secondly, communicating with other people directly, we can build personal
relationship. Having a meeting or going out for a drink give people opportunity to make
relationship become stronger, make people become closer.
- Finally, face to face chatting allows us to reduce misunderstandings. When talking to
others, we can see their body language and facial expressions so we can easily
understand if they agree with our ideas or not. If there are any problems, we can deal
with them immediately. So it will reduce miscommunication.
- Your own ideas: In my opinion, it helps to understand each other better, more respect
to each other; improve listening and speaking skills; communication skills; connect
people together.
- In short, communicating face-to-face has so many benefits that it should be encouraged
nowadays.
Sample 2:
- Show the respect to other people: (thể hiện sự tôn trọng người khác khi được mời trực
tiếp gặp gỡ) face-to-face
- Immediate response: phản hồi nhanh
Topic 1.10: Parents are the best teachers
- Be closer to the children
- Teach them with love and responsibility
- Understand the strengths and weaknesses
- Your own ideas
Sample:
- I totally agree that parents are the best teachers for the following reasons.
- Firstly, parents are closer to the children. They are the first teachers teaching us to walk,
speak and behave well. Everyday parents take care of the children.
- Secondly, parents can understand their children’s strengths = good points and
weaknesses = bad points because they are close to them. They know what they are good
at, what they are bad at and what is suitable for their kids.
- Finally, they teach their kids with love and responsibility. They feel responsible for
protecting the children no matter what happens. Besides, parents always love their
children so much that they have great patience when teaching knowledge to their kids.
- In my opinion, parents are the ones who know their children best, they always listen to
their children, they give their children useful advice in life.
- In short, parents are the best teachers because of their closeness, love, responsibility
and their deep understanding of their children.
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Topic 1.11: Traditional music has many values
- Cultural values
- Historical values
- Educational values
- Your own ideas
Sample 1:
- Nowadays an increasing number of people have been concerned about traditional music
- I totally agree that traditional music offers various values.
- Firstly, it has cultural values. Music is a symbol of a nation’s culture. Different
countries have different kinds of music. Based on the rhythms, we can say where a song
comes from. Traditional music can help people understand a country better. It
represents the history, traditions and thoughts of a community. For example
Vietnamese folk music is extremely diverse and it expresses the cultural identity of
Vietnamese people.
- Secondly, it has historical values. It teaches us about the history of the country because
many songs were composed to describe the real situations in the past. The songs can
remind us of what our ancestors did and how they lived in the past. For example, some
songs in the revolutionary period encouraged people to live and fight against invaders
during the war.
- Finally, it has educational values. I would say that they were the first songs we hear in
our early days in life. The music that our mothers sing help us to develop speech and
language. Repeating the sounds, rhythm and melody in songs helps to improve
speaking skills.
- Your own ideas: In my opinion, traditional music is important because it is a part of
human expressions we can not separate from our life in spite of the development of
modern music. Traditional music helps connect people with each other in festivals, in
community activities.
- In conclusion, traditional music plays an important role in our life.
Sample 2
Speaking 3: traditional music has many values
I totally agree with the statement that traditional music has a lot of values for many
people.
Firstly, it has cultural values. It means traditional music is a symbol of each nation’s
culture. Different countries have different kinds of music. Thank to rhyme and words
in song, people can know about culture, history and community of that country. For
example, in Vietnam, ca tru, cheo, cai luong are famous traditional music that show
Vietnammese values about mother’s love, brace, love the country.
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Secondly, it has historical values because it was be written by ancestor. Many
traditional songs told us about history.
Bedsides, it has educational values. We can learn more about family love, relationship
from people to their country and relatives.
In my opinion, traditional music is important. People proud of their country. Music
helps people connect to each others and community.
In conclusion, traditional music has many values.
Follow up questions
1. What kind of traditional music is popular in your country? Folk
music, ca trù; chèo; quan họ folk songs; tuồng; Xẩm; Hue Royal Court
Music; Đờn ca tài tử (Southern Amateur Music); cải lương;
2. What are some ways to encourage people to listen to traditional
music? (broadcast on TV or radio or on the Internet, organize traditional
music festivals; music competitions; teach traditional music at schools)
3. What are the benefits of traditional music to children?
It helps children develop national love and pride
Topic 1.11 Traditional music should be kept
cultural
values
historical
values
Traditional
music
your own
idea.
educational
values
Follow up questions
1. What kind of traditional music is popular in your country? Folk
music, ca trù; chèo; quan họ folk songs; tuồng; Xẩm; Hue Royal Court
Music; Đờn ca tài tử (Southern Amateur Music); cải lương;
2. What are some ways to encourage people to listen to traditional
music? (broadcast on TV or radio or on the Internet, organize traditional
music festivals; music competitions; teach traditional music at schools)
3. What are the benefits of traditional music to children?
15
Suggested ideas cho chủ đề traditional music:
- Traditional music brings cultural value because the traditional music reflects culture,
habits and customs of the country through the songs and melody.
- Traditional music brings historical value because different style of music represents
the various period of history. For example: Bolero is the music for the pre-war time,
red music reflects the war time and praises the love and sacrifice for the country.
- Traditional music brings educational value because through the songs, it educates
people about the pride and deep love for the country as well as the raises awareness of
responsibility for preserving/ protecting the country.
Follow up questions:
1. What kind of traditional music is popular in your country? Folk music,
ca trù; chèo; quan họ folk songs; tuồng; Xẩm; Hue Royal Court Music;
Đờn ca tài tử (Southern Amateur Music); cải lương;
2. What are some ways to encourage people to listen to traditional music?
3. What are the benefits of traditional music to children?
Topic 1.12: There are many ways of helping people
- Run a club/organization to support
- Give money, food, clothes
- Help them with daily tasks
- Your own ideas
Sample:
- In my opinion people can help others in different ways/ I totally agree that there are
different ways to help other people in our life.
- Firstly, people can run a club or organization to support. I think it is the best way to do
charity (làm từ thiện) because a large number of people are supported in this way. For
example, famous people often organize live shows to raise money for charity.
- Secondly, we can give people some basic things such as food, clothes or even money.
A small thing you do can help them overcome difficulties. For example, we often give
clothes, food to poor people in remote areas or people affected by natural disasters such
as floods in Central Vietnam.
- Finally, we can help other people with daily tasks. Volunteers help feed the children,
read books to children, do housework.
- In my opinion, we can console/ comfort, encourage them to overcome difficulties
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- In conclusion, there are many ways to help other people. If you are willing, you can
choose one way to help others and you will feel happy.
Follow up questions:
1. In general, why do people help others? They feel happy (happiness); they want people
overcome difficulties; the kindness (they are kind)
2. Do you think it is important to help people who need help? Yes, it is important.
3. How do you feel after you have helped someone? Happy; comfortable; it is my
responsibility to help other people in my country who need help. I feel sorry for them.
1.12.1 Nói 3: giúp đỡ người khác là chìa khoá hạnh phúc : inner peace (sự bình an nội
tại) , gắn bó hơn các mối quan hệ,
Follow up questions: bạn nghĩ việc gì khiến con người ko hạnh phúc, bạn nghĩ là cái gì
quan trọng hơn trong việc mang lại hạnh phúc: vật chất hay ý thức; bạn đồng ý với
mệnh đề là tuổi thơ là hạnh phúc nhất hay không?
Topic: Helping other people is the key to happiness
- Inner peace
- Stronger relationships
- Stress reduction
Nowadays, an increasing number of people have concerned about helping other people.
I totally agree with the statement that helping other people is the key to happiness for the
following reasons.
Firstly, helping others improves the inner peace. People feel happy and peaceful when
helping other people. When helping the old people, the poor children, people feel happy.
Secondly, helping others connects people together. People can make more friends, open the
relationships.
Thirdly, helping others reduces stress. People feel less worried, less stressful.
In short, helping other people is the key to happiness.
Follow up questions:
1. What makes people unhappy?
2. What is more important? Material or awareness? (vật chất hay ý thức quan trọng hơn?)
3. Do you agree that childhood is the happiest time?
Topic 1.13: Childhood is the most important time of a person’s life. (Thời thơ ấu)
- Developing physical health (phát triển thể chất)
- Forming personalities (hình thành tính cách)
- Learning things fast (học nhanh)
- Your own ideas
Sample 1:
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- Nowadays an increasing number of people have been concerned about childhood. I
totally agree that childhood is the most important time in the life of a person for the
following reasons.
- Firstly, it is an important period for children to form personalities. In these early years
of life, children get a lot of information from different sources. From this, they create
habits which will have great influence on their life. Parents need to pay much attention
to them and tell them what is wrong, what is right.
- Secondly, children can learn things fast during childhood. At this time, children tend
to be very curious (tò mò) about things around them. They want to explore the world
around them. Children imitate (bắt chước) and remember quickly the things around
them. By doing this, they can get a lot of knowledge and skills.
- Finally, children develop their physical health in childhood. It is believed that a
person’s height is twice as much as his height at the age of two. Besides, if children are
brought up well in their early years, they will achieve their optimal physical growth.
- In short, childhood is the most significant time in the life of a person.
Sample 2:
Childhood is the most important time of a person’s life. Firstly, it develops physical
health. (It means that children need to be provided enough nutrition and do exercises to
develop their health totally).
Secondly, childhood forms personalities. (It means that adults should become a good
example for children to follow)
Thirdly, children learn things very fast when they are small because at this age the
children are very active to explore everything that is happening around them to
understand about the world.
Childhood is the beginning of their life to learn about the world such as academic
knowledge, art, culture, traditions….
Sample 3
I totally agree that childhood is the most important time in the life of a person.
Firstly, that is the golden time to develop physical health. With the good nutrition and do more
exercises, children can grow up better on their hight and weight.
Secondly, it is an important period for children to form personalities. As you know, children can
learn a lot things from their parents, teachers or friends quickly. So if they have a happy family, an
exempary teacher or a trustly friend, they will be a good citizen for society.
Finally, children can learn very fast because at this age, they are eager to explore everything around
them. Children will focus on things which they are interested to find out the answers.
In short, childhood is the most important time of a person's life.
Follow up questions
1.What do you remember most about your childhood? I remember most about the time I
studied at secondary school because I think it’s the best time in my life (teachers, friends)
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2.What are factors contributing to the mental child’s development? There are some
factors including taking care by parents, teaching activities given by teachers, the actions of friends;
study environment at school and government policy about children.
3. Do you agree that nowadays children are freer to choose what to learn?
Yes, I do. Children are free to choose other subjects which are suitable with their interests
and ability. They feel motivated to learn, they find interested in the lessons; to achieve the best
results; study better.
Topic 1.14: Studying abroad has many benefits
- Have better education (giáo dục tốt hơn)
- Become more independent (tự lập)
- Find a better job (có công việc tốt hơn)
- Your own ideas
Sample:
- I totally agree with the statement that there are many advantages/merits of studying
abroad.
- Firstly, students can have better education. It is true that foreign countries offer better
courses because they employ excellent/good teachers who are experts in different
fields. Universities are often equipped with modern facilities which support learning.
- Secondly, students can become more independent. Students have to live far from their
family, they have to live on their own, they have to do everything by themselves: doing
housework; cooking; managing time and money. They also have opportunities to
improve social skills when living far away from home.
- Finally, with a degree from a well-known university in a foreign country, students can
find a better job with higher salary. When studying abroad, they learn a foreign
language, so it is easy for them to look for jobs in a foreign company.
- In conclusion, studying overseas offers a lot of benefits such as better education, more
independence and better job opportunities.
Follow up questions:
1. What are the disadvantages of studying abroad?
2. What should be done to deal with the disadvantages of studying abroad?
3. Do you think you will have many difficulties adapting to new culture?
Topic 1.14.1 : Studying abroad: develop themselves / see the world/ experience
different styles of education.
- develop themselves: international experience can help students can learn a lot of
essential skills such as communication skills, time-management and challenge
themselves with new environment, which helps them become more mature, confident
and independent as well as promote career success.
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- see the world: Study abroad brings a lot of opportunities for ss to visit and explore
many places and meet a lot of people all over the world. This amazing experience is a
good way for them to open the knowledge and enrich their mind.
- experience different styles of education; Overseas students help them to enjoy the
good study environment with the best teachers and facilities. By enrolling in a broad
program, students have a chance to see the side of major that they may not have been
exposed to at home. It means that you can expand your academic horizon and can
adapt to different style of teaching and learning as well as time management, which
makes students versatile (flexible) in the workplace in the future.
- Study abroad can helps students to learn a new language and understand more about
the culture, habits and customs of the host country.
Topic 1.15: there are some disadvantages of solo travel, how to have a safe solo trip
- Dangerous: don’t know anyone, insecure, pickpocket
- Expensive: pay more money; pay for everything without discount
- Lonely: no one to share beautiful moments; to talk to;
- Advice: keep your phone with you, stay away from strangers; prepare all necessary
items for the trip.
disadvantageous
1. What are the advantages of solo travel?
2. Will solo travel become more popular in the future?
3. Which one do you choose, travel in groups or solo travel?
Topic 1.16: There are some benefits of learning foreign languages
+ create job opportunities
+ Cultural understanding
+ Global citizens
+ Your own ideas
- I totally agree with the statement that there are some benefits of learning foreign languages.
- Firstly, Everyone should learn at least one foreign language, for example English because it
helps them to get a good job.
- Secondly, Learning foreign languages like English helps to understand different cultures;
like English, American, Canadian, Australian….
- Thirdly, it helps us to become Global citizens. When we know foreign language, we can
work in any countries in the world and we can talk with many people in the world.
- In my opinion, when we know a foreign language we can travel many places in the
world and learn more about traditions.
- In short, …..
Follow up questions:
1. Do you want to become a foreign language teacher in the future?
2. Do you think it is difficult to learn a foreign language?
3. Do you think that all children should learn foreign languages at schools?
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MỘT SỐ CHỦ ĐỀ THÊM
1. Topic: Playing a musical instrument has a lot of benefits (Lợi ích chơi nhạc cụ)
- reduce stress
- manage time better
- improve concentration
- your own ideas
Well, I would like to tell the topic playing a musical instrument has a lot of benefits.
In this topic, I will support my opinion with examples and reasons.
- Firstly, I agree that playing a musical instruments helps us to reduce stress so that we can
feel more comfortable.
- Secondly, I support that playing a musical instruments helps us to manage time better
because we have to manage time to play music.
- Thirdly, I think that it improves concentration. Playing a musical instrument helps us to
remember key, tone, melody so that we can focus more and practise our concentration.
- In my opinion, playing a musical instrument helps us to sleep well/ know more about the
culture, tradition, habits, customs of many countries in the world.
- In short, …..
1. Should music be part of school curriculum? Why? (có nên cho âm nhạc vào chương trình
học ở trường ko?)
Yes, it is good for mental development. Students can improve the love for the country,
land and people.
2. What kinds of music are popular in your country?
I’m not sure but I think it’s pop because many young people like it.
3. How important is traditional music in your country?
I think it is very important because it is a symbol of our history and culture
2. Topic: It is important to have a healthy diet (chế độ ăn tốt cho sức khỏe có lợi gì)
A healthy diet : 1. keep fit /
2. prevent diseases/
3. refresh your mind/
4. your own ideas
Nowadays an increasing number of people have been concerned about a healthy diet.
I totally agree that…….. for the following reasons
Firstly, a healthy diet helps people keep fit: people can feel confident and put on beautiful
costume/clothes especially for women who want to wear beautiful clothes.
Secondly, it helps to prevent diseases: It improves a good immune system to fight against diseases.
Thirdly, it helps to refresh your mind - we feel relaxed/ comfortable to work better
In my opinion, it helps us to stay strong/ healthy and keep the long life
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In short, It is important to have a healthy diet.
1.What should we do to stay healthy? We should do exercises regularly, have a balanced
diet, eat a lot of green vegetables and drink a lot of water and feel optimistic about life.
2. A healthy diet is a key to longevity (tuổi thọ). Do you agree/ disagree? I agree with this idea
because it helps us to have a long life and make a lot of useful things for society. (prevent us from
some diseases)
3. In terms of longevity, quality (chất lượng) is better than quantity (số lượng). Do you agree?
I totally agree with that. You can’t enjoy life when you get a lot of diseases
Topic 3. Long Tet holidays (kỳ nghỉ dài) (activites/ benefits of long Tet holidays)
- gathering
- relaxing time
- traveling
- your own ideas
Nowadays an increasing number of people have been concerned about ……………
I totally agree with the statement that there are some benefits of long Tet holiday for the
following reasons.
Gathering: firstly, it is a chance of gathering (reunion). People who live or work far from home
can come back to join with family.
Relaxing time. Secondly, it is a relaxing time. People can reduce stress after hard working time and
they can enjoy a lot of activities with their family such as decorating their house, preparing some
traditional food, visiting their relatives and friends and giving the best wishes for them, going to
temples or pagodas to pray the best things for family all around the year.
Traveling: finally, Tet holiday is a good time for travelling to enjoy good time and explore new
places.
In my opinion, tet holiday is a good chance to teach children about the tradition, habits
and customs of our country.
In short, Tet holiday is a good time for family
1.What do you often do during Tet holiday? I often visit relatives, cook traditional food
and watch TV, go to pagodas …
2. What should people avoid doing during Tet holiday? (superstitious) ko nên làm gì?
Peope should avoid saying bad things during Tet holidays, breaking glasses, sweeping the
floor on Tet holidays because people think that it will bring bad luck.
3. What makes our Tet traditions different from those of other countries? Điều gì đã làm cho
truyền thống Têt ở nước của mình khác với các nước khác
Maybe Tet in our country still keeps traditional characteristics/ traditions and customs (such as
making traditional food, Chưng cake; going to pagodas; visiting relatives,) and many of them are
not be affected much by the modern life.
4. There are some benefits of mobile phones
- computer functions (có chức năng giống của máy tính)
- search engines (công cụ tìm kiếm)
22
- means of communication (phương tiện giao tiếp)
- your own ideas
Nowadays an increasing number of people have been concerned about ….
I totally agree with the statement that there are many benefits of mobile phones.
Firstly, It is a computer function. (people can get or send email, they can type the
documents on mobile phones)
Secondly, it is a search engine. People can find out all the information on mobile phones.
Thirdly, It is a means of communication (people can use mobile phone to contact with
other people by calling, sending messages, chatting..)
In my opinion, mobile phone is a means of entertainment such as listening to music,
watching TV, playing games, taking photos…
In short, …..
Follow up questions
1.What negative effects do mobile phones have on young children?
There are some negative effects of mobile phones on young children. Firstly, it makes children lazy
and depend on the information available on the internet.
Secondly, it will be harmful to their eyes.
2. Do you think people will continue using mobile phones in the future?
Yes I think so, because it is the fastest way to contact with other people and search for the
information on the Internet
3. How do the young and the old in your country differ from each other in using mobile
phone?
The old often use mobile phone with simple function as calling and messages while the
young prefer the multi-functional mobile phone for their work, study and entertainment: including
camera, Internet connection, games, movies, music, social network, contact, learning online.
5. Topic: A great teacher can change a student’s life (1 giáo viên tốt có thể thay đổi cuộc sống
của 1 học sinh)
- Motivation (động lực)
- Inspiration (khơi nguồn cảm hứng)
- Useful advice (đưa lời khuyên hữu ích)
- Your own ideas
I agree with the statement that A great teacher can change a student’s life for the following reasons.
Firstly, a good teacher can motivate students with their interesting lessons (because a good teacher
is a person who has good qualifications, and teaching skills to provide good lessons and helps
students feel more eager and excited with the lesson and they understand lessons easily).
Secondly, a good teacher can inspire personality for students. Students always consider
teacher as their idol or a good example for them to follow in terms of behavior, morality,
attitudes…..
Thirdly, a good teacher can give students useful advice (teacher by their life experience
and good communication skills can provide students with good advice to overcome all
difficulties. Advice about learning, about problems in life)
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In my opinion, a good teacher can become a good friend with students to share a lot of
things in life.
In short …..
Follow up questions:
1.What makes a good teacher? A good teacher should have good qualifications, good
morality (đạo đức tốt) and good methods of teaching; enthusiasm;
2. “The best teachers teach from the heart, not from the book”. Do you agree or disagree?
I totally agree with this opinion because teachers can motivate students to learn better and
they become good friends to give useful ideas for students in their study and their life.
3. Teachers can be replaced (thay the) by computers in the future. Do you agree or disagree?
No, because students learn moral lessons, communication skills, soft skills, problem solving
skills from teachers that no modern technology can do.
6. There’s too much pressure on school students these days (học sinh chịu nhiều áp lực)
- Parents’ expectations (mong đợi của bố mẹ)
- Peer competition (cạnh tranh với bạn bè)
- Heavy workload (bài tập nhiều)
- your own ideas: teachers’ requirements; compete with brothers or sisters in the family
School pressure comes from….. (psychology: tâm lý)
I totally agree with the statement that There’s too much pressure on school students these days,
Firstly, I agree that school pressure comes from parents’ expectation. The parents always want their
children to have high scores. Students feel very stressful about the achievement at school to make
parents happy, and they don’t want their children to be disappointed.
Secondly, peer competition also brings the school pressure. Children have high pressure
to get the good results when their parents often compare them with others in the same
class. (to compete with their classmates, they always want to have higher results than their
classmates)
Thirdly, heavy workload at school also becomes a pressure for children. Children have to
learn a lot of subjects at school and do a lot of exercises, go to extra classes in the evening and at the
weekends so they have no enough time to relax or take part in some outside activities.
In my opinion, school regulations also become pressure for children. For example they
can be punished by teachers or school if they come to school late or have bad behaviors to teachers
or classmates.
In short, there’s too much pressure on school students these days.
Follow up questions:
1. Have you ever been under pressure in your life? / Do you have to stand under much
pressure?
2. What have you done to cope with pressure?
3. What should be done to deal with pressure of school students?
4. How is students’pressure different compared to the past? (heavy workload; extra
classes)
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7. Everyone should learn at least one foreign language = chủ đề 1.16 (lợi ích học ngoại ngữ)
+ create job opportunities
+ Cultural understanding
+ Global citizens
+ Your own idea
Everyone should learn at least one foreign language, for example like English because it
helps them to get a good job.
Secondly, Learning English helps to understand different
cultures; like English, American,….
Thirdly, it helps us to become Global citizens. When we know foreign language, we can
work in any countries in the world and we can talk with many people in the world.
In my opinion, when we know a foreign language we can travel many places in the
world.
+ create job opportunities =>learning a foreign language helps to create job opportunities. This
means that learning a foreign language can help to find a high-paying job and gives an
opportunity to work abroad or in an international corporation company
+ understand cultures=> Learning a foreign language helps to better understand cultures of
other countries. You don’t have any cultures shocks when travelling.
+ become global citizens => it helps learners easily become global citizens because knowing
the language of a country feels more comfortable abroad, talk with people around the world
easily.
+ your own ideas: People should learn a new language for better life.
8. Nowadays internet has a lot of bad points (bất lợi của Internet)
-unreal life (cuộc sống ảo)
-less face-to-face talk/ interaction/communication (thiếu sự tương tác trực tiếp)
-less privacy (thiếu sự riêng tư)
- Your own ideas
Nowadays an increasing number of people have been concerned about the Internet …
I totally agree with the statement that the Internet has a lot of bad points for the following reasons.
- Firstly, internet creates the unreal life (talk online but no meeting in real life). The things we see
on internet may be quite different from the real life and the information on internet is sometimes not
reliable.
-Secondly, there is less face to face talk. It means that we will lack the interaction in real life with
our friends. People, especially young people nowadays spend too much time in front of the
computers and are lack of outdoor activities or get together with family and friends.
Therefore, they are easy to become isolated/ autism and addicted to the Internet.
- Thirdly, there is less privacy: it is very easy to get personal information on the internet, so
people don’t have much the privacy/ Internet easily leaks personal information because all
our profiles and our privacy are revealed
- Finally, Internet has a lot of black websites which are not good for children.
- In my opinion: The government should have policies to protect the right of Internet users
In short, the Internet has a lot of bad points.
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9. There are many causes of telling lies (lý do nói dối)
+ to get out of troubles : it helps to protect yourself from problems/
misunderstanding
+ to protect privacy : In some cases people tell lies to keep secret or keep the
information in safe. For example, when we access social networks like zalo or facebook,
we have to provide the wrong information about address, name, mobile phone,.., to keep
privacy and safe.
+ to avoid embarrassment: sometimes, the truth is not good and it can have bad effect on our
life , so telling lies is a good choice.
+Your own idea : to make others happy, (white lies) to reassure people (trấn an)
In short, there are different reasons why people tell lies
10. University is a memorable time of our life (đại học là quãng thời gian đáng nhớ)
+ Independence
+knowledge achievement
+ Social networks
+ Your own ideas
I totally agree with the statement that University is a memorable time of our life.
Firstly, it helps us to have independence at university. It means that we can live without parents,
have to cook and take care of ourselves. We have to take responsibility of our behavior.
Secondly it helps us to gain much knowledge. (academic knowledge and living skills/ social skills:
communication; presentation; teamwork; time management; public speaking… which can be
applied in your future career )
Thirdly, it helps us to open our social networks (open relationship, make friends..).
Finally, I think it helps us to feel confident and learn different skills which are useful in our life.;
take part in volunteer activities;
In short, ……
1. What are some difficulties of students when they study at university? Living far away
from home; being independent; self-study; homesickness
2. Do you think being a student is the best time of your life? Why/ why not?
In my opinion being a student is the best time of one’s life because we have an exciting,
wonderful time with friends at university. At that time, people are young, strong, carefree and
eager to explore new knowledge. They are willing to do voluntary work without thinking
about themselves.
3. Should a student’s university education be free (học phí miễn phí) or should the
students have to get a loan (vay tiền đóng học phí)? Explain your choice.
- In my view university education should be free for some specific majors, such as police,
military education because those are demanding jobs. People who are devoted to them may
sacrifice their life to defend the motherland. However, most fields in education should not be
free. Students should understand the value of their education in order to try harder. The
money should be paid for training facilities, materials, administration and education affairs.
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11. Nowadays people have to live more stressfully (con người ngày nay chịu nhiều căng thẳng
hơn) = đề về stressful things in life
I agree with the statement that people have to live more stressfully nowadays because of the
following reasons.
Firstly, people have heavy workload.
+ Heavy workload: they have to work hard / busy; they have to spend a lot of time at work;
Nowadays, people have to work at least eight hours per day and six days per week. they have
no time to relax.
+ Relationship conflicts: Have a row with friends/ colleagues/ Sometimes, I have an argument with
my family members
Finally, people have financial difficulties
+ Financial difficulties: have difficulties in work and get little money- can’t support the
family life / failure in business….
+ Your own idea ( break up the relationship, unemployment, working environment…)
In my opinion Stress comes from…..
In short, there are many causes of stress nowadays.
Question:
1. What can be done to deal with stress? Go to the cafe, play with children, listen to music,
……
12. Learning a new skill is important (học 1 kỹ năng mới)
I totally agree that Learning a new skill is important ….. for the following reasons
+ Challenge yourself: Firstly, it helps to challenge ourselves, when we learn new skills, we can
know more about ourselves and see the strong points and weak points. From that, we can improve
the strong and reduce the weak points.
+Improve our brain functions: Secondly, it improves our brain function. Learning a new skill
is a good way to improve the knowledge and enrich our mind and it’s useful to make our brain
perform effectively.
+Have a more meaningful life: Finally, it helps us have a more meaningful life. Learning a new
skill is necessary to our life and it will make us more perfect and feel positive in our life.
+ Your own opinion: it helps us live better / feel more confident in working and living
In short, learning a new skill is important.
1. What age will make it difficult for a person to learn a skill?
I believe that age is not a factor. Willingness to learn can make a person of any age learn
anything. Recently, I taught my grandpa how to use a computer and made his facebook ID.
Now he and his computer are inseparable. He is very active on the facebook.
2. Who will you learn a skill from, friends, teachers or parents?
I will learn from anyone who is willing to teach me patiently. I can also learn from the
Youtube videos on the Internet.
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3. What’s the difference between children learning what they like and learning what they have to
learn?
Children learn very quickly if they like what they are learning. But if they are forced to learn,
they do not learn it well, as it is a half-hearted approach. (ko nhiệt tình/ko tha thiết)
13. Students are encouraged to go to the art galleries (lợi ích của việc đi đến phòng triển lãm
tranh)
Nowadays an increasing number of people have been concerned about art galleries.
I totally agree with the statement that Students are encouraged to go to the art galleries fr
the following reasons.
Firstly,
Secondly,
Finally,
+ Relax : reduce stress/ feel comfortable after hard study
+ Learn more knowledge : improve the knowledge about history, culture, tradition… many
art galleries can be a teaching tool which gives students a direct way to get involved with
arts communities, and learn about art from experts who have a deep understanding of the
topic.
+ Talk with other people : make friends and open the relationship; taking students to art
galleries will help them engage with people in the arts community, and let them see the
value of creative work
+ Your own opinion : In my opinion, Students feel proud of the culture and tradition of
the country and have a deep love for the country / have awareness of responsibility to
preserve the culture of the country.
In short, …….
Follow up questions
1. How often do you go to the art galleries?
2. What are some disadvantages of going to the art galleries?
3. What have you done to encourage people to visit art galleries?
Students are encouraged to go to art galleries.
relax
learn
Art
galleries
your
own
idea.
communicate
with others
Relax: reduce stress after hard working time
Learn about the history, culture, tradition, habits and customs of many places in the world
Communicate with others: make friends and open the relationship.
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In my opinion, we go to art galleries to see the view and meet the people who have the
same hobby. Besides, going to an art gallery helps to improve the deep love for the country
and raise awareness of responsibility for protecting the culture of the country.
1. How important are art galleries in education?
2. What should be done to encourage people to visit art galleries ?
3. Are art galleries popular in the future?
14. Study at university/university education is beneficial in a number of ways (lợi ích của giáo
dục đại học)
+ Academic knowledge
+ Job opportunities
+ Social skills
+ Your own opinion
I agree with the statement that study university has a lot of advantages for the following reasons.
Firstly, it helps us to get academic knowledge. It means that we master the knowledge of social
and natural science.
Secondly, it provides job opportunities/ chances. It means that we can have chance to get a good
job with high salary.
Thirdly, it helps us to open social communication. It means that we can make friends and
open the relationship with many people.
Finally, we can learn a lot of skills at university such as: teamwork skills, communication skills,
presentation; time-management; public-speaking; …
In short, studying at university has a lot of benefits.
Follow up questions:
1. What do you think about the entrance exam to university in Viet nam? It’s very
stressful and costs a lot of time and money.
2. Do you agree or disagree with the opinion: University is the only route to the
success? I don’t agree because There are many ways to get successful in our life and university is
not the only way such as going to work, study for vocational training; go to work overseas;
15. Facebook is a useful learning tool for students (Facebook là công cụ học tập hữu
ích)
Nowadays an increasing number of people have been concerned about ……
I totally agree with the statement that facebook is …..
Different ways to learn: compared traditional way of learning at school, students can learn on
social network such as facebook. For example, some teachers can post online lessons or deliver live
stream teaching related to subjects that ss want to learn and I think it’s also a good way to improve
the knowledge apart from traditional learning in class.
Means of communication: contact with other people like teachers and friends, make friends open
the relationship….
Convenience: study anywhere at anytime
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Your own ideas: In my opinion, it is suitable with my ability
In short, …
Sample 1:
- Be means of entertainment=> Fb is a means of entertainment which helps people to reduce
stress after hard working by listening to some songs, watching funny videos. People tend to
use fb to search for latest news to see what is happening around the world. It’s also a means
of communication which connects people in the long distance.
- Be a different way to learn=> Facebook seems to be one of the most effective tools because
it is used for discussion, sharing video and document links. Students generally respond
to discussions quickly and are comfortable enough in their own world to share their
information and opinion. Furthermore, interactions with teachers can be instant because
teachers tend to respond students quickly through FB
- Be a rich source of information=>Fb is a rich source of information in which contains a lot
useful knowledge and the latest news around the world
-Your own ideas=> People should support this trend however the parents should control their
children in using fb for good purposes
General statement: Facebook is becoming more and more popular in the society.
1.What are negative influences of FB on users? Waste of time / some people are
addicted to FB / not all information on FB is reliable/ less privacy/
2. How has the number of Fb users changed much in the last 10 years?
- More and more people use Fb everyday/
- the number of users has been increasing so fast in the past few years because of the great benefits
FB brings to our modern life.
3. Do you think the number of Facebook users will increase in the future?
16. There are several disadvantages of keeping animals in zoos (bất lợi của việc giữ động vật
trong vườn thú)
Keeping animals in zoos:
1. loss of freedom/
2. lack of space/
3. lack of survival skills
Keeping animals in zoos can lead to ….
Nowadays an increasing number of people have been concerned about …..
I totally agree that …..
Firstly, keeping animals in zoos can make them lose freedom / can lead
to loss of their freedom. It means that their activities are kept in cage and
controlled by human beings so that they feel very uncomfortable with their life. They have
no more opportunities to live in the real world, instead they stay in restricted enclosures in
the zoos.
Secondly, I must say that keeping animals in zoos can bring lack of space. It means
that animals have to live in small, isolated and limited space instead of natural
living environment. As a result, some of them can die at the early age. they tend to be
habituated (get familiar with) on human activities, accordingly they become dependent on
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human, therefore they will be definitely lack of survival skills.
Thirdly, keeping animals in zoos can make them lack survival skills. It means that
it’s difficult for them to adapt to the living environment now and easy to get some
kinds of diseases to lose their life.
Finally, one more point I want to add here is that because of keeping in the zoos
for a long time and deal with unnatural living environment, some animals can
become extinct.
It is suggested the Government should have policies to protect in the national park/ forest/
jungle and set them free to live in their natural life
In short, ….
1. Are animals usually kept in zoos? Not all animals are kept in zoos, but some
of them are kept for research, visit or entertainment performance purpose.
2. What are benefits of keeping them in zoos? Some animals are kept in zoos
because people want to protect them from being killed or hunted by human
being.
3. What should we do to protect wildlife species?
There are some ways to protect wild species.
Firstly, Don’t cut down the trees or forest to protect wildlife
Secondly, Stop the forest burning activities to make wildlife animals stay in safe
Next, Educate people about the role of wild life to human beings
Finally, Stop eating wildlife animals
17. Breakfast is the best meal of the day = topic 1.7
- Healthy breakfast
- Weight control
- Energy to start a new day
- Your own ideas
Healthy breakfast is weight control (keep fit, stay healthy)
Healthy breakfast provides energy…. ( feel relaxed and can work effectively)
Healthy breakfast improves……..( improves immune systems and we stay
strong and happy) / good for digestion /
Your own ideas: improve the health to fight against the diseases/ prevent them from diseases
Sample
Weight control => having a full breakfast will help us to limit our cravings and keep you feel
full until lunchtime, therefore it may stop you from eating snacks or junk foods which are high
calories, high cholesterol, but less nutritous. In other words, having a full breakfast will help
you easily lose weight
- Have Energy to start a day => Eating breakfast is like a king, lunch is like a queen and dinner
is like a pauper => breakfast plays a crucial role in the life in which it provides us full energy
to start a whole day
- Disease prevention => having a full breakfast will also help us to reduce stress, and decline
the risk of heart disease, diabetes and obesity
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- Your own ideas => Breakfast has a lot of benefits; therefore, it’s suggested that people try
not to skip it
General statement: Breakfast plays a crucial role in the life
Follow up questions
1. What types of food are often served in breakfast?
2. What are the negative effects of skipping breakfast?
3. What makes a healthy diet?
18. There are several causes of youth violence (lý do bạo lực ở tuổi vị thành niên)
- media influence (ảnh hưởng của truyền thông)
- lack of parents’ supervision (thiếu sự giám sát của bố mẹ)
- peer pressure (áp lực từ phía bạn bè)
- Your own idea
Nowadays an increasing number of people have been concerned about youth violence.
I totally agree with the statement that there are several causes of youth violence for the
following reasons.
media influence: Media affects children in behavior and thinking through
movies, music, games… Children tend to imitate (bắt chước) the violent actions on films or
games and become out of control
- lack of parents’ supervision: people are busy with work, don’t have enough time
to take care of children, / not keep an eye to them, learn bad things from the society and their friends
- peer pressure: they can be affected by friends’ behaviors or they are the victims of
bullying (bắt nạt)
- own idea: In my opinion, heavy workload makes young people stressful and causes violence./
violence among young people.
In short, …….
Sample 1:
- Get media influence => the young people spend to much time in front of the computers, they get
influenced on violent video games which cause them to act aggressively not just in mind but also in
their behaviours
- Be lack of parents’ supervision => Working parents are quite busy to earn money for living, therefore
they have no time to take care of their children. When children do not get sufficient supervision from
parents, they are prone to participate in criminal activities
- Have peer pressure => Children are likely to engage in violent behaviors when they act as a group
because they want to show off their power or have a sense of stylish or feel empowered to maintain
their position in the group
- Your own idea=> Limit their Internet time, watching habit, get them involved in different household
chores/ work/ routines tasks such as do the cleaning, do the cooking and so on
Follow up questions:
1. Are the young becoming more violent than they were in the past? Yes, because of the media
(Internet, TV, social networks)
2. What are the effects of violence among the young people? break the law, kill the
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people, out of control because of the illusion being the character in the film, damage the property;
commit crimes;
3. What should be done to solve the problems of youth violence?
Solutions: Parents control media and spend time with children / become good examples for
children to follow; pay attention to their children’s friends, avoid bad friends.
19. There are some benefits of eco-tourism (du lịch sinh thái)
+ Preserve the culture (gìn giữ văn hóa)
+ Conserve environment (bảo tồn môi trường)
+ Reduce poverty (giảm đói nghèo)
+ Your own ideas
Sample 1
- Firstly, ecotourism helps to preserve the culture
+ When the eco-tourism develops, the local authorities will pay more attention
preserving the culture identity, the traditional characteristics of the local residents
and the culture is considered as one of the typical values to attract tourists : For
example : Sapa attracts a lot of visitors for exploring the culture of minority
groups.
- Secondly, ecotourism helps to conserve the environment
One of the rules for eco-tourism is to protect the environment. It means that we are
not allowed to damage the natural habitats.
- Finally, ecotourism helps to reduce poverty: when the tourism develops, it will be helpful to
provide more working chances for local residents to earn a lot of money.
Your own ideas: In my opnion, eco-tourism helps to relax, explore new places….
Sample 2: I totally agree with the statement that ecotourism brings a lot of benefits to the
community for the following reasons.
Firstly, eco-tourism preserves the culture because the purpose of tourists is to explore cultural
values. For example, ancient villages, ancient temples and pagodas /pə'gəudə/, historic sites. So if
we want to attract tourists coming to those places. we have to protect and preserve them.
Secondly, eco-tourism conserves the environment. First, conserving the environment is the way to
attract tourists. Besides the culture, the tourists also want to explore the beautiful places, such as
mountains, forests, caves, rivers,... Second, if we want to develop eco-tourism we have to protect
and keep them.
Thirdly, eco-tourism reduces poverty /'pɒvəti/ because eco-tourism brings jobs and income for local
people. They can make and buy souvenirs, local goods or they can open restaurant, homestay to
serve tourists. Besides, they can do transport, performing local dances and songs,... Those jobs help
local people reduce poverty.
In short, there are many benefits of ecotourism. In my own ideas the Government should care
and invest in developing eco-tourism. Besides, it is necessary to encourage local people to protect the
environment.
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Follow up questions:
1. Will ecotourism be more popular in your country? Yes, I think that in the future ecotourism
will become more and more popular because visitors like to travel to remote areas to discover the
lifestyle, the beautiful landscapes, their culture, ……
2. What are disadvantages of ecotourism in your country? Littering; wild animals may get used
to humans; natural tribes may be forced to leave their home; animal souvenirs may be sold.
3. What should government do to promote ecotourism in your country?
Advertise through means of media TV, Internet, radio…../ provide good services for tourism.
20. Museums and art galleries should be free in charge for students (miễn phí vé vào cửa cho
sinh viên khi thăm viện bảo tàng hoặc phòng tranh)
- Widen knowledge (learn about history, culture which is useful for their study)
- Reduce stress (feel happy, relaxed after class hours)
- Meet people with the same interests (make friends)
Sample 1:
- Widen knowledge=> many museums and art galleries can be a teaching tool which gives students a direct
way to get involved with historical and arts communities, ask questions, and learn about art from experts
who have a deep understanding of the topic
- Reduce stress=> Going to the art galleries helps students to relax after lessons
- Meet people in the same interests= >taking students to art galleries will help them engage with people in
the arts community, and let them see the value of creative work and understand about our history.
+ Your own ideas=> The teachers should bring students to art galleries frequently to open their eyes and
improve their knowledge
General statement: Visiting the museum and art galleries plays an important role in our life
1. Why don’t many children nowadays like museum? They think museums are not interesting
and there are many things interesting they like: games, Internet, TV, sports.
2. What types of museums are popular in your country? History museum, painting museums,
ethnology museum
3. What are reasons that have made people to visit museum change in the last 10 years?
Innovated; modern facilities; many interesting things, many kinds of museums;
21. Lunch in school canteen has some benefits (Lợi ích ăn trưa ở căng tin trường)
Lunch in school canteen:
- cheap/ (it doesn’t cost much money, about 25,000 Vietnamdong, it is cheaper than eating at the
food stores or restaurants) food while is sold for students always has a reasonable price and good nutrient
for full energy
- convenient/ (they don’t have cook the food, they just go the canteen and choose any food and
drinks they like for their lunch)
- time-saving (students don’t have to travel to the food stores, they are far from their schools. They
just walk to the canteen and enjoy their lunch)
- Your own ideas: make new friends with other students in the school
Follow-up questions
1. Will more students have lunch in the school canteen?
2. What are disadvantages of having lunch in the school canteen?
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3. What should be done to attract students to the canteen?
22. Printed books should be used in class instead of e-books (sách bản in nên được sử dụng thay
vì bản mềm)
-improve attention => Printed books are often soft to touch, nice view with colourful cover and
pages which make use feel pleasing on eyes as well as make reading physically pleasurable
-increase love with reading => Printed book helps us to remain the traditional reading habit which
increase the love with reading between young generations
-enhance imagination => Reading printed book will help us to foster our imagination in which we
can generate new ideas and deeply understanding new things, easily feel the love the meaning that
the writer wants to convey to the readers. More importantly while reading the reader can manipulate/
switch coding the word into the picture in their mind
-Your own ideas: It is suggested that people should remain reading habit everyday
Follow up questions
1. what are the benefits of e-books?
2.do you think that ebooks will replace printed books at school one day?
3.what should we do to encourage people to read books?
23. There are some drawbacks for college students who live far from home (Bất lợi cho sinh
viên đại học sống xa nhà, khó khăn gì)
I totally agree with the statement that there are some drawbacks of students living far from home.
- dangers (mối nguy hiểm) they can be cheated; their things can be stolen;
- homesickness (nhớ nhà) they miss their family
- high living cost (chi phí sống cao) they have to pay for renting a house; electricity bill; water bill;
Internet bill; pay for food;
In short, students living far from home have to deal with some problems.
24. Some several qualities to make a good teacher (phẩm chất của người giáo viên tốt)
I totally agree that there are some qualities to make a good teacher
- Broad knowledge : qualification / social skills – motivate lessons
- Love to teaching – They consider teaching as their career and devote time
and ability for teaching
- Good teaching methods: they can make students eager to learn and they are
interested in the lessons.
- Your own idea : I think a good teacher has the Love for children, which makes children like
learning and love the teachers
In short, A good teacher has some qualities such as ……
Sample 1:
- Broad knowledge => When it comes to good and effective teaching, broaden knowledge is a must
because if the teachers want to have good communication skills and knowledge transferring to their
students, they need to widen their outlook and develop their creative thinking
- Love to teaching => Love to teaching is the requirement of their job because this will bring them
the feeling of satisfaction knowing that they are contributing positively to the next generations
- Good teaching methods=> Many teachers feel unconfident when teaching because they do not
have good and appropriate teaching methods which play crucial roles in the classroom. Good teach
35
methods will help them to transfer knowledge effectively and get fully participated and motivated
from students in the class.
- Your own idea => Join the training courses every year to improve their knowledge and teaching
methods
1. What is the most important quality of a good teacher?
2. “A good teacher can change students’ life” What’s your opinion?
- I agree with the above idea because
- the teachers are good example/ role model for students to follow
- the teachers are good friends to give useful advice for students to overcome challenges in life.
3. Do you think teachers can be replaced by computers in the future? (máy tính sẽ thay thế giáo
viên)
I think they can’t. There is a lack of Moral lessons and face-to-face interaction/communication;
4. Do you think that students can learn more from TV and Internet than from the
teachers?
5. What makes a teacher become a good teacher? Dedication, good expertise;
25. Family should spend more time cooking together (bố mẹ dành thời gian nấu ăn cùng nhau)
Sample 1
Family should spend more time cooking together
+ saving money (it is cheap to cook at home)
+ strengthen love for family (family members get closer, get close-knit, love each other more)
+ increase food safety (we buy clean and fresh meat, vegetables to cook the food)
Finally, the food safety will be increased because we buy clean and fresh meat, vegetables to
cook the food)
+ Your own ideas: it makes my family happy
Sample 2
save money=> Cooking at home helps to save money and be more economic than eating in
the restaurants because you don’t have to take a taxi or drive their car to get to the closest
restaurant. Furthermore, buying food from the supermarket is cheaper and fresher and can
cook meals for the whole family member in several days
- strengthen (Streng-thần) love for family=> Cooking at home helps to strengthen love for the
family because eating at home gives the whole family time to talk to share about their daily
life
- increase food safety: Cooking at home also helps to increase food safety because home
cooked food consumes less sugar which can provide higher energy levels and better mental
health, the foods they cook at home feel safer and suitable for family's taste
- Your own ideas=> People should cook at home frequently to remain the cozy of family and
increase the food safety
General statement: Homemade cooking plays an important role in the society nowadays
Follow up questions:
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1. Do you think cooking is a pleasure or chore for people?
2. What are disadvantages of cooking in meals at home? It takes a lot of time (to go to the market;
to prepare the food; to cook the food; to do the washing up)
3. How has habit of cooking at home changed in the past 10 years? Nowadays people tent to eat out
on special occasions like parties. When they cook at home for their family, they often cook the boil
dishes such as boil vegetables, boil meat because it doesn’t have much oil like fry dishes, it is
simple and easy to cook.
26. There are several ways to overcome sadness (có vài cách để vượt qua nỗi buồn)
- Share with someone else (share with friends or my mother because they can give me useful
advice; help you easily forget the sadness and become happy)
- Listen to music (listening to a favorite song is a good way to forget your sadness)
- Do exercise
- Your own ideas: In my opinion; go shopping; eat your favorite food; go to your favorite
place where you have a lot of good memories
In short, …..
Sample 1:
- Share with someone else => when you feel depression, you should share with someone else such
as relatives and friends who always stay at your side, encourage you and help you think positive
- Listen to music => Music is a kind of therapy which will help people to reduce stress after hard
working day as well as when people are not in good mood. You probably listen to some upbeat
music or rock and rolls which help to change the atmosphere immediately and easily forget their
sorrow
- Do exercise=> Doing exercise regularly will help us to refresh our mind and then easily forget our
sorrow
- Your own ideas=> It is suggested that we should make our life more meaningful to get out of
sadness
Follow up questions:
1. What are the sources of sadness? The loss of something or someone important in my life;
2. What are the benefits of crying when I am sad? Sad feelings will be released by
tears / feel better
3. What problems can sadness bring to our health? If we keep sadness in our mind for
a long, It’s very harmful for health with some diseases; depression/ sleepless
nights; lack of concentration on work/ …..and It has a bad effect on our work and life.
27. Games are useful in the classroom (trò chơi rất hữu ích trong lớp học)
Classroom games:
- Fun
- creativity
- interaction
+ fun: make people laugh and feel eager to join; excited; easy to absorb the knowledge
+ creativity: require people to use their brain for playing so it’s good to develop
intelligence
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+ interaction: develop communication and social skills / open the relationship and
make friends.
+ Your own idea: improve knowledge and enrich their mind/ more motivated in the
lesson
Sample 1:
Nowadays an increasing number of people have been concerned about games.
I totally agree with the statement that games are ……………………….
- Be fun => Games are very useful in the classroom because of its fun. Playing games in
the classroom increases overall motivation.
-Be creativity => Games helps to develop their creativity ( cờ-ri-ây-ti-vi-ti) because by
playing games, students become more motivated to learn, pay attention and participate in set tasks
- Have interaction => Games help students to become a part of a team as well as take responsibility
for their own learning. Also Games become competitive in the classroom which will increase their
interactions with their peers
- Your own ideas=> It’s suggested that the teacher should employ more games which are effective
educational tools in teaching in order to gain more knowledge, get motivated and increase
interactions between students
Follow up questions
1.What are disadvantages of using games in classroom?
If they play too many games, students can lose concentration on their lesson.
Some games require the large location, time and money investment.
2. When should games be used in the lesson? It is used before the lesson to warm up
the atmosphere of stressful lessons
3. Playing games teaches people about life. What do you think about this opinion?
People can develop a lot of skills through games: communication skills,
creativity, imagination, making fun…
27.1
There are some fun ways to learn English
- games
- English clubs
- songs
- your own ideas.
Games: students have fun in English learning through games. They can join some interesting
games to improve the E skills effectively.
E club; Students can take part in E club to speak English and make friends and improve
communication skills.
Songs; English songs are very useful for students to learn English vocabulary and develop
listening skills effectively.
Moreover, talking to native speakers is also a good way to lean E naturally, which helps
students feel confident to speak E.
1. What is some advice to give the learners of English?
There are many ways to learn English depending on learner’s conditions, interests and
proficiency. The best way is that you put yourself in an English speaking environment. You
can listen to English songs, see English films. Furthermore, communicating with a native
38
speaker, participating in an English speaking club are very good to improve your English as
well.
2. Do you think learning English is important nowadays?
3. What are some difficulties people encounter when they learn English?
28. There are some drawbacks of fast food
- Overweight ( gain weight)
- Little nutrition : fast food is cooked for a long time before it is served, so the
nutrition can be lost/ disappear
- Diseases
29. There are some benefits of cycling
Cycling:
- Relax: after hard-working hours, cycling makes me feel relaxed, help to reduce stress, relieve
pressure
- Keep fit: cycling is a form of exercise, it is a physical activity which is good for health
- Protect environment: it produces no fumes, no smoke; friendly with the environment; ride bicycles
instead of riding motorbikes or driving cars
- Your own ideas: have a lot of energy
Follow up questions:
1. Do you think cycling is good for health?
2. Who do you want to cycle with?
3. What are the cons of cycling? People may get injured; fall off the bikes; broken arm/leg
30. Class disciplines are important (kỷ luật học đường: ưu điểm) school disciplines
- improve academic outcome: Students focus on the lessons and the get good
results
- teach work ethics (morality): Helps students improve their behavior and
become good students
- keep learning environment safe: require/ ask students to follow the rules of
the class and will be punished if they break the rules.
- Teacher can control the class easily
However, It makes students feel stressful and passive
In short, ……
Sample
+ improve academic: Strict disciplines help to improve academic because attendance has
improved and more importantly strict disciplines create a safe and fun learning environment,
students are fully responsible for their study therefore they can obtain their acdemic
achivement
+ teach teamwork=> Strict disciplines teach students work in groups to share their methods of
learning
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+keep learning environment =>Strict disciplines keep learning environment because
Classrooms are managed well, accordingly students respect the teacher and get along with
each other
+ your own ideas: =>The schools should remain strict disciplines for better future of students
31. Study abroad = topic 14
- Develop themselves
- See the world
- Exposure different styles of education
32. Over population damages environment (dân số quá đông ảnh hưởng đến môi trường như
nào)
- natural resources (make use of too much natural resources so it will run out
of. Deforestation for building house/ factory …..
- wastes : rubbish from daily life – make environment polluted
- global warming : smoke and waste from factories, means of transport come
to the air and make it polluted - …..
33. Equal partnership has some features (sự bình đẳng nam nữ trong gia đình)
- share some routines & household tasks
- childcare responsibility
- work as a team
- your own idea.
In my opinion, I agree that Equal partnership shares some routines & household tasks::
it means that both men and women should support each other in their daily activities and
doing housework such as cooking, cleaning…..
Equal partnership takes childcare responsibility: Both of them have to be responsible to
look after and educate the children and become a good example for children to follow.
Equal partnership works as a team: They also work hard to earn money and support for
their family.
Moreover, equal partnership shares the feelings and emotions in their work and their life and
it is considered as the best way to improve the relationship.
Further discussion:
1. How have the roles of husband and wife changed over the past 10 years?
I think roles of husband and wife have changed so much in the past 10 years. Both of them
are equal in working and doing housework as well as looking after their children.
2. What roles do grandparents play in a family?
They do the roles as the guiders and advisors for their children and grandchildren because
they have a lot of living experience to share with their family members.
3. What do you think about single - parent family?
Single parent family is popular in modern society because they have much more freedom
and independence.
34. Waking up early has a lot of benefits
40
- Keep a healthy diet
- Feel fresher
- Increase work productivity
- Your own idea.
Nowadays an increasing number of people have been concerned about waking up early
I agree that waking up early has a lot of benefits
Keep a healthy diet: When we get up early, we have time to prepare a good breakfast with a
lot of energy for a whole day.
Feel fresher: When we get up early, our mind is very relaxing and feels so comfortable and
ready to work for a whole day.
Increase work productivity: When we wake up early, we feel so fresher after a healthy
breakfast and we can work more effectively.
Moreover, waking up early makes me feel happy/ spends much more time to work in a day.
In short, waking up early has a lot of benefits
Follow up questions:
1. What are some disadvantages of getting up late? Late for work; feel tired; be in a
hurry;
2. What are some ways to encourage people to get up early? Go to bed early; at about
10p.m; go to bed at the same time everyday; set alarm clock;
3. Why do some people go to bed late? Stay up late to work or to study; watch TV; watch
films; play games
35. Working from home has a lot of benefits (teleworking = telecommuting)
- Save time
- Increase productivity
- Reduce working stress
- Your own idea.
Save time: When we work at home we don’t have to spend time going to work, so we can
save a lot of time.
Increase productivity: We can have a private and quiet space for working and we can
develop our creativeness/creativity and abilities for work
Reduce working stress: When we feel tired, we can stop the work a little bit for relaxing or
sleeping. (doing exercise, listening to music)
Your own idea: In my opinion, We have much more time to look after family and children.
In short, ……
Question: 1. What are the disadvantages of working from home? Lack of face-to-face
communication; Lack of concentration because of the noise; the phone; children
2. Do you think working from home will become popular in the future?
3. What is the most important factor when working from home?
41
35.1 Topic: There are some negative effects of setting freedom for employees
- increase arrogance
- cause more conflicts
- break company rules
- your own ideas
Follow-up questions
1. How can company empower their employees?
2. How can employees be motivated to have the best performance?
3. What are some advantages of setting more freedom for employees?
Nowadays an increasing number of people have been concerned about setting freedom for
employees. I totally agree with the statement that there are some negative effects of setting
freedom for employees for the following reasons.
Firstly, it increases arrogance. People become overconfident about themselves.
Secondly, it causes more conflicts. They have freedom at work, they can do what they want;
Finally, it breaks company rules. They can do what they want, they may not follow the rule
of the company.
In my opinion, other effects are lack of experience; lack of clear direction.
In short, there are some negative effects of setting freedom for employees
Follow-up questions
1. How can company empower their employees? Give them freedom
2. How can employees be motivated to have the best performance? When they are
free to do what they want; they feel motivated to work better
3. What are some advantages of setting more freedom for employees? Work better
36. There are some Causes of overpopulation (lý do dân số đông)
- Decline in death rate = mortality rate (tỷ lệ tử vong)
- Lack of family planning
- Better health care system
- Your own idea.
Decline in death rate: It means that when the society is more developed, the standard
of living as well as the medical system are much more improved, so when the children are
born, they are looked after very well.
Lack of family planning: In some country sides or mountainous areas in the developing
countries, a lot of people don’t understand how to take family planning. As a result, the
population is more and more increasing.
Better health care system: it means that when the healthcare system is improved, the
people are taken care of very well and they are helped to have a healthy lifestyle so they can
live longer.
Your own idea: In some developing countries, a lot of people want to have a lot of children
who can look after the parents when they are old.
42
In short, there are several cause of …./ overpopulation results from decline in death rate, family
planning and better heath care system
37. Personal Privacy & the Internet (sự riêng tư và Internet)
- Spam
- Personal information hacking
- Computer viruses
- Your own idea.
I totally agree that there are some disadvantages of the internet on personal privacy.
Spam: it happens when you send or get email through internet, which can make you feel
annoyed and it can have a bad effects on the work.
Personal information hacking: When people use some software or social network on
Internet, they have to supply their information such as name, phone number, address,
account number and their personal information can be stolen by hackers for bad purposes.
Computer viruses; When we assess Internet or set up some software for computer. It’s
easier to get virus in our computers, which damages all the information and documents in the
computer.
Your own idea: Internet brings unreal life for people because all the things people show on
Internet are not real. Sometimes the information on Internet is not true.
In short, there are some disadvantages of the internet on personal privacy.
38. Self-study skill (kỹ năng tự học) is important/ there are some benefits of self-study
- More independence
- Better time management
- Better academic performance
I totally agree with the statement that …….
More independence: self study skill helps us to feel confident and independent because we
can study by ourselves without the help of other people.
Better time management; We have to arrange the suitable time to study, so it helps us to
arrange the time better
Better academic performance: When we study by ourselves, we can find the best way to
learn well and then we can improve the academic performance.
Your own idea: In my opinion, We have much more freedom with flexible time to study any
time or anywhere we like. Besides we can improve the knowledge from different fields
around the world through different media such as Internet, radio, TV……
In short, ….
39. Group work helps students learn better at schools (Lợi ích của làm việc theo nhóm
ở bối cảnh trường học; giúp học sinh học tốt hơn )
- Learn from others
- Develop common skills
- Be more active
- Your own idea:
43
Learn from others: When ss work in groups, they can share knowledge with their
friends and learn from each other.
Develop common skills: groupwork is useful to develop communication skills,
teamwork skills, time-management skills; presentation skills; …..
Be more active: When students work in group, they feel more confident to present in
front of the others and then they become more active.
- Your own idea: make more friends and open the relationships
40. Visiting foreign country is valuable experience for students (đi nước ngoài là 1 trải
nghiệm quý báu)
- Increase knowledge
- Good memories
- Make friends
Increase knowledge: improve knowledge about culture, habits and customs of the
foreign country.
Good memories: When students visit foreign country, they can discover new places
and experience new things with a lot of photos and videos and they can keep them as good
memories.
Make friends: meet a lot of people- make friends, open the relationship
- Your own idea: In my opinion, students can have chance to relax, learn the new language
(practise English) have a lot of new experiences in their life.
In short, visiting a foreign country is good for students.
Follow up questions:
1. What are the disadvantages of visiting a foreign country to students? Culture
shock; language barrier; money
2. What advice do you give to students who are going to visit a foreign country?
3. What foreign country do you want to visit? Why?
41. Trees are essential for the existence of human beings
a good
source of
food
better
environment
Trees
your
own
idea.
Utility
44
Trees are a good source of food. It means that trees supply human being with fresh nutrition
which is good for health such as ; rice, fruits, vegetables.
Trees bring better environment because it is a good source of oxygen which makes people
feel fresh and planting trees is a good way to protect our environment.
Trees are considered as a kind of utility. It means that people can use trees for building and
designing the houses. Moreover, we can utilize trees for wood industry development
Trees are very useful to keep away from natural disasters such as flood, drought….
They can make a good view or sightseeing for people to enjoy and explore.
42. There are some drawbacks of online shopping
delay in
delivery
quality of good
is not as good
as expected it
online
shopping
your
own
idea.
lack of
shopping
experience
Online shopping can make the delay in delivery because of some reasons. Firstly, the
products haven’t come back on time. Secondly, the shippers are busy delivering to many
places so it can make the delivery late.
When we have shopping online, the quality of good is not as good as expected it. It means
that some products advertise online look more colorful and beautiful than as usual because of
photo shop technology. Besides the stuff people get is sometimes may be broken or damaged
during delivery
When people have online shopping, because of lack of shopping experience, people can be
cheated or have to buy the bad quality products which are much more expensive than the real
cost.
When we shop online and pay online we can become a victims of cheating and the personal
account be hacked.
43. Camping is good for students
45
fresh air
discovery
Camping
your own
idea.
net working
Camping brings a lot of fresh air. When we go camping, we often choose the country side
with many trees and beautiful view to relax and organize a lot of outside activities. Thus, we
can enjoy the fresh air and live with the nature.
Camping is a good chance of discovery. Some people choose the mountains to set up their
tent and it’s also a good place for them to take part in some extreme sports or risky activities
such as climbing, sky diving, go hiking to experience the strong feelings and challenge
themselves. It is considered a good activity to explore new places and enjoy themselves
Camping is a good way to improve a net working because through activity people can join
different outside activities together, which is considered a chance to improve the solidarity,
community strength and open the social network
Finally, Camping is a good opportunity for people to develop communication skills,
teamwork kills and time-management.
44. Private cars should be banned in big cities
pollute the
environment
cause traffic
jams
private
cars
your own
idea.
waste money
When a lot of people use private cars, it will emit/ release a lot of dust and waste into the air
and make the environment polluted.
If The private cars are used by many people, it can cause the traffic jams because a lot of
vehicles are running on the street at the same time and make the street become crowded and
noisy.
46
It is a waste of money to use private cars because we have to spend a lot of money buying
petrol and expensive vehicle.
When people use a lot of private cars in big cities, it’s difficult to find the car park and it’s
expensive to pay for maintaining the car.
45. Cohabitation (sống thử)
higher rate of
separation
more financial
issues
Cohabitation
your own
idea.
more tension
Cohabitation is that man and woman live together before getting married.
There are many drawbacks of cohabitation/ those who live together before getting married.
Firstly, cohabitation is the reason for higher rate of separation because when they live
together, they can identify the weak points of their partners and lead to some conflicts or the
boring feelings when living together is also the reason for breaking the relationship.
Secondly, cohabitation brings more financial issues because when we live together we have
to pay the double for the service, which can become a financial burden for men or women.
Thirdly, cohabitation can cause more tension when they have some conflicts in relationship
such as lifestyle, opinion, housing……
Finally, it can cause unexpected pregnancy
Sample 1:
-higher rate of separation: => cohabitation before marriage has higher rate of separation because
young people do not think carefully, have a deep understanding and sympathize each other, Moreover
they are still young and lack of life experience and have no marriage commitment and responsibity
-more financial issues: Youngsters normally are students who have no jobs, no plan for future jobs,
they may not get enough salary for living, accordingly they have more and more financial issues in
paying bills when living together
-more tension: they tend to have more tension because there are no marriage commiments,
responsibilty, no jobs, no future plans and have more financial difficulties thus they do not have a
better life, accordingly they tend to have relationship conflicts
General statement: cohabitation before marriage is a great concern in the society nowadays
Your own ideas: The Government, parents and teachers should work in hands in order to educate
young generation about the disadvantages about the cohabitation marriage
Follow-up questions
1.Do you see any changes in the pattern of marriage in VN today?
2.Do you think Western values have nay influence on the VNese view of marriage?
46. Making a cake has a lot of advantages
47
save money
relax
your own
idea.
Making a cake
make friends
Making cake helps to save money because we don’t have to pay for the service.
Making a cake helps us to relax and reduce stress after hardworking day. After we enjoy the
cake we have made, we feel so comfortable and pleased about our achievement.
Making a cake helps us to make friends because we can meet the friends who have the same
hobby.
After we can make a cake, we can learn a lot of skills such as cooking skills, time
management, organization skills,…..
47. Higher education should be free for everyone.
Equal
chance for
everyone
A safer
world
Higher
education
your
own
idea.
Solution to
unemployment
Equal chance for everyone: It means that everyone has the same opportunities to do
everything without barrier
when universities are offered for free, it will create equal chance for every one in which
everyone can gain access. For example, poor students can enter university to achieve
knowledge for better future.
A safer world: When people have good knowledge, they will behave better with their partner
and their friends….
free higher education will open the world. This means that it can provide global higher
education coverage
48
Solution to unemployment: When we have a good qualification, we can get a better job with
good salary.
Your own idea: open the relationship and make friends, develop communication skills.
Sample:
It is true to say that education is the most important aspect in our life. Some people believe
that Higher education should be free for everyone while others disagree with this view. From
my point of view, I totally agree that higher education should be free for every one because of
some following reasons.
The first reason I would mention is that when universities are offered for free, it will create
equal chance for every one in which everyone can gain access. For example, poor students
can enter university to achieve knowledge for better future. The second reason could be
explained that free higher education will open the world. This means that it can provide global
higher education coverage. The third reason is that non-payment higher education helps to find
solutions for the unemployed which are serious problems nowadays. Free education will
ensure that everyone can get a better job with skillful knowledge that they have learned at
university. From the reasons above, it can be concluded that higher education should be free
for everyone. Therefore, it is suggested that the Government should support this trend and
encourage young people to enter university for better future.
1. Do you think higher education should be free in VN? Yes, I think higher education
should be free in VN because of their benefits such as equal chance……
2. University is not the only way to be successful? Do you agree? Yes, I strongly
agree with this idea because qualification is not enough to be successful, but we
need more skills such as communication skills, problem solving skills, social
skills…
48. After school activities are beneficial for students
communication
skills
sense of
commitment
After
school
activities
your own
idea.
time
management
After school activities help ss develop communication skills: make them feel confident
and independent in the future life.
49
After school activities help ss develop sense of commitment: provide with a lot of
activities to make students active and responsible for their duty
After school activities help ss improve time management: They can arrange the study
time to join outside activities.
Connect students : make friends and open the relationship, develop teamwork, groupwork
skills
Sample 1:
-Firstly, develop communication skills=> due to tight schedules at school, students have to do
a lot of assignments, therefore, they might not have more opportunities to develop their
communication skills at school. Thus it can be interestingly said that extra activities after
lesson will help them to have more time to talk, to share everything with their classmates and
teachers. Accordingly, their communication skills will be improved effectively.
-Secondly, sense of commitment=> extra-activities after school always foster a sense of
commitment in which they are fully responsible for their tasks they are committed to.
-Finally, time-management: Students who attend extra programs after school tend to have a
greater understanding of time management than those who don’t because they have to learn
how to give priority their work and in short time they manage to complete the task they are
committed to.
-In my opinion, Parents and teachers should encourage students to attend extra class activities
after school
=> General statement: In short, After school activities are very crucial for students nowadays.
1. Are common extra- curriculum activities for students compulsory? They are
compulsory because it makes students confident, independent and improve
communication skills….
2. Should extra- curriculum activities be compulsory? Why? Yes
3. What have you done to encourage students to participate in extra- curriculum
activities? Make good plan and set up the interesting program to attract students to
join.
49. There are some benefits of outdoor activities to students
- Good for health
- Have good relationships/ Make friends
- Be confident
- Your own ideas: develop creativity, imagination; the love of nature;
Follow up questions:
1. What kind of outdoor activities are popular in your country?
- Many people enjoy playing badminton, riding bicycles, and walking. Some sports that have
been adopted from other cultures are also popular, such as basketball, tennis. One outdoor
activity that most people, both old and young like is table tennis.
2. Do old and young people like doing the same kinds of activities outdoors ?
3. What can be done to encourage children to take part in outdoor activities?
50. There are ways to maintain good workplace relationship
50
-build effective communication skills=> Because we have to communicate all day, whether
we're sending emails and sms, or meeting face to face. The better and more effectively you
communicate with those around you, the richer your relationships will be. Therefore, the more
you are good at communication skills, the better results in work you can get
-Keep good co-operation=> Maintaining good workplace relationship will keep good coopertation which is very crucial factor to teach us work in team or in groups in order to achieve
the best results at work
-Avoid criticism and gossips=> A bad relationship at work also makes low productivity, and
leads to the different conflicts. Therefore, it is better to maintain a workplace happiness which
helps to reduce criticism and gossips
Follow up questions
1. Why do people sometimes find it hard to share personal issues at work?
2. Should people make friends with business partners at work?
51. Topic: Reading habit should be encouraged among teenagers.
- Increase knowledge=> Reading habit helps teenagers to increase their knowledge because
books contain a huge source of necessary information, therefore young people can broaden
their knowledge and open the world
- Reduce stress => Reading is also a kind of entertainment which helps us to reduce stress after
hard working and reading 30’ before bedtime always makes people have a good sleep
- Improve memory=> Reading regularly helps people improve their mind and memory and
also heighten their brain functions and boost up their mental performance
- Your own ideas=> The parents should encourage their children to keep their reading habit
day by day
General statement: reading habit plays a crucial role in the life today.
51. Topic: There are some drawbacks of online shopping
delay in
delivery
quality of
course is
not as good
as expected
Online
shopping
-delay in delivery => Online shopping always
delays in delivery. Even though it hardly takes 1015 minutes to buy the product online, by the time
it reaches your hands, it would be more than 4-5
days. During the big sales, e-commerce portals
may take too long to deliver the product.
-quality of course is not as good as expected=>
Online shopping always leads to the fact that the
quality of the products is not as good as expected.
Since people are unable to touch or to see the
products they want to buy in reality, it is always
hard for them to examine the quality of these
products. As a result, they might purchase the items
with poor quality
your own
ideas
lack of
shopping
experience
51
-lack of shopping experience => onsite shopping,
sales assistants show personal attention on
customers and give complete details on the
product. However, this does not happen in the
case of online shopping. All you can do is to see
the picture and read the description only.
Therefore, it is true to say that online shopping
makes customers be lack of shopping
experience.
-Your own ideas: => It is suggested that
Sample 2: Online shopping is a convenient way for people to buy things
Topic: Online shopping is a convenient way for people to buy things.
1. Have you ever bought something online? Which?
2. Do you think that online shopping will be more popular in the future?
Why?/ Why not?
3. Are there any disadvantages of online shopping?
It’s my pleasure to be here and talk to you about the topic: online shopping – a convenient way
to buy things. My talk will be divided into four parts according to four reasons why people
like online shopping.
People like to buy things through online shops for some reasons. Firstly, online shopping helps
people save time. Instead of walking along the street and going to the many shops to choose
the satisfying things, we now just stay at home and select products very fast through online
shopping. Moreover, there are thousands of products available in the online shops. We just go
to the website, type key words, then we can see the images and information of products we
need. Another reason that makes online shopping more popular is competitive price. Because
of the availability of products in the Internet, shoppers set their prices in the most reasonable
way to gain most profit and catch much attention of customers. Based on the price set,
customers can easily compare the prices of each product and choose the one they prefer.
Finally, online shop’s owners don’t need to charge rent so the price of products in online shops
tend to be cheaper than that of products bought in the other shop.
That’s all of my talk. Thank you for listening.
52
1. Have you ever bought something online? Which?
I usually visit online shops to buy clothes, shoes or accessories. I am a worker so I don’t have
much time to go window shopping.
2. Do you think that online shopping will be more popular in the future? Why?/ Why not?
I believe that online shopping will be more popular in the future because of its all advantages.
Online shopping helps people save time selecting thousands of products and purchase the
things at the cheap and reasonable prices.
3. Are there any disadvantages of online shopping?
When buying something online, customers only look at the images of products, customers
cannot try them before buying. So if they decide to buy and this product does not fit, they
cannot be repaid money. There are a number of unreal online shops. When customers buy
products online and pay on the credit card, they receive products with lower quality than these
they see on advertisement. Even worse, they can receive nothing at all. Therefore, when buying
online, customers should take care of such situations.
52. Topic: Technology supports students’ learning
-improve knowledge => Advanced technology helps students to improve their knowledge through
quickest way that is Internet. With a good Internet connectivity, we can get global education and make
friends throughout the nation and the world
-provide learning sources => Through Internet inventions, students can search a huge information of
related materials which are useful for students’ learning. Furthermore, we can take the advantages of
Internet to attend online courses, thus parents don’t have to take their time to fetch their kids from
extra classes, hence students can get flexible time to study on the Internet.
-reduce the cost of study=> traditional learning fees are more expensive than online learning, because
You don’t have to worry about paying the costs of accommodation and transportation when studying
at home through Internet.
-Your own ideas=> The educators should apply different advanced technological inventions for
learners at institutional levels
General statement: Technology plays a crucial in learning process nowadays
Follow-up question
1.What technological invention do you think is the most important?
2.How can technology help you study English?
53. Topic: Music has certain positive effects on babies
- Support language development=> music helps to Support language development because
music helps us retain words and expressions much more effectively. The rhythm of the
music, as well as the repetitive patterns within the song, help us memorize words
- Help to develop senses=> five senses — sound, sight, touch, smell, and taste
- Increase creativity=> A study conducted in Hungary found that 3-4-year-olds who were
given music and signing lessons obtained higher grades in creativity than children of the
same age who did not receive any musical training.
- Your own ideas
The positive effect music has on babies and children is surprisingly diverse, encouraging babies'
development in both the mental and physical health
Follow-up questions
1. How is music now compared to when you were growing up?
2. How do you think the music industry will change in the future?
3. Do children in your country learn music at the early stage?
53
54. Topic: Examinations are not necessary (các kỳ thi, kiểm tra thì ko cần thiết)
- Time-consuming
- Unfair
- Costly
- Your own ideas
a) Time-consuming: Examiners have to design, deliver and evaluate students through the
test. Whereas, students must revise their lessons, take the test and wait for the results.
b) Unfair: Examinations are not always truthful and the feedback about students’ study
based on test results sometimes invalid. Students sometimes cheat or copy other’s answers
at examinations. If examiners lack responsibilities, the test results will be invalid.
c) Costly: A big sum of money has to be spent on preparation for the test regarding
facilities, equipment, materials, papers…. In addition, we should pay for administration,
evaluation of the tests. Obviously, students have to pay fees, which is a burden on their
shoulders.
d) Your own ideas: Exams are still important. On the one hand, via examinations
teachers/examiners can evaluate students’ abilities so as to adjust teaching methods
properly. On the other hand, students are be aware of their own abilities to have effective
ways of learning.
Follow up questions:
1) Do you think schools are necessary? Why? Why not?
- In my opinion schools are necessary. Firstly, they are the place where students can get
knowledge of all fields and be educated. They are also the place where students can make
friends, learn useful skills for their life, such as communication skills, problem-solving
skills, soft skills...Secondly, students can learn how to behave and develop their personality
in a good way when following the school rules
2) How do modern technologies change the way people study?
Modern technologies help people to study faster, more active and effectively. people do
not have to go to class because they can stay at home or at work, learn online with a laptop
connected to the Internet. They can search information and download documents from the
Internet. Furthermore, it is possible for them to listen to the lectures again and again. They
do not have to meet teachers face-to-face to submit assignments or get feedback from them.
3) Do you think that traditional schools will disappear in the future because of the
development of modern technology?
I don’t think so. Traditional schools are always necessary, because they are the place where
students can learn not only knowledge, but also social lessons of how to behave and how
54
to become good citizens. Schools are the place for children to develop and improve their
personalities.
55: Topic: Punishment by teachers at school is good for students (giáo viên phạt thì tốt
cho học sinh)
- Obey teachers: nghe lời
- Minimise misbehaviours: giảm hành vi hư
- Concentrate better on study: tập trung hơn vào việc học
- Your own ideas
I totally agree with the statement that punishing students are good for them for the
following reasons.
Some people say punishment by teachers at school is necessary, others think that it may
cause emotional and mental suffering in children’s heart. In my opinion,
- Firstly, punishment makes students obey teachers. Teachers deal with 30 or more students
in each class, so students surely misbehave sometimes. It is the teacher’s job to make
them obey the discipline. If the teachers do nothing, then the children see no
consequences for bad behaviours. As a result, the classroom will be in disorder and
confusion.
- Secondly,
- Fnally,
- Your own ideas: However, punishment should always be fair and suitable so as students
can see their mistakes and correct themselves. There are many ways to punish a child:
writing an essay, doing more exercises, cleaning the classroom. The purpose is to educate
students with acceptable behaviours.
Follow up questions:
1) Do you think punishment by teachers to students at school should be encouraged?
- No, in any case, being punished is a negative experience for a child. It’s the reason
why punishment should be fair and in a suitable way. It is better if teachers inform
parents about their children’s misbehaviours and co-operate with the parents to educate
their children. Stubborn
2) Do all students obey their teachers whenever they receive punishment?
- No, it depends on each student’s character. There are many students who obey
teachers, because they are afraid of teachers and punishment. However, there are some
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students who are stubborn and difficult to control. Teachers should know their students
well enough to apply different ways to educate them.
3) What are the downsides of overuse of punishment at school?
- Overuse of punishment can lead to negative feelings and emotions in children. It
may make them more stubborn and restive. On the other hand, they can be afraid of
going to school or keep doing bad things.
56. Topic: Smoking should be banned in public places
-
Smoker’s health
-
Second-hand smoker’s health
-
Financial burden
- Your own ideas
I totally agree that smoking should be banned in public places
a) Firstly, it affects Smoker’s health: Cigarette smoking causes a number of health
problems for smokers. It is a major cause of respiratory diseases such as asthma, lung
cancer and bronchitis. It also leads to heart disease.
b) Secondly, it affects Second-hand smoker’s health: Smoking also affects the health of
non-smokers and unborn babies. Non-smokers soften suffer from eye and nose irritations,
allergies and headaches as a result of inhaling second-hand smoke. There is also evidence
to suggest that passive smoking may cause lung cancer. Smoking during pregnancy can
hinder to growth of the foetus and may even result in death.
c) Finally, smoking causes Financial burden: Smoking is also a financial burden for
smokers and non-smokers. Firstly, cigarettes are addictive because of nicotine they contain,
so smokers have to pay a lot of money to buy them; Secondly, the cost of medical treatment
for the diseases caused by smoking is very high. As a consequence, non-smoking taxpayers
have to pay for the health costs of smokers, which is unfair.
d) Your own ideas: Everyone knows that smoking is harmful to our health. However, we
live in a democratic country where everyone has the right to do whatever he likes within
the laws, so we cannot ban smoking completely. We are able to raise awareness about
health problems when smoking, and prohibit smokers from smoking in public places. We
should have warnings and raise the price of all smoking products. This will help to decrease
smoking.
Follow up questions
1) Do you smoke?
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- No, I don’t. I used to smoke when I was younger, but I gave it up some years ago.
Smoking is very bad for health so people should not smoke.
2) Why do many people want to smoke?
- Many people smoke because they want to reduce stress and focus on their work,
especially people who have to work at night or under pressure. Moreover, there is cocaine
in cigarettes, so smoking can be addicted easily.
3) What should you do to prevent smoking in public places
- Firstly, people should be given information and educated about bad consequences of
smoking. Secondly, we should have rules to ban smoking in public places, then we hang
signs “No Smoking” there. Smokers should pay a penalty if they break the rules.
57. Topic: Airplane is the best transport means to travel long distance
- Time-saving
- Safe
- Comfortable
- Your own ideas
Sample
- Nowadays an increasing number of people have been concerned about airplane
- I agree that airplane is the best means of transport to travel long distance for some
reasons.
- Firstly, it is the quickest way to travel. It takes you only 2 hours to travel from Hanoi
capital to HCM city.
- Secondly, traveling by airplane is safe and comfortable. You will not be stuck into the
traffic jam like traveling by cars, you just need to sit and enjoy your journey.
- Finally, travelling by plane is comfortable. You don’t feel tired when travelling by
plane, you can relax by listening to music, reading newspapers and magazines.
- In short, travelling by plane is the best means of transport.
Follow up questions:
1) Do you think airplane is the most important transport means of all time? Why/ why
not?
- I think it is one of the most important means of transport of all time because it can save
us a lot of time and energy (tiết kiệm thời gian, năng lượng). If we want to travel thousands
of miles, it may take you days or even weeks if you use trains or cars and after such a long
journey people are often exhausted and tiring. But it takes you just several hours if you
choose travelling by plane.
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2) Are there any disadvantages of traveling by airplane?
- You must follow the time table and the ticket is expensive. Besides, there can be some
accident, and of course, accidents for planes are very serious. Moreover, some people can
suffer from jet-lag (lệch múi giờ) because of the change of time./ Flight delay, passengers
feel annoyed.
3) What are some ways that airlines could improve the flying experience for passenger?
- They should give passengers the best services to enjoy their trip. For example, the flight
attendants can give passengers instructions to help them avoid all drawbacks as possible.
58. Topic: Traditional festivals present important values (Lễ hội truyền thống đem lại
nhiều giá trị quan trọng)
- Honor community strength (sense of community) tôn vinh sức mạnh cộng đồng
- Improve spiritual life (cải thiện đời sống tinh thần)
- Teach history and culture (dạy về lịch sử và văn hóa)
- Your own ideas
- I totally agree with the statement that traditional festivals has a lot of benefits.
- Traditional festivals have many advantages. They show their strength in the
relationship between people in the community.
- Festivals: there are many traditional games, people can join these games, there are
also interesting activities (boat racing; cock fighting;). People feel happy,
comfortable, relaxed when taking part in the festival. They also feel proud about their
culture.
- Also, traditional festivals are good chances for children to learn and the adults to
teach their kids about history and culture, and these festivals help to improve people’s
spiritual life.
- In short, ……..
Follow up questions
1) What local festival in your area or country would be the most intersting for a foreign
guest, do you think? Foreigners/ foreign tourists.
- Flower festival in Da Lat is the most interesting one. Foreigners can enjoy hundreds of
kings of beautiful dlowers with different lovely colours. Meanwhile, tourists can visit some
of famous and romantic places in this wonderful city, such as Love valley and Complaining
Lake.
2) Do people nowaday appreciate public holidays like they did in the past?
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- No, they don’t. People are busy with their work, so they rarely have time to appreciate
public holidays like in the past. Public holiday is just the time they are off work, they only
consider it the chance to get toghether drinking and eating, they don’t care much about
celebrating the events. (May Day, Independence Day, Tet holiday, Hung King Festival)
3) What are some ways that the government should do to preserve traditional festivals?
- The government should preserve traditional festivals by giving information about them
widely on TV, on the Internet, etc, so all citizens will know about these festivals. Besides,
the government should have rules about making use of traditional festivals to earn money
because this can damage the value of culture.
59. Topic: Crimes are increasing in modern society? Crimes are on the rise (tội phạm
ngày càng gia tăng: lý do)
- Unemployment: tỉ lệ thất nghiệp
- DVD/ the Internet
- TV programmes
- Your own ideas
In the modern society, there are more and more crimes. Unemployment, DVD, TV
programme and the lack of education are the causes of crime. We can see crimes everyday
on TV, on newspaper and they are increasing seriously. Moreover, the crime is younger
than before. They are not aware of their behavior and have no responsibility for what they
do. So the government should have better rules to reduce crimes.
The unemployed: thief, pickpocket; steal money
People who are out of work
Follow up questions:
1) What do you think are the causes of crime?
- People who are not well educated and are not taken care of often do crime.
2) Do DVDs and TV programmes about violent crime help to cause more crime? Why?/
Why not?
- They are sometimes the cause of more crime because people imitate things they watch
from movies.
3) Is prison really the answer to crime? Why?
- Partly, prison is the answer to crime. Because the government bans the strict laws to
reduce crime. But we need to improve people’s awareness and have policy to decrease the
rate of unemployment.
60. There are things that affect people’s job satisfaction
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Những yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến sự hài lòng trong công việc
Topic: There are things that affect people’s job satisfaction.
Qualifications
Attitude to
work
Job satisfaction
Your own ideas
Relationship
with
colleagues
1. Do you think companies should promote workers who are
experienced?
- 2. Do you think that workers should change companies often?
Why? Why not?
- 3. What is better motivated for workers? Salary or working
condition?
-
There are a lot of factors that affect people’s job satisfaction. The first factor is the
qualifications workers own. If they have to do something that they are not trained, it is difficult
for them to do the job well. Secondly is the attitude to work. If people can do the job they like,
they will become dedicated to it and always feel willing and happy. Another factor that affects
people’s job satisfaction is the relationship with colleagues. Once they have good working
environment with helpful and friendly colleagues, people love their jobs more. Last but not
least, the working condition is also important in raising people’s job satisfaction as I think
every employee likes to work in modern office building with enough equipment to support
their job.
A good manager
Having good coworker relationship
Being recognized by the company/organization
Do you think companies should promote workers who are experienced?
C1:Yes I think it’s a good idea to promote workers who are experienced because they better
understand their jobs and know how to deal with various situations.
C2:I think one of the most essential requirements for workers who want to perform their jobs
effectively and succesffuly is “working experience”. The more experienced workers are, the
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more accomplisments companies can make because the wokers who have a lot of experience
have a good sense of responsibility for their work and they seem to have a good awareness of
performing effective work and save much money for the company. Thus, promoting workers
who are experienced is considered as a good recognition for their effort and provides them
motivation for their good performance in work and this thing should be added to one of the
strategies for any companies’ development.
Do you think that workers should change companies often? Why? Why not?
No I think workers should work in the same companies to contribute more efficiently.
Changing jobs so often usually makes people distracted and so not enough time to adapt.
What is better motivated for workers? Salary or working condition?
I think both salary and working condition are important and equally motivating. However, if I
have to choose which is better motivated, working condition is my preference because when I
have a good working condition, I can dedicate all my talents and ability for my job that brings
me a lot of chances to earn much money and get higher promotion.
61. Topic: There are several difficulties living in the cities.
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C1:City lives have many disadvantages. Firstly it is not easy for a person to find jobs although
many companies have offices in the city, they are also more populated than in the countryside
and the number of jobs created are, therefore, not enough to for everyone. Secondly,
accommodation is another problem due to the population density. Hence, people usually have
to live far from their office. The traffic jam also causes big problems to citizens. It often takes
long time to travel short distance. Another problem is crime. In the cities, there are much more
criminals than in the country side. Therefore, citylife, in fact, is not really safe. To sum up the
problems for people living in cities include traffic jam, crimes, lack of accommodation and
jobs.
C2:
There are many difficulties for people living in cities.
Firstly, finding accommodation/ where to live is hard because there are too many people
in the city and the supply of housing is limited.
Secondly, finding a good job in cities is not easy, so you have to compete with many
other people.
Last, travelling around in cities is a big problem. There are many cars, motorbikes, buses
and people in the city streets, making traffic very bad. There is always traffic jam.
In short, you have to think carefully before you decide to where you live.
1. Is it a good idea for universities to be located in big cities?
C1: Not, It’s not a good idea for universities to be located in city centres. Travelling around
in cities is a big problem. There are many cars, motorbikes, buses and people in the city streets,
making traffic very bad. So it’s not convenient for students.
C2: In my opinion, it is a good idea for universities to be located in big cities because of the
following reasons. The first reason is that it is convenient for students to travel by public
transport which is available in a big city. The second reason is that the modern facilities in a
big city can meet all the requirements for students to enjoy a good study environment and
living condition.
2. Why do young people want to live in a big city?
B1: Many young people like to live in the city because they have more chance to find a good
job and to have better living condition.
B2C1: Most young people want to live in a big city because they have a lot of chances to get
a good job with high salary and higher promotion. The city brings them a good working
condition to express their ability and their personality. Moreover, living in a city is very
exciting to provide the young people with good service related to education, health care,
entertainment that can satisfy their demand. Last but not least, the public transportation in a
big city is always available and makes their travel more convenient and easier.
3. Do you think the quality of life in big cities will be better in the future?
B1: I think Life in the city will be better in the future if we can solve the problems of pollution,
traffic, and social evils.
B2C1: The rapid development of economy with the help of modern technology brings the
people in big cities a lot of benefits related to good working condition, higher standard of
living, better service of education, heathcare and entertainment. Thus, I know for sure that the
quality of life in big cities will be better in the future. However, as well as advantages of living
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in a big city, the people’s life is dealing with some problems such as pollution, traffic jam,
obesity and violent crime…. I hope that all these social problems will be considered by the
government to make the city become ideal places to work and to live.
62. There are several stressful things in life
C1: - There are a lot of things causing stress in life. Among those, the biggest burdens for
many people are job security, financial problem and family life.
For most people especially the young, finding a permanent job is not easy. Sometimes
they like the job but the salary is not enough for their daily expense, sometimes though the
payment is good, they still decide to give up because it is too stressful or too dangerous.
Finance is also another big problem especially for married people as they need to earn
enough to support their family.
Besides, family life sometimes causes stress when the members of the family can’t share
the feelings and emotions with each other and they don’t spend enough time to be together
to do the same things.
Last but not least, people today are dealing with other stress in big cities like; pollution,
traffic jam, limited accomodation…..
In short, there are many reasons for stress in our life.
C2: There are many stressful things in our modern life. First, money can make us very tired
because we have to think of how to earn money to feed our family and how to keep and spend
money reasonably. Second, problems in our jobs can be a source of streess. If our company
has trouble, or our boss or workmates are not friendly, we’ll feel unhappy. Last, family life
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can sometime be stressful. We often get tired when we have problems with our partner or when
our children do not behave well. In conclusion, we are easy to get stress in modern life, so we
need to balance money, job, family life and our own interest.
1. What do you think is the best way to deal with stress?
C1: There are many ways to reduce stress for people in modern society but I think the best
way to deal with stress is relaxing whenever you have free time.
C2: The best way to deal with stress is to think positively. If we have good mind, we feel
happy and we can forget about worries and pressure. We can overcome difficulties and live
better.
2. Do you think life was easier in the past?
C1; Yes, I do. Life in the past seems to be easier. People in the past seem to be happier with
their life. They don’t expect too much, so they do not suffer from stress.
C2: It depends on the way of thinking of each person. Life in any time past or present contains
both advantages and disadvantages. However, in most situations, we should have a postive
side in life and always feel to have a motivation in a better future.
3. Do you think people should take regular break during work hours?
C1: Of course not, although you have to spend a lot of time on working but I think it should
have fixed time to have a break. If not, it affects the process of working.
C2: Yes, I do. People should have some kind of regular breaks during working hours so
that they have more energy to work better later.
63. There are negative effects of fastfood
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C1; Fastfood is now really popular in the modern world. Though it has some benefits like
helping people save time, it has a lot of disadvantages. Firstly, family gathering may become
less than before as family members do not need to help each other prepare food. What’s more,
people eating too much fastfood risk losing appetite due to the similar flavor of different
fastfood. In addition, fastfood makes people forget their regular eating time which may causes
some disorder of the digesting organs. Thus, it can be seen that fast food is not good for our
health.
C2: There are many negative effects of fastfood. First, we may lack of family gathering when
we do not spend enough time eating at home but fastfood restaurant. Second, if we eat a lot of
fastfood, we may loose our appetite because it has a lot of oil and artificial spices. Last, we
may have irregular eating time, so it’s not good for our health. In conclusion, eating too much
fastfood can have some bad effects, so we should avoid eating lots of fastfood.
Cau 1: C1: Nowadays, People eat fast food because of some reasons. Firstly, it’s very
convenient because they can save time make dinner after a hard working day. Secondly, fast
food is usually much cheaper than homemade meals and have a meal in restaurants. Moreover,
Fastfood is decorated very colorfully and its flavour is very attractive and delicious.
C2: People eat fastfood because it’s fast and convenient. It’s suitable for busy people in our
busy modern life.
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Cau 2: However, fastfood menu items are high not only in fat but also in sugar. Most fastfood
are cooked in fat like French Fries and Donuts… Moreover, it takes in large amounts of sugar.
It leads to undesirable weight gain and many other health issues. Last but not least, fast food
is often stored for a long time with a lot of presevation so that it can have a bad effect on
people’s health.
Cau 3: I think people should be aware of the disadvantages of eating from fast food. We
should be careful before considering fast food as a best choice for their menu. Fast food is
convenient in modern society but it also contains a lot of negative sides that damage people’s
health if we use it regularly.
64. There are some ways to stay healthy
There are many ways to stay healthy. Firstly people can do physical exercises at home or go
to the gyms to practice with different equipment. People should also pay attention to their
diets. Having good diets help them get enough nutrition for their daily work and therefore feel
energetic and never be distracted by hunger. Another contribution to healthy lifestyle is
sufficient relaxation which helps people release stress and feel happy all the time. So, having
good diets, doing physical exercises frequently and having enough relaxation play important
roles in keeping our life healthy.
1. Do you think people today care about their health more than they did in the past?
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Yes I think so. I agree that people today pay more attention to their health than in the past
because the standard of living is much more improved than in the past. Moreover, recognizing
the importance of health in our life is very inportant and people’s life in modern society is
facing many serious diseases like cancer, obesity, stress….so that people nowadays
usually go to hospital to check their health regularly.
2. Do you think happy people are healthier than angry people?
Yes, sure. Happy people are more relaxed and they usually have an optimistic view about life.
When we have a positive thinking about life, we become healthier. In contrast, angry people
tend to make their life become worse and they always feel stressful and feel uncomfortable
about life. This thing leads to some serious problems to their health.
3. Could you recommend some kinds of exercises that are good for health?
I think all forms of exercise are good for people but I prefer sports like swimming, badminton,
tennis.
65. Too much TV can harm children
Topic: Too much TV can harm children.
Affect children’s behaviour
1. How much TV is enough for children?
2. Do you think that governments should limit the programs for
children? Why?/ Why not?
3. How can parents control what their children watch on TV?
There are some negative sides of watching TV a lot among children. The first point I want to
say here is that watching TV can affect children’s behavior. Nowadays, TV programs show a
lot of violent scenes that make children tend to imitate their actions and become more
aggressive. This is very dangerous because the children’s behavior becomes out of control and
they can break the laws. Moreover, watching TV a lot can make the chidren’s eyes tired
because they have to look at the screen for a long time in a short distance. This thing can cause
some problems to their eyes. Next, the children who spend much time sitting in front of TV
become more passive and lazier. They rarely move their body parts and they become a coach
potato that is one of the main reasons for over weight problems. Besides some disadvantages
of watching TV such as affecting children’s behavior, causing eye-diseases or overweight
problems, I think watching TV too much result in poor social development. Children who
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watched excessive television as less cooperative, less imaginative, less enthusiastic about
learning, and less happy than those who watched little or no TV.
1. How much TV is enough for children?
In my opinion, children should spend less than one hour watching TV in their free time.
2. Do you think that governments should limit the programs for children? Why?/ Why
not?
Government should develop the useful programs that help children develop comprehensively
and some entertainment programs should be encourage for relaxing them after strained
studying hours. Government should limit violent programs that are not good for children
because those programs affect their behavior.
3. How can parents control what their children watch on TV?
I think there are some ways that help parents control what their children watch on TV. The
first way is that parents should choose the suitable channels that are appropriate for children’s
age and give them the fixed time to watch everyday. Moreover, parents should find the ways
to lock the bad programs that can have a bad effect on chidren’s development. More
importantly, parents should create healthy enviroment for chidren to play and study from the
outside world by encouraging them to take part in outdoor activities that make children
heathier and more active, dynamic rather than watching TV at home. Finally, parents should
give some punishment to chidren if they don’t obey parents’ rules.
66. Marking by teachers at school is good for students
Topic: Marking by teachers at school is good for students.
Motivate
students
learn
Create a
competitive
learning
environment
Teachers’
Marking
to
Your own ideas
Facilitate students
with better teaching
methods
- Do you think markingby teachers to students at school should be encouraged
?
-
- Do you think teachers’ marking at school always work ?
- What are the downsides of overuse of punishment at school?
Chấm điểm của giáo viên có thuận lợi gì
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Marking by teachers at school is good for students. In my opinion, this is true in four aspects.
First, marking motivates students to learn. Students always want their efforts to be recognized
and marking is an effective method to do so. If s student gets a good grade, which means their
achievement is recorded, he will try his best to have good results again and again.
Second, marking creates a competitive learning environment. When a student in class gets
good grades and is praised before the class, others definitely want the same. And they will
make continuous efforts to have good results, too.
Third, marking facilitates students with better teaching methods. Traditional teaching methods
do not always work and there are needs for better ones. And marking makes it easy for students
in learning.
Finally, my own opinion is that marking is a mirror of student’s capabilities. Though this is
not absolute, to some extent marking reflects a student’s efforts and is a measure to evaluate
their abilities.
1. Do you think marking by teachers to students at school should be encouraged?
Yes, I do. Marking will help reinforce students’ studying morale. And without marking, a big
number of students will not pay attention to studying, no pressure and then no efforts made.
2. Do you think teachers’ marking at school always work?
Not always. Sometimes marking causes pressure on students, and so many students as well as
parents are stressed and even obsessed to try to get good marks.
3. What are the downsides of overuse of punishment at school?
Overuse of punishment has some drawbacks. Punishment makes students lose their interest in
studying. Punished students get bored and depressed, so they cannot concentrate to continue
to study.
Punishment also makes students afraid of studying. They will look at studying with a
pessimistic view that studying is stressful and full of punishment and no joy at all.
In conclusion, I think punishment should be abolished.
67. There are some disadvantages of owning a car
Topic: Disadvantages of owning a car.
Expensive
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Your ideas
Cars
Not green
Stuck (traffic jam)
- What are advantages of having a car?
-
Do you think it is better to use a bicycle than a car?
How do you think traffic jam can be solved with the increased number
of cars ?
In our lives, we travel from one place to another for a great variety of reasons and while
traveling we greatly depend on cars, whether it is a private car or a public bus. The number of
car-owners increasing everyday because every person expects the freedom to travel and
comfort while traveling. And that is why most of us want to own a car. However, owning a
car has many disadvantages.
Firstly, owning a car is very expensive. The price of the car, the cost of the tax, insurance cost,
fuel-cost, driver' salary, car repairing etc. all must be considered before buying a car and that
is why it is out of reach of the middle class people. Not all families can afford it. Private car is
more expensive than the public transportation, people have to pay more for using of car.
Moreover, private cars can not carry many passengers at a time yet occupy spaces in the street.
As the number of car is increasing in the road so does the traffic jams. City travellers have to
spend longer hours on traffic jams. Using more private car, the density of traffic has been
increased phenomenally and citizens have had to stay longer time on traffic load.
Perhaps the major disadvantage of cars in general is the huge damage they do to the human
health and to the environment. More cars mean more pollution. The consumption of fuels to
run the car is contributing to the rise if global warming and affecting the ozone layer. The
environment pollution is a serious issue today and in any cost we must reduce the amount of
pollution. And if we consider it, then owning a car is never a good idea.
To sum up, having a car gives someone freedom but if public transportation system is easily
accessible, safe and efficient, then the idea of buying and owning a car should be abandoned.
Cars have increased the level of air and noise pollution in cities, causing more humans to suffer
from respiratory, heart diseases, or cancers.
Further questions:
1. What are the advantages of having a car?
The main advantage of owning a car is it gives the freedom to travel. If you have a car then
you don't need to be limited to fixed routes and timetables. Moreover, a car-owner can take
his/her family members with him/her and other necessary goods whenever he/she wish which
might have been impossible otherwise. In addition, personal cars give comfort while traveling
on the contrary to the public buses which are so crowded and disgusting. You can read books,
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listen to music or even can play with kids while you are in your own car but those all seems
to be impossible in a public transport.
68. There are some disadvantages of being famous
Topic: Being famous?
1. Which qualities should a famous person have?
2. Why does the young generation copy them?
3. If you had a chance to become famous, who would you like to become?
Being famous, in fact, is not always advantageous. Famous people usually feel stressful as
they need to meet people’s expectations. Sometimes they need to try their best to keep their
image good and therefore do not dare to show their real feelings. Being famous means being
followed by many people. This naturally put pressure on famed people, they need to perform
well every time, everywhere and are easy to be depressed once they cannot do their job
perfectly. The biggest problem is that famous people normally lose their privacy. Nearly
every thing that they do can be released on newspaper. Thus, not only famous people but
also their family members are irritated sometimes. So, I think, being famous is, in fact, not
always good.
1. Which qualities should a famous person have?
I think they should have good communication skills because they need to work with a lot of
people and keep their image good.
2. Why does the young generation copy them?
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Young people are usually affected by their idols. They tend to try to imitate their idols’
styles and actions. I think it’s because young people think famous people have fashionable
styles and they look more modern if wearing similar to them.
3. If you had a chance to become famous, who would you like to become?
I would like to become Taylor Swift. She’s smart, elegant and does not have any scandals.
69. There are some disadvantages of tourist development
Topic: Disadvantages of tourist developments
- 1. Why do you think people like to travel to different places in their free time?
- 2. Should your government invest more money in attracting tourists?
- 3. How do you see tourism changing in your country in the future?
Tourist development has a lot of disadvantages. First, there are a number of ugly hotels
complexes because of their degradations. Second, another problem due to tourist development
is destruction of natural habitat. Finally, it also destroys traditional ways of life. For example
an peaceful environment nowadays is replaced by noisy resorts, so the way of life has to
change too. In conclusion, Tourist development has cause a lot of troubles such as ugly hotels
complexes, destruction of natural habitat and destruction of traditional ways of life.
1. Why do you think people like to travel to different places in their free time?
People like to travel to different places in their free time because each place has famous
sightseeing and people want to discover them.
2. Should your government invest more money in attracting tourists?
Yes, of course because tourist is one of the most important part of economy which contributes
to increase GDP.
72
3. How do you see tourism changing in your country in the future?
I think tourism in the future will be more invested and change in a positive way.
70. There are some reasons why some couples choose not to have children
Topic: Reasons why some couples choose not to have children?
Too much
responsibility
High cost
Reasons for
not having
children
Your own ideas
No freedom
1. What morals and values do you think children should learn? Should
these be taught at home or at school?
2. “Children should be given whatever they want.” Do you agree?
- 3. What responsibilities do children have towards their parents?
-
There are many reasons for not having children. First of all, having children means that you
have too much responsibility. Then, the cost of living will be significantly high because of
their clothes, their food… Next, you don’t have free time because of taking care for your
children. To sum up, too much responsibility, high cost and no freedom are factors for not
having baby.
1. What morals and values do you think children should learn? Should these be taught
at home or at school?
First children should learn how to greet the adult people whenever they meet someone. And it
is convenient to teach at home because they will be remarkable affected by their parents.
2. “Children should be given whatever they want.” Do you agree?
I disagree with this statement because if children are given whatever they want, they will be
dependent.
3. What responsibilities do children have towards their parents?
I thinks that is obeying their parents in all things.
73
71. There are solutions to transport problems
Topic: Solutions to transport problems
-
1. What forms of transport do you use?
2. Do you think that transport problems are worse in urban or rural areas?
3. Has the way people travel changed much in the last few decades?
There are a lot of solutions to transport problems. Firstly, we need to widen roads in order not
to have traffic jams. Secondly, we need to use more public means of transport instead of private
transportation. Thirdly, Maybe the local government should be introduce flexible working
hours to solve transport problems. In conclusion, solutions to transport problems include widen
roads, use more public means of transport and introducing flexible working hours.
1. What forms of transport do you use?
I think it is public means of transport because it reduces traffic jams and it’s quite convenient
2. Do you think that transport problems are worse in urban or rural areas?
It certainly in urban because there a lot of people and means of transport than rural areas.
3. Has the way people travel changed much in the last few decades?
Yes, of course they usually travel by plane nowadays instead of car in the last few decades.
72. Students should do part time jobs = having partime jobs = working overtime=
work overtime.
- money (pay tuition fees and the high cost of living)
- skills (brings new skills of working- communication skills and problem solving skills)
- experience ( work experience-essential after graduating)
- idea (way- expand social relationships like have new friends)
74
73 What are the advantages of travelling by train? = train transportation = train
seating = train travel
- cheap (cheaper than airline ticket-save money for the trips)
- safe (reduces the risk of traffic accidents compared with other vehicles)
- you can do what you want (train seating and private cabins are spacious and
comfortable..)
- idea (wonderful way-observe landscape through doorway)
74. What are advantages of travelling by air=by plane=air travel=plane travel=air
transportation
- Fast (faster than vehicles-save time for the trips)
- comfortable (air seating and private cabins are spacious-do everything…reading…)
- the service is good (the behavior of flight attendant is friendly and respectful, the
food is delicious and fresh)
-your own idea (observe the sky/clouds/landscapes through doorway)
75. Let’s talk about how important good sleep= sleep enough= have a sound sleep=
a lack of sleep= tend to not get enough sleep.
- have an effect on people’s physical health 2. After all day to take part in many
activities…sleeping is the time for the body to relax and recover.
- help people’s brain work well 2. That means the brain needs to refreshed after a long
day to work effectively for the next day.
- help people to reduce weight gain. Sleepy people tend to be hungry and eat junk
food at late night. Therefore, people should take a sleep early to avoid obesity.
- IDEA: wonderful way to release tension and boost gain. It means that, people stop
thinking and forget something while sleeping.
76. negative effect of watching TV in children
- neglect study:
+ Kids are attracted to entertainment programs on TV.
+ They waste much time watching instead of focusing on learning.
- affect behavior
+ youngsters are like copiers. Everything on the screen which they can imitate.
- be harmful for health
+ Young people sit in front of TV for long period of time which is harmful for their healthy.
They are at risk of eye diseases and weight problems.
- idea: children tend to sit in front of screen instead of engage in outdoor activities.
Thurs, they would become more inactive.
75
76
SPEAKING VSTEP (B1-C1)
SPEAKING TEST 1
Part 1
Flowers
1. Do you like flowers? It is special / it has special meaning
Flowers have beautiful colors, flowers are beautiful home decorations. Yes I like
different kinds of flowers such as; roses, sunflower….. because they are very beautiful.
2. What is your favourite flower?
My favourite flower is rose because it has special meaning and it looks so
attractive. It is symblof of love.
3. Do any flowers have special meaning in your country?
- Different flowers have different meanings. For example, roses are flowers which
are considered for romantic love. Sunflower is the symbol for hope or for bright future.
Lotus flower is a national flower of Viet Nam and it has a lot of meanings. The main meaning I
think is purity and Vietnamese people often link the image of lotus with the president HCM
Childhood
1. Did you enjoy your childhood?
Yes, I loved my childhood because I had a lot of sweet memories when I was a
child.
2. What did you like doing most during your childhood? When I was a child, I
liked reading books because It helped me relax and improve my knowledge.
3. What did you remember most about your childhood? I remembered most my
teacher at primary school because she looked so beautiful and helped me a lot in my
study.
Part 2: Your parents are going to celebrate their wedding anniversary next week.
You are going to give them a present: a couple of movie tickets, a bouquet of
flowers, a handmade card. What do you choose?
Important/ necessary/ interesting/ wonderful / boring / not suitable /
a bouquet of flowers: my parents are keen on flowers
a couple of movie tickets; my parents don’t like going to the cinema, but they like seeing
movie at home.
a handmade card: I don’t know how to make a handmade card.
Part 3
Equal partnership has some features
- share some routines & household tasks
- childcare responsibility
- work as a team
- your own idea.
Equal partnership shares some routines & household tasks: it means that both men and
women should support each other in their daily activities and doing housework such as cooking,
cleaning…..
Equal partnership takes childcare responsibility: Both of them have to be responsible to look
after and educate the children and become a good example for children to follow.
Equal partnership works as a team: They also work hard to earn money and support for their
family
Moreover, equal partnership shares the feelings and emotions in their work and their life and it
is considered as the best way to improve the relationship.
Further discussion:
1. How have the roles of husband and wife changed the past 10 years? I think roles of
husband and wife have changed so much in the past 10 years. Both of them are equal in
working and doing housework as well as looking after their children.
2. What roles do grandparents play in a family? They do the roles as the guiders and
advisors for their children and grandchildren because they have a lot of living experience to
share with their family members.
3. What do you think about single - parent family? Single parent family is popular in
modern society because they have much more freedom and independence.
SPEAKING TEST 2
Part 1
Collections
1. Did you collect anything when you were a child? When I was a child I used to collect stamps
because it helps me to improve my knowledge about the culture, tradition and history of the
country.
2. What do Vietnamese people collect? Vietnamese people collect different things because they
have different hobby and condition. For example some people like collecting stamps, books,
woods…..
3. What will you collect if you have money? If I have a lot of money, I will collect stamps
because it’s my favourite habit when I was a child.
Dancing:
1. Do you like dancing?
- Yes I like dancing because it helps me relax after hard working time and makes me keep fit
and feel confident.
2. Why do people like dancing? They like dancing because it is one of the best ways to reduce
stress and improve their health.
3. Where can people learn how to dance in your country? They can learn how to dance in sport
centre or dancing club…..
Part 2: Your father is going to retire next week. You are thinking of buying him a
present: a bottle of champagne, a puppy, a tie. Which one do you think is the best
present for him?
a bottle of champagne: it’s not good for his health
a puppy: it is a meaningful present/ it is a close friend and loyal pet to my father
and my father really likes domestic pet. When he retires, sometimes he feels very
sad, so the puppy can become his best friend.
a tie: My father has a lot of ties
Part 3:
Waking up early has a lot of benefits
- Keep a healthy diet
- Feel fresher
- Increase work productivity
- Your own ideas
Keep a healthy diet: When we get up early, we have time to prepare a good breakfast with a lot
of energy for a whole day.
Feel fresher: When we get up early, our mind is very relaxing and feels so comfortable and
ready to work for a whole day.
Increase work productivity: When we wake up early, we feel so fresher after a healthy breakfast
and we can work more effectively.
Moreover, waking up early makes me feel happy/ spends much more time to work in a day.
SPEAKING TEST 3
Part 1:
Fashion:
1. Do u like casual or formal clothes? I think it depends on the situation. When I go to school/
work I put on formal clothes but when I go out or stay at home I wear casual clothes.
2. How do you dress to work? I put on formal clothes when I go to work because it is the way to
respect my boss and my colleagues.
3. What’s your favourite clothing item in winter? I like wearing pullover/ coat/ jacket and jeans
because it looks very warm and fashionable.
Personality:
1. Are you a family person? Yes, I am a family person because I spend much more time looking
after family and children than working outside.
2. What do u think are qualities of a good wife? There are some qualities of a good wife. Firstly,
she is a hardworking person who looks after family and children. Moreover, she is also the
person who shares emotions and feelings with her husband and supports him in his work and his
life.
3. Do u think your personality will change when you are older? I don’t think it’s difficult to
change my personality but we can improve it in a better way.
Part 2: You work is 10 kilometers away from home. You are considering means of
transport to work every day: taxi, motorbike, bus
Taxi: It’s expensive
Motorbike: it’s convenient and fast / I can be active about time for work
Bus: The time is not flexible/ busy/ crowded / it takes a lot of time to go by bus
Part 3:
Working from home has a lot of benefits (teleworking = telecommuting)
-
Save time
Increase productivity
Reduce working stress
Your own idea.
Save time: When we work at home we don’t have to spend time going to work, so we can save
a lot of time.
Increase productivity: We can have a private and quiet space for working and we can develop
our creativeness and abilities for work
Reduce working stress: When we feel tired, we can stop the work a little bit for relaxing or
sleeping
Your own idea: We have much more time to look after family and children.
Further discussion:
1. What do u think are the drawbacks of working from home?
Feel isolated / lonely. Face to face communication skill is limited
2. Has the number of people working from home increased …? What are the reasons? Yes
the number of people working from home has increased because the development of modern
technology helps people can work from home effectively. Moreover, the covid 19 pandemic
recently also make people choose to work at home as the best solution.
3. What should be the most important factor to work effectively when people work from
home?
Good internet connection; the ability to work independently; quiet space
SPEAKING TEST 4
Part 1:
Uniforms:
1. Have u ever worn uniforms? I often wear uniform every working day because it’s a
regulation of my office.
2. Do u like wearing uniforms? Yes I like wearing uniforms because they look very nice and
comfortable.
3. What are the benefits of wearing uniforms at school? There are some benefits of wearing
uniforms at school. Firstly, it makes the equality for all students. Moreover, it makes students
feel so proud of their school.
Home punishment:
1. Have u ever been punished by your parents? Yes When I was a child, I was punished by my
parents when I was lazy or made some mistakes.
2. What are some common types of home punishments? There are some common types of home
punishment such as cooking, cleaning the toilet, facing on the wall, hitting……
3. Should children be punished when they make mistakes? I think children should be punished
when they make mistakes because it helps them to recognize their mistake and not to repeat
them again.
Part 2: Your brother is in love with a girl at high school, which make u worried. U are
considering 3 options: asking him to stop, letting him continue but under your control,
informing your parents.
asking him to stop: It’s difficult for me to make him stop because I am younger than him
letting him continue but under your control; I cannot control his action and I am not allowed to
control or interfere his private life
informing your parents.: because my parents can give him the best advice for his relationship.
Part 3:
Causes of overpopulation:
-
Decline in death rate
Lack of family planning
Better health care system
Your own idea.
Decline in death rate: It means that when the society is more developed, the standard of
living as well as the medical system are much more improved, so when the children are born,
they are looked after very well.
Lack of family planning: In some country sides or mountainous areas in the developing
countries, a lot of people don’t understand how to take family planning. As a result, the population
is more and more increasing.
Better health care system: it means that when the healthcare system is improved, the
people are taken care of very well and they are helped to have a healthy lifestyle so they can live
longer.
Your own idea: In some developing countries, a lot of people want to have a lot of children who
can look after the parents when they are old.
Further discussion:
1. What are negative effects of overpopulation? There are some negative effects of
overpopulation. Firstly, when the people are so crowded, there are not enough places to live,
enough food to eat. Secondly, overpopulation can bring about destroying environment and
cause a lot of environmental problems….
2. What can be done to solve overpopulation? Education is the most effective way to reduce the
number of people in the world.
3. Do the developing countries suffer from overpopulation more than developed ones? Yes,
they do because of habits and customs as well as the culture. Moreover, in the developing
countries they need a lot of people for working to develop the economy.
SPEAKING TEST 5
Part 1
Childhood
1. Did you enjoy your childhood?
Yes, I loved my childhood because I had a lot of sweet memories when I was a
child.
2. What did you like doing most during your childhood? When I was a child, I
liked reading books because It helped me relax and improve my knowledge.
3. What did you remember most about your childhood? I remembered most my
teacher at primary school because she looked so beautiful and helped me a lot in my
study.
Dictionaries:
1. Do u use a dictionary? Why? Yes , I often use dictionary because it helps me to look up
the new words and translate from this language to another one. It is very helpful to learn a
foreign language.
2. What do u prefer, paper or electronic dictionary? I prefer electronic dictionary because it’s
fast and convenient. It’s available in my computer or mobile phone that helps me to translate
the new words in any time and any places .
3. Do u think a dictionary helps to learn E? yes, It is very helpful to learn English because it
helps me to look up the new words and translate from this language to another one.
Part 2: City council is planning to spend a million USD to improve the local environment:
planning more trees, building a factory to recycle wastes, relocating hospital to suburbs.
planning more trees : it’s useful to protect the environment and makes the air clean and fresh.
building a factory to recycle wastes: It’s expensive
relocating hospital to suburbs: it is not suitable and not convenient for people to visit hospital for
treatment.
Part 3:
Fun English learning:
- games
- E clubs
- songs
- your own ideas.
Games: students have fun in English learning through games. They can join some interesting
games to improve the E skills effectively.
E club; Students can take part in E club to speak English and make friends and improve
communication skills.
Songs; English songs are very useful for students to learn English vocabulary and develop
listening skills effectively.
Moreover, talking to native speakers is also a good way to lean E naturally, which helps students
feel confident to speak E.
SPEAKING TEST 6
Part 1
Where you live:
- Do u live in a big city or small city?
- What part of city is the best place for visitors?
- Will you live there the whole life?
Weather forecast
1. How is the weather forecast in your country? The weather forecast is much more improved
nowadays compared to the past with the help of the modern technology. However, it’s not
always true for all the time because sometimes the weather is unpredictable.
2. Do you like the way the weather is forecasted? Yes, I like the way the weather is forecasted
on TV news because MC looks so attractive and dresses beautifully. Besides the way the
present the weather forecast is very understandable.
3. What are the benefits of the weather forecast? There are a lot of benefits of weather forecast.
It helps people know about the weather to prepare some plans for work or for farming.
Part 2: Ways to send wishes:
- Posting on facebook wall
- Making a phone call
- Sending a card
Part 3:
Facebook is a useful tool to learn
-
Ways of entertainment
Way to learn
Rich source of information
Your own idea: FB is considered as a means of communication and
business
SPEAKING TEST 7
Part 1
Weather forecast
1. How is the weather forecast in your country? The weather forecast is much more improved
nowadays compared to the past with the help of the modern technology. However, it’s not
always true for all the time because sometimes the weather is unpredictable.
2. Do you like the way the weather is forecasted? Yes, I like the way the weather is forecasted
on TV news because MC looks so attractive and dresses beautifully. Besides the way the
present the weather forecast is very understandable.
3. What are the benefits of the weather forecast? There are a lot of benefits of weather forecast.
It helps people know about the weather to prepare some plans for work or for farming.
Library
1. Do you often go to the library? Yes because it helps me relax and improve my knowledge
2. Do you go to the library alone or with someone else? I go to the library with my friends
because we have the same hobby.
3. What kinds of books do you read in the library? History and science books because I know
more about the culture, history and tradition of the country.
Part 2: Government is asking the citizens’ opinion on how to deal with smoking in public:
- Fining
- asking smokers to do community service,
- sending smokers to prison
- Fining/ pay 500; this penalty is too light for them because smoke is harmful for both smokers
and non-smokers near them
- do community service: He has to work hard such as cleaning in the public place to see their
bad habits to change their actions.
- put in to prison; too heavy
Part 3: Personal Privacy & the internet
-
Spam
Personal information hacking
Computer viruses
Your own idea.
Spam: it happens when you send or get email through internet, which can make you feel
annoyed and it can have a bad effects on the work.
Personal information hacking: When people use some software or social network on Internet,
they have to supply their information such as name, phone number, address, account number
and their personal information can be stolen by hackers for bad purposes.
Computer viruses; When we assess Internet or set up some software for computer. It’s easier
to get virus in our computers, which damages all the information and documents in the
computer.
Your own idea: Internet brings unreal life for people because all the things people show on
Internet are not real. Sometimes the information on Internet is not true.
SPEAKING TEST 8
Part 1:
Using map:
1. Have you ever used maps? Yes, I often use maps when I don’t know the way to go
somewhere. For example When I go to HN by own car, maps can show me the right way to go
the destination.
2. Do you prefer paper or electric maps? Nowadays electric maps are popular and convenient
such as google maps, which use the signal on the satellite to show the right way for me to go.
3. Have you asked for direction instead of using maps? Sometimes I also have to ask for
direction in some particular places which do not appear on the map.
Updating the news
1. How often do you update news? I update news every day because it’s very useful for job and
my life
2. Which sources do you update news? I update news on TV, mobile phone, internet,
newspapers……
3. How important is it to update news? It is very important to update news because it helps me
understand more about different fields in life such as politics, economy, society, culture, tradition,
history…. I can improve the knowledge and open my mind.
Part 2: Your sister’s classmates speak ill of her on her facebook. What advice to her:
- Deactivating her fb account
- Telling her teacher
- Talk with those friends
Deactivating her fb account: because it helps her to spend more time relaxing and recovering
her health.
Telling her teachers and friends: it’s private life which is not necessary to tell the teachers and
those friends
Part 3: self-study skill
- More independence
- Better time management
- Better academic performance
More independence: self study skill helps us to feel confident and independent because we can
study by ourselves without the help of other people.
Better time management; We have to arrange the suitable time to study, so it helps us to arrange
the time better
Better academic performance: When we study by ourselves, we can find the best way to learn
well and then we can improve the academic performance.
Your own idea: We have much more freedom with flexible time to study any time or anywhere
we like. Besides we can improve the knowledge from different fields around the world through
different media such as Internet, radio, TV……
SPEAKING TEST 9
Part 1:
Cooking/ meals:
1. Do you enjoy cooking? Yes, I like cooking because it helps me to relax and I cook good
meals for my family.
2. What kinds of food are popular in your country? There are many kinds of food which are
popular in my country such as: Spring rolls, beef noodles, …..
3. What do you prefer: home cooked or fast food? I prefer home-cooked food because it’s fresh
and safe for my health.
Birthday:
1. How did u celebrate your last birthday? I celebrated my last birthday party in my home with
my family and close friends. After we had a delicious meal. We cut the birthday cake and sang
birthday song. It was a great party.
2. What gifts did you receive? I received a lot of gifts such as flowers, cards, shoes, shirts…..
3. What do people in your area do to celebrate their birthday? They often cook the meal at home
with family or go to the restaurant to celebrate birthday.
Part 2: Your friend has a part time job.
- Shop assistant : work hard in the morning or afternoon, sometimes it can
affect her study time at school,
- A tutor: this job is suitable to her major and helps her earn much
money.
- A waitress: Work in the evening and come back home late and it’s not
good for health and dangerous to come back at night.
Part 3: Group work helps students learn better at schools
-
Learn from others
Develop common skills
Be more active
Your own idea:
Learn from others: When ss work in groups, they can share knowledge with their friends
and learn from each other.
Develop common skills: groupwork is useful to develop communication skills, teamwork
skills, time-management skills…..
Be more active: When students work in group, they feel more confident to present in
front of the others and then they become more active.
-
Your own idea: make friends and open the relationship.
SPEAKING TEST 10
Part 1:
Park:
1. Do people go to the park in your area? Yes, people go to the park in my area because the
park is a good place to walk and do exercises and enjoy the view.
2. What makes good parks? There are many things to make good parks such as the fresh air, a
lot of green trees and flowers, convenient to come and good design, large area……
3. What are the benefits of parks? Parks provides fresh air with a lot of green trees and they are
good places for people to relax, do exercises and meet friends……
Favourite fruit:
1. Do you like fruit? Yes I like fruit because it’s useful for heath with a lot of vitamins and
minerals.
2. What is your favourite fruit? My favourite fruit is apple because it’s easy to eat and makes
me healthy
3. How important is fruit important for health? Fruit is important for health because it provides
us with a lot od vitamins and minerals, which makes us healthy and keep fit
Part 2: Your class wants to do sth to keep memories of students’ life: Class uniform, class
photo, class video.
Class uniform: it can not save memory with images and activities.
Class photo: It is not as lively and exciting as video
Class video: we can record the lively images and activities of all class members and we
can keep it as a good memory.
Part 3: Visiting foreign country is valuable experience for students
- Increase knowledge
- Good memories
- Make friends
Increase knowledge: improve knowledge about culture, habits and customs of the foreign
country.
Good memories: When students visit foreign country, they can discover new places and
experience new things with a lot of photos and videos and they can keep them as good
memories.
-
Make friends: meet a lot of people- make friends, open the relationship
- Your own idea: relax, learn the new language
SPEAKING TEST 11
Part 1:
Environment:
1.What environment problems are popular in your areas? Nowadays environment has become a
big concern to general public. There are many environment problems which are popular in my
areas such as water pollution or air pollution, soil pollution….They are destroying our life.
2.What are the reasons?
There are a lot of reasons that make environment polluted. Firstly, I think that there is lot of smoke
and waste from factories and means of transport that make the air polluted. Moreover, people
throw away the rubbish and make the environment polluted.
3. What can we do to stop these problems? There are some ways to solve these problems. Firstly,
we plant a lot of trees to make the environment tidy and clean. Also we should put the rubbish in
the right place. Moreover, we should use public transport instead of private transport.
Post office:
1. Have you ever been to a post office?
Yes, I have been to post office to send letters or buy some newspapers.
2. Can you describe some services offered?
Post offices can offer some services like fast track letters/ sending packages / selling
newspapers/ magazines/ transferring money. These services are useful
3. What are some good points of sending letters by post? Gửi thư tay ở bưu điện
Firstly, it’s very cheap. Secondly the information is secret and we can keep the letters for a
long time.
Part 2: Advertising of a chain of cafeterias: TV, the internet, brochure
Part 3: Childhood is the most important time of a person’s life
- Develop physical health
- Form personality
- Learn things fast
SPEAKING TEST 12
Part 1: Let’s talk about going sight seeing
1. Which places in your area are popular to visitors?
Well, I think there are many well-known (famous) places which attract a lot of visitors in my
area such as : ……. They are fabulous (wonderful) destinations for tourism.
2. Can you describe one of those places? I would like to describe one of those place, which is
called Coc lake. It is a very large lake with many mountains around, which helps visitors to
enjoy fresh air and reduce stress after hard working time. Coc lake is about 20 kilometres from
city centre and you can go there by bus or by car.
3. What are the benefits of going sightseeing? Well I suppose there are some benefits of going
sightseeing. The first benefit is that it helps you to enjoy fresh atmosphere which is good for
health. Moreover, you can explore many fantastic places, which helps you widen the knowledge
and enrich your mind.
Let’s talk about your favorite flower
How often do you buy it? In what occasions? Well my favourite flower is rose because rose
looks so attractive and has a special sense. I often buy it on some special occasions such as
women’s day, Valentine’s day for my wife.
Is this flower popular in your country? Yes, it is very common in my country because it’s easy
to grow and it’s rather cheap.
Can we plant it? Of course we can plant it easily in spring because there is much rain and the
weather is warm enough for rose to bloom.
Part 2: You need to buy some presents for your best friend. There are 3 options suggested:
a clothing item, a book, a pair of movie tickets. Which do you think is the best choice?
Book: helps my friend relax and open the knowledge.
Clothing item: not suitable for his size, hobby, color, style
A pair of movie ticket: I prefer staying at home to enjoy films with his family because ……..
Part 3: Trees are essential for the existence of human being
a good
source of
food
better
environment
Trees
Utility
your
own
idea.
Trees are a good source of food. It means that trees supply human being with fresh nutrition
which is good for health such as ; rice, fruits, vegetables.
Trees bring better environment because it is a good source of oxygen which makes people feel
fresh and planting trees is a good way to protect our environment.
Trees are considered as a kind of utility. It means that people can use trees for building and
designing the houses. Moreover, we can utilize trees for wood industry development
Trees are very useful to keep away from natural disasters such as flood, drought….
They can make a good view or sightseeing for people to enjoy and explore.
SPEAKING TEST 13
1/ Let’s talk about parties
1. Do you often go to parties? Why? Well, I have to admit that I am a big fan of parties and I
often go to parties at the weekends because it’s a good time for me to relax after work.
Moreover, I can meet a lot of people and open the relationship. Finally, when I go to the party, I
can dress very beautifully and enjoy fabulous meals.
2. What’s the party do you like best? Why? Actually, I joined many parties but the party I like
best is the wedding anniversary of my parents / birthday of my best friend because it is
organized in a wonderful place with many flowers and trees. Moreover, during parties we can
drink, chat and sing and dance together. It is a meaningful party for me.
3. Do you prefer to go parties alone or with a group of friends? Why? I prefer to go there with
my friends because we have the same hobby. Moreover, it’s a good chance for me to make
friends and open the relationship.
2/ Let’s talk about Tet holiday
1. Do you like Tet holiday? Why? Well I am really keen on tet holiday because it helps me
reduce stress and relax after hardworking time. Moreover, I can spend time with my
family
2. What do you often do on Tet holiday? Actually, Tet holiday is a special occasion for
Vietnamese people because it is the time for reunion for those who live and work far
from home. There are some activities we can do on Tet holidays such as decorating the
house, preparing the traditional food, visiting relatives, and going to pagodas and temples
to pray the best things for our family.
3. What did you do with the lucky money when you were a child? Well, when I was a child,
if I got the lucky money, I would use it to buy some books which were useful for my
study.
Part 2: Your family is planning to organize an activity to raise money to help poor
children: a school concert/ a second hand market/ a marathon
Part 3: Studying abroad: develop themselves / see the world/ experience different styles of
education.
develop themselves: international experience can help students can learn a lot of essential skills
such as communication skills, time-management and challenge themselves with new
environment, which helps them become more mature, confident and independent as well as
promote career success.
see the world: Study abroad brings a lot of opportunities for ss to visit and explore many places
and meet a lot of people all over the world. This amazing experience is a good way for them to
open the knowledge and enrich their mind.
experience different styles of education; Overseas students help them to enjoy the good study
environment with the best teachers and facilities. By enrolling in a broad program, students
have a chance to see the side of major that they may not have been exposed to at home. It means
that you can expand your academic horizon and can adapt to different style of teaching and
learning as well as time management, which makes students versatile (flexible) in the
workplace in the future.
Study abroad can helps students to learn a new language and understand more about the culture,
habits and customs of the host country.
SPEAKING TEST 14
Let’s talk about celebrities( famous people)
1.Who is your favourite celebrity in your country? My favorite celebrity in my country is…..
There are many famous people in my country, but the person that I like most is DVH because
he is a famous singer who performs wonderful songs. Moreover, he is very friendly and
sociable and willing to help other people who are in difficult circumstances.
2.Do you want to be a celebrity?
I want to be a celebrity because it helps me earn a lot of money.
Why?/ why not? Yes, I do because I will be famous, rich and have a lot of money.
3. Do you like any foreign celebrities? Why?/ why not?
Billgates because he is rich and famous.
4. How do celebrities influence their fans in your country? Well I suppose that famous people
have a big influence on their fans in terms of fashion, lifestyle, behavior and attitude to life.
Thus it brings both positive and negative impacts on their fans.
Let’s talk about advertisement
+Are there many advertisements in your country?
Yes, there are. I can see them everywhere.
+Why do you think there are so many advertisements now?
Because companies want people to know more about their products and they can promote their
business and get a lot of profit.
+What are the various places where we can see advertisements?
I see advertisements on TV, Internet, social network, on the street…. However, sometimes
advertisements in the middle of the films can make people feel annoyed or lose the concentration
on the movie.
Part 2: Your friend, who is a musician, is having his first song published next month. You
want to buy him a gift to celebrate this special occasion.
A bouquet of flowers/ a handmade card/ a note book
A bouquet of flowers: He loves flowers because he is an artist and loves beauty
handmade card: I don't know what to write on that handmade card
a note book: He has a lot of notebooks and he prefers to take notes on Laptop than notebook.
Part 3: There are some drawbacks of online shopping
delay in
delivery
quality of good
is not as good
as expected it
online
shopping
your
own
idea.
lack of
shopping
experience
Online shopping can make the delay in delivery because of some reasons. Firstly, the products
haven’t come back on time. Secondly, the shippers are busy delivering to many places so it can
make the delivery late.
When we have shopping online, the quality of good is not as good as expected it. It means that
some products advertise online look more colorful and beautiful than as usual because of photo
shop technology. Besides the stuff people get is sometimes may be broken or damaged during
delivery
When people have online shopping, because of lack of shopping experience, people can be
cheated or have to buy the bad quality products which are much more expensive than the real
cost.
When we shop online and pay online we can become a victims of cheating and the personal
account be hacked
SPEAKING TEST 15
Part 1:
Let’s talk about your favorite day of the week.
1. What’s your favourite day of the week? Well there are 7 days a week but my favourite one is
Saturday because I don’t have to work on that day and I can stay at home for sleeping or
playing with my children.
2. What do you often do on that day? Why? On Saturday, I often go shopping to buy all the
necessary food for my family. After that, I can meet some my friends in a coffee to chat and
drink coffee together. I think it’s a meaningful day for me which helps me relax after
hardworking time and renew my energy for working in the next week.
3. How important is it to have a favourite day of the week? Well I think it is important to have a
favourite day of the week because it makes me keep balance the work and the daily life.
Moreover, I spend time doing whatever I want and meeting whoever I like.
Let’s talk about sports
1. What’s your favourite sport?
2. Why is it your favourite sport?
3. How important are sports in our lives? Why?
Part 2: Your cousin is a freshman at a university in Ha noi. His parents are thinking about
whether he should live: in the university dormitory/ rent a flat with his friends/ stay with
a relative.
in the university dormitory: it’s cheap and convenient
rent a flat with his friends; expensive, not safe sometimes , unfriendly living environment ( may
have some conflicts with his friends)
stay with a relative: no freedom, inconvenient, may be controlled and supervised.
Part 3: Camping is good for students:
fresh air
discovery
Camping
your own
idea.
net working
Camping brings a lot of fresh air. When we go camping, we often choose the country side with
many trees and beautiful view to relax and organize a lot of outside activities. Thus, we can
enjoy the fresh air and live with the nature.
Camping is a good chance of discovery. Some people choose the mountains to set up their tent
and it’s also a good place for them to take part in some extreme sports or risky activities such as
climbing, sky diving, go hiking to experience the strong feelings and challenge themselves. It is
considered a good activity to explore new places and enjoy themselves
Camping is a good way to improve a net working because through activity people can join
different outside activities together, which is considered a chance to improve the solidarity,
community strength and open the social network
Finally, Camping is a good opportunity for people to develop communication skills, teamwork
kills and time-management.
SPEAKING TEST 16
Let’s talk about holidays
1 How do you spend your holiday? Well I am keen on spending my holiday in summer or some
special occasions such as Tet or birthday. I often go to the beach with my friends or my family
to relax/ reduce stress… When I am on the beach, I have a lot of activities ; ……
2. Would you prefer to go with your friends or family? Why? I would prefer to go with my
friend because we have the same hobby. Also, it’s a good chance for me to make friends and
open the relationship.
3. Where are you going next holiday? I think next holiday I am still going to the beach because
beach is my favorite to enjoy fresh air and relax.
Let’s talk about Internet
1. Can you access the Internet from where you work? Nowadays internet is available
everywhere, so I find it easy to access the internet including my workplace.
2. How does the Internet help you work or study? Well I think everyone can recognize the
important roles of the Internet as a means of working office tools, finding a huge of
information, communication as well as entertainment purpose.
3. What are the risks for the Internet users? Despite some benefits of Internet, it seems that there
are many risks for Internet users in terms of unreal life or less privacy and limited face to face
interaction. Moreover, Internet has a lot black websites which are harmful for children.
Part 2: You have fast won 1 billion VND in a lottery. You are considering how to spend
your money: Buying gold/ buying a house/ saving it in a bank?
-buying gold: the price is up and down unexpectedly, so it is very difficult to maintain the value
of the gold.
- Saving it in bank because the interest is very low and it is very risky if we put money in the
bank which is in danger of bankruptcy/ being closed down
- buying a new house: I think buying a new house is a good investment because we can have the
house to live and we can have benefits from the value of the real estate.
Part 3: Traditional music should be kept
cultural
values
historical
values
Traditional
music
your own
idea.
educational
values
Traditional music brings cultural value because the traditional music reflects culture, habits and
customs of the country through the songs and melody.
Traditional music brings historical value because different style of music represents the various
period of history. For example: Bolero is the music for the pre-war time, red music reflects the
war time and praises the love and sacrifice for the country.
Traditional music brings educational value because through the songs, it educates people about
the pride and deep love for the country as well as the raises awareness of responsibility for
preserving/ protecting the country.
BENEFITS OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENT
Musical instruments can teach discipline: Kids who learn to play an instrument can learn a
valuable lesson in discipline. They will have to set time aside to practice and rise to the
challenge of learning with discipline to master playing their instrument.
Emotional development: Students of music can be more emotionally developed, with empathy
towards other cultures They also tend to have higher self esteem and are better at coping with
anxiety
Musical training helps develop language . Students who have early musical training will
develop the areas of the brain related to language and reasoning. The left side of the brain is
better developed with music, and songs can help imprint information on young minds.
SPEAKING TEST 17
Part 1:
Let’s talk about writing blogs
1. Have you ever written online blogs? Yes, I have ever written online blog because I want to
share some experience, emotions and feelings in my life.
2. What topic do you often write about? There are some topics I often write about such as travel
experience, reviewing some cooking styles, sharing emotions and making friends….
3. What are benefits of writing blogs? There are some benefits of writing blogs. Firstly, it helps
me to reduce stress after work. Secondly, I can make friends and open the relationship. Finally,
I can improve writing skills by posting blogs.
Let’s talk about angers
1. How often do you get angry? Well I think it depends on the situation and emotions.
2. What do you often do when you are angry? Everyone has their own behavior when they are
angry. To me, when I get angry, I often speak very loudly and I cannot control my emotions. / I
always keep silent because I don’t want to hurt anyone if I don’t have the good feelings.
3. What do you do to control your anger? There are some activities I can do to control my anger
such as drinking beer, going shopping, watching TV, playing sport to calm down.
Part 2; You want to buy some clothes: a shop, an open air market, or an online store?
A shop: because it ensures the quality of the product when we can see and touch them.
An open air market: because the limited time and sometime we have to pay the tickets if we
want to visit an open air market.
Online store: because I am not sure about the appearance and quality of the product.
Part 3: Private cars should be banned in big cities
pollute the
environment
private
cars
cause traffic
jams
your own
idea.
waste money
When a lot of people use private cars, it will emit/ release a lot of dust and waste into the air and
make the environment polluted.
If The private cars are used by many people, it can cause the traffic jams because a lot of
vehicles are running on the street at the same time and make the street become crowded and
noisy.
It is a waste of money to use private cars because we have to spend a lot of money buying petrol
and expensive vehicle.
When people use a lot of private cars in big cities, it’s difficult to find the car park and it’s
expensive to pay for maintaining the car.
SPEAKING TEST 18
Part 1:
Let’s talk about traditional music
1.What’s your favourite song? My favourite song is Beo dat may troi because it’s easy to
remember and the melody is gentle.
2. How important is traditional music in your country? traditional music brings the culture
values, historical values and educational values.
Let’s talk about cooking class
1. Have you ever been to a cooking class? Yes I have ever been to a cooking class to learn how
to cook some food for my family.
2. Would you prefer to go there alone or with someone else? With my friends…….
3. How important is it to know how to cook? It is important to know how to cook because if we
can cook well, we can keep a happy family. Cooking helps me relax and improve the close
relationship among family members.
Part 2: your sister wants to lose weight. There are 3 options: going to the gym/ taking
weight loss drugs/ going on a diet/
Part 3: Cohabitation (sống thử)
higher rate of
separation
more financial
issues
Cohabitation
your own
idea.
more tension
Cohabitation is that man and woman live together before getting married.
There are many drawbacks of cohabitation/ those who live together before getting married.
Firstly, cohabitation is the reason for higher rate of separation because when they live together,
they can identify the weak points of their partners and lead to some conflicts or the boring
feelings when living together is also the reason for breaking the relationship.
Secondly, cohabitation brings more financial issues because when we live together we have to
pay the double for the service, which can become a financial burden for men or women.
Thirdly, cohabitation can cause more tension when they have some conflicts in relationship
such as lifestyle, opinion, housing……
Finally, it can cause unexpected pregnancy
SPEAKING TEST 19
Let’s talk about the radio:
1. Do you listen to the radio? Yes I often listen to radio when I am driving
2. What are channels do you listen to? I often listen to VOV transport because I can update the
latest information of transportation.
3. What are benefits of listening to the radio? There are many benefits of listening to the radio.
The first benefit is that I can Relax after work. Secondly, I think that it helps me improve the
knowledge.
Let’s talk about updating news
1. Do you keep up to date with the news? Yes I often keep up to date news to open the
knowledge and find information for my job.
2. What’s your news’ source? It is from Internet, Tv, newspaper, radio….
3. How important is it to keep up? it is important to keep up the news because it helps me open
my mind and understand more about the world.
Let’s talk about dancing
1. Have you ever been to a dancing club?
2. Would you like to go there alone or with someone else?
3. How important is it to know how to dance? It is important to know how to dance because we
can learn some skills such as: communication skills, time- management…..we can feel
confident in our life.
Part 2:
Who can help weak students: teacher, academic advisers, an excellent classmate
Teacher: she has a lot of teaching experience and understands the strong points and weak points
of students, so she can give some good help for weak students
academic advisers: They don’t have teaching methodology and experience to support weak
students.
an excellent classmate: because she may not have enough skills to help her friends
Part 3: Making a cake has a lot of advantages
save money
relax
Making a cake
your own
idea.
make friends
Making cake helps to save money because we don’t have to pay for the service.
Making a cake helps us to relax and reduce stress after hardworking day. After we enjoy the
cake we have made, we feel so comfortable and pleased about our achievement.
Making a cake helps us to make friends because we can meet the friends who have the same
hobby.
After we can make a cake, we can learn a lot of skills such as cooking skills, time management,
organization skills,…..
SPEAKING TEST 20
Topic: Friend
1. Who’s your best friend?
2. What do you usually do together?
3. What makes a good friend? Honesty and sharing can make a good friend. When we have the
problems, we need a good friend near us to share the ideas and emotions and give good advice
that helps us overcome the difficulties.
Topic: High school
1. Did you enjoy your time at high school?
2. What subjects did you like most when you were at high school?
3. What would you like to change about the subjects at school? We should cut down the amount
of lessons for students and the schools should provide more outside activities for ss.
Part 2: How do you spend to your weekend holiday: with family, with friends, alone
Part 3: Technology has a lot of benefits to students
improve
knowledge
provide learning
source
Technology
your own
idea.
reduce cost of
study
Speaking Test 21
Part 1:
Talk about your exercise.
1. How often do you do exercise?
I do exercise every day because it helps me relax and keep fit
2. Would you prefer to do exercise alone or with other people?
I would prefer to do exercise with my friends because we have the same hobby. I think that
it’s a good chance for me to make friends and open the relationship.
3. How important is it to do exercise?
It is important to do exercise because it makes me stay healthy.
Let’s talk about favourite beach.
1.What is your favourite beach in Vietnam? There are many beautiful beaches in Viet nam but
my favourite one is Da Nang beach because it’s very wonderful and clean with blue sea, white
sand and a lot of sunshine.
2. How often do you go there?
I go there once or twice a year with my family on summer holiday. I suppose that it is a good
time for my family to reduce stress after a day of hard work.
3. What do you often do when you are there? There are a lot of activities that I can do when I
am on the beach such as enjoying the seafood, going swimming and taking photos, walking
along the beach, seeing the sunrise and sunset …..
Part 2:
Your volunteer group is organizing a trip to help children in remote areas. There are 3
options to choose: Book, Money, Clothes. Which do you think is the most suitable?
Book: because it helps children to open the knowledge and relax
Money: because it’s not good for children to spend money
Clothes: because it’s not suitable for their favorite, size and culture.
Part 3: Higher education should be free for everyone.
Equal
chance for
everyone
A safer
world
Higher
education
your
own
idea.
Solution to
unemployment
Equal chance for everyone: It means that everyone has the same opportunities to do everything
without barrier
A safer world: When people have good knowledge, they will behave better with their partner
and their friends….
Solution to unemployment: When we have a good qualification, we can get a better job with
good salary.
Your own idea: open the relationship and make friends, develop communication skills.
1. Do you think higher education should be free in VN? Yes, I think higher education
should be free in VN because of their benefits such as equal chance……
2. University is not the only way to be successful? Do you agree? Yes, I strongly agree
with this idea because qualification is not enough to be successful, but we need more
skills such as communication skills, problem solving skills, social skills…
Speaking Test 22
Part 1:
Let’s talk about body language use
1. Do you often use body language in communication? Yes, I often use body language in
communication because it’s useful and effective for me to have a good communication
2. In what situations do you use body language? I use body language in some situations
without using words such as in the meeting, on the plane, or in the restaurant, in the
hospital….
3. What are benefits of using body language? It helps to convey the message by actions
without saying any words.
Let’s talk about weather.
1. What is the weather like in your area at this time of year? It is very cold in this time
because it’s in winter. I like this weather very much because it makes me comfortable and
sleep well.
2. Which season do you like best? Why? As you know there are 4 seasons in a year: spring,
summer, autumn and winter. However, I am keen on autumn best because the weather is
beautiful and cool.
I like spring because the weather is warm and there are a lot of flowers.
3. Do you prefer to live in cold region or hot region? Why? I prefer to live in hot region
because it’s sunny and I can go swimming.
Part 2: Your close friend is going to study abroad. There are 3 presents to choose:
- A backpack
- A book
- A beauty product
Which present do you think is the most suitable?
-
A backpack: He got it already
-
A book: it helps him open the knowledge and relax
-
A beauty product: it’s not suitable for boy
Part 3: There are qualities to make good teachers
Broad
knowledge
Love to
teaching
your
own
idea.
good
teachers
Good teaching
methods
- Firstly, I agree that good teachers need to have broad knowledge. It means that the
good teachers have Good qualification+ communication and social skills, good living
experience…
- Secondly, I support that good teachers need to love to teaching. It means that teachers
should be enthusiastic to devote for the job.
- Thirdly, I think that good teachers need to have Good teaching methods: it makes lessons
interesting and students are eager to learn
- In my opinion, good teachers need to love children and become a good example for students
to follow.
Speaking Test 23
Part 1:
Let’s talk about seasons in your country.
1. How many seasons are there in your country? There are 4 seasons in my country: spring,
summer, autumn and winter
2. What is the best season to visit your hometown? The best season to visit my hometown is
spring because it is warm with a lot of beautiful flowers. Especially, in spring we have
Tet holiday which helps visitors understand more about the culture and traditions of
Vietnamese people.
3. What seasons do you think is the most fun? The most fun season is summer because we
can go to the beach for swimming,….
Let’s talk about art.
1. Who is your favorite artist? Why so? There are many well-known artists but my favorite
one is Dam Vinh Hung because he is a famous singer
2. Can you name a song that describes yourself? The song “ Bui Phan” describes myself and
my job.
3. What kind of music do you listen to the best/ least? I am a big fan of bolero because the
melody is gentle.
Part 2: You have two weeks off before the exam. Which one would you like to choose?
Revise for the tes? A short vacation with family? Join friends’ parities for sleepovers.
- Revise for the test : because If I revise the test well, I can get good mark
- A short vacation with family: I have to prepare for exam.
- Join friends’ parties for sleepovers: It is a waste of time and money.
Part 3: Strict discipline at school brings about a numerous benefit for students.
Improve
academic
knowldege /
outcome
teach work
ethics
(morality)
Strict
discipline
your
own
idea.
Keep learning
environment
safe
- improve academic outcome: Students focus on the lessons and they get good results
- teach work ethics ( morality): Helps students improve their behavior and become good
students
- keep learning environment safe: require/ ask students to follow the rules of the class and
will be punished if they break the rules.
- Teacher can control the class easily
Speaking Test 24
Part 1:
Talk about community service (lao động công ích)
1. What kind of community service have you done? I used to donate blood in hospital or
contribute some money for poor children. It is a useful activity that helps the people who
are in need/ in difficult situation.
2. Who usually works for community activities? I encourage everyone such as : students,
doctors, teachers……to work for community service because we can help a lot of
difficult people
3. What are the benefits of participating in community activities? We can help the people in
need and make friends, open the social network
Talk about exams
1. How do you usually feel before exam? I feel nervous and stressed before exam because I
don’t feel confident for the exam/ I don’t prepare for the exam very well
2. Which is your style of preparing exam? Prepare long before exam or just before exam?
Why/Why not? I prepare long before exam because it helps me feel confident and get
good results.
3. What do you think about doing a home assignment instead of written test? I think it’s
good and flexible. Moreover, home assignment is also a good task for us to improve the
knowledge and promote the creativeness.
Part 2: Reading is encouraged in high school. Some materials are suggested:
Textbooks, Picture books, References books? Which one do you think is the best
choice?
- Textbooks: It’s cheap and easy to understand the content
- Picture books: It’s expensive and the content is poor
- References books: it’s expensive and difficult to understand
Part 3: Learning a new skill is beneficial
Challenge
yourself
Live a more
meaningful
life
a new
skill
your own
idea.
Improve
brain
function
+ Challenge yourself: we can know more about ourselves and see the strong points and weak
points.
+Improve our brain functions: Learning a new skill is a good way to improve the knowledge
and enrich our mind and it’s useful to make our brain perform effectively.
+Have a more meaningful life: it will make us more perfect and feel positive in our life.
+ Your own opinion: live better / feel more confident in working and living
Speaking Test 25
Part 1: Talk about relationship with parents
1. Are you closer with your Mom or Dad? Why? I am closer with my Dad because he is very
friendly and very kind
2. What do you and your Mom/ Dad do together? We eat and watch TV together and discuss
about different news.
3. Do you want to live with your parents when you are married? No, I don’t because I want to
be independent in my life
Talk about your favourite music web
1. Do you often listen to online music? Why? Yes I often listen to online music because it’s
very interesting and helps me reduce stress after work.
2. What’s your favourite music website? Can you describe it? There are many well-known
music webs nowadays but my favorite one is Zing MP3/tiktok / nhaccuatui… because it’s
popular to everyone to reduce stress and listen to famous songs
3. What makes it your favorite? It updates a lot of latest music and it’s very convenient and easy
to use. The design of the web is very modern and attractive.
Part 2: You need money for charity. There are some options to choose: companies/
schools/ individuals. What do you choose?
Companies: because they have good fund and a lot of activities for charity
Schools: Children don’t have money to support/ contribute for charity
Individuals : It’s limited and unequal for everyone
Part 3: Having a healthy diet is good for your health.
keep fit
prevent
diseases
a
healthy
diet
your
own
idea.
refresh your
mind
1. a healthy diet helps people keep fit: people can feel confident and put on beautiful clothes
2. prevent diseases: When we have a healthy diet, it will help you to have a good immune
systems which improves a good health to fight against diseases.
3. Thirdly, it helps to refresh your mind- we feel relaxed/ comfortable to work better
Follow up questions:
1. What makes a balanced diet?
2. What have you done to raise your awareness of healthy diet?
3. Is diet or exercise more important?
Speaking Test 26
Part 1:
Talk about cinema
1.How often do you go to the cinema?
I often go to the cinema every month because it helps me relax after hardworking time
2.Would you prefer to watch films at home or at the cinema?
I would prefer to watch films at the cinema with my friends because we have the same hobby. I
think that it’s a good chance for me to make friends and open the relationship.
3.How important is it of going to the cinema/ What are benefits of going to the cinema? I think
it is important to go to the cinema/ There are many benefits of going to the cinema because of
the following reasons. Firstly, it helps us to relax after hard work. Secondly, I can update the
latest film in the world. Finally, it is a good opportunity to meet a lot of people.
Talk about staying healthy
1. What do you do to live healthy? I think there are many ways to live healthy. Firstly, we
should do the exercise regularly to keep fit and stay healthy. Besides, we should eat a lot of
fruits and vegetables, drink a lot of water. Finally you should go to bed early.
2. Do you think eating healthy or doing the exercise is important? Why? I think both are
important because it helps me to keep fit and stay healthy.
3. Can you suggest some ways to stay healthy? There are some ways to stay healthy such as
doing the exercise, eating fruit, going to bed early and drinking water
Part 2:
A friend from Nha Trang city wants to visit HN this weekend. There are 3 places: HCM
mausoleum, Hoan Kiem lake; Ha noi museum. Which is your best choice?
HCM mausoleum: because it is a famous place to know about the life of the president HCM
Hoan Kiem lake : my friend visited this place many times
Ha noi museum: it’s boring/ tedious
Part 3: Students are encouraged to go to art galleries.
relax
learn
Art
galleries
your
own
idea.
communicate
with others
Relax: reduce stress after hard working time
Learn about the history, culture, tradition, habits and customs of many places in the world
Communicate with others: make friends and open the relationship.
In my opinion, we go to art galleries to see the view and meet the people who have the same
hobby. Besides, going to an art gallery helps to improve the deep love for the country and raise
awareness of responsibility for protecting the culture of the country.
1. How important are art galleries in education?
2. What have you done to encourage people to visit art galleries ?
3. Are art galleries popular in the future?
Speaking Test 27
Part 1:
Talk about working/ school uniform
1. What clothes do you wear to work/ school? There are many kinds of clothes we can put on to
work or school, but my favourite costume is shirt and trousers because they are popular and
convenient, which makes me feel comfortable to wear them.
2. Should you wear uniforms to work/ school?
I think it is good to put on uniforms work because it looks equal for everyone and I feel so
proud of my work or my school
3. What clothes don’t you like wearing to work/ school? I am not keen on wearing T shirt and
jeans to work because it’s informal.
Talk about healthy eating
1. Do you have a balanced diet?
Yes I have a balanced diet because of the following reasons. Firstly, if we have a balanced diet,
we feel comfortable and refresh our mind. Secondly, it helps us to keep fit and stay healthy.
Finally, when we have a healthy diet, we can fight against the diseases with a good immune
system.
2. What food do you often eat? I eat a lot of fruits, vegetables and try to limit/ cut down the rate
of fat, oil, salt and sugar, rice
3. What food do you eat more? I should eat more fruits and vegetables, drink a lot of water and
do exercises
Part 2: Your child is entering primary school. Which school do you want to choose: a
school with high focus on personality/ a school on academic development/ a school with
relaxed atmosphere.
a school with high focus on personality: it helps children to form useful personality to become
good citizens.
a school on academic development: it’s not necessary for children at grade 1 at primary school
a school with relaxed atmosphere: it’s not good and it can make students become lazy and
distract their study.
Part 3: Online learning has many benefits
flexible
learning
time
low
costs of
learning
Online
learning
your
own
idea.
unnecessary
travelling
• flexible learning time: we manage the suitable time to learn.
• low costs of learning: online learning is much cheaper than offline learning because
one teacher can teach many students and the lecture can be recorded for the next
teaching. We don’t have to pay for facilities.
• Un-necessary travelling : Students don’t need to travel any places, just stay at home
and learn on the screen
• In my opinion: The best way to prevent Covid diseases
1. Who takes advantage of online learning most?
2. How has technology changed the way people learn?
3. Is online learning more popular in the future? Why?
Speaking Test 28
Part 1:
Talk about sport activities
1. What sports do you play to keep fit? There are many kinds of sport we can play to keep
fit but I am a crazy fan of football because it is a popular sport .
2. Do you like watching or playing sports/ Why? I am keen on playing sport because it
helps me relax and stay healthy.
I like watching sports because I can relax and learn a lot of good technique from the best
players and I can see my idols on screen.
3. Which sport is the most popular in your country? Football is the most popular sport in my
country because it is a King sport and easy to play for everyone
Talk about where you live
1. Tell me about it? Well I would like to talk about where I live. I am from Thai Nguyen
where I was born and grew up. It is famous for tea and coc lake, Atk….
2. What do you like most about where you live? I like the river in my hometown because it’s
very fresh and I often go swimming in the river.
3. Do you live there for a long? Why? Yes, I want to live in my hometown for a long because
I love it very much and I want to contribute my small part for the development of my
hometown.
Part 2: Your family is discussing how your 7th grade nephew spends summer holiday.
There are some options for him to choose: joining a summer camp/ doing a military
training/ staying with grandparents in the country side.
Summer camp: He had a summer camp last summer holiday
military training; it helps him to experience and practice the strict regulations to become a good
citizen.
staying with grandparents in the country side: grandparents do not have the good health to look
after my nephew
Part 3: After school activities are beneficial for students
communication
skills
sense of
commitment
After
school
activities
your own
idea.
time
management
After school activities help ss develop communication skills: make them feel confident and
independent in the future life.
After school activities help ss develop sense of commitment: provide with a lot of activities
to make students active and responsible for their duty
After school activities help ss improve time management: They can arrange the study time to
join outside activities.
Connect students : make friends and open the relationship, develop teamwork, groupwork
skills
1. Are common extra- curriculum activities for students compulsory? They are
compulsory because it makes students confident, independent and improve
communication skills….
2. Should extra- curriculum activities be compulsory? Why?
3. What have you done to encourage students to participate in extra- curriculum
activities? Make good plan and set up the interesting program to attract ss to join.
SPEAKING TEST 1
Part 1
Let’s talk about Interviews (phỏng vấn)
1. Have you ever attended any interview? (bạn đã bao giờ tham gia buổi phỏng vấn
chưa?)
2. How was that interview? (buổi phỏng vấn đó như thế nào?)
3. Was It important? (buổi phỏng vấn đấy có quan trọng ko?)
Let’s talk about Computer brand (thương hiệu máy tính) How you use your computer
1. What brand is your computer (máy tính của bạn thương hiệu gì)?
2. How is it like (nó như thế nào)?
3. Would you like to change your computer? Why? Why not?
Part 2
You have to prepare a birthday present for your brother who likes traveling. There are 3
options for you to choose: a selfie stick/ camera/ 3-day holiday. What is your best choice?
Part 3
Long Tet holidays (kỳ nghỉ dài)
There are some benefits of long Tet holidays
- gathering
- relaxing time
- traveling
- your own ideas
1.What do you often do during Tet holiday?
2. What should people avoid doing during Tet holiday? (superstitious) ko nên làm gì?
3. What makes our Tet traditions different from those of other countries?
SPEAKING TEST 2
Part 1
Holiday
1. Do you like traveling?
2. What kind of places have you visited in your life?
3. Do you prefer to travel alone or with someone else? Who do you like to go travelling
with? Bạn thích đi du lịch 1 mình hay với ai?
Family
1. Who do you live with?
2. Do you want to live in a big house or a small house?
3. What do you and your family often do together?
Part 2. You need to take photos at the end of school year. There are some places
suggested: park/ flower garden/ zoo. What is the best choice?
Part 3
Topic 1: Online learning is beneficial to students
-
Flexible
Affordable
Convenient
Your own ideas
Follow up questions:
1. Who may benefit from e-learning the most?
2. What are disadvantages of e-learning compared to traditional learning?
3. Do you think online learning will be more popular? Why/why not?
SPEAKING TEST 3
Part 1
Talk about banking (ngân hàng)
1. Have you ever been to the bank?
2. What do you often do in the bank?
3. What do you think about ATM service?
Talk about going out
1. How often do you go out?
2. Do you go out alone or with someone else? With friends or family?
3. What do you like doing when you go out?
Part 2
You need to take photos at the end of school year. There are some places
suggested: park/ flower garden/ zoo. What is the best choice?
Part 3
There’s too much pressure on school students these days (học sinh chịu nhiều áp lực)
- Parents’ expectations (mong đợi của bố mẹ)
- Peer competition (cạnh tranh với bạn bè)
- Heavy workload (bài tập nhiều)
- your own ideas: teachers’ requirements
Follow up questions:
1. Have you ever been under pressure in your life?
2. What should be done to deal with pressure of school students? (less homework; fewer
extra classes, ….)
3. How is students’ pressure different compared to the past?
SPEAKING TEST 4
Part 1
Let’s talk about pets (thú cưng)
1. Do you keep a pet? Yes, I keep a dog
2. What are the advantages of keeping a pet?
3. What are the disadvantages of keeping a pet?
Transportation
1. How do you get to work/school?
2. What is your favorite means of transport? Phương tiện giao thông
3. Do you often use public transport? Phương tiện giao thông công cộng
Part 2
Your friend is going abroad next month. What present are you going to give him? (copy of a
book he likes/ an album/ a handmade accessory (phụ kiện handmade)?
Part 3
Internet is a good source to collect information
- Easy access
- Rich information
- Low cost
- Your own ideas
Follow up questions:
1. In your country what do the young people use the Internet for?
2. Should teachers use the Internet in their teaching? Why?
3. Should parents let their children use the Internet?
SPEAKING TEST 5
Part 1
Let’s talk about Public Holidays (nghỉ lễ)
1. What public holidays do you have in your country?
2. What do other people in your country usually do on public holidays?
3. Do you think public holidays are important?
Talk about newspapers
1. How do you usually get daily news?
2. How do most people get news in your country?
3. Do you think international news is important?
Part 2
Your friend wants to organize a high school class reunion. He’s thinking 3
options: visiting old school and teachers, organizing a party in the classroom and inviting
teachers and classmates; eating out in the restaurant
Part 3
There are some benefits of doing yoga
1. Good for concentration (tốt cho sự tập trung)
2. Good for health
3. Reduce stress
4. Your own ideas
Follow up questions:
1. Is Yoga a popular leisure activity in your country?
2. Where do people in your country often go to do yoga?
3. Do you think that in the future yoga will become more and more popular? Why?
SPEAKING TEST 6
Part 1
Let’s Talk about newspapers
1. How do you usually get daily news?
2. How do most people get news in your country?
3. Do you think international news is important?
Talk about the happiness
1. Are you a happy person?
2. What usually makes you happy?
3. Does the weather affect how you feel?
Part 2
Suggest a place for a foreign friend to visit when he comes to Vietnam. (Hanoi/ Danang/
Dalat)
Part 3
There are some benefits of eco-tourism (du lịch sinh thái)
+ Preserve the culture (gìn giữ văn hóa)
+ Conserve environment (bảo tồn môi trường)
+ Reduce poverty (giảm đói nghèo)
+ Your own ideas
Follow up questions:
1. Will ecotourism be more popular in your country?
2. What are disadvantages of ecotourism in your country?
3. What should government do to promote ecotourism in your country?
Speaking Test 7
Part 1:
Collections
1. Did you collect anything when you were a child?
2. What do Vietnamese people collect?
3. What will you collect if you have money?
Dancing:
1. Do you like dancing?
2. Why do people like dancing?
3. Where can people learn how to dance in your country?
Part 2: Young sister tell lies (talk to parents; talk to young sister; let her continue)
Part 3:
There are several causes of youth violence (lý do bạo lực ở tuổi vị thành niên)
- media influence (ảnh hưởng của truyền thông)
- lack of parents’ supervision (thiếu sự giám sát của bố mẹ)
- peer pressure (áp lực từ phía bạn bè)
- Your own idea
Follow up questions
1. Are the young becoming more violent than they were in the past?
2. What are the effects of violence among the young people?
3. What should be done to solve the problems of youth violence?
Speaking Test 8
Part 1
Topic: Family
1. Ai là người trong gia đình ảnh hưởng đến bạn nhất? Who has the most influence in your
life?
2. Gia đình và bạn bè cái nào quan trọng hơn? Who are more important? Family or friends?
3. What do you like doing with your family?
Topic: Home punishment: Hình phạt ở gia đình
1. Have u ever been punished by your parents?
2. What are some common types of home punishments?
3. Should children be punished when they make mistakes?
Part 2
Students hold a farewell party for their English teacher: resort; restaurant; student’s house?
Part 3
Visiting foreign country is valuable experience for students (đi nước ngoài là 1 trải nghiệm
quý báu)
- Increase knowledge
- Good memories
- Make friends
Follow up questions:
1. What are the disadvantages of visiting a foreign country to students?
2. What advice do you give to students who are going to visit a foreign country?
3. What foreign country do you want to visit? Why?
Speaking Test 9
Part 1
Topic 1: Transport
1. How do people in your country go to work?
2. How do you like going to work?
3. What are the most popular means of transport in your city?
Topic 2: Pets
1. Do you keep a pet?
2. What are the advantages of keeping a pet?
3. What are the disadvantages of keeping a pet?
Part 2: Give present to a teacher?: a handbag; a pair of glasses; a pair of shoes
Part 3: there are some benefits of Museums (educational values; cultural values; teach
students know how to express personal opinions)
- Widen knowledge (learn about history, culture which is useful for their study)
- Reduce stress (feel happy, relaxed after class hours)
- Meet people with the same interests (make friends)
Follow up questions:
1. Why don’t many children nowadays like museum?
2. What types of museums are popular in your country?
3. What are reasons that have made people to visit museum change in the last 10 years?
Speaking Test 10
Part 1:
Topic 1: travelling by plane
- Bạn đã từng đi máy bay chưa (Have you ever travelled by plane?) Yes, I have
travelled by plane
- Lợi ích đi máy bay (What are the benefits of travelling by plane?) It is fast and safe
- Mọi người có hay đi máy bay ko (Do people often travel by plane?) Yes, because It is
fast and safe
Topic 2: Du lịch (travelling)
1. Do you like travelling? Bạn có thích đi du lịch ko?
2. Do you like to travel alone or with your friends? Bạn thích đi du lịch 1 mình hay đi với
bạn?
3. Have you travelled to other places? Where are they? Bạn đã đi du lịch đến các nơi khác
chưa?
Part 2: Lựa chọn lăng HCM (HCM Mausoleum), bảo tàng HN (Hanoi Museum), Hoàn Kiếm
Lake (HK lake) cho bạn đến thăm Hà Nội?
Part 3: there are some benefits of living on campus (Sống kí túc xá)
- Networking
- Adaptability
- Responsibility
1. What are some disadvantages of living on campus?
2. Why do students like living on campus?
3. What are some activities students do on campus?
Speaking Test 11
Part 1:
Topic 1: Personality
Talk about personalities (tính cách)
1. What’s your personality?
2. What characteristics are you and your friend similar?
3. Can you compare characteristics? I am talkative while my friend is quiet
Topic 2: Your favorite color
Talk about colors
1. What’s your favourite color?
2. What is its meaning?
3. Why do people like different colors?
Part 2: Ngày phụ nữ, chọn 3 sự kiện tổ chức: a picnic; Miss Contest (Cuộc thi Người đẹp); a
party at karaoke bar
Part 3: Chủ đề cycling
There are some benefits of cycling
- Relax
- Keep fit
- Protect environment
- Your own ideas
Follow up questions:
1. Do you think cycling is good for health?
2. Who do you want to cycle with?
3. What are the cons of cycling? People may get injured; fall off the bikes; broken arm/leg
Speaking Test 12
Speaking p1:
Dating (hẹn hò)
 Do you like dating?
 Have you dated someone? If yes, can you describe that person? If no, what kind
of person would you like to date?
 And what should you prepare for a successful date? Để có 1 cuộc hẹn hò thành
công thì nên chuẩn bị gì?
Gallery/ Museum (phòng tranh/ viện bảo tàng)
1. Have you ever been to an art gallery?
2. Would you prefer to go there alone or with someone else?
3.What are some benefits of going to an art gallery?
Part 2:
You are going to have some activities for weekend. There are 3 options for you to
choose: relaxing at home/ meeting friends/ going out with family. What is your best
choice?
Part 3: Topic Development (5’)
Topic: Online learning is beneficial to students
- Flexible
- Affordable
- Convenient
- Your own ideas
Follow up questions:
1. Who may benefit from e-learning the most?
2. What are disadvantages of e-learning compared to traditional learning?
3. Do you think online learning will be more popular? Why/why not?
Speaking Test 13
Part 1:
Talk about gift: món quà
1. What kind of gift do you want to receive?
2. What gift do you like most?
3. Do you prefer receiving gift or give others gift?
Talk about birthday
1. Do you usually celebrate birthday?
2. What did you do on the latest birthday?
3. What do people do on birthday in your country?
Part 2: You have 3 days off. Which one do you choose: stay at home; go hiking with friends
or travel abroad (du lịch nước ngoài)?
Part 3: Disadvantages of overpopulation to environment (bất lợi của dân số quá đông đối với
môi trường): greenhouse gases; ….
Over population damages environment (dân số quá đông ảnh hưởng đến môi trường
như nào)
- natural resources
- wastes
- global warming
Follow up questions
1. What are the effects of overpopulation?
2. What are the solutions do deal with overpopulation?
3. Is there overpopulation in Hanoi?
Speaking Test 14
Part 1:
Chủ đề Family:
1. Who are you closest to in your family?
2. How often do you visit that person?
3. What do you like doing with that person?
Talk about the happiness
1. Are you a happy person?
2. What usually makes you happy?
3. Does the weather affect how you feel?
Part 2: Mời bạn về dự sinh nhật: ở nhà, ngoài nhà hàng hay quán karaoke
Hold a birthday party: at home, restaurant or karaoke bar?
Part 3: Mùa xuân: hoạt động, lễ hội, thời tiết (Spring is the best season: activities; festivals;
weather)
SPRING IS THE BEST SEASON
•
•
•
•
Weather
Plants and flowers
Festivals
Your own ideas
Follow up questions
1. What do you often do in spring?
2. What is the best season in your country?
3. What is the weather like in spring?
Speaking Test 15
Part 1.
Let’s talk about foreign language
1. What foreign language do you speak?
2. Do you enjoy learning a foreign language?
3. How important is it to learn a foreign language?
TV programs
1. Do you watch TV?
2. What TV program do you like watching? Chương trình nào?
3. What TV channel do you often watch? Kênh nào?
P2. Chọn 1 món quà: CD, a book, a diary (nhật kí) cho bạn đi nghĩa vụ quân sự
You are going to buy a gift for a friend who is going to do a military service. (nghĩa vụ quân
sự) There are 3 gifts: a book, a CD, a diary. What is the best choice?
P3. Sử dụng Internet có tác hại như thế nào (thế giới ảo, ….)
Nowadays internet has a lot of bad points (bất lợi của Internet)
-unreal life (thế giới ảo)
-less face-to-face talk/ interaction/communication (thiếu sự tương tác trực tiếp)
-less privacy (thiếu sự riêng tư)
- Your own ideas
Follow up questions
1. What are the benefits of the Internet?
2. What do you use the Internet for?
3. What do young people often use the Internet for?
Speaking Test 16
Part 1.
Talk about home
1. Do you live in a house or a flat/ an apartment?
2. Do you plan to live there in the future?
3. What would you change about your house?
Talk about using Internet for study
1. How often do you use Internet?
2. What do you look for on the Internet?
3. What are benefits of using Internet?
Part 2
You are preparing activities for Women’s Day. There are some activities
suggested: class picnic/ Miss contest/ party (karaoke). What’s your best
choice?
P3. Online learning
Topic: Online learning is beneficial to students
- Flexible
- Affordable
- Convenient
- Your own ideas
Follow up questions:
1. Who may benefit from e-learning the most?
2. What are disadvantages of e-learning compared to traditional learning?
3. Do you think online learning will be more popular? Why/why not?
Speaking Test 17
- Phần 1: Hỏi về ca sĩ/nghệ sĩ yêu thích của mình
1. Who is your favorite singer?
2. Why do you like him/her?
3. How often do you listen to his/her songs?
Talk about the lifestyle (lối sống)
1. Do you have 3 meals a day?
2. What do you do to relax in the evening?
3. Are you happy with your lifestyle now?
- Phần 2: Lựa chọn 1 cách để tổ chức kỉ niệm 30 năm ngày cưới cho bố mẹ thật ý nghĩa.
Your parents are going to celebrate their wedding anniversary next week. You are going to
give them a present: a couple of movie tickets, a bouquet of flowers, a handmade card. What
do you choose?
- Phần 3: Bàn về lợi ích của việc sinh viên ở kí túc xá (Students’ living in university campus)
There are some benefits of living on campus (Sống kí túc xá)
- Networking
- Adaptability
- Responsibility
1. What are some disadvantages of living on campus?
2. Why do students like living on campus?
3. What are some activities students do on campus?
Speaking Test 18
Part 1 về update news: cập nhật tin tức
Updating the news
1. How often do you update news?
2. Which sources do you update news?
3. How important is it to update news?
Let’s talk about pets (thú cưng)
1. Do you keep a pet?
2. What are the advantages of keeping a pet?
3. What are the disadvantages of keeping a pet?
Part 2 về chọn 3 con vật cat dog bird cho ngôi nhà mới
You are going to buy a pet. There are 3 options for you to choose: cat/ dog/ bird.
What is your best choice?
Part 3 về healthy diet
Topic: It is important to have a healthy diet (chế độ ăn tốt cho sức khỏe có lợi gì)
A healthy diet : 1. keep fit /
2. prevent diseases/
3. refresh your mind/
4. your own ideas
1.What should we do to stay healthy?
2. A healthy diet is a key to longevity (tuổi thọ). Do you agree/ disagree?
3. In terms of longevity, quality (chất lượng) is better than quantity (số lượng). Do you
agree?
Test 19
Part 1:
Using maps: sử dụng bản đồ
1. Have you ever used maps?
2. Do you prefer paper or electric maps?
3. Have you asked for direction instead of using maps?
Updating the news
1. How often do you update news
2. Which sources do you update news
3. How important is it to update news?
Part 2: Your sister’s classmates speak ill of her on her facebook. What advice to her:
- Deactivating her fb account
- Telling her teacher
- Talk with those friends
Part 3: Self-study skill (Kỹ năng tự học)
There are some benefits of self-study skill
- More independence
- Better time management
- Better academic performance
Follow up questions
1. Why is self-study skill important?
2. Do university students need self-study skills?
3. Is self-study important at work?
Test 20
Part 1:
Let’s talk about traditional music
1.What’s your favourite song?
2. How important is traditional music in your country?
Let’s talk about cooking class
1. Have you ever been to a cooking class?
2. Would you prefer to go there alone or with someone else?
3. How important is it to know how to cook?
Part 2: your sister wants to lose weight. There are 3 options: going to the gym/ taking weight
loss drugs/ going on a diet/
Part 3: There are some disadvantages of Cohabitation (sống thử)
higher rate of
separation
more financial
issues
Cohabitation
your own
idea.
more tension
Follow up questions
1. Why do couples live together before getting married?
2. Do you see any changes in the pattern of marriage in VN today?
3. Do you think Western values have any influence on the VietNamese people’s view of
marriage?
Test 21
Let’s talk about your favorite day of the week.
1. What’s your favourite day of the week?
2. What do you often do on that day?
3. How important is it to have a favourite day of the week?
Let’s talk about sports
1. What’s your favourite sport?
2. Why is it your favourite sport?
3. How important are sports in our lives? Why?
Part 2: Your cousin is a freshman at a university in Ha noi. His parents are thinking about
whether he should live: in the university dormitory/ rent a flat with his friends/ stay with a
relative.
Part 3: Camping is good for students:
fresh air
discovery
Camping
your own
idea.
net working
Follow up questions:
1. Is camping a popular activity in your country?
2. Where do people often go camping?
3. What are the disadvantages of going camping?
Test 22
Part 1
Childhood
1. Did you enjoy your childhood?
2. What did you like doing most during your childhood?
3. What did you remember most about your childhood?
Dictionaries:
1. Do u use a dictionary? Why?
2. What do u prefer, paper or electronic dictionary
3. Do u think a dictionary helps to learn E?
Part 2: City council is planning to spend a million USD to improve the local environment:
planting more trees, building a factory to recycle wastes, relocating hospital to suburbs.
Part 3:
There are some Fun ways of English learning
- games
- English clubs
- songs
- your own ideas.
Follow up questions
1. What do you find difficult when learning English?
2. How do you learn English?
3. What advice do you give learners of English?
Test 23
Part 1 (3’)
-Working style
Are you a night person or a morning person? Why?
Would you prefer to work as part of team or individual?
What kind of people do you most like to work with?
-Internet
Can you assess the Internet from where you work/study?
How does the Internet help you work/study?
What are the risks for the Internet users?
Part 2 (4’)
Situation: A youth club is inviting a speaker to talk about life experience. There are 3 persons
suggested: a famous singer, a company president, an excellent student. What is the best
choice?
Part 3 (5’)
Topic: Online learning is beneficial for students
-
Conveninent
Flexible
Affordable
Your own ideas
Follow-up questions
1. What are disadvantages of online learning?
2. Do you think leaning online will be more popular in the future?
3. How has online learning changed over the last 20 years?
Test 24
Part 1: Swimming, writing emails
Swimming
1. Do you like swimming?
2. How often do you go swimming?
3. Where do you often go swimming?
Writing emails
1. How often do you write emails?
2. Who do you write emails to?
3. What are the advantages of writing emails?
Part 2: Your friend has a part time job.
- Shop assistant
- A tutor
- A waitress
Part 3: Group work helps students learn better at schools
-
Learn from others
Develop common skills
Be more active
Your own ideas
Follow up questions
1. When should you work in groups? Nên làm việc nhóm vào lúc nào?
2. What are the disadvantages of working in groups? Bất lợi khi làm việc nhóm?
3. Do you think groupwork is useful?
Test 25
Let’s talk about travel
1. Have you ever been abroad? If yes, Which countries have you been to?
2. Do you enjoy travelling? Why? Why not?
3. What is the best way to travel?
Let’s talk about Television
1. Do you often watch TV? Why? Why not?
2. What do you often watch on TV?
3. Do you prefer listening to the radio or watching TV?
Part 2
You need to buy some things on Tet holiday. There are some places
suggested: Traditional market/ supermarket/ department store. What do you
choose?
Part 3
There are some benefits of cycling
- Relax
- Keep fit
- Protect environment
- Your own ideas
Follow up questions:
1. Do you think cycling is good for health?
2. Who do you want to cycle with?
3. What are the cons of cycling? People may get injured; fall off the bikes; broken arm/leg
Test 26
1. Hometown
Let’s talk about hometown.
1. Where is your hometown?
2. Do you like living in your hometown?
3. If you could change one thing in your hometown? What would it be?
Let’s talk about music.
1. Do you like listening to music? Why? Why not?
2. What kind of music do you often listen to?
3. Do you know how to play a musical instrument?
Part 2: Solution Discussion (4’)
Situation: You have to prepare a birthday present for someone who likes travelling. There
are 3 options for you to choose: a selfie stick/ a camera/ a 3-day holiday. What is your best
choice?
3. Gap year (thuận lợi của Gap year, là ko đi học đại học luôn mà đi làm hoặc đi du lịch 1
năm)
There are some benefits of having a gap year
- work experience
- money
- life skills
- your own ideas
Follow up questions
1. What do you think about gap year?
2. What are the disadvantages of having a gap year?
3. Is having a gap year popular in your country?
Test 27
Part 1.
Let’s talk about Your favorite actor
1. Who is your favorite actor?
2. Why do you like him/her?
3. How often do you see his film/her film?
Let’s talk about holiday.
1. What do you do when you have a holiday?
2. Who do you spend your holidays with?
3. Are holidays important to you?
Part 2. quà tặng kỉ niệm 30 năm ngày cưới (đi du lịch , chụp ảnh hay đi xem phim)
Your parents’ wedding anniversary is coming. You and your sister are thinking of giving
them a great present. There are THREE options for you to choose:
- A couple of movie tickets
- A 3-day tour to the beach
- An album of the whole family
Which do you think is the best present for their wedding anniversary?
Part 3. Living on campus (thuận lợi sống trong khuôn viên trường đại học)
there are some benefits of living on campus (Sống kí túc xá)
- Networking
- Adaptability
- Responsibility
1. What are some disadvantages of living on campus?
2. Why do students like living on campus?
3. What are some activities students do on campus?
Test 28
Part 1:
Let’s talk about the food
1. what food is popular where you live?
2. Do you like to cook yourself or eat fastfood?
3. What is your favorite food?
Let’s talk about the Internet.
1. What do you often use the Internet for?
2. Is the Internet important to you?
3. Do you often buy things on the Internet?
Phần 2: gợi ý công việc part-time cho một người bạn: làm nhân viên bán hàng, làm gia sư,
làm bồi bàn
Your friend has a part time job.
- Shop assistant
- A tutor
- A waitress
Phần 3: Groupwork helps students learn better at schools
- learn from others
- develop communication skills
- be more active
- your own idea
Follow up questions
1. When should you work in groups? Nên làm việc nhóm vào lúc nào?
2. What are the disadvantages of working in groups? Bất lợi khi làm việc nhóm?
3. Do you like working in groups?
Test 29
Let’s talk about secondary school
1. Could you tell me something about your secondary school?
2. What subject did you find the most difficult? Why?
3. What teacher impressed you most?
Your favorite subject
1. What was your favorite subject at high school?
2. Why did you like that subject?
3. How did you study that subject?
2. Các cách để làm tốt bài kiểm tra sắp tới (learn with classmates/ hire a tutor/ study extra
classes
Your parents want your brother to have the best preparation for his entrance
exam to high school. There are 3 options to choose:
- hiring a tutor (thuê gia sư)
- taking an extra class (học thêm)
- learning with his classmates (học cùng bạn cùng lớp)
3. Pressure of students at school (heavy workload; parent’s expectations; peer competition)
There’s too much pressure on school students these days (học sinh chịu nhiều áp lực)
- Parents’ expectations (mong đợi của bố mẹ)
- Peer competition (cạnh tranh với bạn bè)
- Heavy workload (bài tập nhiều)
- your own ideas: teachers’ requirements
Follow up questions:
1. Have you ever been under pressure in your life?
2. What should be done to deal with pressure of school students? (less homework; fewer
extra classes, ….)
3. How is students’ pressure different compared to the past?
Test 30
Part 1:
Uniforms:
1. Have u ever worn uniforms?
2. Do u like wearing uniforms?
3. What are the benefits of wearing uniforms at school?
Home punishment:
1. Have u ever been punished by your parents?
2. What are some common types of home punishments?
3. Should children be punished when they make mistakes?
Part 2: Your brother is in love with a girl at high school, which make u worried. U are
considering 3 options: asking him to stop, letting him continue but under your control,
informing your parents.
Part 3:
There are some Causes of overpopulation:
- Decline in death rate
- Lack of family planning
- Better health care system
Further discussion:
1. What are negative effects of overpopulation?
2. What can be done to solve overpopulation?
3. Do the developing countries suffer from overpopulation more than developed ones?
Test 31
Part 1:
Magazines
1. Did you read magazines?
2. What magazines do you like?
3. Why do you like it?
Handicraft = handmade thing (Đồ thủ công)
1. Have you ever made any handicraft?
2. What kind of handicraft do people in your country often make?
3. Is making handicraft important to children?
Part 2: Dự lễ tốt nghiệp thì sẽ đi với ai (con gái/bạn bè/đi 1 mình)
Atttend the graduation ceremony, who would you go with (your close friend; your lover or
alone?)
Part 3:
Facebook is a useful tool to learn
-
Ways of entertainment
Way to learn
Rich source of information
Your own idea
Follow up questions
1. How often do you use facebook?
2. What are some disadvantages of facebook?
3. Do you think Facebook will become popular in the future?
Test 32
Nói 1:
Let’s talk about pets (thú cưng)
1. Do you keep a pet? Yes, I keep a dog
2. What are the advantages of keeping a pet?
3. What are the disadvantages of keeping a pet?
Transportation
1. How do you get to work/school?
2. What is your favorite means of transport? Phương tiện giao thông
3. Do you often use public transport? Phương tiện giao thông công cộng
Phần 2 là "cô giáo bạn sắp nghỉ hưu, bạn sẽ mua gì để làm quà cho cô ấy: túi xách, giày và
kính
Buy present for a teacher who is going to retire: a handbag; a pair of shoes, a pair of glasses?
Phần 3: lợi ích của thường xuyên đi bảo tang
Museums are good for students (sinh viên khi thăm viện bảo tàng có thuận lợi gì)
- Widen knowledge (learn about history, culture which is useful for their study)
- Reduce stress (feel happy, relaxed after class hours)
- Meet people with the same interests (make friends)
- Your own ideas
Follow up questions
1. Why don’t many children nowadays like museum?.
2. What types of museums are popular in your country?
3. What are reasons that have made people to visit museum change in the last 10 years?
Test 33
Part 1:
Accommodation
1. Would you like to live in a flat or a house?
2. What are advantages and disadvantages of living in a flat/ house?
3. Can you describe your dream house?
- Holiday destination
1. What’s your favourite holiday destination?
2. Do you prefer to go on holiday overseas or in the country?
3. What are advantages and disadvantages of holiday overseas?
Nói 2: một người bạn của bạn sắp cho bọn trẻ đi dã ngoại. Bạn sẽ đưa ra lời khuyên chọn
một trong 3 là money, hay notebook hay camera.
Your friend is taking her children to go on holiday. What advice do you give her to choose?
Money; notebook; camera?
Part 3:
Topic: Students are encouraged to go to art galleries.
relax
learn
Art
galleries
your
own
idea.
communicate
with others
1. How important are art galleries in education?
2. What should be done to encourage people to visit art galleries ?
3. Are art galleries popular in the future?
Test 34
1. Tương tác xã hội
Talk about cinema
1. How often do you go to the cinema?
2.Would you prefer to watch films at home or at the cinema?
3. How important is it of going to the cinema/ What are benefits of going to the cinema?
Talk about staying healthy
1. What do you do to live healthily?
2. Do you think eating healthily or doing the exercise is important? Why?
3. Can you suggest some ways to stay healthy?
2. Lựa chọn. Bạn của bạn bị stress, bạn sẽ khuyên cô ấy nên làm gì: Đi tập Gym; Đi làm từ
thiện; Học thêm 1 kỹ năng mới
Your friend feel stressed; what advice do you give her? Go to the gym; do charity; learn a
new skill
3. Lợi ích của sống 1 mình (There are some Benefits of living alone)
- Độc lập (Independence)
- Tự do (Freedom)
- Yên bình (Peace)
- Your own ideas
Follow up questions
1. What are some disadvantages of living alone?
2. Are there many Vietnamese people living alone?
3. Do you think living alone is becoming more popular n the future?
Test 35
Part 1.
Talk about party
1. Do you like party?
2. Do you go to the party alone or with other people?
3. What do you often do at the party?
Talk about Tet holiday
1. What do you often do on Tet holiday?
2. What do you do with lucky money?
3. What do you like most about Tet holiday?
2. Nói 2 về tình huống: Trường bạn muốn tổ chức quyên góp từ thiện cho học sinh nghèo: tổ
chức concert; second-hand market; marathon
You want to raise money for charity (quyên góp tiền từ thiện). There are 3 options
suggested: concert/ 2nd hand market / marathon
3. Studying abroad
Studying abroad
Studying abroad has many benefits
-
Have better education (giáo dục tốt hơn)
Become more independent (tự lập)
Find a better job (có công việc tốt hơn)
Your own ideas
Follow up questions:
1. What are the disadvantages of studying abroad?
2. What should be done to deal with the disadvantages of studying abroad?
3. Do you think you will have many difficulties adapting to new culture?
Test 36
1. Going out
Talk about going out
1. How often do you go out?
2. Do you go out alone or with someone else? With friends or family?
3. What do you like doing when you go out?
Talk about sport activities
1. What sports do you play to keep fit?
2. Do you like watching or playing sports/ Why?
3. Which sport is the most popular in your country?
2. Your nephew is turning 6 years old next week and you are going to buy
him a gift. There are 3 options: robot/ English comic books/ school bag/.
What’s your best choice?
3. Lợi ích của museums và art galleries
There are some benefits of visiting the Museums
- Widen knowledge (learn about history, culture which is useful for their study)
- Reduce stress (feel happy, relaxed after class hours)
- Meet people with the same interests (make friends)
Follow up questions
1. Why don’t many children nowadays like museum?.
2. What types of museums are popular in your country?
3. What are reasons that have made people to visit museum change in the last 10 years?
Test 37
Part 1.
Let’s talk about holidays
1 How do you spend your holiday?
2. Would you prefer to go with your friends or family? Why?
3. Where are you going next holiday?
Let’s talk about your accommodation.
1. Do you live in a house or a flat?
2. How long have you been living there?
3. Do you want to change anything in your house? Why? Why not?
2. Bạn muốn làm project về nông thôn, nên lựa chọn cách nào đề hoàn thành project: đến đó
trải nghiệm; đọc sách; tra Internet
You are doing your project about life in the countryside. To do the project well, three
suggestions are offered: going to the countryside, watching it on the Internet and reading
books. What are the best choice?
3. Học online Online learning is beneficial to students
Topic: Online learning is beneficial for students
- Convenient
- Flexible
- Affordable
- Your own ideas
Follow-up questions
1. What are disadvantages of online learning?
2. Do you think leaning online will be more popular in the future?
3. How has online learning changed over the last 20 years?
Test 38
Part 1 (3’)
Noises
1. What are the common noises in your living areas
2. How do you feel about these noises?
3. How would you deal with the noises in your neighborhood?
Weekends
1. What do you usually during weekends?
2. What are the most popular activities for people to do at the weekends?
3. Is relaxation at the weekends important?
Part 2 (3’)
Situation: Your manager is going to retire next month, your department is going to hold a
farewell party and you are thinking of buying him a present. There are three options: a bottle
of champagne, a bouquet of flower and a cup
Part 3 (5’)
Topic: There are some negative effects of setting freedom for employees
-
increase arrogance
cause more conflicts
break company rules
your own ideas
Follow-up questions
1. How can company empower their employees?
2. How can employees be motivated to have the best performance?
3. What are some advantages of setting more freedom for employees?
Test 39
Part 1
Talk about sport activities
4. What sports do you play to keep fit?
5. Do you like watching or playing sports/ Why?
6. Which sport is the most popular in your country?
Talk about where you live
1. Tell me about where you live?
2. What do you like most about where you live?
3. Do you live there for a long? Why
Speak 2: bạn muốn ai tham dự cái lễ tốt nghiệp: bạn thân, ng yêu hay 1minh.
Who will you go with to your graduation ceremony? Your close friend; your lover; alone?
Speak3: Google là internet tim kiếm thông tin nhanh: informative, fast, user-friendly
Google is a very fast search engine
-
Informative
Fast
User-friendly
Your own idea
Follow up questions
1. What are some disadvantages of Google?
2. How often do you use Google?
3. Is Google popular in Vietnam?
Test 40
Part 1.
Topic: Illness
1. Have you ever been ill?
2. When you are ill, do you go to see the doctor? Why?
3. What do you do to get better when you are ill?
Nói 1: bạn nói được mấy thứ tiếng, bạn nghĩ bạn có phải là 1 người học tốt tiếng anh không,
bạn nghĩ là cái gì quan trọng trong việc học tiếng anh
Topic: Language
1. How many languages can you speak?
2. Do you think that you are a good learner of English? Do you think you can learn English
well?
3. What do you think is the important factor when learning English?
Part 2
2. chủ đề 15' nghỉ ở lớp: nói chuyện với bạn, đọc sách hay tập thể dục.
Nếu bạn có 15 phút giải lao giữa giờ (15-minute break time) bạn sẽ làm gì? Talking to
friends; reading books; doing exercise
3. Helping other people is the key to happiness
Helping other people is the key to happiness (giúp đỡ người khác là chìa khóa hạnh phúc/vui
vẻ)
-
Inner peace (sự bình an nội tại)
Stronger relationships (có thêm mối quan hệ)
Stress reduction (giảm căng thẳng)
Your own ideas
Follow up questions:
1. What makes people unhappy?
2. What is more important? Material or awareness? (vật chất hay ý thức quan trọng hơn?)
3. Do you agree that childhood is the happiest time?
Test 41
1. Nói p1 là về nơi sống, hàng xóm
Talk about where you live
1. Do you live in a big city or in the country? Can you describe it?
2. What part of the city/ country is the best for visitors? Why?
3. Will you live there for the whole life? why?
Neighbors
1. Do you know the people who live next door to you?
2. Do you get on well with your neighbors?
3. In what ways are neighbors helpful?
Part 2. Post fb. Gọi điện. Card chúc sinh nhật
You are thinking about the way to congratulate on (chúc mừng) your close friend’s birthday.
There are three ways: posting on facebook/ phone call/ send a card. What is your best
choice?
Part 3. Tác dụng của fb trong việc học (Benefits of Facebook on learning)
Facebook is a useful tool to learn
-
Ways of entertainment
Way to learn
Rich source of information
Your own ideas
Follow up questions
1. How often do you use facebook?
2. What are some disadvantages of facebook?
3. Do you think Facebook will become popular in the future?
Test 42
Part 1. Chủ đề: Swimming và emails
Swimming
1. Do you like swimming?
2. How often do you go swimming?
3. What are some benefits of going swimming?
Emails
1. Do you use emails?
2. What are the benefits of using emails?
3. Is using emails popular in Vietnam?
Part 2. punishment học sinh coi bài: Điểm 0, trừ 50% điểm và đuổi khỏi trường
(punishment for student who copy from others in the exam: 0 mark; reduce 50% of the
marks; out from school)
Part 3. Groupwork
Group work helps students learn better at schools
-
Learn from others
Develop common skills
Be more active
Your own idea:
Follow up questions
1. When should you work in groups? Nên làm việc nhóm vào lúc nào?
2. What are the disadvantages of working in groups? Bất lợi khi làm việc nhóm?
3. Do you think groupwork is useful?
Test 43
+ P1: The Internet, Mobile phone
Let’s Talk about mobile phones
1. How often do you use mobile phone?
2. What do you use mobile phone for?
3. What are disadvantages of mobile phones?
Talk about using Internet for study
1. How often do you use Internet?
2. What do you look for on the Internet?
3. What are benefits of using Internet?
Part 2: Update economic news: The internet, TV or radio
You are studying economics (ngành kinh tế học) and need daily update on economic news:
Internet/ TV/ radio. What is the best choice?
Part 3: Games are useful in the classroom: Fun, Creativity,...
Games are useful in the classroom (trò chơi rất hữu ích trong lớp học)
Classroom games:
- Fun
- creativity
- interaction
- your own ideas
Follow up questions
1.What are disadvantages of using games in classroom?
2. When should games be used in the lesson?
3. Playing games teaches people about life. Do you agree or disagree?
Test 44
Let’s talk about holidays
1 How do you spend your holiday?
2. Would you prefer to go with your friends or family? Why?
3. Where are you going next holiday?
Let’s talk about Internet
1. Can you access the Internet from where you work?
2. How does the Internet help you work or study?
3. What are the risks for the Internet users?
Part 2: You have fast won 1 billion VND in a lottery. You are considering how to spend your
money: Buying gold/ buying a house/ saving it in a bank?
Part 3: Traditional music should be kept
cultural
values
historical
values
Traditional
music
your own
idea.
educational
values
Follow up questions
1. What kind of traditional music is popular in your country?
2. What are some ways to encourage people to listen to traditional music? (
3. What are the benefits of traditional music to children?
Test 45
Part 1
Accommodation
4. Would you like to live in a flat or a house?
5. What are advantages and disadvantages of living in a flat/ house?
6. Can you describe your dream house?
- Holiday destination
4. What’s your favourite holiday destination?
5. Do you prefer to go on holiday overseas or in the country?
6. What are advantages and disadvantages of holiday overseas?
2. Khóa học lịch sử: đến bảo tàng; xem tài liệu; đọc sách lịch sử
A foreign student wants to understand about Vietnamese history. There are 3
options: a museum, video, reading books. What is the best choice?
3. Study at university is beneficial in a number of ways (lợi ích của giáo dục đại học)
+ Academic knowledge
+ Job opportunities
+ Social skills
+ Your own opinion
1. What do you think about the entrance exam to university in Viet nam?
2. Do you agree or disagree with the opinion: University is the only route to the
success?
3. What do you think is the best university in Vietnam?
Test 46
Part 1:
Let’s talk about your favorite day of the week.
1. What’s your favourite day of the week?
2. What do you often do on that day? Why?
3. How important is it to have a favourite day of the week?
Let’s talk about sports
1. What’s your favourite sport?
2. Why is it your favourite sport?
3. How important are sports in our lives? Why?
Part 2: Your cousin is a freshman at a university in Ha noi. His parents are thinking about
whether he should live: in the university dormitory/ rent a flat with his friends/ stay with a
relative.
Part 3: Camping is good for students
fresh air
discovery
Camping
your own
idea.
net working
Follow up questions
1. Where do students often go camping?
2. What are the disadvantages of going camping?
3. Is camping a popular activity in your country?
1.
Having lunch at a school cafeteria: save time - cheap convenient
First of all, about saving time, that is because when we have luch
at a school cafeteria, we don’t need to go to eat out or oder food
online. we only can go to cafeteria and buy food. It take a about
five minute. It helps us save time to do many things. It is very
useful
Secondy, about cheap,that is because school cafeteria often sell
for students. So, price of food there is very cheap. It’s about
thousand VND for a meal instead of 30 thousand VND if we eat
out. We can sale much money
Finally, about covenient,that is because we can have luch with my
friends. We can do many things while we eat. For example, talk
together, study in group,do home work.
In my opinion, it can also have one more benefit is that we have
luch in school cafeteria will be safer. Because it will be controlled
by school, so it must use fresh and clean food. It’s good for us
heath.
To sum up, Having lunch at a school cafeteria can bring more
many advantages to people’s lives such as .....It is very necessary.
Now, I will answer 3 questions below
The first question, there are many thing that I like about my school
cafeteria. For example the price is reasonable, it’s about 20
thousand VND, furthermore, there are many delicious food.
Therefore, I with my friend often eat in there.
The second question, There are some wrong with it that I don’t
like. For example, there are too many people but not enough
seats, quality service is not good, tables and chairs are dirty, I can
wait for a long time to buy food.
The finaly question, I think, to improved, it should have more staff,
tables, chairs, air conditioning and food. It helps improve quality
service.
2.
Doing physical exercise: stay healthy - keep fit - become
active
First of all, about staying healthy, that is because it helps the heart
works better, and avoid serious diseases such as high blood
pressure, stroke, heart disease, obesity, cancer, and other
diseases
Secondy, about keeping fit,that is because there are many
physical exercise that we can do. For example, cycle, walk, jump,
swimming, run and so on. It’s a great way to consume excess
energy and lose weight. We can have a beautiful body if we often
do physical exercise.
Finally, about become active,that is because we can do exercise in
many places such as the part, the stadium, the school yard or at
home. Therefore, we can meet many people and make a lot of
new friends
In my opinion,.....(chia ra làm 2 trường hợp)
In my opinion, Doing physical exercisecan bring more many
benefitsto people’s lives such as keep fit, stay healthy, become
active. It is very good. It is very necessary
Now, I will answer 3 questions below
The first question, no, young people in my country don’t like to do
exercise. Although they know do physical exerice bring many
benefits. However, they are very busy with their study or their
work. When they have free time, they often stay at home to play
games, wath films, surf internet, chat with friend insted of going out
to do exercise.
The second question, there are many kind of exercise are popular
in my country. For example, run, jump rupe, cycle, walk, and so
on.
The finaly question, to encourage their children to do exercise,
parents should tell them benefits of do exercise, teach their
children how to do exercise and do with them.
3.
Reading printed books: absorb more information - help
people become better readers - get less distracted
First of all, about absorbing more information, that is because
there are many kinds of book such as economic book, history
book, medical book, cooking book, science book, and so on. It
contain a lot of necessary information. It helps us winden
knowledge. It is very useul
Secondy, about helping people become better readers,that is
because when we read a lot of book, we can read book quickly, we
will learn find main content in a book instead of reading all paper in
a book. We will undersand esily and time to read book will shorter.
It helps us save time and become better readers
Finally, about get less distracted, that is because when we read
printed book, we need to read in quiet places such as bed room,
library, class. Therefore, we will focus on reading book insted of if
we read book online, we will be affected by messages, phone call,
advertisings or we will play games, watch films.
In my opinion, it can also have one more benefit is that reading
printed book will be less harmul to eye than read book online.
Because, we can suffer from short-sightedness it we see computer
screen for a long time. It is very good.
To sum up,Reading printed books can bring more many
advantages to people’s lives.It is very necessary
Now, I will answer 3 questions below
The first question, yes, e-books are popular in my country because
nowadays, the cell phone is more and more popular, people will
read e-book esily in their cell phone.
The second question, there are many benefits of e-book. For
example, we can read e-book anywhere and find it easily on the
internet. Besides, e-book often free. They don’t need to buy it. It
helps us save money and save time.
The finaly question, yes, I think e-book can replace printed books
at school. Because students don’t need to bring a lot of book to go
to school, they only bring a cell phone or laptop. Furthermore, ebook can store and keep for a long time. It is very convenient
4.
Traditional music: culture value - history value education
First of all, about culture value, that is because music is a symbol
culture of a country. It content about their culture, daily life, habits
and custom. Therefore, when we listen to traditional music, we can
learn more culture of other coutries.
Secondly, about history value, that is because many traditional
music will describe real situations in the part. We can know about
war, heroes, scoldies, historic victory, difficulties that people have
to overcome. It is very meaningful
Finally, about education value,that is because it has meaningful
content about family love, friendships, relationships, motherland
love, and so on. It educates people to have a better lifestyle.
In my opinion, it can also have one more benefit is that it makes
people feel happier and more comfortable when they hear it. It is
very good/bad.
To sum up, Traditional music can bring many more advantages to
people’s lives. It is very necessary
Now, I will answer 3 questions below
The first question, traditional music in my country is very diverse,
each region will have different traditional music. For example,
Quan Họ folk songs, southern amateur music, Hue royal refined
music, and so on
The second question, no, young people in my country don’t like
traditional music because nowadays, there are many modern
music such as hip hop, rock, rap, k-pop, v-pop, and so on. They
are attracted by modern music than classic music.
The final question, to develop people’s interest in listening to
traditional music, we can do many things. For example, tell them
about benefits of traditional music, invite famous singer cover it,
hold traditional music concert.
5.
Gender equality: share house chores - take care of
children - share work
About sharing house chores, that is because they play diffirent
roles in house chores. For example, wife will clean and cook,
husband will wash dishes and clothes. It helps them complete
house chores faster and better.
About take care of children, that is because children need the love
of both mother and father. For example, mother can teach children
to learn and take care of them when they was sick. Father can
take children to school and take children to go out to play.
About sharing work, in the part, men are usually a breadwinner (tru
cot gia dinh),they will go out to make a lot of money while women
will do house work and take care of children. Nowadays, however,
both women and men will go to work. It helps family to have more
income and life condition better.
In my opinion, it can also have one more benefit is that It helps
keep the love of couple and family become happier. Family
member will have the opportunity to undersand each other. It is
very good.
To sum up, gender equality can bring more many advantages to
people’s lives. It is very necessary
Now, I will answer 3 questions below
The first question, each family will diffrent role between men and
women. However, popular role in Vietnam is that men is
breakwinner, they will go out and make money. Women will stay at
home at take care of children as well as do house work.
The second question, my grandparents also play important role in
family. For example, they will share life experience, support
parents take care of children.
The finaly question, nowadays, single family is more and more
popular. That is because, they have freedom and private space.
They will do everything that they like. They can spend time for
career and themselves. They don’t need to take care of anyone.
6.
Breakfast: Provide energy - Healthy breakfast options diseases when skipping breakfast
About providing energy, that is because it helps people have a lot
of energy for all day, they can feel comfortable and work better. If
they skip breakfast, they feel very hungry and tired, it can affect
their work and can not complete on time.
About healthy breakfast oftions, it means that we should eat full
energy food and shouldn’t eat food containt too much fat, oil in the
morning. For example, we should eat bread with eggs, drink milk,
vegetable, fruit, rice, and so on. It helps us stay healthy
About diseases when skipping breakfast, there are many serious
diseases when skipping breakfast. For example, low blood sugar,
stomachache, lack of canxium. We feel very tired and
uncomfortbale. It’s not good for heath.
In my opinion, it can also have one more benefit is that it helps us
keep fit. Because, when we have breakfast with enough energy,
we are not hungry and don’t eat too much in the afternoon,
everning and night. We will have beautiful body. It is very good.
To sum up, breakfast can bring more many advantages to
people’s lives. It is very necessary
Now, I will answer 3 questions below
The first question, no I don’t often eat breakfast. Because I am
very busy for my study. I always stay up late to do my home work
and get up late in the morning. I have to go to school every day
and I don’t have time to eat breakfast. It is not good for my health
but I can’t change this bad habit.
The second question, there are many drawbacks when skiping
breakfast. For example, we will feel hungry and tired. We don’t
have enough energy to study and work. It can cause many
diseases such as low blood sugar, lack of canxium, stomachache,
obesity, and so on. It can affect our study and work
The finaly question, yes, I want to change my breakfast routine in
the future. I will try to get up early to eat breakfast before go to
school. If I am very busy, I will drink milk instead of skipping
breakfast.
7.
University is a memorable thing in life: learn to
independent - enhance/expand knowledge - social relationships
About learing to independent, that is because, we will live far from
home to live a boarding house or dormitory. We can learn take
care of ourselves. We have to learn cook, clean up, manage time,
save money. It’s very good.
About enhance knowledge, that is because, we have 4 year to
learn, we can learn deep major and widen knowledges. We can
learn many thing from teachers or friends. For examle, life
experience, study experience, communication skills, and so on. It
is very useful
About social relationship, that is because, we will meet many
people in university. That is friends, teachers, and anyone. We can
make a lot of good friends and have new social relationships.
In my opinion, university can bring more many benefits to
people’s lives such as learn to in dependent, widen knowledge,
have social relationships, and so on. It is very necessary
Now, I will answer 3 questions below
The first question, yes, I find memorable things in University. For
example, I can how to cook many simple dishes when I go to the
university. I have some close friends and learn many skills as well
as knowledge.
The second question, When I was in university, I remember most
is my close friends, we often go out, study in group, play games,
traveling. It is very happy and wonderful.
The finaly question, in the present, the university more change
from the past. For example, it becomes more modern. It have
many students and good teachers. It have a lot of e quipment,
machinery and facilities. It helps learning and teaching
environment become better
8.
Quality of good teacher: motivating lesson - personal
skills - experiences knowledge
About motivating lesson, that is because good teacher will have
interesting and new ways of teaching. Students will feel excited
and not boring. They focus on lesson. They will have better study
result
About personal skills, that is because good teachers will have
some personal skills. For example attract students, deal with
difficulities, teaching experience, manage time. They will helps
students understand lesson easier.
About experiences knowledge, besides improve teaching skills,
good teachers also widen knowledge. For example, they need to
have higher drgrees, studying abroad, learn deep their major. It
helps students can teach better.
In my opinion, good teacher also have good personality such as
easy -going, friendly, socialble, gentle, helpful, funny, and so on. It
is very good.
To sum up, Quality of good teacher need to have many things
such as motivating lesson, personal skills, experiences
knowledge, and good personality. It is very necessary
Now, I will answer 3 questions below
The first question, I prefer studying directly with teacher than
studing online, because I can face-to-face interaction with my
teachers and ask question when I don’t understand lesson.
The second question, yes, teachers in my high school have a big
influence on me, because they give me the opportunity to learn
deep my major. They support me in my sutudy.
The finaly question, There are many kind of personality teachers
need to have such as friendly, easy-going, sociable, patient,
gentle, helpful, and so on.
9.
Benefits of traveling by boat: protect the environment sightseeing - close to nature
About protecting the environtment, that is because, boat is very big
and it cary many people. It helps to reduce provate traffics as well
as toxic emissons, smoke and dust. It’s a great way to prevent air
pollution and protect the environtment
About sightseeing, that is because when people traveling by boat,
they can enjoiy beautiful view in the sea such as birds, sunset,
sunrise, fish, fresh of water and sky. It’s very wonderful
About close to nature, that is because when people traveling by
boat, they can see the most are beautiful nature such as sea, sky,
warter instead of vehicles, hourse, companies, people. They can
breathe fresh the air that can not have in the city. It helps them
close to nature
In my opinion, it can also have one more benefit is that they can
meet to many people in the boat, talk together and make a lot of
new friends. It helps them have new relationships. It is very good
To sum up, traveling to boat can bring more many advantages to
people’s lives . It is very necessary
Now, I will answer 3 questions below
The first question, yes I ever travelled by boad last year with my
family when I went to Phu Quoc Island. It’s very intersting.
The second question, If I had my boat, I will traveing anywhere that
I like with my friends and my family. Besides, I can lease a boat, it
helps me make a lot of money.
The finaly question, in mekong delta, people often use or travel by
boat. It is very convenient.
10. Benefit of using facebook for student
About entertaiment, that is because students can read book, read
comic, watch film, read story, listen to music on the facebook. It
helps student relax and reduce stress after school.
About resource information, that is because there are many
information in grop, page on the facebook. Students can find
information that I need. It’s very usefull
About way to learn, that is because student can take part in some
study group on the facebook. They can make a lot of new friend
and learn many things from them. They can chat, call with my
friend to ask question when we don’t understand lesson.
In my opinion, it can also have one more benefit is that It helps
students can improve socail interaction. They can contact with
many people and make a lot of new friends. It is very good
To sum up, Facebook can bring more many
advantages/disadvantages to people’s lives. It is very necessary
Now, I will answer 3 questions below (Đề k có câu hỏi - dự đoán)
The first question( có phổ biến), yes, nowadays, along with
development of technology, facebook is more and more popular. It
helps people contant and interact easily.
The second question ( bạn có sử dụng? When?) yes, I use
facebook when I have free time and after school. It support my
study and helps me relax and reduce streess
The finaly question ( lợi ích / tác hại) lợi ích =>như trên
Tác hại: there are many drawback that use overtime facebook can
bring to people. For example reduce face-to-face social interaction.
It affect my study and I can receive bad results. It can cause many
diseases such as short-sightedness, stomachache if I often skip
meal, obesity, and so on.
11. Benefits of reading fiction: provide many details improve immagination - improve memmory
About providing many detaill. For exmple, when we read science
fiction, it has many interesting content such as alients, UFO,
universe, planets, and so on. It is vey attractive
About improving immagination, that is because when we read
fiction, contents are very creactive, we will more think and imagine
to undertand. For example, we will imagine about shape, face of
alents or UFO. It’s very interesting
About improve memmory, that is because content of fiction is
difficult to understand if we don’t focus on it. Therefore, it helps
brain work better, learn many new things and improve memmory.
In my opinion, it can also have one more benefit is that it helps
people relax and reduce stress after school or study when we read
it. It is very good.
To sum up, reading fictions can bring many advantages to
people’s lives.It’s very necessary
Now, I will answer 3 questions below (không có câu hỏi - dự đoán)
The first question (có đọc không, khi nào)
The second question (mọi người có đọc? Phổ biến?)
The finaly question (tác hại)
12. Benefit of going camping: the fresh air - discovery outdoor activities
About the fresh air, that is because, we can go camping in many
places such as the park, the forest, mountains, beach, school yard,
and so on. We can see a lot of trees, flowers, rivers, birds instead
of house, vehicle, people in the city. We can breathe the fresh air.
It’s very interesting.
About discovery, when we go camping, we will discover many
things. For example, the growth of plants, many trees and animals
that we have never seen, beautiful views of mountains and forest,
rare birds. Especially, we can have the opportunity to know about
culture, customs and habits, enjoy traditional food of people live
there. It’s very wonderful
About out door activities, there are many activities that we can do
when we go camping. For example, grow trees, fishing, pick fruit,
sing, campfire, take together, tell story, and so on. It’s help us relax
and reduce stress.
In my opinion, it can also have one more benefit is that it helps us
widen relationships, that is because we can go camping with many
people, we can make a lot of new friend and learn many things
from them.It is very good
To sum up, going camping can bring more many advantages to
people’s lives.It’s very necessary
Now, I will answer 3 questions below
The first question, yes, in my country, school or campanies often
organize camping for student and workers on holidays. It’s very
useful
The second question, there are many benefits of camping. For
example, relax and reduce stress after school and study, widen
relationships, learna lot of new things.
The finaly question, there are many things that I prepare when go
camping such as money, personal things, books, my cell phonne,
camera, food, warter, beauty products, clothes, and so on.
13. Benefit of yoga with children and old people: keepfitimprove confidence - keep healthy
About keep fit, that is because, yoga helps people consume
excess energy. We can do yoga in the yoga studio, the park,
studium, and at home. We can lose weigh and have beautiful body
About improving confident, that is because old people often feed
tired and boring. They are not connfident about their body. They
think it isn’t as good as when they were young. Doing yoga helps
them keep fit and have a beatiful body. It’s suitable for olf people
About keep healthy, that is because it helps the heart work better
and prevent many serious diseases such as high blood pressure,
obesity, stroke, heart disease, cancer, and so on. Besides, it helps
children avoid passive activities such as playing game, surfing
internet, watching film, and so on.
In my opinion, doing yoga can also have one more benefit is that
when we do yoga, we feel more comfortable and happier. It helps
me relax and reduce stress after study and work. It is very good.
To sum up, đề can bring more many advantages to people’s lives.
It is very necessary
Now, I will answer 3 questions below
The first question (bạn có tập? Khi nào?) yes, with my mother,
when I have free time and at night. It helps me easy to sleep and
feel more comfortable
The second question (phổ biến?) yes, people more care their
health, they can find ways to have better health. Doing yoga will
helps them
The finaly question (lợi ích/ tác hại) lợi-> như trên
Hại: If we practice wrong way, it will be very dangerous. It can lead
to injuries and affect people’s health
14. Benefit of visiting a foreign country: increase knowledge
- have memories - make friends
About increasing knowleadge, that is because, when we visit a
foreign country, we can know and learn many things. For example,
culture, customs and habits, languages, traditional food and
clothes, history, and so on. It’s very useful
About have memmories, that is because, we can come to famous
places and take a lot of beautiful photos to keep as a memories.
We can take part in many activities in a foregin country. It’s very
hapy
About making friends, that is because, we can meet many people,
talk together, make a lot of new friends and learn many things from
them
In my opinion, it can also have one benefit is that we feel more
comfortable. It can also helps us relax and reduce stress after
school or study. We can become active and independent. It is very
good
To sum up, visiting a foreign country can bring more many
advantages to people’s lives. It is very necessary
Now, I will answer 3 questions below
The first question, yes, people in my country often travel abroad on
their vacation. They often travel to many coutries such as Thai
Lan, korea, jaban, indom malay, and so on.
The second question, There are many drawbacks of travelling
abroad. For example, it take a lot of money and time, we have to
learn language and we can be cultural shock when we come to a
foreign country.
The finaly question, There are many things that I often prepare
when I travel to a foreign abroad such a money, clothes, passport,
my cell phone, map, beauty product, camera, and so on.
15. Intersting ways to study English: English club - English
games - English songs
About English club, we can join English club, meet many people
and make a lot of new friends. Besides, we can take part in
activities in there. For example, talk together, ask and answer
English question, sing English song, and so on
About English game, It helps us relax and reduce stress. We can
learn more vacabularies and grammar. We can play English
games on our cellphone or laptop in anywhere. It’s very effective
and convenient
About English songs, It helps us improve listening English skill and
Speaking english skills. Melody and lyrics in songs helps us easily
to remember and understand. It’s very useful
In my opinion, besides ways above, we can study English in
English films. When you listen the actor talk, we can improve
listening English skills. It is very good.
To sum up, study English can bring more many advantages. It is
very necessary
Now, I will answer 3 questions below
The first question, I think children should learn English when they
was 3 to 4 year old. Because, it is the age suitable for learn
english, they can learn vocabulary better.