𝐵
Fermat’s Principle: Light takes the shortest path: min∫ 𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝐴
Apparent depth d’, actual depth d:
𝑛
'
𝑑
= 𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑑
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Numerical Aperture:NA = sin(θ𝑚𝑎𝑥)
nell’s Law:n1 sin(θi) = n2sin(θr)
S
Paraxial Approximation:Rays are close to the center axis
Ray Optics Requirement:λ << Object
−𝑛 𝑑
−𝑦
2 𝑜
𝑜
Single Sphere Interface Magnification (PA):MT = 𝑛 𝑑1 𝑖 = 𝑦 𝑖 di lens to end, do lens to image. yi image height, yo object height
𝑛
𝑛
𝑜
𝑖
𝑛 −𝑛
Spherical Surface (PA): 𝑑1 + 𝑑2 = 2𝑅 1
Thin lens stuff:
𝑀𝑇 =
−𝑑𝑖
𝑑𝑜
= 𝑀𝑇 1𝑀
𝑇2
Prisms:
ABCD Matrix Stuff:
GRIN Lens:
0
