UNDERSTANDING
HISTORY
2024 EDITION
FORM 1&2 Study PaCK
C Rusakaniko & N Maphosa
UNDERSTANDING HISTORY FORM 1&2 STUDY PACK
ZIMBABWE JUNIOUR CERTIFICATE
C.RUSAKANIKO
N. MAPHOSA
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About the book
This book is a compilation of questions and answers from the Form 1&2
approved syllabus. It also consists of brief notes.
NB: This book is for content revision and not for examination
preparation.
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Contents
About the book.................................................................................................3
QUESTION ONE ..........................................................................................18
a)
What is History? (3) ........................................................................... 18
b) Why do we study history? (5) ............................................................ 18
c)
Identify stages of the historical development (5) ............................... 18
d) What is the importance of the environment in the study of history? (4)
18
e)
Identify three types of history (3) ...................................................... 18
QUESTION TWO .........................................................................................21
a)
Identify three major sources of history (3). ....................................... 21
b) Detail the sources stated above as they are used in history? (6) ........ 21
c)
Identify the advantages and disadvantages of the sources of historical
collection (11) ........................................................................................... 21
QUESTION THREE ......................................................................................26
a)
Identify three types of history (3). ..................................................... 26
b) What is the significance of studying various types of history (4)? .... 26
c)
What are the challenges faced by historians in collecting history in
today’s societies (5). .................................................................................. 26
d) What can be done to address the challenges faced by the historians in
collecting history in our societies today (3). ............................................. 26
QUESTION FOUR ........................................................................................29
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a)
Who was the first scientist to write about the theory of evolution? (1)
29
b) What do you understand by the term, the cradle of human kind? (2) 29
c)
Identify any five sites cited by UNESCO as cradles of Human kind (5)
29
d) There are a number of archaeological sites in East Africa that are the
remnants of early human beings. Identify any of two of them (2) ............ 29
e)
Why Africa has been described as the cradle of mankind (5) ........... 29
QUESTION FIVE ..........................................................................................35
a)
What do you understand by the term civilization (2)? ....................... 35
b) Write brief notes on the Ancient Egyptian civilization. (8) ............... 35
c)
What was the use of the Shaduf in the Egyptian agricultural system (2)?
35
d) What was the importance of the Egyptian Civilization to the World of
community (4)? ......................................................................................... 35
e)
List any four animals that were kept by Egyptian farming community
(4). 35
QUESTION SIX ............................................................................................39
a)
Define the following terms ................................................................ 39
Stone Age period (1) .......................................................................... 39
Iron Age period (1) ............................................................................ 39
b) The Stone Age period is divided into three periods. Identify these
periods (3) ................................................................................................. 39
c)
Identify any five tools used by the people of the late Stone Age (5) . 39
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d) Give the other name for the san people (2) ........................................ 39
e)
State three economic activities of the san people (3) ......................... 39
f)
Identify any three food stuffs gathered by the san women (3) .......... 39
g)
What shows that, the San were intelligent people based on their way of
life? (2) ...................................................................................................... 39
QUESTION SEVEN ......................................................................................42
a)
List three tools used by the later Stone Age period people (3). ......... 42
b) What were the uses of these tools used by the later Stone Age period
(3)? 42
c)
Describe the impact of iron technology (5). ...................................... 42
d) What were the challenges faced by the later Iron Age period (5). .... 42
QUESTION EIGHT.......................................................................................46
a)
What do you understand by the term Iron Age period? (2) ............... 46
b) Write brief notes on the changes brought by the use of the Iron Age
technology, under the following sub-headings: ........................................ 46
Political changes (4). .......................................................................... 46
Economic changes (4). ....................................................................... 46
Social changes
c)
(4). ......................................................................... 46
What was the importance of religion? (5).......................................... 46
d) What was the importance of the army? (4) ........................................ 46
e)
What was the importance of farming? (4) ......................................... 46
QUESTION NINE .......................................................................................50
a)
List any six animals kept by early Iron Age people (6). .................... 50
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b) Describe the social changes during the early Iron Age. (10) ............. 50
c)
What were the benefits of the changes to the communities of Southern
Africa? (4). ................................................................................................ 50
QUESTION TEN ...........................................................................................53
a)
List the features of the San people (4). .............................................. 53
b) Describe the life of the San people under the following sub-headings
53
San social life. (5) .............................................................................. 53
San economic life (5) ......................................................................... 53
San political life (5) ........................................................................... 53
Rock paintings (5) .............................................................................. 53
c)
In southern Africa where do you currently locate the san people in this
modern era (1)? ......................................................................................... 53
QUESTION ELEVEN ...................................................................................56
a)
What do you understand by the term Khoikhoi (2). .......................... 56
b) Describe the Khoikhoi way of life under the following sub-headings:
56
Social organisation (4) ....................................................................... 56
Political organisation (4) .................................................................... 56
Economic organisation (4) ................................................................. 56
QUESTION TWELVE ..................................................................................60
a)
Describe the origins of the Great Zimbabwe state (4) ....................... 60
b) Why Great Zimbabwe walls were built? (5). ..................................... 60
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c)
Identify the factors that led to the rise of Great Zimbabwe state (5). 60
d) Identify any five branches of the economy of the Great Zimbabwe State
(5) 60
e)
What were the uses of minerals among the people of the Great
Zimbabwe State (6) ................................................................................... 60
f)
List factors that led to the decline of Great Zimbabwe State (5). ...... 60
QUESTION THIRTEEN ...............................................................................66
a)
Describe the history of the Great Zimbabwe State under the following
sub headings: ............................................................................................. 66
Political organisation (5) .................................................................... 66
Economic organisation (5) ................................................................. 66
Social and religious practices (5) ....................................................... 66
QUESTION FOURTEEN ..............................................................................69
a)
Who was the founder of the Mutapa state. (1) ................................... 69
b) List down any six rulers of the Mutapa state (6). .............................. 69
c)
What were the reasons for the rise of the Mutapa state? (5) .............. 69
d) Outline the duties of the King in the Mutapa state? (5) ..................... 69
e)
What was the role of the army in the Mutapa state? (5). ................... 69
QUESTION FIFTEEN...................................................................................74
a)
Describe the Mutapa state under the following sub headings: .......... 74
Economic organization (5) ................................................................. 74
Political organisation (5) .................................................................... 74
Social organisation (5) ....................................................................... 74
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Religion of the Mutapa state (5) ........................................................ 74
Military organisation (5) .................................................................... 74
QUESTION SIXTEEN ..................................................................................78
(a)
Identify any six Portuguese nationals who visited the Mutapa state in
the 16th and 17th centuries (6) .................................................................... 78
(b)
Describe the Portuguese activities in the Mutapa state (12) .......... 78
(c)
List factors that contributed to the downfall of the Mutapa state 1623
– 1902(5) ................................................................................................... 78
QUESTION SEVENTEEN ...........................................................................83
a)
List the aims of the Portuguese in the Mutapa state (10) ................... 83
b) What were the trade items brought by the Portuguese into the Mutapa
state? (5) .................................................................................................... 83
c)
Identify crops grown in the Prazo system of the Portuguese (5). ...... 83
d) Did the Mutapa people benefited from the treaties signed with the
Portuguese and the Mutapa Kings? (5) ..................................................... 83
QUESTION EIGHTEEN ...............................................................................90
a)
Who was the founder of the Rozvi state? (1) ..................................... 90
b) Describe the history of the Rozvi state under the following sub
headings:.................................................................................................... 90
Religion of the Mutapa state (5) ........................................................ 90
Economic organisation (5) ................................................................. 90
Social and religious practices (5) ....................................................... 90
Religious practices (5) ....................................................................... 90
c)
List any six kings of the Rozvi state (6) ............................................ 90
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QUESTION NINENTEEN ............................................................................95
a)
What were the uses of cattle in the Rozvi state (6) ............................ 95
b) Outline the economic activities of the Rozvi state (6) ....................... 95
c)
What were the causes of the decline of the Rozvi state? (6) ............. 95
QUESTION TWENTY................................................................................97
a)
Outline the duties of the female and males in the Rozvi state (6). .... 97
b) Describe the Social organisation of the Rozvi state? (11) ................. 97
c)
What is the importance of the social organisation in the political system
of the Rozvi state? (4). .............................................................................. 97
QUESTION TWENTY ONE ......................................................................101
a)
Who was the founder of the Ndebele state. (1) ................................ 101
b) List the five settlements of the Ndebele state during the migration (1825
- 1829) to western Zimbabwe? (5) .......................................................... 101
c)
What were the problems faced by the Ndebele during their migration
to the western part of Zimbabwe. (8) ...................................................... 101
QUESTION TWENTY TWO......................................................................103
a)
State any five uses of grain in the Ndebele state (6) ........................ 103
b) Briefly describe the characteristics of social groups of the Ndebele state
(15) 103
c)
Identify any five duties of Ndebele kings (5) .................................. 103
d) What were the benefits and non-benefits of social system of the
Ndebele? (6) ............................................................................................ 103
QUESTION TWENTY THREE ..................................................................110
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a)
List five groups of people Mzilikazi and Ndebele fought on their way
to Zimbabwe (5) ...................................................................................... 110
b) Describe the Ndebele state under the following sub –headings (12)110
Political organisation (4) .................................................................. 110
Economic organisation (4) ............................................................... 110
Military organisation (4) .................................................................. 110
c)
What was the role of Amabutho among the Ndebele people? (5) ... 110
QUESTION TWENTY FOUR .................................................................115
a)
Why Mzilikazi led his state for such a long period of time (6) ....... 115
b) Describe Mzilikazi and Ndebele people’s journey from the Zululand to
Zimbabwe (11) ........................................................................................ 115
c)
Was the social structure of the Ndebele state beneficial to all people?
(8) 115
QUESTION TWENTY FIVE ......................................................................120
a)
Identify any five kings of the Zulu state (5) .................................... 120
b) Outline the factors that led to the rise of Tshaka of Zulu state (11) 120
c)
Identify the people who killed Tshaka in 1828 (3) .......................... 120
d) List the reasons for the assassination of Tshaka in 1828? (6).......... 120
QUESTION TWENTY SIX ........................................................................124
a)
Identify the respective leaders and the states that emerged from the
Mfecane /Difagane period (6) ................................................................. 124
b) Outline Tshaka’s military reforms (10) ........................................... 124
c)
What were the benefits of the military reforms introduced by Tshaka?
(4) 124
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QUESTION TWENTY SEVEN ..................................................................127
a)
Identify any five of Tshaka‘s generals (5) ....................................... 127
b) Outline methods used by Tshaka to strengthen his power (6). ........ 127
c)
What were the weapons used by Tshaka armed forces? (6) ............ 127
QUESTION TWENTY EIGHT ...................................................................131
a)
Define the term Mfecane (2) ............................................................ 131
b) Outline the causes of the Mfecane /Difagane (8)............................. 131
c)
What were the results of the Mfecane wars? (5).............................. 131
QUESTION TWENTY NINE .....................................................................135
a)
List six groups of people that were existing in Nguni land before the
emergence of the Mfecane revolution? (6) ............................................. 135
b) Describe the political organisation of the Zulu state (10) ................ 135
c)
What was the importance of the army within the Zulu state? (7) .... 135
QUESTION THIRTY ..................................................................................139
a)
What do you understand by term slavery? (2) ............................... 139
b) Outline the reasons behind the rise of the slave trade (4) ................ 139
c)
Outline the methods used to acquire slaves in East and West Africa (4)
139
QUESTION THIRTY ONE .........................................................................143
a)
List the four countries that were involved in the slave trade in Africa
(4) 143
b) What were the effects of slavery and slave trade to the African people?
(10) 143
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c)
Identify any five forms of slavery (5) .............................................. 143
QUESTION THIRTY TWO ........................................................................146
a)
Identify people who were reasonable for the ending of the slavery trade
(5) 146
b) Outline the reasons for the abolition of the slave trade (10) ............ 146
c)
What were the problems faced in trying to abolish the slave trade?(5)
146
QUESTION THIRTY THREE ....................................................................149
a)
Outline the reasons for Portuguese encroachment in the Zambezi valley
(6) 149
b) What were the effects of Portuguese activities in the Zambezi valley?
(15). ......................................................................................................... 149
QUESTION THIRTY FOUR ......................................................................152
a)
Identify mission stations established by the following missionary
organisations (9) ...................................................................................... 152
London Missionary Society ............................................................. 152
Roman Catholic Church ................................................................... 152
Anglican Church .............................................................................. 152
Dutch Reformed Church .................................................................. 152
Berlin Missionary Society................................................................ 152
b) Outline the aims of the missionaries in Zimbabwe (11) .................. 152
c)
What were the challenges faced by missionaries in their pastoral work
in Zimbabwe (5) ...................................................................................... 152
QUESTION THIRTY FIVE ........................................................................155
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a)
List any five skills imparted to the Africans by early missionaries in
Zimbabwe (5) .......................................................................................... 155
b) Outline the work of the missionaries in Matabeleland before 1900 (11)
155
c)
In what ways did Africans benefited from the missionary work in
Matabeleland? (4).................................................................................... 155
QUESTION THIRTY SIX ..........................................................................158
a)
Identify any four countries colonized by the British in Southern Africa
(4) 158
b) Identify any two countries colonized by Portugal in Sothern Africa (2)
158
c)
Why was Zimbabwe colonized by the British? (10) ........................ 158
QUESTION THIRTY SEVEN ....................................................................160
a)
List the terms of the Grobbler Treaty of 1887 (5) ........................... 160
b) Outline the terms of agreement between John Smith Moffat and the
Ndebele state (4)...................................................................................... 160
c)
Why were the whites more interested in colonizing the Ndebele State?
(5) 160
QUESTION THIRTY EIGHT .....................................................................165
a)
Identify the three agents sent by C.J Rhodes and reasons why they were
chosen to negotiate the Rudd Concession (6) ......................................... 165
b) Outline the terms of the Rudd Concession (11) ............................... 165
c)
Can Lobengula be blamed for signing the Rudd concession? (5) ... 165
QUESTION THIRTY NINE .......................................................................171
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a)
Outline the six steps taken by Cecil John Rhodes to colonize Zimbabwe
(12) 171
b) How important were the Pioneer column in the Colonization of
Zimbabwe? (8). ....................................................................................... 171
c)
Outline the aims of the Royal Charter (1889) (5) ............................ 171
QUESTION FOURTY.................................................................................174
a)
Name any six forts established by the Pioneer column in the
colonization of Zimbabwe (6) ................................................................. 174
b) Describe the causes of the Anglo –Ndebele war of 1893-1894 (10) 174
c)
What were the results of the Anglo-Ndebele war? (8) .................... 174
QUESTION FOURTY ONE .......................................................................177
a)
Name any five African spirit mediums who took part in the First
Chimurenga of 1896-1897. (5) ................................................................ 177
b) What is the role played by the spirit mediums in the first Chimurenga?
(10) 177
c)
What were the results of the war? (5) .............................................. 177
QUESTION FOURTY TWO ......................................................................181
a)
Outline the causes of the First Chimurenga of 1896-1897? (8) ...... 181
b) Why were the African defeated in the first Chimurenga? (8) .......... 181
QUESTION FOURTY THREE ...................................................................184
a)
Identify any five countries that led to the scramble for Africa (5) .. 184
b) What were the economic reasons for the scramble and partition of the
Southern Africa? (8). ............................................................................... 184
c)
Did Africans benefit from the colonization process? (2) ................. 184
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Refers to the scientific study of
the past remains called artifacts.
These remains include pottery,
jewelry, tools, bones as well as
remains of the buildings. Other
artifacts are dug out of the
historical sites such as Great
Zimbabwe, Kami ruins
a) Identify the advantages and disadvantages of the following sources
of historical collection:
Oral tradition (4)
The advantages of oral tradition as a source of history are;

Oral tradition are cheap to get

One can use questions for clarification

Oral tradition provides entertainment such as songs, poems, drama as
well as traditional dance.

It captures the history of pre-colonial period historians in their
researches...

It provides the history of ordinary members of the community that
always ignored or neglected by historians.

It can be very useful in communities where written records do not exist.

Visually impaired and blind people can participate in oral traditions.

It is participatory because of provision of testimonies.
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Oral tradition is also characterized by disadvantages

The information can be exaggerated to make stories interesting

It does not give actual dates

Listeners may not know whether the story is true or false.

It lacks chronology as the story teller may not know the exact order.

Story teller may only select information which one finds interesting.
Written records (4)
Written records have several advantages noted below:

Enhance understanding where pictures are involved.

Do not suffer from shortcomings of memory

It provides dates, time, names and surnames.

They can survive for a long period of time.

It allows multiplicity of views, hence promoting objectivity.

It can be accessed in libraries

They have a chronological order.

People access the same document from different places and times

If one forgets some of the information reference can always be made
to the same document for many times
Written records have several disadvantages noted below:

The writer can be biased.

Information can be distorted

Documents can be destroyed by fire, floods, earthquakes, termites and
during war situations.

The illiterate cannot use them
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
They are expensive to produce.

One cannot ask questions if one has not understood.

The writer might not be available to justify or give clarify to his or her
work.

It tells what the writer is willing or comfortable to share with others.
Archeology (3)
There are several advantages of archeology as noted below:
Archeology is the study of the ancient and recent human past through materials
remain.

It provides information on economic activities of the pre-colonial
states.

Accurate dates and information can be provided through carbon 14
dating.

It gives information on types of homes people lived in patterns, people
diet and trade patterns

Objects can be tested and verified in a laboratory.

Archaeology can give information before anyone could read or write.

It gives more information on the tools used

Studies are carried out by professional people.

It provides physical evidence.
Archaeology has several disadvantages such as:

Archaeology it is quite laborious.
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moreover there are other archeological sites such as Olduvai Gorge in
Tanzania, Tung in the North West province, South Africa and Lake Turkana
in Kenya where remnants of early human beings were found.
QUESTION FOUR
a) Who was the first scientist to write about the theory of evolution?
(1)
b) What do you understand by the term, the cradle of human kind?
(2)
c) Identify any five sites cited by UNESCO as cradles of Human
kind (5)
d) There are a number of archaeological sites in East Africa that are
the remnants of early human beings. Identify any of two of them
(2)
e) Why Africa has been described as the cradle of mankind (5)
a) Who was the first scientist to write about the theory of evolution? (1)
The first scientist to write about theory of the evolution was Charles Darwin.
b) What do you understand by the term, the cradle of human kind? (2)
The cradle of human kind, it indicates the origins of human beings.
c) Identify any five sites cited by UNESCO as cradles of Human kind (5).
The five sites of UNESCO in South Africa are:
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2. Religion (2)
The Egyptian civilization was based on polytheism. It left a legacy of the belief
in life after death. They also believed in many gods .they believed in about
2200 gods and goddesses. The gods could be informing of humans, animals
and national forces.eg Ra-the son of God, one of the most famous gods.
3. Writing system (2)
The ancient Egyptians developed a form of writing called hieroglyphics.it
combined pictures and symbols so that they could express themselves and
communities. Hieroglyphics were also known as the sacred writing because
priests used to write on stone
4. The Egyptian calendar (2)
The Egyptian calendar created the World‘s first calendar .They did this by
observing the movement of the planets, change of the seasons and the flooding
of the Nile River
c) What was the use of the Shaduf in the Egyptian agricultural system
(2)?

It was used for the irrigating of the crops.it was used to get the water
from the river to canals.
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Figure 5. A picture of a Shaduf. Picture from the internet
d) What was the importance of the Egyptian Civilization to the World of
community (4)?

It developed medical science

They developed mummification that is the preservation of the dead
body.

They also developed mathematics

They developed an ancient writing system known as hieroglyphics.

They developed architecture such as built pyramids, palaces, temples
of gods.

They developed a calendar system.

They developed an irrigation system that improved agricultural
production

They developed astrology
e) List any four animals that were kept by Egyptian farming community
(4).
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
Cattle

Donkeys

Pigs

Sheep

Goats

Goats

Horses

Camels
THE STONE AGE
Stone Age was the period in which the San
and the Khoikhoi people used stones to
make all their tools whereas the Iron Age
was the period when the people started
making iron tools which were much
stronger than the stone tools. The Stone
Age was divided into three periods
Figure 7 Stone Age hand axe. Picture from
Wikipedia
namely the early, middle and late
moreover there are tools that were by the
Stone Age people for example spears,
digging sticks, cleavers, flakes, arrow
heads, hand axes, and bows. The San
people were the oldest community to settle
in Southern Africa even before the
Figure 6 Digging stick. Picture from Wikipedia
38
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
In the newly formed states, there were cases of succession disputes,
which often led to civil wars.

Mining activities resulted in general environmental degradation.

There was greater exploitation of the people.

Trade was increased, trade was done internally among tribal groups as
well as externally with the Swahili and the Arab traders at the coast.
They traded using grain for hoes or grain for milk.
d) What were the challenges faced by the later Iron Age period (5).

Civil wars

Succession disputes

Increased war fare

Intense competition for control of grazing land or pastures

Class formation
THE IRON AGE
In the Iron Age the humans began to make tools that were more sophisticated,
they now used more iron tools in their communities. During the Iron Age,
people across much of Europe, Asia and parts of Africa began making tools
and weapons from iron and steel. Humans may have smelted iron sporadically
throughout the Bronze Age, though they likely saw iron as an inferior metal.
Iron tools and weapons were not as hard or durable as their bronze
counterparts. The use of iron became more widespread after people learned
how to make steel, a much harder metal, by heating iron with carbon.
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The Iron Age began around 1200 B.C. (Before Christ) in the Mediterranean
region and Near East with the collapse of several prominent Bronze Age
civilizations, including the Mycenaean civilization in Greece and the Hittite
Empire in Turkey. Ancient cities including Troy and Gaza were destroyed,
trade routes were lost and literacy declined throughout the region. Some
experts believe that a disruption in trade routes may have caused shortages of
the copper or tin used to make bronze around this time. Metal smiths, as a
result, may have turned to iron as an alternative.
Many scholars place the end of the Iron Age in at around 550 BC (Before
Christ), when Herodotus, “The Father of History,” began writing “The
Histories,” though the end date varies by region. In Scandinavia, it ended
closer to 800 AD (After Death) with the rise of the Vikings. In Western and
Central Europe, the end of the Iron Age is typically identified as coinciding
with the Roman conquest during the first century BC
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a) Who was the founder of the Mutapa state? (1)
Nyatsimba Mutota was the founder of the Mutapa state
b) List down any six rulers of the Mutapa state (6).
The six rulers of the Mutapa state are:

Nyatsimba Mutota

Mukombwe

Gatsi Rusere

Chioko

Chikuyo Chisamarengu

Nyanhewe Matope

Nyambo Kaparidze

Chikuyo Chisamarengu

Chivere Nyasoro

Nyamhita Nehanda

Nyahuma Mukomberanwa
b) What were the reasons for the rise of the Mutapa state? (5)
The following are the reasons which led to the rise of the Mutapa
State, learners may add the following:

Nyatsimba Mutota was an ambitious leader who was determined to
create his own state. Mutota had conquered the area surrounding the
Dande area and his son Nyanhewe Matope who succeeded him was
even more ambitious.
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
There was power struggles of the succession disputes at Great
Zimbabwe state and hence the environment was no longer conducive
for living.

The kings in the state had desire to control the natural resources in the
region, thus the king was able to control economic activities which
involved the exploitation of natural resources such as mining and trade.

The Dande area was very rich in mineral and salt deposits

Availability of the elephants for meat and ivory was crucial for the rise
of the Mutapa state

Zambezi River led to the rise of the Mutapa state.
d) Outline the duties of the King in the Mutapa state? (5)

The king was responsible for the distribution of the land among his
subjects

Leading the rain making ceremony and national rituals of the state.

Declaring war, negotiations and making peace treaties.

Leading the army during the war and in times of the peace.

Providing leadership both to the state and government

Settling disputes among the subjects

Provision of food and other resources to the unfortunate members of
the Mutapa state such as orphans and widows.

Controlling trade and tribute payment.

Appointment of the provincial and district chiefs.
e) What was the role of the army in the Mutapa state? (5).

Raiding weaker states

Controlling trade and protecting the trade routes.
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
Tribute and revenue collection

Herding the cattle of the King.

Providing defense and the security to the state.

Cultivation, weeding and harvesting King‘s fields.

Maintaining law and order within the state.

Providing guarantee of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the
state.
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
Religious leaders could reprimand a King or a mambo who
misbehaved.

Cattle loaning system helped rulers to maintain alliance and important
lineages
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THE NDEBELE STATE
Mzilikazi was born 1790 near
Mkuze,
Zululand
and
died
September 9, 1868. He was a
South African king who founded
the powerful Ndebele (Matabele)
kingdom
in
what
is
now
Zimbabwe. The greatest Bantu
warrior after Shaka, king of the
Zulus,
Figure 14 Image of King Mzilikazi
Mzilikazi
took
his
Khumalo people more than 500
miles (800 km) from what is now South Africa to the region now known as
Zimbabwe, creating en route an immense and ethnically diverse nation.
Mzilikazi was a statesman of considerable stature, able to weld the many
groups he had conquered into a strong centralized kingdom.There were
problems faced by the Khumalo during their migration to western Zimbabwe.
There was lack of grazing land for their livestock, shortage of food due to
droughts, wars with many groups such as the Pedi, Rolong, Griqua, Boers, etc.
There was loss of life as many people were killed during the wars, loss of
livestock as some of the cattle were raided by other people and some cattle
died due to tsetse flies, the Ndebele homes were burnt by other people. Many
people were affected by malaria and were attacked by wild animals. There
was disruption of trade and farming activities and they lived in constant fear
of external attacks.
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THE
ORGANISATIONAL
STRUCTURE
OF
THE
NDEBELE STATE
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The Ndebele state came into being as a
result of Mfecane wars generated by
Shaka, the Zulu in Nguniland. It was
regarded as a migrant state because most
of its people became part of the state
during their migration process from
South Africa. The groups included the
Sotho and Tswana who formulated their
distinctive class known as the Enhla
while the original ruling class was
Figure 15 King Lobengula. Picture extracted
from the internet
described as the Zansi. The final group
to be absorbed when the Ndebele
finally settled in the present day Zimbabwe was the Shona and Kalanga who
were referred as the Hole. Thus, the Ndebele society was a stratified with
distinctive social classes of different cultural backgrounds. Mzilikazi, being
the leader of the group managed to cement these different groups despite their
different cultural backgrounds into one state and unified them following the
Ndebele culture though they adopted some cultures of other absorbed groups.
The Ndebele established their state in the area and continued to assimilate
some of their neighbours and forcibly asked them to pay tribute as form of
showing allegiance to the king, they argued that the Ndebele were nomads and
their survival essentially depended on raiding. It must be noted that the society
was based among other things on raiding and was used as a way of life since
the days of Shaka.
It can be inferred that raiding though not their backbone of their economy, was
essentially part of its economy. However, the assertion that raiding was
essentially backbone of the Ndebele economy is not true because the basis of
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the backbone of the Ndebele economy was agriculture and cattle keeping.
Raiding was only carried out during the migration from Zululand to the present
day Zimbabwe and again raiding was carried out in the initial years of the
Ndebele settlement in the 1840s and later on the Ndebele developing a mixed
economy where cattle keeping and agriculture were the backbone to their
economy.
QUESTION TWENTY THREE
a) List five groups of people Mzilikazi and Ndebele fought on their
way to Zimbabwe (5)
b) Describe the Ndebele state under the following sub –headings
(12)

Political organisation (4)

Economic organisation (4)

Military organisation (4)
c) What was the role of Amabutho among the Ndebele people? (5)
a) List five groups of people Mzilikazi and Ndebele fought on their way
to Zimbabwe (5)

Griquas

Kora

Boers

Sotho

Tawana

Hurutse

Zizi
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THE ZULU STATE
The Zulu Kingdom sometimes
referred to as the Zulu Empire or
the Kingdom of Zululand, was a
monarchy in Southern Africa that
extended along the coast of the
Indian Ocean from the Tugela
River in the south to Pongola
River in the north. The kingdom
grew to dominate much of what is
today
KwaZulu-Natal
and
Southern Africa. In 1879, a
British force invaded Zululand,
beginning the Anglo-Zulu War.
Figure 17 Tshaka the Zulu. Picture extracted from the
internet
After an initial Zulu victory at the
Battle of Isandlwana in January,
the British regrouped and defeated the Zulus in July during the Battle of
Ulundi, ending the war. The area was absorbed into the Colony of Natal and
later became part of the Union of South Africa. Shaka Zulu was born in 1787,
the illegitimate son of Senzangakona, chief of the Zulu clan. An outcast as a
child, Shaka was brought up among a number of neighboring groups, finally
ending with the Mthethwa where he distinguished himself as a skilled warrior
in Dingiswayo's army. Dingiswayo was so impressed by Shaka that in 1816
he helped him become chief of the Zulu upon the death of Senzangakona.
Among the Zulu, Shaka consolidated a number of military innovations, some
developed by Dingiswayo, some dating back to the eighteenth century to
produce a powerful military machine. All young men were incorporated into
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age regiments and given military training. A short stabbing spear was
introduced in addition to the traditional long throwing spears, giving Shaka's
army an advantage in close combat. Military strategies, such as the "horn"
formation by which Zulu regiments encircled their enemies, were perfected.
When Dingiswayo was killed, Shaka with his military machine avenged his
mentor's death; destroying the Ndwandwe in battle (two of Zwide's generals,
Shoshangane and Zwangendaba, fled north and established kingdoms in
present-day Mozambique and southern Tanzania, respectively).
Shaka then incorporated the Mthethwa under his rule, and established the Zulu
state as the dominant power among the northern Nguni. By the mid-1820s,
Shaka ruled a kingdom of more than 100,000 people with a standing army of
40,000 men. He centralized power in the person of the king and his court,
collected tribute from regional chiefs, and placed regiments throughout his
state to ensure compliance with his orders. During the 1820s, Shaka
consolidated his power through a series of wars against neighboring peoples.
His armies raided for cattle and food; they attacked anyone who challenged
the authority of the Zulu monarch; and they extended the limits of Shaka's
realm north to the borders of present day Mozambique, west across the
Drakensberg Mountains, and south to the margins of the area that would later
become the Transkei homeland.
When Shaka's mother, Nandi, died in October 1827, his grief led to erratic and
deadly behavior. He required everyone else to grieve with him and executed
anyone he decided was not grieving sufficiently, as many as 7,000 people. He
ordered that no crops be planted and no milk could be used, two orders sure to
induce famine. Any pregnant woman would be executed, as would her
husband. Shaka's two half-brothers tried more than once to assassinate him.
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Their successful attempt came when most of the Zulu troops had been sent
north and security was lax at the royal kraal, he was assassinated at the height
of his powers in 1828 and was succeeded by Dingane, his half-brother and one
of the assassins.
QUESTION TWENTY FIVE
a) Identify any five kings of the Zulu state (5)
b) Outline the factors that led to the rise of Tshaka of Zulu state (11)
c) Identify the people who killed Tshaka in 1828 (3)
d) List the reasons for the assassination of Tshaka in 1828? (6)
a) Identify any five kings of the Zulu state (5)

Senzangakhona

Sigujana

Tshaka

Dingani

Mpande

Cesthawayo
b) Outline the factors that led to the rise of Tshaka of Zulu state (11)

Tshaka was a charismatic leader and it played an important role in his
rise to power

Tshaka benefited immensely from Dingiswayo military skills,
knowledge and experience and this helped him to rise to power easily.

Tshaka‘s personality and character was important in his rise to power.
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in the northwest and the mountains on the southern edge of the Highveld.
Water became harder to find and rain was scarce.
The Mfecane was caused by a number of inter-related factors including
environmental and societal changes, as well as severe conflict and fear among
the people of southern Africa. It affected the continent as far north as Malawi.
It is difficult to say what the exact reasons for the migration were because this
history went unrecorded.
QUESTION TWENTY EIGHT
a) Define the term Mfecane (2)
b) Outline the causes of the Mfecane /Difagane (8)
Ȍ What were the results of the Mfecane wars? (5Ȍ
a) Define the term Mfecane

It was the time of political, economic and social upheaval in the Zulu
land and other neighboring countries of south lowveld of South
Africa.
b) Outline the causes of the Mfecane /Difagane

The rise of ambitious and determined leaders who wanted glory,
power and independence.

Portuguese trade at Delagoa Bay encouraged the rise of the Mfecane.

The desire to accumulate more cattle, inspired the men to conquer
other states, thereby precipitating the Mfecane process.

The competition for grazing pastures led to the Mfecane wars.
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
Madhlatule drought of 1795 led to the Mfecane this forced people to
grab areas which they think was good for their survival

Development of the advanced military methods and weapons made it
possible for provocative and aggressive behavior among the leaders.

The incessant power struggle among the Nguni people also fueled the
Mfecane wars. These leaders included Zwide, Dingiswayo, Ngwane
as well as Tshaka.

Competition for land and other resources was key to Mfecane wars.
c) What were the results of the Mfecane wars (1815 - 1840)? (5)
There are positive and negative results of the Mfecane wars:

There was depopulation in the Nguni land due to loss of lives as well
as migration.

Destruction of infrastructure and property

Small tribes and ethnic groups were deprived their territorial integrity
and independence as they easily dominated by the powerful states.

Massive migrations of Nguni tribes were experienced as they could not
cope up with the hostile environment.eg Ndebele, Ngoni, Kololo,
Shangani etc.

European imperialism easily penetrated areas left by migrating tribes.

There was formation of the new states such as the Ndebele State,
Kololo, and Gaza.

Spreading of new methods of fighting into southern and central and
east Africa
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The political organization of the Zulu was built like a pyramid. At the base of
the structure were the individual households 'imizi', which comprised the
smallest political units in the government of the nation. Each umuzi was under
the control of the umnumzane 'household head', who was responsible for
keeping order and dealing with any domestic or local disputes that might arise.
He was responsible to the induna, the head of the district 'isigodi' in which the
umuzi was situated. The head of the district was responsible for all law and
order in his district and settled disputes which the household head could not
settle or which were too large or important for him to handle
Political organization.

The kingdom was highly centralized with the king as the head and
traditional chiefs under him.

The king was assisted by the traditional chiefs and military Indunas for
effective control of the society.

The traditional council of elders played an important role in Zulu
society. They advised the king on the important matters of the state.
However, during the time of Shaka, their role declined.

The king had powers to appoint and to dismiss any of his officials

Zulu kingdom had a strong standing army with the king acting as the
commander in chief.

The arm was well-trained, equipped and ready to fight at any time. The
army was on alert to defend or offend the Zulu enemies.

The army lived in barracks called settlements and this among other
included the settlement of Bulawayo. It was divided into age regiments
each under a military commander called an Induna.

Each military settlement had a section of royal women headed by
senior women and acted as spies for the king on the Indunas.
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
The Indunas were not allowed to hold meetings without consent and
permission from the king. This was to stop any conspiracy against the
king.

Succession to the Zulu throne was hereditary. That is the king’s eldest
son could inherit the Zulu throne.

The conquered area formed the outer provinces of the Zulu state. Each
province was under the military Induna and assisted by the chief.
Social organization

Socially the king was the leader as he presided over traditional
ceremonies such as the traditional fruit harvest which was attended by
all people the kingdom.

Initiation ceremonies were performed to mark the entry into adulthood.
During Shaka’s reign, however, circumcision was abolished.

Marriage was restricted until one served in the army for a period of 40
years. At this age, the military men could be retired at the same time
with the females of an appropriate age for marriage.

The Zulu were divided in social classes called clans, traditionally the
royal clan provided kings and chiefs while warrior come from the class
of commoners

The Zulu worshiped their gods and the most important was the god of
the war.

The king controlled all social affairs and was the biggest social figure.

Polygamy was common among the Zulu
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There are methods that were used to acquire slaves in East and West Africa
for instance slaves were exchanged for European manufactured goods.
Prisoners of war who had been captured during local wars were sold to slave
dealers. Slave traders kidnapped lonely travellers. Some local rulers sold their
own subjects to the slave dealers. Slaves were obtained through raids. Some
people were enticed and eventually sold into slavery.
QUESTION THIRTY
a) What do you understand by term slavery? (2)
b) Outline the reasons behind the rise of the slave trade (4)
Ȍ Outline the methods used to acquire slaves in East and ‡•–
ˆ”‹ ƒȋͶȌ
a) What do you understand by term slavery (2)
Simply defined, slavery is defined as a condition in which individuals are
owned by others and being enslaved
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Figure 19 Portuguese and the black men been taken away. Picture taken from Wikipedia
b) Outline the reasons behind the rise of the slave trade (4)

High demand for labourers.

The prevalence of criminals and failure to pay debts

Desire to make profit

Prisoners of war

The existence of sugar plantations in the Caribbean and the Americas
c) Outline the methods used to acquire slaves in East and West Africa (4)

Prisoners of war were easy targets

Raiding and kidnappings

Trade

Tribute payment
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SLAVE TRADE IN AFRICA
By providing firearms amongst the trade goods, Europeans increased warfare
and political instability in West Africa. Some states, such as Asante and
Dahomey, grew powerful and wealthy as a result. Other states were
completely destroyed and their populations decimated as they were absorbed
by rivals. Millions of Africans were forcibly removed from their homes, and
towns and villages were depopulated. Many Africans were killed in slaving
wars or remained enslaved in Africa. Many states, including Angola under
Queen Nzinga Nbande and Kongo, strongly resisted slavery however, the
interests of those involved in the trade proved too great to overcome.
About two thirds of the people sold to European traders were men, fewer
women were sold because their skills as farmers and craft workers were
crucially important in African societies. The burden of rebuilding their
violated communities fell to these women. People in West Africa have also
suffered deeply and they continue to be at a vast disadvantage compared to
those who promoted the trade against them.
It describes all types of coerced work that an individual must provide against
his or her will. Contemporary forced laborers are treated as property to be
exploited commercially, much in the same way African Americans were
regarded during the antebellum period in American history. If someone's labor
is exploited, any previous consent to work for the enslaver becomes irrelevant,
as they are now being held against their will.
Bonded Labor or Debt Labour
It describes slavery in which an individual is compelled to work in order to
repay a debt. It differs from other forms in that, often times the laborer and the
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THE
PORTUGUESE
ENCROACHMENT
IN
THE
ZAMBEZI VALLEY
Some of the reasons for Portuguese encroachment in the Zambezi valley were
to find a route to India, to
acquire African ivory for
use in the Indian trade, to
avenge
the
death
of
Gonzalo da Silveira who
had been killed by the
Shona and to obtain land to
farm in the form of prazos.
The Portuguese introduced
new farming methods such
as irrigation, intercropping,
Figure 20 Portuguese in the Zambezi Valley. Picture extracted from the internet
contour ridging, terracing. These new methods were effective and efficient
since they increased yields and improved quality of the produce. New varieties
of crops were introduced especially grain and fruit crops, mining tactics and
techniques were greatly improve, abuse of African women by the Portuguese
and spread sexually transmitted infections. There was forced labour in the
prazos, use of private armies such as the chikundas created instability and fear
and lastly the Portuguese interference in Mutapa politics ultimately led to its
decline.
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QUESTION THIRTY THREE
a) Outline the reasons for Portuguese encroachment in the Zambezi
valley (6)
„Ȍ What were –Š‡‡ˆˆ‡ –•‘ˆ‘”–—‰—‡•‡ƒ –‹˜‹–‹‡•‹–Š‡ƒ„‡œ‹
˜ƒŽŽ‡›ǫȋͳͷȌǤ
a) Outline the reasons for Portuguese encroachment in the Zambezi
valley (6)

The need for land

Control sources of gold and ivory

To establish trading posts

Desire to control trade routes in the interior

The need to spread Christianity

To revenge the murder of Gonzalo Da Silveira
b) What were the effects of Portuguese activities in the Zambezi valley?
(15).
Benefits

They introduced new farming methods such as irrigation,
intercropping, contour ridging, terracing. These new methods were
effective and efficient since they increased yields and improved quality
of the produce.

New varieties of crops were introduced especially grain and fruit
crops.

Mining tactics and techniques were greatly improved

There was provision of European goods like goods and cloth
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
They also brought guns for defense and security
Non-benefits

Abuse of African women by the Portuguese and spread sexually
transmitted infections.

Forced labour in the prazos

Use of private armies such as the chikundas created instability and fear.

The Portuguese interference in Mutapa politics ultimately led to its
decline.

Squandering of the African resources

They exploited Africans during trade by not paying fair prices

They depleted the resources of the Mutapa State especially gold.

Africans were tortured and murdered in private prisons.
MISSIONARIES IN ZIMBABWE
Aims of Missionaries in Zimbabwe was to civilize Africans, to spread
Christianity, to educate Africans, to introduce medical technology, to replace
barbaric African customs, for instance, the killing of twins, raiding, polygamy,
witchcraft and even names of people, to end slave trade, to promote legitimate
trade, to develop an indigenous middle class to maintain church staff, to
convert heathens, to introduce new agricultural method and introduce new
crops.
Problems missionaries faced
1. Discouragement with results of witnessing, progress in churches, growth
in converts, uncertainty about lasting ministry.
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2. Priorities of the missionary’s commitment, time, opportunities, and time
alone with God.
3. Necessity of language fluency in one or more new languages.
4. Adjustments in working with people of another culture, thought pattern,
viewpoint, and system of etiquette.
5. Frustrating delays: seeking support, waiting for visa, seeking interviews
with officials.
6. Being tagged with the identity of a foreigner which represents wealth, a
special political
7. Sense of restriction on individual initiative, expression of talents,
professional excellence, and implementation of new ideas.
8. Insufficient funds for inflated costs, children’s schooling, emergencies, and
promotion of the
9. Fulfilment of family responsibilities in demands of work, provision of
needs, education of children, and times of separation.
10. Spiritual exhaustion requiring encouragement, inspiration for ministry,
personal devotion, and exemplary conduct.
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THE GROBBLER TREATY
A treaty is an international agreement concluded in written form between two
or more States (or international organisations) and is governed by international
law. A treaty gives rise to international legal rights and obligations
Terms of the Grobbler treaty

There was to be eternal peace between the boers and Lobengula

Lobengula was to be recognized by the boers as a paramount/important
chief and ally

Lobengula was to catch and return all who escaped from south African
republic

Boer hunters and traders were to move freely in the Ndebele state

The boers promised to protect Lobengula from his enemies

Lobengula was supposed to allow into his kingdom people holding
passports of boer republic
QUESTION THIRTY SEVEN
a) List the terms of the Grobbler Treaty of 1887 (5)
b) Outline the terms of agreement between John Smith Moffat and
the Ndebele state (4).
c) Why were the whites more interested in colonizing the Ndebele
State? (5)
a) List the terms of the Grobbler Treaty of 1887 (5)

It was a friendly treaty between the Ndebele State and Boer Republic
in the Transvaal
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
Lobengula was obliged to provide military support whenever, the need
to rise.

The Transvaal ambassador was too stationed permanently at Ndebele
headquarters.

Ndebele government to protect Boers citizens in the Ndebele state.

Hunters were allowed to operate in Lobengula’s Kingdom

The Ndebele state to apprehend the criminals running away from the
Boer Republic
b) Outline the terms of agreement between John Smith Moffat and the
Ndebele state (4).

To end the Grobbler agreement.

To be a friend of the British Queen

Desist from entering into agreement with other powers or states
without the approval of the British High Commissioner in Cape
Town.

To establish an everlasting peace between the British and the
Ndebele people.
c) Why were the whites more interested in colonizing the Ndebele State
(5)?

They wanted natural resources in the Ndebele state e.g. minerals.

They wanted fertile lands in the Matabeleland

They coveted the cattle in the Matabele country

The British wanted to stop the Boer encroachment into Southern
African country
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THE RUDD CONCESSION
The Rudd Concession, a written concession for exclusive mining rights in
Matabeleland, Mashonaland and other adjoining territories in what is today
Zimbabwe, was granted by King Lobengula of Matabeleland to Charles Rudd,
James Rochfort Maguire and Francis Thompson, three agents acting on behalf
of the South African-based politician and businessman Cecil Rhodes, on 30
October 1888. Despite Lobengula retrospective attempts to reject it, it proved
the foundation for the royal charter granted by the United Kingdom to
Rhodes's British South Africa Company in October 1889, and thereafter for
the Pioneer Column's occupation of Mashonaland in 1890, which marked the
beginning of white settlement, administration and development in the country
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COLONISATION OF ZIMBABWE
Cecil John Rhodes was born on 5 July
1853 in the small hamlet of Bishops
Stortford, England. He was the fifth son
of Francis William Rhodes and his
second wife, Louisa Peacock. One of
Rhodes’ guiding principles throughout
his life, that strengthened almost all of
his actions, was his firm belief that the
Figure 22 Cecil John Rhodes. Picture extracted
from Wikipedia
Englishman was the greatest human
specimen in the world and that his rule
would be a benefit to all. Rhodes was the ultimate imperialist, he believed,
above all else, in the glory of the British Empire and the superiority of the
Englishman and British Rule, and saw it as his God given task to expand the
Empire, not only for the good of that Empire, but, as he believed, for the good
of all peoples over whom she would rule. Rhodes was both ruthless and
incredibly successful in his pursuit of this scheme of a great British Empire.
Rhodes’ imperial vision for Africa was never far from his mind. In 1888
Rhodes looked further north towards Matabeleland and Mashonaland, in
present day Zimbabwe. Matabeleland fell squarely in the territory which
Rhodes hoped to conquer, from the Cape to Cairo, in the name of the British
Empire. It also was believed to hold vast, untapped gold fields, which Rudd
believed would be of far greater value than those discovered in the
Witwatersrand.
In pursuit of his imperial dream and in his desire to make up for the failure of
his Gold Fields Mining Company, Rhodes began to explore ways in which to
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After much negotiation Rudd was eventually able to get Lobengula to sign a
concession giving exclusive mining rights to the BSAC in exchange for
protection against the Boere and neighboring tribes. This concession became
known as the Rudd Concession. Lobengula’s young warriors were angry and
inflamed and were itching to kill the white men who were entering their lands.
Lobengula however feared his people would be defeated if they attacked the
whites, and so it is likely that he signed the Rudd Concession in the hopes of
gaining British protection and thereby preventing a Boer migration into his
lands which would then incite his warriors to battle. For Lobengula his options
were essentially to either concede to the British or to the Dutch. In the belief
that he was protecting his interests he sided with the seemingly more lenient
and liberal British. Like so many documents signed by Africans during the
colonial period, the Rudd Concession was however not what it claimed to be,
but rather became a justifying document for the colonisation of the
Ndebele and the Shona.
Using the Rudd Concession, despite initial protests by the British Government,
Rhodes managed to acquire a Royal Charter for his British South Africa
Company. The Royal Charter allowed Rhodes to act on behalf of British
interests in Matabeleland. It gave the company full imperial and colonial
powers as it was allowed to create a police force, fly its own flag, construct
roads, railways, telegraphs, engage in mining operations, settle on acquired
territories and create financial institutions.
To gain power over Matabeleland and Mashonaland Rhodes hired Frank
Johnson and Maurice Heany, two mercenaries, to raise a force of 500 white
men who would support Bamma Ngwato, enemies of Lobengula’s, in an
attack on Lobengula’s kraal. Johnson offered to deliver to Rhodes the Ndebele
and Shona territory in nine months for £87 500. Johnson was joined by
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QUESTION THIRTY NINE
a) Outline the six steps taken by Cecil John Rhodes to colonize
Zimbabwe (12)
b) How important were the Pioneer column in the Colonization of
Zimbabwe? (8).
c) Outline the aims of the Royal Charter (1889) (5)
a) Outline the six steps taken by Cecil John Rhodes to colonize Zimbabwe
(12)

Cancelling of the Grobbler treaty (1887) through the signing of the
John Smith Moffat treaty (1888).

Signing of the Charles Rudd concession (1888)

Rhodes sought and received the Royal charter which allowed him
power to colonize Zimbabwe on behalf the British (1889).

Formation of the Pioneer Column (1889).

Actual movement of the Pioneer Column from July to September
1890, formalizing colonization of Zimbabwe.

Anglo –Ndebele war of 1893-1894 formalizing defeat of the Ndebele
state and began of colonialism in earnest.
b) How important were the Pioneer column in the Colonization of
Zimbabwe (8).
The Pioneer column was important in the colonization of Zimbabwe because
of the following reasons:

The pioneer provided the army that invaded Zimbabwe
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QUESTION FOURTY ONE
a) Name any five African spirit mediums who took part in the First
Chimurenga of 1896-1897. (5)
b) What is the role played by the spirit mediums in the first
Chimurenga? (10)
Ȍ What were the results of the war? (5)
a) Name any five African spirit mediums who took part in the First
Chimurenga of 1896-1897. (5)

Mbuya Nehanda

Sekuru Kaguvi

Mkwati

Umulugulu

Siginyamatshe

Faku

Umjamu
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Figure 23 Mbuya Nehanda and Sekuru Kaguvi. Picture taken from the internet
b) What is the role played by the spirit mediums in the first Chimurenga
(10?)

They were key in mobilizing people to fight against colonialism.

They encouraged people to resist the imperialism

They coordinated the fighting in different regions of the country.

They provided interpretation of the natural disasters.

They provide the mass with unity of purpose

Provided tactics and techniques to fight the war

Provided morale to the fighters

Provided medicines to wounded warriors.
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c) What were the results of the war? (5)

African people lost their territorial integrity and sovereignty.

Forced labour was introduced

Taxation was enforced heavily

Loss of lives and property

A monetary economy was introduced

Racial discriminatory legislation was introduced
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
The need to acquire protectorates for trade.

The discovery of minerals like gold and diamonds in South Africa.

The need for wild life.

The need for ivory.

The need for colonies for resources.

The need for pastures.
c) Did Africans benefit from the colonization process?
Colonization also led to the development of the following:

Development of schools.

Development of hospitals and clinics.

Development of roads and transport system

Spread of Christianization

It brought civilization

It led destruction of the culture
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POLITICAL REASONS FOR THE SCRAMBLE OF
AFRICA
Until the 19th century, Britain and the other European powers confined their
imperial ambitions in Africa to the odd coastal outpost from which they could
exert their economic and military influence. British activity on the West
African coast centered on the lucrative slave trade. European ships took more
than 11 million people into slavery from the West African coast. Between
1562 and 1807, when the slave trade was abolished, British ships carried up to
three million people into slavery in the Americas. In total, European ships took
more than 11 million people into slavery from the West African coast, and
European traders grew rich on the profits while the population of Africa's west
coast was devastated.
By the end of the 19th century, Britain had amassed an enormous colonial
empire in Africa. In an almost unbroken line, it spanned from Alexandria in
the north to Cape Town in the south, and was famously epitomized in the
image of the Rhodes Colossus.
QUESTION FOURTY FOUR
a) Outline political aims of Britain in the Scramble for Southern
Africa? (5).
b) What were the political reasons for the Scramble for Africa? (10)
Ȍ What were the results ‘ˆ–Š‡’ƒ”–‹–‹‘‘ˆˆ”‹ ƒǫȋͷȌ
a) Outline political aims of Britain in the Scramble for Southern
Africa? (5).
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
To fulfill the Cape to Cairo dream.

To establish a crown colony in Botswana and secure the
missing road.

To carry on the Whiteman’s burden of civilizing the Africans.

Pressure from the electorate.

To create a British empire of colonies stretching from South
Africa to Egypt
To stop Portuguese expansion in Southern Africa.

b) What were the political reasons for the Scramble for Africa (10?)

Rhodes‘s Cape to Cairo dream.

Public opinion and pressure.

Explorers, concession seekers and hunters contributed to the
colonization of Africa.

The balance of power.

The pressure from the military establishment.

Strategic interests
c) What were the results of the partition of Africa? (5)

New boundaries were created in the conquered African states.

Local families which had history were separated as the Europeans were
dividing Africa amongst themselves e.g. Mozambique and Zimbabwe.

In the colonies, the British for example installed new chiefs who were
loyal to British needs and those who resisted were removed from
power.

African chiefs lost their duties to the settlers/whites for example duties
of distributing land and presiding over court cases.
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Origins of the Federation (1953-1963x)
White European settlers in the region were perturbed about the increasing
Black African population but had been stopped during the first half of the
twentieth century from introducing more draconian rules and laws by the
British Colonial Office. The end of World War II led to increased white
immigration, especially in Southern Rhodesia, and there was a worldwide
need for copper which existed in quantity in Northern Rhodesia. White settler
leaders and industrialists once again called for a union of the three colonies to
increase their potential and harness the Black workforce.
Operation of the Federation
The British government planned for the Federation to eventually become a
British dominion, and it was overseen from the start by a British assigned
governor-general. The federation was an economic success, at least at the start,
and there was an investment in a few expensive engineering projects, such as
the Kariba hydro-electric dam on the Zambezi. In addition, in comparison to
South Africa, the political landscape was more liberal.
Black Africans worked as junior ministers and there was an income/propertyowning basis to the franchise which allowed some Black Africans to vote.
There was still, however, an effective white minority rule to the government
of the federation, and just as the rest of Africa was expressing a desire for
majority rule, nationalist movements in the federation were growing.
Breakup of the Federation
In 1959 Nyasaland nationalists called for action, and the resultant disturbances
led to the authorities declaring a state of emergency. Nationalist leaders,
including Dr. Hastings Kamuzu Banda, were detained, many without a trial.
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QUESTION FOURTY SIX
a) Identify any three minerals that were produced in the Federation
of Rhodesia and Nyasaland and the territories in which each of
them were produced? (5)
b) Outline the economic and social achievements of the Federation
(10)
c) Why did the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland collapse in
1963? (5)
a) Identify any three minerals that were produced in the Federation of
Rhodesia and Nyasaland and the territories in which each of them were
produced?
Mineral
Territory producing the mineral
Asbestos, Chrome
Zvishavane, Zimbabwe
Copper
Copper belt , Zambia
Gold
Queque, Zimbabwe
Coal
Wankie, Zimbabwe
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b) Outline the economic and social achievements of the Federation (10)

Coal production mined was supplied to the railway system in the whole
of Central Africa.

Development of manufacturing industries in Bulawayo

Development of transportation and communication system from Beira
to Salisbury, Bulawayo t Lusaka railway.

Kariba dam was built and produced hydro-electricity for Zambia and
Zimbabwe.

Wheat production was boosted.

Irrigation was boosted and it led to success of the agricultural sector

The construction and development of the infrastructures such as
bridges , hospitals and the university of Rhodesia, Gwelo Teachers
College

Development of the health sector through training of the medical
doctors and nurses as well as hospitals.eg Andrew Fleming Hospital
now Prirenyatwa. David Parirenytwa senior was also trained under the
Federation in 1961.
c) Why did the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland collapse in 1963?
(5)

Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia complained that, most significant
projects were taking place in Southern Rhodesia. E.g. Kariba dam,
University of Rhodesia and Parliament building.

Rise of the African Nationalism in Nyasaland and northern Rhodesia
e.g. Malawi Kanuazj Banda, Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia.

Unequal representation in parliament of the federation. Southern
Rhodesia had more members of Parliament.
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THE SECOND CHIMURENGA
The Second Chimurenga was a struggle fought between the Africans and
white Rhodesian government which culminated in the independence of
Zimbabwe in 1980. The war started in the early 1960s but took a more militant
stance with 1966 at the Battle of Chinhoyi and ended in 1980 after the signing
of the Lancaster House Agreement. In the local Shona language, the word
Chimurenga refers to a violent uprising or revolt. It has strong connotations of
violence. The word is also part of the Ndebele language and it is called
Umvukela. In the history of Zimbabwe, the word was first used to refer to the
wars of resistance (1896–97) fought by the local Shona and Ndebele peoples
against colonisation by the British under Cecil Rhodes of the British South
Africa Company. The Second Chimurenga war was as a result of a collective
need by the black Africans to get political independence, access to economic
resources and land. The war was also necessitated by the harsh laws imposed
by the Rhodesian settler government such as the Land Apportionment Act of
1930 and the Native Land Husbandry Act which restricted Africans to certain
areas which were not agriculturally productive.
Causes of the Second Chimurenga
Land: - loss of land and relocation to the infertile and dry native resources.
Such legislative Acts as the Land Apportionment Act and the negative effects
of the Land husbandry Act, the Maize Control Act, etc. were major causes of
the war. Land was the major means of production for the majority in
Zimbabwe and a source of their livelihood.
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Economic Marginalization: - Deprived of their land, the Africans were
forced to look for employment in the mines, factories and farms where the
wages and working conditions were poor.
Racial Segregation: - This centered on taking the African as a sub-human
species and included denial of access to all facilities used by whites such as
toilets, shops, churches, hotels and even emotional issues such as crosscultural and cross-racial marriages or relationships were criminalized.
Disenfranchisement: - As third-vote citizens, Africans could not participate
in politics and were disqualified from voting. Many laws were passed to
restrict the natives from articulating their political aspirations. This closed the
door for political dialogue and finally triggered the war.
Political Repression and Suppression: - The Native Affairs, Law and Order
Maintenance Act and The Emergency Powers Act, effectively prescribed
African Political activity and criminalized all political activity, even the most
trivial forms of protest by Africans.
QUESTION FOURTY EIGHT
a) Identify any five key female political figures in the Second
Chimurenga (5)
b) What was the role played by women in the liberation struggle in
Zimbabwe (11)?
c) What was the role played by the chiefs in the liberation struggle?
(5).
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a) Identify any five key female political figures in the Second
Chimurenga (5)
Joice Mujuru
Also known by her nom-deguerre Teurai Ropa Nhongo. She
is a Zimbabwean revolutionary
and politician who served as
Vice President of Zimbabwe
from 2004-2014. Previously she
had served as a government
minister and also as a Vice
President of ZANU-PF.
Figure 24 Picture taken from the internet
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Vivian Mwashita
A politician and a member of
ZANU PF, war veteran and former
member of National Assembly
and senator. She was declared a
national
heroine
by
the
government and is buried at the
National Heroes Acre. She worked
Figure 25 Picture taken from the Internet
at the ZANU PF headquarters
and later joined the Central Intelligence Organosation.
Sally Mugabe
She was the first wife of Robert Mugabe
and the first lady of Zimbabwe from
1987 until her death in 1992. A trained
teacher who asserted her position as an
independent
political
activist
and
campaigner, Hayfron demonstrated this
activisim as early as 1962 when she was
active in mobilizing African women to
Figure 26 Picture taken from the Internet
challenge the Southern Rhodesian
constitution.

Ruth Chinamano

Margreth Dongo

Joanna Nkomo (mama Mafuyana)

Tenjiwe Lesabe
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
Should be a registered voter.

The name must appear on the polling station register.

Should not have dual citizenship.
c) To what extent did the Zimbabweans managed to exercise their right
to vote since 1980.

Zimbabwe enjoyed their right to vote since independence in 1980,
1985, 1990, and 1995.

All citizens were allowed to vote despite status.

Women were allowed to vote.

Women were also allowed to participate in electoral politics as
contestants

Too many political parties allowed to campaign and exercise their right
to vote.
However, there are some instances where Zimbabweans were their right
to vote were infringed, especially those in diaspora, those in prisons.
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HUMAN RIGHTS IN ZIMBABWE
The Declaration of Rights (sometimes referred to as the ‘Bills of Rights) sets
out rights and freedoms that the people of Zimbabwe are entitled to by virtue
of being human beings. These rights are Constitutional rights and therefore
legally binding. If these rights are violated, one can seek redress by suing for
damages or taking the matter to the Constitutional Court or any other Court or
to the Zimbabwe Human Rights Commission (ZHRC) or other organisations
that deal with human rights issues to access justice. The Declaration of Rights
has both civil and political rights as well as environmental, economic, social
and cultural rights. While civil and political rights are enforceable at law, the
implementation of environmental, economic, social and cultural rights
dependents on the availability of resources but the State is required at law to
take all steps necessary to ensure the enjoyments of all rights.
According to human rights organisations such as Amnesty International and
Human Rights Watch the government of Zimbabwe violates the rights to
shelter, food, freedom of movement and residence, freedom of assembly and
the protection of the law. There are assaults on the media, the political
opposition, civil society activists, and human rights defenders.
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QUESTION FIFTY
a) Identify any six fundamental rights and freedoms of the
individual as guaranteed in the Constitution of Zimbabwe (6).
b) What are the indications that there is protection of human rights
in Zimbabwe? (10)
Ȍ Identify any five institutions mandated to promote Š—ƒ”‹‰Š–•
‹‹„ƒ„™‡ȋͷȌ
a) Identify any six fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual as
guaranteed in the Constitution of Zimbabwe (6).

The right to vote.

The right to education.

The right to shelter

The right to clean water.

The right to food.

The right to access health facility.

The right to identity

The right freedom of expression, assembly and association.

The right to be heard
b) What are the indications that there is protection of human rights in
Zimbabwe? (10)

Everyone has the right to vote despite gender, class or political
affiliation.

Introduction of educational policies that caters for the poor such as
BEAM.
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The government also allows non-governmental organisations and

churches to help less privileged children through CAMFED,
CARITAS and NAC.
The government also made many to have the right to access health

through building of hospitals and clinics, assisting in fighting
pandemic diseases through free medication for instance ARVs, TB,
and COVID-19. Pregnant women are treated freely and those who are
above 65 are treated for free.
People have been allowed to exercise their freedom of religion without

any interferences. Zimbabwe allowed the practices of Christianity,
Islam, Hinduism, African traditional religion.
c) Identify any five institutions mandated to promote human rights
in Zimbabwe (5).

Zimbabwe Lawyers for Human Rights.

Zimbabwe Law Society.

Zimbabwe Human Rights Commission

Supreme Court of Zimbabwe.

High Court of Zimbabwe.

Zimbabwe Republic Police.

UNICEF.

Musasa project

Padare Forum.
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