Biology:
Classification of living organismsOrganism is a complete living thing.
Gurgaon movement is the ability of an organism
to change its position.
Respiration is chemical reactions in cells that
breakdown nutrients and release energy for
metabolism.
Metabolism is chemical reaction that takes
place in living organisms.
Sensitivity is the ability to detect and respond to
changes in the external internal environment.
Growth is a permanent increase in size and dry
mass.
Dry mass is mass of an organism after it has
been killed and all water has removed from it.
Reproduction is the process that makes more of
same kind of organism.
Excretion is the removal of waste products of
metabolism and substances more than
requirements.
Nutrition is taking in materials for energy,
growth, and development.
Common ancestors are species that lived in
past and is thought to have given rise to several
different species alive today.
Species are a group of organisms that can
reproduce to produce fertile offsprings.
Fertile means able to reproduce.
Infertile means not able to reproduce.
Binomial system is a system of naming species
that is internationally agreed.
Genus is a group of species that share similar
features.
Dichotomous key is a way of identifying an
organism by working through pairs of
statements.
Kingdom is one of major groups into which all
organisms are classified.
There are two main types of kingdoms animal
kingdom and plant kingdom.
The animal kingdom contains only animals.
The plant kingdom contains only plants. Organic
substances are substances whose molecules
contain carbon and are made by leaving things.
Chlorophyll is a green pigment that absorbs
energy from light the energy is used to combine
carbon dioxide with water and make glucose.
Cellulose is a carbohydrate that forms long
fibres and makes up the cell walls of plant.
Fungus is an organism whose cells have cell
walls but that does not photosynthesise.
Prokaryote is an organism whose cells do not
have a nucleus.
Protocitist is a single celled organism.
Hyphae microscopic thread made, of cells linked
in a long line, that makes up the body of a
fungus.
Decomposers are organisms that breakdown
organic substances outside their bodies,
releasing nutrients from them that other
organisms can use.
Spores are very small groups of cells surrounded
by a protective wall used in reproduction.
Multicellular cells are made of many cells.
Unicellular cells are made of only a single cell.
Metamorphosis is changing from a larva with
one body form to an adult with a different body
form.
Characteristic features of fishes:
 They are vertebrates with scaly skin
 They have skills throughout their life
 They have fins
Amphibians are the animals which live on both
land and water.
Characteristic features of amphibians:
 They are vertebrates with skin and no scales
 Their eggs have no shell and are laid in
water
 The tadpoles have gills for gas exchange but
adults have lungs
Characteristic features of reptiles:
 They are vertebrates with scaly skin
 They lay eggs with soft shells
Birds are evolved from dinosaurs and are easy
to identify because they are the only animals
with feathers.
Characteristic features of birds:
 They have feathers
 They have a beak
 They lay eggs with hard shells
The mammals are the most familiar
vertebrates the people who did not studied
biology often use the word animal to mean
mammal.
Characteristic features of mammals:
 They have hair on their skin
 They have a diaphragm
 They have sweat glands in their skin
Pinna is a flap on the outside of the body that
directs sound into the ear.
Placenta is an organ that connects the growing
fetus to its mother in which blood of them are
kept close together so that materials can be
exchanged between them easily.
Memory glands are organs found only in
mammals which produce milk to feed their
young ones.
Diaphragm is a muscle that separates the chest
cavity from the abdominal cavity in mammals
and helps in breathing.
Characters take features of Arthropods:
 They have several pairs of jointed legs
 They have an exoskeleton
There are several different groups of
Arthropods including insects, Crustaceans,
Arachnids, and Myriapods.
Insects are a very successful group of
Arthropods their success is mostly due to their
exoskeleton and tracheae as these are very
good at stopping water to evaporate from their
bodies.
Characteristic features of insects:
 They have three pair of jointed legs
 They have one pair of antennae
 They breathe through tubes called Tracheae
Their body is divided into head, thorax, and
abdomen.
Arthropods are animals with jointed legs but no
backbone.
Exoskeleton is a supportive structure on the
outside of the body.
Terrestrial means living on land.
Vestigial is a structure that has evolved to
become so small that it is no longer useful.
Characteristic features of crustaceans:
 There have more than four pairs of jointed
legs
 They have two pairs of antennae
Characteristic features of arachnids:
 They have no antenna
 They have four pairs of jointed legs
 Their bodies divided into two parts
cephalothorax and abdomen
Aquatic means living in water.
Characteristic features of Myriapods:
 Their body consists of many similar
segments
 They have only one pair of antennae
 Each of their body segments has jointed legs
Ferns are plants wig leaves called fronds.
They do not produce a flower.
Characteristic features of ferns:
 They do not produce flowers
 They reproduce by spores produced on the
undersides of their fronds
 They are plants with root, stems, and leaves
Flowering plants are the plants which reproduce
by producing flowers.
Characteristic features of flowering plants:
 There are plans with roots, stems, and leaves
 They reproduce using flowers and seeds
 Their seeds are produced inside and ovary
in the flower
Flowering plants can be divided into two main
groups dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous.
Characteristic features of dicots:
 They have seeds with two cotyledons
 Their leaves have a network of veins
 They have a main root with side roots
coming out of it
Characteristic features of monocots:
 They have seeds with one cotyledon
 Their leaves have parallel veins
 Their roots grow out directly from the stem
Dicotyledonous plants are plants with two
cotyledons in their seeds.
Monocotyledonous plants are plants with one
cotyledon in their seeds.
Virus is an infective agent that can only live
inside the cells of living things. It can cause
diseases such as AIDS, by taking over cells and
multiplying itself.