COMMON SPOKEN TAMIL
MADE EASY
Third Edition
by
T. V. ADIKESAVALU
Digital Version
CHRISTIAN MEDICAL COLLEGE VELLORE
Adi’s Book.
COMMON SPOKEN TAMIL
MADE EASY
Third Edition
by
T. V. ADIKESAVALU
Digital Version
2007
This book was prepared for the staff and students of Christian Medical College Vellore,
for use in the Tamil Study Programme. No part may be reproduced without permission of
the General Superintendent.
2
Adi’s Book.
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.
6
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.
7
THIRD EDITION: UPDATE.
8
I. NOTES FOR PRONUNCIATION & KEY FOR ABBREVIATIONS.
9
II. GRAMMAR LESSONS:
Lesson No.
Page.
1. Greetings and Forms of Address.
10
2. Pronouns, Interrogative and Demonstrative.
12
3. Pronouns, Personal.
15
4. The Verb ‘to be’, implied.
17
5. Cardinal Numbers 1 to 10, and
Verbs - introduction.
19
6. Verbs - Positive Imperatives.
21
7. Verbs - Negative Imperatives, Weak & Strong Verbs, & Medials.
23
8. Nouns - forming the plural.
28
9. Nouns and Personal Pronouns - Accusative (Object) case.
30
10. Nouns and Personal Pronouns - Genitive (Possessive) Case.
34
11. Review, (Revision) No.I.
38
12. Verbs - Infinitives.
40
13. Nouns and Personal Pronouns, Dative Case, ‘to’ or ‘for’
& Verbs - Defective.
43
14. Verbs - defective (continued).
47
15. Cardinal Numbers 11 to 1000 & Time.
50
16. Verbs - Present tense, Positive.
54
17. Adjectives and Adverbs.
58
18. Post-Positions.
61
19. Nouns - Locative Case, 'at' or 'in'.
64
20. Post positions, (Continued).
67
21. Verbs - Future Tense, Positive,
and Ordinal Numbers.
70
3
Adi’s Book.
22. Verbs - Present and Past, Negative,
and Potential Form to express 'may'
Page.
75
23. The Vegetable Shop, And Review (Revision) No.II
79
24. Verbs – Future tense, Negative.
82
25. Nouns & Pronouns, Instrumental, ‘by means of’ or ‘with’,
Verbs – to express ‘should’,‘should not’, ‘must’ and ‘must not’
87
26. Nouns & Pronouns, Instrumental case accompaniment/association,
Verbs – to express ‘need,…need not’
92
27. Nouns & Pronouns – ablative case, ‘from’,
Verbs – to express ‘can’ or ‘able to’ &‘cannot’ or ‘not able to’
97
28. Nouns & Pronouns – locative case (continued from Lesson 19)
102
29. Nouns & Pronouns, complete declensions
107
30. Verbs, Past Tense, strong verbs, with ‘thth’ as medial
110
31. Verbs, Past Tense, strong verbs, with ’thth’ as medial (continued)
114
32. Verbs, Past Tense, weak verbs, with ‘dh’ as medial
117
33. Verbs, Past Tense, weak and strong, with ‘ndh’ as medial
120
34. Verbs, Past Tense, weak and strong, with ‘ndh’ as medial (continued)
123
35. Verbs, Past Tense, weak verbs, with ‘in’ as medial
126
36. Verbs, Past Tense, weak verbs, with ‘in’ as medial (continued)
130
37. Verbs, Past Tense, weak verbs, with ‘tt’ as medial
133
38. Review (Revision) No.III
137
39. Verbs – Past Participles
140
40. Verbs – Perfect & Imperfect tenses
144
41. Verbs – conditional form ‘if’ & ‘if not’.
148
42. To express ‘even if’ & ‘even if not’
153
43. Verbs –Participles – present, past & future forms.
157
44. Comparison and Reflective verbs.
161
45. Intensive verbs & Causal verbs.
166
46. Composite Nouns, Participle Nouns & Verbal Nouns.
170
4
Adi’s Book.
47. Adverbial clause of time
Page
‘when’, ‘while’, ‘before’, ‘after’, ‘as soon as’, ‘until’, ‘up to’.
175
48. Adverbial clauses of purpose, manner, cause or reason,
‘in order not to’, ‘according to’, ‘because’. 180
49. Suffix ‘um’ & its uses
184
6XIIL[HVµ—¶µ¶µÀ¶DQGµ—YDGKX¶
187
III. Everyday dialogues:
51. Greeting and meeting people
192
52. Conversation about one’s work
195
53. Conversation with a servant
197
54. Conversation regarding time
199
55. Conversation about weather
202
56. Conversation with a tailor
203
57. Conversation with a cloth merchant
205
58. Conversation with a fruit merchant
207
59. Conversation with a gardener
209
60. Conversation at the dining table
211
61. Conversation with a dhobi
213
62. Conversation at a railway station
216
IV. SHORT STORIES.
9—WKWKXPSRQPXWWH\XP
3D¼DNN—UDQXPQDPELNNDLXººDQ—\XP
7KRSSLY\—E—ULXPNXUDQJXQJDOXP
2WKWKXPHGK—QEDODP
7KDL\DON—UDQXP\—QH\XP
2ZYDL\—U\HQQXPSXODYDU
The goose and the golden eggs. 218
The rich man & the faithful dog.219
Cap merchant a& the monkeys. 220
Unity is strength.
221
The tailor and the elephant.
222
Owaiyar the poetess.
223
V. GRAMMAR AT A GLANCE. Where to find a Spoken Tamil Principle.
225
VI. ENGLISH – TAMIL VOCABULARY.
Separate File.
VII. TAMIL – ENGLISH VOCABULARY.
Separate File.
5
Adi’s Book.
FOREWORD TO SECOND EDITION
For more than fifteen years, the writer has been teaching Tamil to the western
students and non-Tamil Indians at the Christian Medical College Hospital. The available
Tamil grammars and texts were used for teaching the Tamil script. But at the same time,
the writer's own Romanized Tamil notes were used to enable the students to speak the dayto-day language of the people (Common Spoken Tamil) in a short period of time. This is
the proper spoken Tamil used even by educated Tamilians with one another. It was found
from the writer's experience that these notes were well-suited to his students who could
spare only a limited time for learning the language. The students wanted very much to
have these notes put in the form of a book. This was done in a limited edition and was
well received by the students and others.
As the first edition was prepared in a hurry, many mistakes crept in, which have
been corrected in this second edition. It will be appreciated if any further mistakes and
other suitable suggestions to improve this book are brought to the notice of the author.
In this edition the following have also been added:
1. Expansion drills
2. Practical conversation.
3. Everyday dialogues
4. Short stories
5. Sentences
6 Grammar at a glance
This book is almost a self-instructor. However, it must be supplemented with
recorded tapes by a Tamilian or preferably, by having the pronunciation, intonations, etc.,
checked by a Tamilian directly.
Tamil is spoken somewhat differently in different parts of Tamil Nadu. But all the
different dialects cannot be taught at one and the same time. When one dialect has been
learned, it will not be hard to learn and understand other dialects as well. The spoken
Tamil form, which is commonly heard from the Tamilians at home, at the market, bus
stand, etc., in the northern districts of Tamil Nadu, is used in this book.
6
Adi’s Book.
This book is made for those who want to start speaking Tamil without the help of
the Tamil script. As this is just a short course of lessons, only common vocabulary is
used. Here and there a few words are inserted at an earlier stage to add interest to
sentences and phrases in lessons. Vocabulary must be steadily increased. To achieve this,
short stories may be used as a medium. For more advanced study, this book can never be
a substitute for the other well-written books.
In preparation of this book, the author is indebted to his students, who have been a
constant source of encouragement and stimulation and support, and to his wife for her
patience and understanding.
The works that were consulted in the preparation are:
"Direct Method" by Thiru P. Jothimuththu,
Arden's Tamil Grammar and
Tamil Course for European Schools by Kerslake and Narayanaswamy.
Vellore
September 1968
T.V. Adikesavalu
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------THIRD EDITION: UPDATE
My great respect for “Adi” is shared by many who have benefitted from his
teaching. There is no doubt that this book has been instrumental in making everyday
spoken Tamil available to a large number of foreign and Indian people. Most of these have
been staff or students in various courses at CMC, Vellore, who would not have been able
to give adequate time to learning the language starting with Tamil script. In recent years
there has been an increase in the number of short term visitors and it is hoped that this
computerised version will make it possible for more of them also to pick up a little Tamil,
and thus be able to increase the usefulness of their experience here.
The only very noticeable changes now made are the radical revision of Grammar at
a Glance to form of an Alphabetical List Of Grammar Principles, and the addition of a
Romanised Tamil-English Vocabulary, and extension of the English-Tamil one. These are
presented as Separate files, which can be viewed in separate windows for ease of reference
on screen.
CMC Vellore. February 2007
Brian Witchalls
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7
Adi’s Book.
PREFACE
To make the best use of this book, students are requested to pay attention to the following:
'Expansion drills' given at the end of each lesson may be studied again and again for a
thorough understanding of the grammar principle of the respective lesson and alignment of
words in Tamil sentences. 'Practical Conversation' F VKRUW DQG XVHIXO FRQYHUVDWLRQDO
sentences which may be memorised if the student has enough time. Otherwise, it will help
if one just reads the sentences often, as fast as two Tamilians would speak. Everyday
dialogues and short stories are meant for practical use of the language (for communication
of ideas in Tamil) whenever and wherever necessary. No conversation in Tamil will either
be attractive or effective without the quotation of a few of the Tamil proverbs and hence
common proverbs are given for occasional use. To enable the students to have an easy
reference to the grammar principles dealt with in the book, 'Grammar at a glance' with
examples are given.
One can learn to speak Tamil, the writer has no doubt, by continuous study of this book at
least for six months – 2 hours daily; an hour with the Tamil teacher and at least another
hour's practice at home, even if one is pessimistic about learning any language in a short
period of time. Frequent drilling and repetition of the exercises done already, speaking
with the Tamilians as often as possible, listening to the Tamilians talking and
comprehending it to the best of one's ability are the only ways of achieving proficiency in
the language. The secret of success in speaking Tamil is just to speak it out – right or
wrong, good or bad!!
Vellore
September 1968
T.V. Adikesavalu
8
Adi’s Book.
I. NOTES FOR PRONUNCIATION & KEY FOR ABBREVIATIONS
Notes for Pronunciation. Ask Tamil speakers to help. (note ensuing arguments!)
(English vowels, “Vellore English Accent pronunciation” not Oxford or London,etc).
Long vowels are expressed by a hyphen above the letters.
—
as in arm, palm
as in gait, pain
µ¶DVLQFat is not ever used.
e
as in pen, bed

as in say, made
i
as in pit, kid
o
as in dot, pot
ow
as in cow, town
u
as in should, good
a
as in but, shut
ai
¯
À
Ì
as in sheep, meet
as in code, roll
as in moon, cool
Palate sounds are expressed by a comma below the letters.
º
Ä
DVLQXººH
inside
DVLQSDÄDPIUXLW
¼
DVLQSD¼DPPRQH\
Key for abbreviations used in the book:
accus.
accusative
n.
noun
adv.
adverb
adj.
adjective
pron.
pronoun
v.
verb
nom.
takes nominative case
dat
takes dative case
d.b.
takes declensional base
intr.
intransitive
tr.
transitive
neut.
neuter
imp.
impersonal
pers.
personal
incl.
inclusive
excl.
exclusive
m.
masculine
fem.
feminine
w.
weak verb
s.
strong verb
sing.
singular
pl.
plural
Medials for past tense verbs.
dh., in., n., nd., ndh., tt., thth
9
Adi’s Book.
II. GRAMMAR LESSONS:
LESSON 1
GREETINGS AND FORMS OF ADDRESS.
DSS—
…
Father, or polite masculine form of addressing, regardless of age.
…
Mother, or madam, or polite form of addressing, regardless of age
YD¼DNNDP
…
Greeting, with a reverent bow for any time.
QDPDVN—UDP…
VWKÀWKUDP
*UHHWLQJLQWHUFKDQJHDEOHZLWKµYD¼DNNDm’.
…
Greeting, (Tamil Christian).
…
Greeting, (all India).
…
Come (polite form)
DPP—
QDPDVWK
Y—QJD
XNN—UXQJD …
Sit (polite form).
…
You (polite form).
…
Who or whose.
Q—Q
…
I
nandri
…
Thanks.-
Q¯QJD
\—U
Read the sentences following each lesson, as well as the lesson itself,
repeating loudly again and again. Long vowel sounds should be pronounced long – the
longer the better.
The short vowel sounds should be short and sharp.
Endings of
sentences should not be complete but muted. Speed in speaking will gradually be gained
by running words into one another. Phrasing plays an important part in making others
understand the speaker. Hence the drilling sentences are phrased throughout to enable the
students to follow the proper form from the beginning. The tonal effects should be learned
from the teacher or any Tamilian. ‘English’ Accents should be scrupulously avoided.
The verb ‘to be’ is implied in very many instances.
The definite and indefinite articles are often omitted.
There are no capital letters in Tamil, so none are used in the Tamil words throughout.
Doubled letters or double pairs of letters reflect the spellings in Tamil script.
-------------------------
10
Adi’s Book.
Short Sentences.
1.
2.
3.
DL\—YD¼DNNDP YD¼DNNDPDL\—
DPP—YD¼DNNDP YD¼DNNDPDPP—
DPP—Y—QJD,
Sir, come.
DPP—XNN—UXQJD
Madam, sit.
DL\—XNN—UXQJD
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14
15.
16
Good morning madam.
Madam, come.
DL\—Y—QJD
4.
Good morning sir.
Sir, sit.
Y—QJDDPP— RUY—QJDPP—
Y—QJDDL\— RUY—QJDL\—
Come, madam.
Come, sir.
XNN—UXQJDDPP— RUXNN—UXQJDPP—
XNN—UXQJDDL\— RUXNN—UXQJDL\D—
DPP—Q¯QJD\—U"
Sit, madam.
Sit, sir – (formal)
Madam, who (are) you?
—L\—Q¯QJD\—U"
Sir, who (are) you? – (formal)
Q¯QJD\—UDPP—" Q¯QJD\—UP—"
Q¯QJD\—UDL\—" Q¯QJD\—UDL\—"
Q¯QJD\—U"
Who (are) you, madam? – (formal)
Who (are) you, sir?
Who (are) you?
Q¯QJD\—UDSS—" Q¯QJD\—US—"
Y—QJDDSS— Y—QJDSS—
Q¯QJDXNN—UXQJDSS—
Who (are) you?
(Please) Come, sir.
You (please) sit, sir.
Practical Conversation
A, one person, meeting B, another person.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
B.
YD¼DNNDPDPP—
YD¼DNNDPDL\—
Y—QJDY—QJDXNN—UXQJD
QDQGULDL\—
DPP—Q¯QJD\—U"
Q—QDPP—
Greetings, madam.
Greetings sir.
Come in, come in, please sit.
Thank you sir.
Madam, who are you?
I (am) (the) mother.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 2
PRONOUNS, INTERROGATIVE AND DEMONSTRATIVE
Questions in Tamil
4XHVWLRQVDUHIRUPHGLQ7DPLOE\DGGLQJµ—¶WRWKHODVWZRUGLQDVHQWHQFHEXWLI
LQWHUURJDWLYHVVXFKDVZKDWZKRHWFRFFXULQDVHQWHQFHµ—¶ZLOOQRWEHXVHGILQDOO\
$OVRµ—¶FDQEHDIIL[HGWRDQ\ZRUGZKLFKQHHGVWREHHPSKDVLVHGDVDTXHVWLRQ
Note here also the plural forms of some words, formed by adding ‘nga’
Pronounce the final ‘e’ in the words inge, ange, enge, ille, kude, etc., as the “e” in bent
A slight ‘y’ is sometimes added to the beginning of the word enge, to make it
yenge, and also to other similar words starting with the ‘e’ sound. The ‘y’ is written
occasionally in this and subsequent lessons
enna
what
yenna
what
edhu
which one
yedhu
which one
edhunga
which ones
yedhunga
which ones
enge
where
yenge
where
inge
here
ange
there
idhu
this
idhunga
these
adhu
that
adhunga
those
GK—Q
only, indeed.
µGK—Q¶LVXVHGOLEHUDOO\HYHQJUDWXWLWRXVO\DVZLOOEHVHHQLQPDQ\H[DPSOHVLQ
subsequent lessons, where a translation of this word/attachment is often not included.
Vocabulary
N—LGKDP
paper
teacher
NÌGH
Y—GK\—U
basket
jannal
window
kude
umbrella
are
room
Q—NN—OL
chair
pusthaham book
kadhavu
door
SQ—
ille
no
LOOH\—
no? (is it not?) (isn’t that so?)
—P——m
pen
yes
-----------------------12
Adi’s Book.
Short Sentences.
1.
2.
3.
DL\—LGKXHQQD RULGKHQQD "
LGKXQ—NNDOL
Sir, what (is) this?
This (is) a chair.
DPP—DGKXHQQD DGKHQQD "
Madam, what (is) that?
4.
DGKXPVH
That (is) a table.
5.
edhu pusthaham?
Which (is) the book?
6.
idhu pusthaham
This (is) the book.
7.
jannal enge?
Where (is) the window?
8.
jannal ange
There (is) the window.
9.
inge enna (or ingenna?)
What (is) here?
10.
inge kadhavu
Here (is) the door.
11.
idhu areya?
(Is) this the room?
12.
13.
14.
15.
16
17.
18.
19.
20.
—P—LGKXDUHGK—Q
Yes, this (is) the room indeed.
LGKXSQ—Y—"
(Is) this a pen?
LOOHLGKXSQ—LOOH
No, this (is) not a pen.
LGKXY—SQ—"
(Is) this a pen?
DGKXY—SHQFLO"
(Is) that a pencil?
—P—DGKXSHQFLOGK—Q
Yes, that (is) indeed a pencil.
LQJHGK—QDQJHLOOH
Here only, not there.
LQJH\—DQJH\—
—P——P— RU—P—P— DGKXGK—Q
Here or there?
Yes, yes, that (is) it.
-----------------------Practical Conversation.
L: Language teacher, S: student
L.
S
L.
S.
L.
S.
QDPDVN—UDPXNN—UXQJD
QDPDVWKDL\—QDQGUL
DPP—LGKXHQQD"
DL\—DGKXQ—NN—OL
SXVWKDKDPHQJHDQJH\—"
LQJHGK—QDQJHLOOH
Greetings, please sit
Greetings sir, thank (you)
Madam, what (is) this?
Sir, that (is a) chair
Where is (the) book, there?
Right here, not there
13
Adi’s Book.
L.
S.
LGKXSQ—Y—"
(Is) this (a) pen?
LOOHDGKXSQ—LOOH
No, that is not a pen,
DGKXSHQFLOGK—Q
L.
That (is) (a) pencil indeed.
—P—P—DGKXGK—Q
Yes, yes, that (is it) indeed.
Expansion Drills For Lessons 1 & 2
LQJH\—
LGKXY—
DQJH\—
)
avar
)
)
ivar
)
)
avanga
)
ivanga
)
Q—Q
Y—GK\—U
)
or
)
doctor.
DGKXY—
)
SQ—"
enge
)
or
edhu
)
pencil ?
enna
)
or
LGKX\—U
)
pusthaham?
DQJH\—
LQJH\—
LGKXY—
n¯nga
DQGKDL\—
)
)
evar
)
)
evanga
)
)
\—U
Y—GK\—U"
)
doctor?
DQGKDPP— )
Y—GK\—U"
--------------------idhu
)
n¯nga
)
adhu
)
avar
)
idhunga
)
Q—Q
)
adhunga
)
avanga
)
inge
)
adhu
)
ange
)
avan
)
\—U"
\—U"
--------------------LGKXNXGHLOOHNÌGH
LGKXQ—NN—OLLOOHPVH
LGKXSQ—LOOHSHQFLO
DYDUDSS—LOOHDPP—
idhu kadhavu ille, jannal.
LGKXSXVWKDKDPLOOHN—LGKDP
DYDUGRFWRULOOHY—GK\—U
DYDUY—GK\—ULOOHGRFWRU
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 3
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Singular
Q—Q
I
Plural
Q—P
we,(inclusive of
addressed person)
Q—QJD
we (exclusive)
Q¯
you (not polite)
Q¯QJD
you (polite) (sing.or pl)
avan
he (not polite)
avanga
they, (personal, pl)
ava
she (not polite)
avar
he or she (polite)
adhu
it (neuter)
adhunga
they (neuter)
ivar
this person
ivanga
these persons
evar
which person
evanga
which persons
yevar
which person
yevanga
which persons
en
my (gen)
unga
your (gen)
yen
my (gen)
indha
this, or these
andha
that, or those
endha
which (sing. or pl.)
yendha
which (sing. or pl.)
----------------
paiyan
boy
SH¼
girl
VWKU¯
woman
thambi
younger brother
thangachchi
younger sister
thambi
youngster (male)
thangachchi
youngster (female)
D¼¼DQ
elder brother
DNN—
elder sister
doctor
doctor
---------------------
15
Adi’s Book.
Short Sentences.
1.
DQGKDDL\—\—r?
Who (is) that gentleman?
2.
DYDU\—U"
Who (is) he?
3.
avar, doctor
He (is) a doctor
4.
LQGKDDPP—\—U"
Who (is) this lady?
5.
LQGKDVWKU¯\—U"
Who (is) this woman?
6.
LYDUY—WK\—U
She (or he) (is) a teacher
7.
evar doctor?
Which person (is) a doctor?
8.
LYDUGRFWRU—"
(Is) this person a doctor?
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
LOOHDYDUY—WK\—U
No, he (or she) (is) a teacher.
DGKX\—U"
Who (is) that?
DPP—LQGKDSDL\DQ\—U"
Mother, who (is) this boy?
DL\—DQGKDSH¼\—U"
Sir, who (is) that girl?
WKDPELLQJHY—
Little brother, come here.
WKDQJDFKFKLDQJHXNN—U
Little sister, sit there.
LQWKDSH¼GRFWRU
This girl is a doctor.
D¼¼—LQJHXNN—UXQJD
Elder Brother, sit here.
DNN—DQJHY—QJD
Elder sister, come there.
Practical Conversation.
General conversation between A and B.
A.
Y—QJDPP—LQGKDSDL\DQ\—U"
Greetings madam, who is this boy?
B.
avan yen thambi.
He (is) my younger brother.
A.
LQGKDSH¼XQJDWKDQJDFKFKL\—"
(is) this girl your younger sister?
B.
A.
LOOHDYDHQDNN—
HYDUGRFWRULYDUGRFWRU—"
No, she (is) my elder sister.
Which person is a doctor,
is this (one) a doctor?
B.
LOOHLYDUGRFWRULOOHLYDUY—WK\—U
No, she is not a doctor, she is a teacher.
A.
QLQJDGRFWRU—Y—WK\—U—"
Are you a doctor or a teacher?
B.
nan doctordhan.
I am a doctor indeed.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------16
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 4
THE VERB “TO BE”,- IMPLIED
periya
big
chinna
small, little(size).
suham
in good health
suham ille
unwell, sick.
SÀLWXYDUQ
(guest) good–bye
SÀLWXY—QJD
(host) good–bye.
nalla
good
ketta
bad
petti
box
sari
yes, right, well, (OK)
sari ille
not right, no good.
M—VWKL
much, too much.
romba
very, much, too much.
konjam
a little, just
kammi
little, short(measure).
---------------------Short Sentences.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
DPP—QLQJDVXKDP—"
Madam, (are) you well?
QDQVXKDPGK—QQDQGUL
I (am) well, thank you.
DL\—VXKDP—"
(Is the) gentleman well?
DL\—NRQMDPVXKDPLOOH
The gentleman (is a) little unwell.
DYDUURPEDVXKDPLOOH\—"
(Is) he very ill?
DPP—QDOODVXKDP—"
(Is the) lady quite well?
LGKXFKLQQDQ—NN—OL
This (is a) small chair.
8.
DGKXSHUL\DPVH
That (is) a big table.
9.
indha petti chinna petti.
This box (is a) small box.
10.
andha paiyan nalla paiyan.
That boy (is a ) good boy.
11.
LQGKDSH¼NHWWDSH¼
This girl (is a ) bad girl.
12.
LGKXURPEDM—VWKLLOOH\—"
This (is) too much, no? (is it not?)
13.
adhu romba konjam, ( kammi),
That (is) too little. (That (is) very little).
14.
Q—QSRLWXYDUQYD¼DNNDP
Good–bye (by the guest)
15.
SÀLWXY—QJDYD¼DNNDP
Good–bye (by the host)
----------------------
17
Adi’s Book.
Practical Conversation.
A: Doctor, B: Woman with patient, C: Man.
A.
B.
A.
B.
A.
QLQJDVXKDP—"
(Are) you well?
—P—Q—QVXKDPGKDQQDQGUL
Yes, I (am) indeed well, thank you.
\—UVXKDPLOOH"
Who (is) not well?
DL\—NRQMDPVXKDPLOOH
He (is a) little unwell.
LQJHSHUL\DQ—NN—OLXNN—UXQJDDSS—
Here (is a) big chair,
(please) sit down, sir.
C.
A.
QDQGULLQGKDQ—NN—OLQDOODQ—NN—OL
—PDGKXQDOODSHUL\DQ—NN—OL
Thank you, this chair (is a ) good chair.
Yes, that (is a) good big chair.
---------------------Expansion Drill For Lessons 3 & 4.
idhu yenna?
idhu petti.
DGKXSXVWKDKDP—SHWWL\—
adhu pusthaham.
periya petti yenge?
DGKXLQJHGK—Q
ethu nalla petti?
periya petti nallathu.
LQWKDFKLQQDSHWWLVDUL\—"
ille, athu sariyille.
indha pusthaham nallathu.
—P—DWKXURPEDQDOODSXVWKDKDP
LGKXURPEDM—VWKL
athu romba kammi.
LGKXURPEDURPEDM—VWKL
adhu romba romba kammi.
LGKXM—VWKL\—NDPPL\—"
LGKXVDUL\—LOOH\—"
VDULSÀLWXYDUQ
adhu romba sari. romba nallathu.
VDULSÀLWXY—QJD
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
18
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 5
CARDINAL NUMBERS 1 TO 10, AND VERBS--INTRODUCTION
Cardinal Numbers
R¼¼X
—UX
one
six
two
ÄX
seven
three
ettu
eight
Q—OX
four
ombathu
nine
anju, (anji)
five
paththu
ten
UH¼GX
PÌQX
Verbs, Introduction.
(Note: w. weak and s. strong, given, with the medials applicable: see lessons 6 & 7).
irukkuthu
it is, there are.
iru (s.ndh)
wait, be,
nil (s. n)
stand
HQGKLULHÄXQGKLUL VQGK
stand up, wake up, getup,
Vocabulary.
oru
one, a, an, (The Indefinite Article)
XººH
inside
YHºL\H
outside
ivlavu
this much
avlavu
that much
(y)evlavu?
how much?
(y)eththane?
how many?
iththane
this many
aththane
that many
UÌE—
rupee
Paisa
paise
kaththi
knife
water
V—YL
WKD¼¼L
key
liter
litre (measure)
milk
pal
tooth
flower
SDÄDP
S—O
SÌ
fruit
Short Sentences
1.
LQJHHWKWKDQHQ—NN—OLLUXkkuthu?
How many chairs are here?
2.
LQJHQ—OXQ—NN—OLLULNNXWKX
There are four chairs here.
3.
anjum anjum yeththane?
Five and five are how many?
4.
anjum anjum pathu.
Five and five are ten.
19
Adi’s Book.
5.
konjam irunga. Inge irunga.
Wait a bit. Wait here.
6.
DUHXººHLUXQJDXººHSÀQJD
Wait inside the room. Go in.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
HÄXQGKLUXYHºL\HQLO
Get up. Stand outside.
LQJHPVHLUXNNXGK—"
Is there a table here?
PÌQXPQ—OXPHYODYX"
Three and four make, how many?
PÌQXPQ—OXPÄXLOOH\—"
Three and four are seven, no?
XººHHQQDLUXNNXGKX"
What is inside?
XººHPMH\XPQ—NN—OL\XPLUXNNXWKX
LYºDYXS—ONRQGXSÀQJD
There are tables and chairs inside.
Take away this much milk.
DYºDYXS—OLQJHLOOH
There is not that much milk here.
DQJH\HYºDYXS—OLUXNNXWKX"
DQJHNRQMDPS—OGK—QLUXNNXGKX
LQJHRUXQ—NN—OLNRQGXY—
How much milk is there?
Only a little milk is there.
Bring one chair here.
18.
UH¼GXSDÄDPXPRUXNDWKWKL\XPNRQGXY—
Bring two fruits and a knife
19.
thanni romba kudinga.
Drink a lot of water.
20.
R¼¼XUH¼GXPÌQXVROOXQJD
Say one, two, three.
21.
DWKXS—OLGKXGK—QRUXSDO
That is milk, this is a tooth!
Practical Conversation.
T: Tamil Teacher, S: Student.
T.
S.
T.
S.
T.
S.
T.
S.
QLQJDO—"XººHY—QJD
QDQGULYD¼¼DNNDP
R¼¼XUH¼GXPÌQXVROOXQJD
R¼¼XUH¼GXPÌQXQ—OXDQMX—UX
ÄXHWWXRPEDWKXSDWKWKX
LQJH\HWKWKDQHQ—NN—OLirukkuthu?
DQJHQ—OXQ—NN—OLLUXNNXWKX
UH¼GXPPÌQXPHYODYX"
UH¼GXPPÌQXPDQMXLOOH\—"
Is that you? Come in.
Thank you, Greetings.
Say 1, 2, 3, etc.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10.
How many chairs are there here?
There are four chairs there.
How much is two and three?
Two and three are five, no?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
20
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 6.
VERBS; POSITIVE IMPERATIVES.
The root of the verb itself is the ‘not polite’ form.
The root plus ‘nga’ is the ‘polite’ form. (pl.)
(Lesson 7 will develop the use of Medials, given in brackets here).
Not Polite.
XNN—U QGK
Y— QGK
Polite.
XNN—UXQJD
sit
Y—QJD
come
SÀ Q
SÀQJD
go
sit
come
go
Practice the application similarly to other verbs, such as the following:padi (thth)
read, learn, study.
read
HÄXGKX LQ
Y—VL WKWK
write
sei (dh)
make, do.
SVX LQ
speak
sol, sollu (in)
say, tell
nil, nillu (n)
stand, stop
kudi (thth)
drink
NRQGXY— QGK
bring
NRQGXSÀ Q
take away
WKD\—UVHL GK
make ready, prepare.
-----------------
Use the following with nouns and pronouns, as in some of the sentences below:-um……...-um
and
-umille…..-umille
neither….nor
--------------------Short Sentences
1.
WKDPELLQJHY—XNNDU
Little brother, come here. Sit.
2.
DL\—NRQMDPDQJHSÀQJD
Sir, just go there.
3.
intha pusthaham padinga.
Read this book.
4.
WKDQJDFKFKLNRQMDPWKD¼¼LNXGL
Little sister, drink a little water.
5.
6.
7.
8.
QLQJDLQGKDS—ONXGLQJD
S—OXPWKD¼¼L\XPNRQGXSÀQJD
idhu WKD¼¼L\XPLOOHS—OXPLOOH.
NRQMXPSVXQJD
You drink this milk.
Take away the water and milk.
This is neither water or milk.
Speak a liittle.
21
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Adi’s Book.
YD¼DNNDPVROOXQJD
Say ‘greetings’.
UÌE—YXPSDLVDYXPNRQGXY—QJD
LQJHNDWKL\XPLOOHV—YL\XPLOOH
LQJH\XPDQJH\XPHÄXGKX
Bring the rupee and the paise.
There is neither knife or key here.
Write here and there.
LGKXYXPDWKXYXPWKD\—UVHL
Prepare this and that.
UH¼GXUÌE—SDWKXSDLVDNRGX
Give two rupees and ten paise.
QDOODWKDPLÄSVXQJD
Speak good tamil.
SHUL\DSHWWLNRQGXSÀ
Take the big box.
Q¯DQJHQLOQ¯LQJHQLOOX
You stand here. You, stand here.
Q¯QJDLQJHXNN—UXQJD
You, sit here.
LGKXNHWWDSÌLOOH
This is not a bad flower.
DQGKDQDOODSÌNRQGXY—
Bring that good flower.
---------------------Practical Conversation.
B: Boy selling milk. C: Customer.
C.
B.
C.
B.
C.
WKDPELLQJHY—S—ONRQGXY—
HQQDDPP—"\HYºDYXYQXP"
S—OYLOH\HQQD"VROOXQJD
RPEDWKXUÌE—SDWKXSDLVHOLWHU
DWKXURPEDM—VWKLLOOH\—"
konjam kammi sei.
B.
C.
B.
LOOHDPP—LWKXURPEDNRQMDP
LGKXS—OXPLOOHWKD¼¼L\XPLOOH
LGKXQDOODS—ONRQMDPNXGLQJD
Little brother, come here. Bringe the milk.
What (is it) maam. How much do you want?
What’s the price of the milk? Tell (me).
Rs9.10 per litre.
That is too much, no? (isn’t it?)
Make it a bit less.
No maam, this is very low (price).
This is neither milk or water!
This is good milk. (Please) drink some.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
22
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 7.
NEGATIVE IMPERATIVES,
WEAK AND STRONG VERBS, AND MEDIALS,
Negative Imperative.
:LWKµ—GKH¶DQGµ—GKLQJD¶µGRQRW¶
(Weak and Strong Verbs – see below).
‘Not polite’ form.
5RRWSOXVµ—GKH¶IRUZHDNYHUEV
SÀSÀK—GH
5RRWSOXVµN—GKH¶IRUVWURQJYHUEV
do not go
NXGLNXGLN—GKH
do not drink
SÀSÀK—GLQJD
do not go
YDU—GKLQJD
do not come.
‘Polite form’.
5RRWSOXVµ—GKLQJD¶IRUZHDNYHUEV
5RRWSOXVµN—GKLQJD¶IRUVWURQJYHUEV
NXGLNXGLNN—GKLQJD do not drink
There are some exceptions to the above,
Y—
YDU—dhe,
NRQGXY—
NRQGXYDU—GKH
NRQGXYDU—GKLQJD
do not bring.
----------------------
VERBS, Weak And Strong
Classification:
Verbs Are classified into two groups, strong and weak. ‘Strong’ verbs form their
present tense with ‘kr’ as medial. ‘Weak’ verbs use ‘r’ as the medial to form the present
tense. Lesson 16 illustrates this further.
Note. Strong verbs are indicated by ‘s’ and weak verbs by ‘w’ in the following lessons.
Medials are ‘joining sounds’
Other Medials are also needed for other tenses. (See below, past tense).
23
Adi’s Book.
Past Tense Medials.
Weak Verbs.
Y— QGK
SÀ Q
NRQGXY— QGK
ÀGX LQ
come
SVX LQ
go
PÌGX LQ
bring
WKÌQJX LQ
run
speak
close, cover
NRQGXSÀ Q
take away
sei (dh)
do
HÄXWKX LQ
write
N—WWX LQ
show
padi (thth)
study
nada (ndh)
walk
kudi (thth)
drink
show
Y—VL WKWK
N—PL WKWK
read
thira (ndh)
open
edu, yedu (thth)
take
vai (thth)
place, put, keep
S—U WKWK
see, look at, look after, take care of
nil (ndh)*
stand
YOHVHL GK
sleep
work
Strong Verbs.
,UUHJXODUQLOQWKQ QLQWKQ±µO¶LVGURSSHG
------------------------Vocabulary
V¯NUDP—
V¯NUDP
quickly
PHGKXY—
soon
YKDP—
fast
marapadiyum
again
YOH
work (n)
ippo
now
appo
then, at that time
padam
picture
apram
afterwards
VDUL\—
exactly, well
ipdi
this way, thus
VDGKGKDP—
loudly, aloud
apdi
that way
epdi
how, which way
well (adv.)
SDººLNÌGDP
QDOODQDOO—
school
thirumba
again
kadidham
letter
thirumba-thirumba
repeatedly
slowly, gently
-------------------------
24
Adi’s Book.
Short Sentences
LGKXN—WWXQJDDGKXN—WW—GKLQJD
S—ONXGLQJDWKD¼¼LNXGLNN—GKLQJD
LQJHY—DQJHSÀKDGKH
Show this, don’t show that.
Drink milk, do not drink water.
Come here, don’t go there.
YHºL\HSÀXººHYDU—GKH
Go out, don’t come in.
WKDPELSDººLNÌGDPSÀVLNUDPSÀ
PHGKXY—YDLQJDDQJHYDLQJD
Little brother, go to school. Go soon.
Place it gently. Put it there.
LQGKDSDGDPS—UNN—GKLQJD
Don’t look at this picture.
DQGKDS—GDPSDGLNN—GKLQJD
Don’t study that lesson.
9. adhu thirumba padinga.
Read that again.
VDGKGKDP—SDGLQJD
Read loudly.
QDOO—SDGLQJD
Read well.
YHKDP—SDGLNN—GKLQJD
Don’t read fast.
LSSRYOHVHL\—GKLQJDDSUDPVHLQJD
LQGKDYOHQDOO—VHLQJD
Don’t work now, work afterwards.
Do this work well.
LSGLVHLQJDDSGLVHL\—GKLQJD
Do (it) this way, don’t do (it)that way.
MDQQDOPÌG—GKLQJD
Don’t close (the) window.
NDGKDYXWKLUDNN—GKLQJD
Don’t open (the) door.
DGKXHGXQJDLGKXHGXNN—GKLQJD
Take that. Don’t take this.
LSSRDQJHSÀK—GKH
Don’t go there now.
SDGDPSDUNN—GKLQJDS—GDPSDGLQJD Don’t look at (the) picture. Read (the) lesson.
YHKDP—QDGDNN—GKLQJD
URPEDPHGKXY—QDGDQGJD
LSSRLQJHQLNN—GKH Do not walk fast.
Walk very slowly.
Don’t stand here now.*
QLON—GKH QLNN—GKH±µO¶LVGURSSHG
-------------------------
25
Adi’s Book.
Practical Conversation.
T: Teacher. S: Younger student
7WKDPELLQJHWKÌQJ—GKH
Don’t (go to) sleep here, young fellow.
S. ennanga? (-nga = plural ending, denotes respect.)
What? (Pardon, madam)?
7LSSRSDGLDSUDPSVX
Study now, talk later.
6HQGKDS—GDP"SHUL\DSXVWKDKDPLQJLOOH
Which lesson? (There is) no big book here.
7DQJHSXVWKDKDPLUXNNXGKXS—GDPÄXPHGKXY—VDGKGKDP—Y—VL
There is a book.. Read lesson 7 slowly (and) loudly.
6WKLUXPEDWKLUXPEDVROO—GKLQJDQDQQDOODSDL\DQ
Don’t say (that) again and again. I’m (a) good boy.
7DSGL\—"VDULLSSRSDGL
Is that so? All right, now read.
S. saringa.
All right madam.
---------------------Expansion Drill For Lessons 5, 6, 7.
WKDPLÄSDGLQJD
WKDPLÄS—GDPQDOODSDGLQJD
WKDPLÄS—GDPYKDP—Y—VLQJD
HOODPY—VLQJD
URPEDPHGKXY—Y—VLNN—GKLQJD
WKDPLÄS—GDPSDGLQJD
WKDPLÄS—GDPY—VLQJD
ingeyum angeyum v—VLNN—GKLQJD
S—GDP\HOO—PY—VLQJD
1RWH,QVHUWµHUXWKX¶RUµSVX¶RUµVROOX¶LQVWHDGRIµSDGL¶DQGµY—VL¶LQWKHDERYH
---------------------DYºDYXHÄXGK—GKLQJD
DQJHHÄXGK—GKLQJD
LSSRYOHVHLQJD
DSGLHÄXGK—GKLQJD
elO—PHÄXGK—GKLQJD
LSSRXQJDYOHVHLQJD
26
Adi’s Book.
LSSRXQJDYOHHOO—PVHLQJD
LSSRDQJHYOHQDOODVHLQJD
LSSRXQJDYOHYKDP—VHLQJD
LSSRDQJHYOHVDUL\—VHLQJD
DSUDPSHUL\DYOHVHLQJD
PDUXSDGL\DPDQGKDYOHVHL\—GKLQJD
DSUDPDQGKDYOHVHL\—dhinga.
LGKXPVH\XPLOOHQ—NN—OL\XPLOOH
LGKXV—YL\XPLOOHNDWKWKL\XPLOOH
SHQ—YXPLOOHSHQFLOXPLOOH
ipdiyumille / apdiyumille.
LGKXS—OXPLOOHWKD¼¼L\XPLOOH
QDPXPLOOHQ¯QJDºXPLOOH
Note: Verbs (positive and negative) are to be drilled the same way as shown above.
Nouns, adjectives and adverbs are also to be drilled in the same pattern.
---------------------S—OLQJHNRQGXY—QJD
S—OXPSDÄDPXPLQJHNRQGXY—QJD
LSSRQDOO—WKD¼¼LNRQGXY—QJD
LSSRDYºDYXWKD¼¼LNRGXYDU—GKLQJD
NDWKWKLNRQGXY—QJD
NHWWDWKD¼¼LNRQGXYDU—GKLQJD
LSSRWKD¼¼LNRQGXY—QJD
NHWWDWKD¼¼LPDUXSDGL\XPNRQGXYDU—GKLQJD
---------------------PHGKXY—QDGDNN—GKLQJDÀGXQJD
YKDP—ÀGXQJDURPEDYKDP—ÀGXQJD
LSDGL\XPDSDGL\XPÀG—GKLQJD
VDUL\—ÀGXQJD
PDUXSDGLXPÀGXQJD
DYºDYXPHGKXY—ÀG—GKLQJD
RUXNDGLGKDPHÄXWKXQJD
XQJDS—GDPHÄXWKXQJD
URPEDQDOODHÄXWKXQJD
WKLUXPEDWKLUXPEDÀGXQJD
LYºDYXYKDP—ÀGXQJD
LQWKDNDGLGKDPHÄXWKXQJD
LQJH\XPDQJH\XPHÄXWKXQJD
S—GDPHOO—PHÄXWKXQJD
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
27
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 8.
NOUNS,F)250,1*7+(3/85$/
Nouns,
Singular
plus ‘nga’
PVH
table
Q—NN—OL
Note:
=
Plural
PVHQJD
tables
Q—NN—OLQJD Chairs
chair
Singular nouns ending in ‘m’ drop the final ‘m’ before adding ‘nga’.
maram,
tree
pusthaham, book
maranga,
trees
pusthahanga,
books
-------------------------Vocabulary
Y—UWKWKH
word
S—WWX
pudhu, pudhiya
new
old (things)
DQKD
SDÄD\D
many
vayasu
age (persons).
sila
some, a few.
pala
several
V—SSLGX
eat
play
S—GX
YLºD\—GX
sing
padu
lie down
anuppu
send
call
LGKÀ
NÌSSLGX
here it is
DGKÀ
song
there it is
Short Sentences
LQGKDSXGKL\DSDL\DQ\—U"
SDÄD\DSDL\DQ\HQJH"
WKDPELLQJHY—DQJHÀGX
YKDP—ÀGX
LSSRSXGKXWKD¼¼LNRQGXY—
DSSRSDÄD\DWKD¼¼LNRQGXY—UDGK
LQGKDS—WWXS—GX
LQGKDQDOODS—WWXS—GX
NHWWDS—WWXS—G—GKLQJD
LSGLS—G—GKLQJD
Who is this new boy?
Where is the old (former) boy?
Little brother, come here. Run there.
Run fast.
Now bring new water
Then, do not bring old water.
Sing this song.
Sing this good song.
Don’t sing (the) bad song.
Don’t sing like this.
28
Adi’s Book.
DQJHYLºD\—GXQJD
Play there
LQJHYLºD\—G—GKLQJD
Don’t play here.
LGKXQDOODSDÄDPURPEDQDOO—SDÄDPV—SSLGXQJD
This is good fruit, very good fruit. Eat (please).
DSGLQDGDNN—GKLQJDVLNUDPQDGDQJD
VLODSXGKXSXVWKDKDQJDNRQGXY—QJD
Don’t walk like that. Walk fast.
Bring some new books.
SDÄD\DSXVWKDKDPLQJHYDLNN—GKHNRQGXSÀ
Don’t leave (the) old book here, take it away.
LQJHVLODQ—NN—OLQJDDQXSSXQJD
Send a few chairs here.
18. pala nalla pusthahanga ange ille.
Several good books are not there.
LQJHNÌSSLG—GKHDQJHNÌSSLGX
Don’t call here, call there.
DQJHSDGXNN—GKHLQJHSDGX
Don’t lie down there, lie here.
21. ipdi sei. inge sei. apdi ille!
Do (it) like this. Do (it) here. Not like that!
DQGKDFKLQQDSDL\DQLSSRLQJHNÌSSLGX Call that small boy here now.
Practical Conversation.
A: Any Person.
$Q¯LQJHSXWKXSDL\DQLOOH\—"
You (are a) new boy here, aren’t you?
(—P—LSSÀQ—QSXWKXSDL\DQGK—Q
$SDÄD\DSDL\DQ\HQJH"
(DYDQLSSÀLQJHLOOH
E: New Employee.
Yes, I (am) a new boy only.
Where (is the) old (former) boy?
He (is) not here now.
$VLODWDPLÄY—UWKWKHQJDVROOXSS—LQJOLVKSV—GKH
Speak some Tamil words. Don’t speak English.
E. inge romba sadhdham. antha chinna paiyanga kuppidunga.
Here (it’s) very noisy. Call those small boys (please)
$Q¯QJDXººHYLOD\—G—GKLQJDYHºL\HYLOD\—GXQJD
Don’t play inside, play outside, (please).
E. romba nandri.
Many thanks.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
29
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 9.
NOUNS AND PERSONAL PRONOUNS,
ACCUSATIVE (OBJECTIVE) CASE.
To form the accusatives of nouns, the ending ‘e’ is suffixed to the nominatives.
Nom.
AvanSDL\DQGK—Q
He is only a boy.
Acc.
Avane kuppidunga.
Call him.
or, where the noun has a final vowel, ‘ye’ is suffixed,
Indha PVH nalla ille.
Nom.
This table (is) not good.
Andha PVH\HNRQGXY—QJD
Acc.
Bring that table.
When the object is unspecified neuter, the accusative case ending is generally omitted.
Nouns ending in ‘m’, ‘ru’, or ‘du’ are exceptions.
‘m’ and ‘ru’ change to ‘thu’.
‘du’ changes to ‘ttu’.
Noun
Declensional Base*
Accusative
pusthaham
pusthahathu
pusthahathe
P—GX
P—WWX
P—WWH
—Uu
—WKX
—WKWKH
*Declensional Bases also serve as possessive adjectives or as bases of compound nouns.
NDLYOH
PDUDWKWKXSDÄDP
the work of the hand (handicraft)
the fruit of the tree.
--------------------------
30
Adi’s Book.
Pronouns
Pronoun
Q—Q
Q—P
Q—QJD
Declensional Base*
Accusative
I
en
enne
me
we (incl)
Q—P
namme
us
we (excl)
HQJDº
HQJDºH
us
you
un
unne
you (sing)
Q¯QJD
you
XQJDº
XQJDºH
you (pl)
avan
he
avan
avane
him
avar
he or she (polite)
avar
avare
him or her
ava
she (impolite)
ava
DYDºH
her
adhu
it
adhu
adhe
it
adhunga
they (things)
DGKXQJDº
DGKXQJDºH
them
avanga
they (persons)
Q¯
DYDQJDº
DYDQJDºH
them
Vocabulary
—GX
sheep
P—GX
bullock, (ox)
pasu
cow
maram
tree
Y¯GX
house
WKÀWWDP
—UX
garden
—VSDWKUL
Y—GDKH
hospital
rent
river
NL¼DUX
well
sadhdham
noise
kayiru
string
V—GKDP
cooked rice
arisi
uncooked rice
nel
paddy (rice from or in the field).
SU
name, person
NÌGD
also
mundhi
early
pindhi
late
L¼¼DNNL
today
Q—ºDNNL
tomorrow
Q—ºD¼¼DNNL
the day after tomorrow
QWKWKX
yesterday
vettu (w. in)
cut (with an axe)
kadi (s. thth)
bite
adi (s.thth)
strike, hit
kuli (s.thth)
bathe
mara (s.ndh)
forget
NO VWW
PDUDQWKXSÀ ZQ forget
ask
D¼¼DNL
that day
31
Adi’s Book.
Some parts of the body.
thale
head
muham
face
PÌNNX
nose
ND¼
eye
N—WKX
ear
mouth
Q—NNX
Y—L
tongue
pal
tooth
kai
hand
leg
P—U
N—O
chest
vayiru
stomach
------------------------Short Sentences
HQQHNÌSSLGDGKLQJD
DYDUHNÌSSLGXQJD
Don’t call me.
Call him.
LQGKDY¯WWHS—UXQJD
Look at this house.
4. epdi irukkuthu? athu yepdi?
How is it? How is it?
—WWH\XPP—WWH\XPDGLNN—GKLQJD
Don’t beat the goat and the bullock.
6. andha kayiththe yedunga.
Take that string.
WKD¼¼LHNXGLQJD
Drink (the) Water.
V—GGDWKWKHV¯NUDPV—SSLGXQJD
LGKXQDOODPDUDP—"
DSSRLQGKDPDUDPYHWW—GKLQJD
SHUL\D—VSDWKUL\HS—UXQJD
Q—ºDNNLNRQMDPPXQGKLY—QJD
URPEDSLQGKLYDU—GKLQJD
L¼¼DNLLQGKDYOH\HVH\—GKLQJD
LSSRLOOHDSUDPNXºLQJD
LQJHNXºLNN—GKLQJD
DQJHQ—ºDNNLSÀQJD
Q—ºD¼¼DNNLSÀKDGKLQJD
LGKHPDUDQGKXSÀKDGKLQJD
LQGKDS—GDWKWKHPDUDNN—GKLQJD
Eat (the) rice quickly.
Is this a good tree?
Then don’t cut this tree.
Look at (the) big hospital
Come a little early tomorrow.
Don’t come very late.
Don’t do this work today.
Not now, bathe afterwards.
Don’t bathe here.
Go there tomorrow.
Don’t go the day after tomorrow.
Don’t forget this.
Don’t forget this lesson.
32
Adi’s Book.
SHQFLOOHDSGLNDGLNN—GKLQJD
Don’t bite the pencile like that.
—WKWKXWKD¼¼LQDOO—WKD¼¼L
(The) river water is good water.
XQJDNDL\XPN—OXPN—WWXQJD
Show your hands and feet.
LGKX\—USU"LGKXQDOODSU
Whose name is this? This is a good name.
Q¯QJDDSS—NXGH\HNRQGXSÀQJD
You take father(’s) umbrella.
HQNDQQHNRQMDPS—UXQJD
Just look at my eye.
GRFWRULGKXNHWWDSDO—"
Doctor, is this a bad tooth?
------------------------Practical Conversation.
T: Tenant
7LGKX\—UY¯GX"XQJDY¯G—"
L: Landlord.
Whose house is this? Your house?
/—P—QJD\HQQDYQXP"
Yes. What do you want?
7LQGKDY¯GXYQXPYDGDKHHYºDYX"
(I) want this house. How much (is the) rent?
L. vadahe apram.
Rent (can be discussed) later.
7LQJHWKÀWWDPLOOH\—"
Is there no garden here?
NL¼DUX\HQJH"
Where is the well?
/YDQJDNL¼DUXPWKÀWWDPS—UNNDY—QJD
Come (along), come and see the garden and the well
T. eththane arenga irukkathu?
How many rooms are there.
/PÌQXFKLQQDDUHQJDUH¼GXSHUL\DDUHQJDLUXNNXWKX
There are three small rooms and two big rooms.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
33
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 10.
NOUNS AND PERSONAL PRONOUNS
GENITIVE (POSSESSIVE) CASE.
There are two genitive forms.
For Pronouns:In the first,
some pronouns have their own possessive case form.
others do not change, as seen below.
In the second,
Q—Q
Q—QJD
avan
avanga
the addition of ‘udeya’ reinforces the possessive.
HQPVH
HQJDPVH
DYDQPVH
DYDQJDPVH
HQXGH\DPVH
my table
HQJDºXGH\DPVH
our table
DYDQXGH\DPVH
his table
DYDQJDºXGH\DPVH
their table
For Nouns:SRQQDPP—NDL
SRQQDPP—YXGH\DNDL
3RQQDPP—¶VIDFH
maram ile
marathudeya ile
the tree’s leaf
Pronoun
Q—Q
Possessive
I
en
enudeya
my
we
nam
namudeya
our (incl)
we
enga
HQJDºXGH\D
our (excl)
you
un
unudeya
your (sing)
Q¯QJD
you
unga
XQJDºXGH\D
your (pl)
avan
he
avan
avanudeya
his
ava
she
ava
DYDºXGH\D
her
avar
he or she
avar
avarudeya
his or her
avanga
they (persons)
avanga
DYDQJDºXGH\D
their
adhu
it
adhan
adhanudeya
its
adhunga
they (things)
adhunga
DGKXQJDºXGH\D
their
Q—P
Q—QJD
Q¯
Animate Nouns also use ‘idam’ or ‘idathle’ to express ‘in posession of’.
See Lesson 28, page 102.
------------------------34
Adi’s Book.
Short Sentences
DGKXXQNDLLGKX\HQNDLLGKX\—UNDL"
That is your hand. This is my hand. Whose hand is this?
XQJDSDGDPHQJH"LGKXDYDQJDSXVWKDKDPLOOH\—"
Where is your picture? This is their book is it not?
DYDUXGH\DSDGDPN—WW—GKLQJDQDPXGH\DSXVWKDKDPHQJH"
Don’t show his picture. Where is our book
LQGKDNÌGH\—UNÌGH"LQGKDNÌGHDYDQXGH\DNÌGHLOOH
Whose basket is this? This basket is not his basket.
HGKXXQJDºXGH\DPVH"LGKXXQJDPVH
Which is your table? This is your table.
Y—\HWKLUDXQY—\HQDOO—WKLUDQ—NNHN—WWX
Open (Your) mouth. Open your mouth well.(wide). Show (your) tongue.
QDPSDL\DQSDººLNÌGDPHGKX"
Which is our boy’s school?
LGKX\—U—VSDWKUL"LGKX\HQJD—VSDWKUL
Whose hospital is this? This is our hospital.
DGKX\HYDUY¯GXDYDUXGH\DY¯G—LYDUXGH\DY¯G—"
Whose house is that, that person’s house, or this person’s house.
HQQHS—UNN—GKLQJDSDGDWKWKHY—VLQJDVDUL\—Y—VLQJD
Don’t look at me. Read the lesson. Read it well.
HQXGH\DWKDOHFKLQQDWKDOHDYDQXGH\DPÌNNXSHUL\DWKX
My head is a small head. His nose is a big one.
XQJDºXGH\DSU\HQQD"DGKDQSU\HQQD"
What is your name. What is its name.(what is it called).
HQSUMRKQDGKDQSUWRP
PMHPOHHQSQ—LUXNNXWK—"
DGKDQV—YLLQJHLOOH
My name is John. Its name is Tom.
Is my pen on the table?
Its key is not here.
-------------------------
35
Adi’s Book.
Practical Conversation.
G: Gardener
*Y—QJDLDKWKÀWWDWKWKHS—UXQJD
(LGKXURPEDQDOODWKÀWWDP
E: Employer.
Come sir, look at the garden.
This is a very good garden.
inge yeththane maranga irukkuthu?
How many trees are here?
*LQJHSDWKXPDUDQJDGK—QLUXNNXWKX
There are only ten trees here.
E. adhu enna sedi?
What (kind of) plant is that?
*DGKXRUXSÌVHGL
That is a flower(ing) plant.
(DQGKDSÌFKHGLLQJHYDLNN—GKLQJD
Don’t put that flowering plant here.
G. saringa.
All right.
Expansion Drill For Lessons 8,9,10.
Genitive(Possessive)
LGKXHQY¯GX .
LGKX\—UY¯GX"
LGKXQDPY¯GXLOOH
WKDPELLGKXXQY¯G—"
LGKXDYDUXGH\DY¯GXGK—Q .
DGKDQXGH\DDPP—LQJHLOOH
LGKXXQJDºXGH\DY¯GX
LGKXDYDQJDY¯GX
LGKX\HQJDºXGH\DY¯GXLOOH
idKXDYDUY¯GXLOOH\—"
FKLQQD—GXDPP—HQJH"
DGKDQDPP—YHºL\LUXNNXWKX
Accusative(Object)
HQQHS—UXQJD
HQY¯WWHS—UXQJD
HQSH¼¼HS—UXQJD
HQSDL\DQHS—UXQJD
HQXGH\DSXVWKDWKWKHS—UXQJD
HQJDPDUDWKWKHYHWW—WKLQJD
HQJDÌU —WKWKHS—UXQJD YLOODJH \HQJDP—WWHN—WWXQJD
WKDQJDFKFKLXQPXKDWKWKHN—WWX
P—WWHDGL—WWHDGLNN—GKH
HQSXVWKDKDQJDOHS—UXQJD
HQJDSDÄDWKWKHV—SLGXQJD
HQJD—WWHNÌSLGXQJD
WKDPELXQS—GDWKWKHY—VL
V—GKDWKWKHV¯NUDPV—SLGX
XQNDL\HN—WWX
XQND¼¼HPXGX
idhu en petti
indha paiyan yen thambi.
ivan enudeya thambi.
LQGKDSH¼HQWKDQJDFKFKL
iva yenudeya thangachchi.
36
Adi’s Book.
Verbs, Positive and Negative.
Q¯QJD—VSDWKULSÀQJD
QDºD¼¼DNNLYDU—GKLQJD
Q¯QJDPXQGKLNXºLQJD
V¯NUDPN¯ÄHSÀQJD
Q—ºDNNLLQJHY—QJD
LGKHPDUDQGKXSÀK—GKLQJD
Q¯QJDDSUDPNXºLQJD
LSSRPOHSÀK—GKLQJD
DYDUSU\HQQD"
DYDUSUHNºXQJD
XQJDN—OHN—WW—GKLQJD
XQJDºXGH\DY—\HQDOODWKLUXQJD
XQJDSUHVROOXQJD
XQJDQ—NNHVDUL\—N—WWXQJD
DQJHLQGKDGRFWRUHS—UXQJD
DYDUSUMRVHSK—"
PDUXSDGL\XPPOHSÀQJD
LQJHYLºD\—G—GKLQJDYHºL\ÀGXQJD
DQJH\HOO—UXPS—WWXS—GXQJD
‘tome’ inge anuppunga.
PVHPOHSDGXQJD
LGKX\—UXGH\DSHWWL"
LQGKDNDGLGKDWKWKHQ—ºDNNLDQXSSXQJD
LQGKDDPP—XQJDDPP— XQJDPP—
PDUDWKWKXN¯ÄHSDGXNN—GKLQJD
LYDUXQJDºXGH\DDPP—
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
37
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 11.
REVIEW (REVISION) No 1.
The translation is not given, -read the sentences and understand them.
This is a test of your progress.
DL\—Y—QJDYD¼DNNDPXººHY—QJDXNN—UXQJDDQJHXNN—UXQJDLQJHXNN—UXQJD
DPP—SÀQJDDQJHSÀQJDV¯NUDPSÀQJDDSGLSÀQJDLSSRSÀQJDDSUDPSÀQJD
LGKX\—U"LYDQ\—U"LYD\—U"LQGKDSDL\DQ\—U"LQGKDSH¼\—U"LQGKDPP—\—U"
LYDQHQWKDPELDYDHQWKDQJDFKFKLLQGKDSDL\DQHQWKDPELLQGKDPP—HQDPP—
LQGKDSH¼HQXGH\DWKDQJDFKFKLLYDUHQDSS—DYDUHQJDPP—LYDUHQJDSS—
Q¯QJDVXKDP—"Q—QVXKDPGK—QDPP—VXKDP—"DPP—URPEDVXKDP
DL\—VXKDPLOOH\—"—P—DL\—VXKDPLOOHDL\—YXPDPP—YXPVXKDP—"
Q¯QJDHOO—UXP Q¯QJHOO—UXP VXKDP—"Q—QJDHOO—P Q—QJHOO—P VXKDPGK—Q
LGKXHQQD"LGKHQQD"LGKXSXVWKDKDP—"—P—LGKXSXVWKDKDPGK—QLGKX\—U
SXVWKDKDPXQJDSXVWKDKDP—"DGKXHQSXVWKDKDPLQGKDSXVWKDKDP\—USXVWKDKDP"
LQGKDSXVWKDKDPDYDUSXVWKDKDPPMHPOHQDOODSXVWKDKDPLUXNNXGKXNRQGXY—QJD
SDGLQJDQDOODSDGLQJDVDGKGKDP—SDGLQJDRUXS—GDPSDGLQJDHOO—PSDGLNN—GKLQJD
LGKXXQJDDUH\—"LGKXFKLQQDDUHLGKXURPEDFKLQQDDUHLOOH\—"XQJDDUH\HQJH"
HQJHXQJDDUH"DGKXY—LGKXY—"LQJH\—DQJH\—"MDQQDOHPÌGXQJDNDGKDYH
WKLUDQJDNRQMDP—WKLUDNN—GKLQJDM—VWKLPÌG—GKLQJDNRQMDPPÌGXQJDQDOOD
WKLUDQJDHQSHWWL\HLQJHYDLQJDYHOL\YDLNN—GKLQJDLGKDQV—YLNRQGXY—QJD
LGKX—VSDWKULSV—GKLQJDVDGKGKDP—SV—GKLQJDMDVWKLVDGKGKDPVHL\—GKLQJD
DQJHSÀQJDDSGLSÀQJDURPEDPHGKXY—SVXQJDDYºDYXVDGKGKDP—SV—GKH
QDQGULSÀLWXYDUQDSUDPY—QJDSÀLY—QJDWKLUXPEDY—QJDSÀLWXY—QJD
PDUXSDGL\XPY—QJDQ—ºDNNLDQJHY—QJDWKLUXPEDWKLUXPEDY—QJDQ¯QJDOXP
DPP—YXPY—QJDQ—ºD¼¼DNNLYDU—GKLQJD
LQJHHWKWKDQHQ—NN—OLQJDLUXNNXWKX"P̼XQ—NN—OLLUXNNXWKXQ—OXQ—NN—OL
LOOH\—R¼¼XLQJHYDLQJDUHQGXDQJHNRQGXSÀQJDPVH\XPQ—NN—OL\XP
NRQGXSÀQJDLQJHPVH\XPLOOHQ—NN—OL\XPLOOHLQJHSQ—LUXNNXGK—"LOOHLQJH
SQ—YXPLOOHSHQFLOXPLOOHLGKXSDÄD\DPVHLQJHVLODQ—NN—OL\XPDQJHDQKD
Q—NN—OL\XPLUXNNXGKXQJDDYDQJDºXGH\DQ—NN—OL\HQJH
38
Adi’s Book.
Practical Conversation.
$DNN— HOGHUVLVWHU 7WKDQJDFKFKL <RXQJHUVLVWHU $YLPDO—V—SS—GXY¼XPV¯NUDPNRQGXYD
Vimala, I want food. Bring (it) quickly.
7DNN—V—SS—GXLSSRY¼XP—"
Sister , do you want food now?
$—P—NXGLNNDWKD¼¼LNÌGDY¼XP
Yes, (I) want drinking water also.
7LGKÀV—SS—GXPWKD¼¼L\XPPHGKXY—V—SSLGDNN—
Here are food and water. Eat slowly sister.
$WKDQJDFKFKLDSUDPVLODSDÄDQJDNRQGXYDQ¯NÌGDNRQMDPS—ONXGL
Sister, bring some fruit later on. You also, drink some milk.
7M—VWKLS—ONRGXNN—GKLQJD
$LYºDYXS—ONXGLVDUL\—"
7VDULDNN—DYºDYXGK—Q
Don’t give (me) too much milk.
Drink this much milk, alright?
Alright sister. That much only.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
39
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 12.
VERBS F,1),1,7,9(6
Infinitives
These are formed by adding ‘a’ and ‘ka’to the roots of weak and strong verbs respectively.
solla (w)
to say or tell.
nadakka (s)
to walk
konduvara
to bring
Y—DQGNRQGXY—DUHH[FHSWLRQV
vara
to come
Vocabulary.
SÌQH
cat
Q—L
dog
pasu
cow
idam
place, space
W¯
tea
N—SL
coffee
chakkare
sugar
YH¼¼H
butter
uppu
salt
vellam
jaggary
V—SS—GX
meal
rotti
bread
kade
shop
Y—ÄDSDÄDP
plantain (banana)
PLWW—L
sweets
sedi
(a) plant
VXGDWKD¼¼L
hot water
SDFKFKHWKD¼¼L
cold water, raw water, (uncooked, unboiled)
WKD\—UVHL GK
prepare
WKD\—U—LUu
be ready
Q\Q
why
WKD\—U
readiness
nalladhu
(it is) good
-------------------------
40
Adi’s Book.
Short Sentences
VDSS—GXWKD\—UV—SSLGDY—QJD
The meal (is) ready, come to eat.
2. avare konjam irukka sollunga.
Tell him to wait a little.
DYDQHYHºL\HQLNNDVROOXQJD
Ask him to stand outside.
DYDOHS—ONXGLNNDNÌSSLGX
Call her to drink milk.
NDGH\HS—UNNDSÀQJD
Go to see (the) shop.
URWWL\XPYH¼¼H\XPNRQGXY—QJD
Bring (the) bread and butter.
FKDNNDUHNRQGXYDUDSÀQJD
Go to bring sugar.
LQGKDYOHVHL\DWKD\—U—LUXQJD
Be ready to do this work.
YHºL\HSÀKDQ¯QJDWKD\—U—"
Are you ready to go out.
PLWW—LLUXNNXGK—"
Are there sweets?
NRQMDPPLWW—LNRQGXYDQJD
Bring some sweets.
NRQMDPN—SL\XPNRQMDPW¯\XPWKD\—UVHLQJDV¯NUDP
Prepare some tea and coffee. Quick.
LGKXSDGLNNDSHUL\DSDGDPLOOH\—"
RUXFKLQQDNDGLGKDPHÄXWKDY—QJD
This is a big lesson to study, is it not?
Come to write a small letter.
HGKXVÌGDWKD¼¼LHGKXSDFKFKHWKD¼¼L"
Which is hot water, which is cold water?
DGKXSDFKFKHWKD¼¼L\—"
Is that cold water?
DGKXSDVXQDOO—SDVXSDVXYHDGLNN—GKLQJD
That is a cow, (a) good cow, do not beat the cow.
LGKXNHWWDQ—L
NHWWDQ—\HQDOO—DGLQJD
HQSÌQHDQJHLUXNNXGKX
DGKHLQJHNÌSSLGXQJD
PLWW—LM—VWKLV—SSLG—GKLQJD
LGKXQDOODV—SS—GX
This is a bad dog.
Beat the bad dog severely.
My cat is there.
Call that here.
Don’t eat much sweets.
This is a good meal.
-------------------------
41
Adi’s Book.
Practical Conversation.
E: Elder Brother
(WKDPELSDGLNNDSÀ
Y: Younger Brother.
Little brother, go to study.
<VDULDQQ—Q¯QJDNXGDY—QJD
(LGKXSDGLNNDQDOODSXVWKDKDP—"
<—P—DQQ—LGKXY—VLNNDQDOODGKX
(HQQHS—UNNDDSUDPY—
Alright big brother, you come too.
Is this a good book to study?
Yes brother, this is good to read.
Come to see me afterwards.
<QLSSRLOOH"
Why not now?
(WKDPELWKLUXPEDWKLUXPEDSV—GKH
XQS—GDPWKD\—UVHL\DSÀ
<VDULDQQ—SRLWXYDUQ
Brother, don’t keep on talking.
Go to prepare your lesson.
Alright brother, goodbye.
Expansion Drill For Lessons 11 & 12.
LGKXWKÌQJDQDOODLGDP
LGKXXNN—UDQDOODLGDP
LGKXV—SSLGDQDOODLGDP
idhu padukka nalla idam.
LGKXYOHVHL\DQDOODLGDP
YHºL\HQDGDNNDSÀQJD
SXVWKDKDPSDGLNNDSÀQJD
S—GDPNNNDSÀQJD
SDGDPS—UNNDSÀQJD
NDGKDYXWKLUDNNDSÀQJD
LGKXNXºLNNDQDOODLGDP
DSS—YHNXSSLGDSÀQJD
idhu padikka nalla idam.
naiye konduvara pÀnga.
WKDPELYOHVHL\DY—QJD
DYDUHPHGKXY—SVDVROOXQJD
DPP—WKDPLÄSDGLNNDY—QJD
DL\—WKDPLÄSVDY—QJD
DUHXººHWKÌQJDY—QJD
V—SS—GXV—SSLGDY—QJD
XQJDWKRWWDWKHN—PLNNDY—QJD
DYDQY¯WWHN—tta v—nga.
NXGLNNDWKD¼¼LNRQGXSÀQJD
LSSRQDOO—WKÌQJDSÀQJD
LGKXYDVLNNDQDOODS—GDP
DYDUHWKD¼¼LNRQGXYDUDVROOXQJD
DYDQJDºHNDGLGKDPHÄXWKDVROOXQJD
DYDQJDºHLGKXHOO—PNRQGXSÀKDVROOXQJD
DYDQJDºHLGKXQJD\HOO—P\HGXNNDVROOXQJD
DQGKDPP—YHXNN—UDVROOXQJD
andhaiy—ve irukka sollunga.
V—SSLGDS—OXPSDÄDPXPNRQGXY—QJD
DSUDP7KDPLÄSDGLNNDY—QJD
DYDQJDWKÀWWDPXPNL¼DUXPS—UNNDY—QJD
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------42
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 13.
NOUNSAND PERSONAL PRONOUNS, DATIVE CASE &
VERBS, DEFECTIVE.
Nouns, followed by endings to form Dative Case meaning ‘to’ or ‘for’.
PVH
µXNN—KD¶
‘ukku’
to
PVHNNX
to the table
for
PVHNN—KD
for the table
Nouns ending in ‘m’, ‘du’ and ‘ru’ are exceptions.
‘m’ and ‘r’ change to ‘thu’.
‘du’ changes to ‘ttu’.
Noun
Declensional base
Declined form
maram
marathu
marathukku
Y¯GX
Y¯WWX
Y¯WWXNNX
—UX
—WKWKX
—WKWKXNNX
Pronouns, Dative Case:-GHFOHQVLRQDOEDVHSOXVµXNNX¶RUµXNN—KD¶
Note: ‘ukku’ is commonly used for both ‘to’ and ‘for’ in North Tamil Nadu.
Q—Q
enakku
Q—P
to me
Q—QJD
namakku
to us(incl.)
HQJDºXNNX
to us(excl.)
Q¯
unakku
to you
Q¯QJD
XQJDºXNNX
avan
avanukku
to him
ava
avar
avarukku
to him/her
avanga
DYDQJDºXNNX
to them
adhu
adhukku
to it
adhunga
adhungaºXNNX
to them
to you
DYDºXNNX
to her
Defective Verbs:The following are impersonal verbs.
SÀGKXP
is enough
theri
know, see, understand, feel, appear
puri to be clear
Y¼XP¶
YLºDQJX
pidi
is wanted
to be clear.
to be liked
They cannot be conjugated like regular verbs, excepting neuter present tense and past
tense and future tense.
7KHVXEMHFW QRXQRUSURQRXQ WDNHVGDWLYHFDVH DVLQµHQDNNXY¼XP,ZDQW ------------------------43
Adi’s Book.
Vocabulary
YH¼XP
Y¼—P
is wanted
SÀGK—GKX
is not wanted
SÀGKXP
is enough
theriyum
is known
WKHUL\—GKX
is not known
pasi
hunger
dhayavuseidhu
please
innum
more, yet
innum enna
what else?
HOO—
all (adj)
HOO—P
all things
HOO—UXP
is not enough
all persons
Short Sentences
VDSSLGDHOO—UXPWKD\—U—"Y—QJDXNN—UXQJD
Is every one ready to eat? Come, sit.)
XQJDºXNNXHQQDY¼XP"DYDUXNNXN—SSLSÀGKXP—"
What do you want? Is the coffee enough for him?
DYDºXNNNXS—OYQ—P—"XQJDºXNNXW¯Y¼XP—N—SSLY¼XP—"
Does she not want milk? Do you want tea or coffee?
XQJDºXNNXLQQXPHQQDY¼XP"
HQQXNNXW¯LQQXPY¼XP
What else do you want?
I want more tea.
LQGKDW¯SÀGK—GKXLQQXPNRQMDPY¼XPNRQGXY—QJD
This tea is not enough, (I) want a little more. Bring (it).
DYDQJDºXNNXLQGKDW¯SÀGK—GK—"LQQXPY¼XP—"
Is this tea not enough for them? Do they want more?
HQJDºXNNXURPEDM—VWKLY¼—PNRQMDPSÀGKXP
We do not want too much, a little is enough.
LQGKXHQQDXQJDºXNNXWKHUL\XP—"GKD\DYXVHLGKXHQQDNNXVROOXQJD
What is this, do you know? Please tell me.
HQQDNNXVROOXQJDDYDUXNNXVROO—GKLQJD
Tell me, do not tell him.
LQGKDS—GDQJDHOO—P S—GDQJHOO—P XQJDºXNNXWKHUL\XP—"
Do you know (or) do you understand all these lessons?)
44
Adi’s Book.
12. enakku HOO—S—GDQJDºum WKHUL\—GKX
I do not know all the lessons.(* all without exception).
VLODS—GDPGK—QWKHUL\XPSDODS—GDPWKHUL\—GKX
I know only a few lessons. Several lessons I do not know.
HOO—UXNNXPLGKXWKHUL\—GK—"
Does not everyone know this?
DYDUXNNXURPEDVDGKGKDP—VROOXQJD
Speak to him very loudly.
Practical Conversation.
M: Mother
C: Child.
0V—SS—GXWKD\—U—LUXNNXWKXHOO—UXPY—QJD
Food is ready, come (along) everybody.
&DPP—HQDNNXLSSRV—SS—GXY¼—P
Mother, I don’t want food now.
0\QY¼—PXQQDNNXSDVLLOOH\—"
Why not, are you not hungry?
&—P—DPP—HQQDNNXkonjam kuda pasi ille.
Yes mother, I am not a bit hungry.
0XQDNNXYUXPHQQD YUHQQD Y¼XP"
What else do you want?
&HQDNNXNRQMDPGK—QV—WKDPXPWKD¼¼L\XPY¼XP
I want only a little rice and water
0LYºDYXSÀGKXP—LQQXPY¼XP—"
Is this enough or do you want (some) more.
&HQDNNXLGKXSÀGKXP
This is enough for me.
-------------------------
45
Adi’s Book.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 13.
LGKX\—UXNNXY¼XP"
DGKXHQQXNNXY¼—P
DGKXHQJDOXNNXY¼XP
LGKXYXPDGKXYXPQDPDNNXY¼XP
HGKXXQJDOXNNXY¼XP"
\HOO—PQDPDNNXY¼—P
------------------------LQGKDSXVWKDKDPXQDNNXY¼XP—"
LQGKDS—GDPHQJDOXNNXSÀGKXP
LQGKDQ—NN—OLDYDºXNNXY¼XP
LQGKDV—SS—GXHQDNNXSÀGK—GKX
LQGKDSÌXQJDSH¼¼XNNXY¼—P—"
LQGKDS—OSÌQHNNXSÀGKXP—"
DQGKDPVHSDL\DQXNNXY¼—P—"
LQGKDWKD¼¼LDYDQJDºXNNXY¼—P—"
LQGKDWKD¼¼LQ—LNNXSÀWK—WKX
DQGKDN—LGKDPDYDUXNNXSÀGKXP—"
------------------------XQJDºXNNXLQGKDS—GDPWKHUL\XP—"
\HQQDNNXLQGKDS—GDPQDOO—WKHUL\XP
XQJDºXNNXLYDUWKHUL\XP—"
HQDNNXLQGKDS—GDPVDUL\—WKHUL\—GKX
HQJDOXNNXPLQGKDS—GDPWKHUL\—GKX
XQJDºXNNXLGKXLQQXPWKHUL\XP—"
HQDNNXLYDUVDUL\—WKHUL\—GKX
XQJDºXNNXHQQHWKHUL\—GK—"
HQQXNNXDQWKDL\—URPEDQDOODWKHUL\XP
LYDUXNNXGRFWRUWKHUL\—GK—"
XQJDºXNNXDQGKDDL\—QDOO—WKHUL\XP—"
XQJDºXNNXS—GDQJDHOO—PWKHUL\XP—"
HQDNNXS—GDQJDHOO—PNRQMDPWKHUL\XP
DYDUXNNXSVDWKHUL\—GK—"
P—¼DYDUXNNXY—GK\—UHWKHUL\—GK—"
DYDQJDOXNNXQ—PHOO—UXPWKHUL\—GKX
------------------------DL\—GKD\DYXVHLGKXWKDPLÄSVXQJD
HOO—UXNNXPYD¼DNNDPVROOXQJD
GKD\DYXVHLGKXQ—NN—OLNRQGXY—QJD
HOO—UH\XPLQJHYDUDVROOXQJD
DPP—GKD\DYXVHLGKXLQJHS—GXQJD
LSSRGKD\DYXVHLGKXV—SS—GXNRQGXY—QJD
HOO—UXNNXPXQJDS—GDPN—WWXQJD
HOO—UH\XPLQJHNÌSSLGXQJD
GKD\DYXVHLGKXHOO—UH\XPV—SSLGDNÌSSLGX LGKXQJDHOO—WKWKXNNXHYºDYX"
GKD\DYXVHLGKXDYDUHLGKXNOXQJD
thambi, ‘dhayavuseidhu’ sollu.
SHWWLQJDHOO—WKWKXNNXPSÌWWXQJD
V—P—QHOO—WKWKH\XPN—UXNNXNRQGXSÀ
thambi, ‘nandri’ kuda sollu.
SDÄDQJDHOO—WKWKH\XPPVHPOHYDLQJD
dhayavuseidhuvum nandriyum sollu.
paiyangalukku pusthahanga kodunga.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------46
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 14.
VERBS, DEFECTIVE (CONTINUED).
Defective Verbs. (follow dative)
puriyuthu
is clear, understood.
puriyale
is not clear, not understood.
YLºDQJXGKX is clear, understood.
YLºDQJDOH
is not clear, not understood.
Adverbs. (follow dative). (Adverbs are more fully covered in Lesson 17).
PXQQ—OH
SLQQ—OH
before, in front of, ago.
after, behind.
------------------------Vocabulary
sangadhi
matter, news
VDPDFK—UDP
matter, news
kashtam
difficulty, problem
vile
price
YDÄD DGM
plantain
Y—ÄDSDÄDP
plantain (fruit)
also, even.
-um
also, even
Y—QJX ZLQ
buy
vil (s.thth)
sell
kodu (s.thth)
give
give.
NDWKWKXNNRº ZQG
WK— ZQGK
learn
VROOLNNRº ZQG
kaththukkodu (s.thth)
teach
sollikkodu(s.thth) teach
kashtappadu (w.tt)
worry, suffer.
SÌWWu (n)
NÌGD
learn
lock
------------------------Short Sentences.
U—PDQHQQDVDPDFKFK—UDPQDOODVDPDFKFK—UDP—"
Raman, what news, is it good news.
LOOHQJDLOOHDL\—QDOO—VDPDFKFK—UDPLOOH
U—PDQXNNXLQGKDN—LGKDPNRGXQJD
LQGKDNDGLGKDWKWKHV¯NUDPNRQGXSÀQJD
No, no sir, not good news.
Give this letter to Raman.
Take this letter quickly.
\DUXQJDWKDPLÄY—GK\—U"LYDU—XQJDºXGH\DY—GK\—U"
Who is your Tamil teacher? Is he your teacher
DL\—WKD\DYXVHLWKXHQDNNXWKDPLÄVROOLNRGXQJD
XQJDOXNNXHQWKDPLÄQDOO—YLODQJXWK—"
Sir, please teach me Tamil.
Is my Tamil very clear to you?
47
Adi’s Book.
HQQDNNXM—VWKLYLºDQJDOHNRQMDPGK—QYLºDQJDWKX
Not very clear to me, (I) only understand a little.
DYDUXNNXWKDPLÄQDOO—SXUL\DGKXXQJDºXNNXSXUL\DOH\—"
He understands Tamil well, do you not understand?
LQGKDSÌWWXNNXV—YLLUXNNXWK—"LGKXNNXV—YLHQJH"
Is there a key for this lock? Where is the key for this.
HQY¯WWXNNXSLQQ—OHSHUL\DY—ÄDPDUDPLUXNNXWKX
There is a big plantain tree behind my house.
HQDNNXSLQQ—OHYDU—GKLQJDHQQDNNXPXQQ—OHSÀQJD
Don’t come behind me, go in front of me.
PMHNNXPXQ—OHQ—NN—OLLUXNNXWKX
—VSDWKULNNXSLQQ—OHRUXWKÀWWDPLUXNNXWKX
(OODUXPDQJHYLºD\—GDSÀQJDQ¯NXGDSÀ
The chair is in front of the table.
There is a garden behind the hospital.
Everyone go there to play. You go too.
DYDUXNNXSHWWLY¼XPDYDUXNN—KDRUXSHWWLY—QJXQJD
He wants a box. Buy a box for him.
LGKXHQQDNN—KDLOOHDYDUXNN—KD
LGKX\—UXNN—KDXQJDWKDPELNN—"
XQJDSHWWL\HSDWKXUÌE—NNXYLNN—GKLQJD
This is not for me, (it’s) for him.
For whom is this, your little brother?
Do not sell your box for ten rupees.
XQJDºukku* pusthaham irukkuWK—"
Do you have a book.*(Dative ending = has, have).
\—UXNNXSXVWKDKDPLOOH"HOO—UXNNXPLUXNNXWK—"
Who has no book? (does) everybody have one?
XQJDºXNNXDUHHQJHLUXNNXGKX"
Where is the room for you?
XQJDºXNNXHQQDNDVKWDP" XQJDNDVKWDPHQQD"
What is your difficulty?
NDVKWDSSDG—GKLQJDLGKXSHUL\DNDVKWDPLOOH
Do not worry, this is not a big problem.
LSSRQ¯QJDVÌKDP—"QDOO—V—SSLGXQJD
Are you well now? Eat well.
-------------------------
48
Adi’s Book.
Practical Conversation.
Between friends, A and B.
$HQQDVDQJKDGLµS—"
What news (friend, mate)
%\HOO—PQDOO—VDQJKDGKLGK—Q
Everything is good (news).
%DSGL\—"HQQDNDVKWDP"
Is that so? What trouble?
$HQQDNNXNRQMDPNDVKWDPQ—QVÌKDPLOOH I have some trouble. I am not well.
$HQQDNNXURPEDND¼NDVKWDP
I have a lot of eye trouble.
%VDULV¯NUDPND¼GRFWRUHS—UXQJD
$SXUL\XGKXGRFWRUSUHQQD"
Alright, see an eye doctor quickly.
I Understand, what is the doctor’s name?
%DYDUSUGRFWRUU—PDQ
His name is Doctor Raman.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 14.
HQDNNXSDÄDPXPS—OXPNÌGDY¼XP
LQQXPXSSXNRQGXYDU—GKLQJD
PXQQ—OHURWWLNRQGXY—QJD
Q¯QJDDYDUXNNXPXQQ—OHXNN—UXQJD
DYDQXNNXURWWL\XPYH¼¼H\XPSÀGK—GKX
GKD\DYXVHLGKXNRQMDPYHOODPNRQGXY—QJD
DSUDPSDÄDPNRQGXY—QJD
HOO—UXNNXPSLQQ—OHXNN—U—GKLQJD
HQY¯WWXNNXPXQQ—OH\XPSLQQ—OH\XPPDUDQJDLOOH
DYDUY¯WWXNNXSLQQ—OHSHUL\DWKÀWWDPLUXNNXGKX
HQJDºXNNXPXQQ—OHQLNN—GKLQJD
------------------------NDGKDYHQDOO—SÌWWXQJD
DQGKDSÌWWXNNXLQGKDV—YLVDUL\—LUXNNXGK—"
LGKXNN—KDNDVKWDPY¼—P
HOO—UXNNXPQDOODGKXVHLQJD
XQJDSHWWLNNXLQGKDSÌWWXSÀGXQJD
SÌWWXNN—KDNDGHNNXSÀK—GKLQJD
------------------------LGKXLQJH\—UXNN—KDLUXNNXGKX"
DGKXHOO—UXNNXPLOOH\—"
idhukku yenna vile?
idhu yennakku, adhu unnakku.
DGKHXQJDºXNN—KDGK—QV—SSLGXQJD
LGKXNNX\HYºDYXY¼XP"
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
49
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 15.
SDGKLQR¼¼X
CARDINAL NUMBERS 10 F$1'7,0(
11
SDGKLQ—UX
16
12
padKLQÄX
17
13
padhinettu
18
SDGKLQ—OX
14
paththombadhu
19
padhinanju
15
irubadhu
20
paththu
10.
irubadhu
20
LUXQÌUX
200
muppadhu
30
Q—SSDGKX
40
ambadhu
50
SDQQH¼GX
SDGKLPÌQX
—UXEDGKX
ÄXEDGKX
H¼EDGKX
WKR¼¼ÌUX
QÌUX
PXQQÌUX
Q—QÌUX
DLQÌUX
—UXQÌUX
60
ÄXQÌUX
70
H¼¼ÌUX
80
WKRºº—\LUDP
90
—\LUDP
100
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
The Adjective form of ‘paththu’ is ‘baththu’, so we have:21
LUXEDWKWKXR¼¼X
22
LUXEDWKWKXUH¼GX
78
yerubaththu ettu
etc.
7KH$GMHFWLYHIRUPRIµQÌUX¶ LVµQÌWKWKX¶VRZHKDYH
101
102
506
QÌWKWKXR¼¼X
QÌWKWKXUH¼GX
DLQQÌWKWKX—UX
etc.
7KH$GMHFWLYHIRUPRIµ—\LUDP¶ LVµ—\LUDWKWKX¶VRZHKDYH
925
1567
5439
WKROO—\LUDWKWKXLUXbaththanju
—\LUDWKWKXDLQÌWKWKX—UXEDWKWKX \ ÄX
DQM—\LUDWKWKXQ—QÌWKWKXPXSSDWKWK µX RPEDWKX
------------------------50
Adi’s Book.
Vocabulary
N—ODPH N—ODLOH N—ODPEDUHN—WK—OH
V—LQJ—ODP V—LQGKDUDP
evening, after 4pm.
pahal
day time
nadu
mid, middle
naduppahal
noon, midday
PD¼LNNX
at…o’clock
VDQGKÀVKDP
NXÄDQGKH
morning,
U—WKUL U—YX
night
PDGK\—QDP
afternoon
PD¼L
bell, gong, hour, o’clock
P—¼DYDU
student (incl schoolboys)
happiness
child
(m)
(f)
WKÀWWDNN—UDQ
WKÀWWDN—UL
YOHNN—UDQ
S—ON—UDQ
gardener
YOHN—UL
worker, house servant
S—ON—UL
milk seller
------------------------Short Sentences.
LSSRPD¼LHQQD"
LSSRHQQDPD¼L"
LSSRPD¼LHYºDYX"
LSSRPD¼LHWKWKDQH"
LSSRHWWXPD¼L
Q¯QJDLQJHHWWXPD¼LNNXY—QJD
SDQQH¼GXPD¼LNNXV—SSLGDSÀQJD
DGKXNNXPXQQ—OHSÀK—GLQJD
XQJDWKÀWWDNN—UDQHLQJHNÌSSLGXQJD
What is the time now.
What is the time now.
What is the time now.
What is the time now.
Now it is 8 o’clock
You come here at 8 o’clock.
Go to eat at 12 o’clock.
Don’t go before that.
Call your gardener here.
DSUDPWKÀWWDWKWKXNNDSRQJD,SSRY¼—P
Go to the garden afterwards. No need now.
DYDQJDºXNNXYOHN—UDQLOOH\—"
DYDQJDºXNNXLSSRYOHN—UDQLOOH
DQGKDYOHN—UDQXNNXLSSRYOHLOOH
Do they not have a servant?
They don’t have a servant now.
That servant has no work now.
51
Q¯Y¯WWXNNXSÀQ—ºDNNLN—ODPHY—
Adi’s Book.
you go home. Come tomorrow morning.
LQQDNLV—LQJ—ODPDQMXPD¼LNNXY—QJD
Come at 5 o’clock this evening.
DYDUY¯WWXNNXYOHVHL\DSÀQJD
Go to his house to work.
UDYXPSDKDOXPYOHVHL\—GKLQJD
Do not work day and night.
U—WKULHWWXPD¼LNNXHQQHS—UNNDY—QJD Come to see me at 8 o’clock tonight.
SDKDONRQMDPU—WKULNRQMDPYOHVHLQJD Do some work by day, and some by night.
LGKXU—WKULNNXY¼XPLWKXU—WKULV—SS—GX
This is wanted for the night.This is night food.
L¼¼DNNLSDKDOV—SS—GXURPEDQDOODV—SS—GX
Today’s meal is a very good meal.
------------------------Practical Conversation.
V: Visitor S: Village Schoolmaster.
9YD¼DNNDPDL\—Q¯QJDGK—QLQJHY—GK\—U—"
Greetings sir, are you the teacher here?
6—P—DL\—Q—QGKDQLQJHY—GK\—U
Yes sir, I am the teacher here.
6LQJHDPEDWKXNXÄDQGKHQJDSDGLNU—QJD
Fifty children are studying here.
9LQJHHWKWKDQHNXÄDQGKHQJDSDGLNU—QJD" How many children are studying here?
9HOO—UXPQDOO—SDGLNUDQJDO—
Do they all study well?
6—P—QJDHOO—UXPQDOO—SDGLNU—QJD
Yes sir, they are all studying well.
9QDOODGKXLGKHNNNDHQDNNXURPEDVDQGKÀVKDP
That’s good. I am very happy to hear this.
-------------------------
52
Adi’s Book.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 15.
RUXUÌE—NNXQÌUXSDLVH
LSSRPD¼L\HQQD"Q—OXLOOH\—"
VDLQJ—ODPDQMXPD¼LNNDPXQHQQHS—UXQJD
LOOHV—LQJ—ODPYDU—GKLQJD
PDGK\—QDPVDUL\—PÌQXPD¼LNNXY—QJD
LSSRU—WKULLOOHSDKDOWKÌQJ—GKH
Q—OXPD¼LNNXYOHVHLDSUDPY¯WWXNNXSÀ
U—WKULNNXHQQDV—SS—GXY¼XP"
L¼¼DNNLN—ODPHV—SS—GXQDOODV—SS—GX
------------------------Q—SSDGKXPLUXEDGKXP—UXEDGKX
pathum pathum irubadhu.
HÄXEDGKXP—UXEDGKXPQÌWKXPXSSDGKX
ambadhum muppadhum enbadhu.
LQJHLUXEDWKXDQMXSUV—SSLGXQJD
Q¯QJDSDWKXSUXPLQJHXNN—UXQJD
DQGKDDUHNNXSDGKLQHWWXSUSÀQJD
-------------------------
—VSDWKULNNXQ—SSDWKXPÌQXQ—NN—OLNRQGXSÀQJD
N¯ÄHPXSSDGKXRPEDGKXSXVWKDKDPNRQGXY—QJD
POHSDGKLQUXSXVWKDKDPNRQGXY—QJD
LQJHHWWXQ—NN—OLYDLQJD
DGKXQJDºXNNXPXQQ—OHHWWXPVHQJDYDLQJD
L¼¼DNNLHWKWKDQHSUXNNXV—SS—GXY¼XP"
L¼¼DNNLLUXEDWKXSUXNNXSÀGKXP
Q—ºDNNLQ—SSDGKXRQQXSUXNNXYHQXP
------------------------RUXµWXPEOHU¶S—OV¯NUDPNRQGXY—QJD
SDGKLQ—OXELVNÀWKWKXGK—QLUXNNXGK—
ELVNÀWKWKXHYºDYXLUXNNXGKX"
QDPDNNX\HOO—PSD¼¼HQGXYDÄDSDÄDPSÀGKXP
DYDQJDºXNNXSDWKWKRPEDGKXNDSSXN—SSLDQXSSXQJD
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
53
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 16.
VERBS, PRESENT TENSE, POSITIVE.
Firstly, Memorise the following pronouns with the related verb endings,
For ‘weak’ verbs the singular is formed using a medial ‘r’ plus the verb ending,as
GHYHORSHGKHUHZLWKWKHYHUEµSÀ¶
Singular
Plural
Q—Q
SÀUQ
Q¯
avan
ava
avar
adhu
Q—P
SÀUÀP(excl.)
SÀUe
Q¯QJD
SÀUinga
SÀU—
avanga
SÀUanga
SÀdhu*
adhunga
SÀdhunga*
Q—QJD
SÀU—Q
SÀU—U
SÀUÀP(incl.)
*the medial ‘r’ is dropped for neuter singular and plural.
For ‘strong’ verbs the singular is formed using a medial ‘kr’ plus the verb ending,as
developed here with the verb ‘padi’.
Singular
Q—Q
Plural
SDGLNUn
Q¯
padikre
avan
padikr—Q
ava
padikr—
avar
padikr—U
adhu
padikkdhu*
Q—P
Q—QJD
padikrÀP(excl.)
padikrÀP(incl.)
Q¯QJD
padikringa
avanga
padikranga
adhunga
padikkdhunga*
*again, the medial ‘r’ is dropped for neuter singular and plural.
For the verb ‘Y—¶WKHµ—¶VKRUWHQVWRµD¶LQFRQMXJDWLRQWKXVIRUPLQJµQ—QvarQ¶
and similarly for konduY—, becoming ‘nan konduvarQ¶
------------------------54
Adi’s Book.
Vocabulary
Y—WKX
duck
NÀÄL
chicken
child
kattadam
building
N—LGKDPNDGXGK—VL
letter, paper.
idam
place, space.
pai
bag
S—L
mat
sedi
plant
kodi
vine, creeper
ile
leaf
gate
PÌWWH
Y—VDO
bundle
mutte
egg
SÀGX ZWW
throw, drop
NXÄDQGKH
WKÌNNDP
WKÌQJX ZLQ
NXºL VQ
sleep(n)
sleep(v), lie down
NXºLSDWWX ZLQ
bathe (intr)
bathe (tr)
------------------------Short Sentences.
YDQJDPPDY—QJDHQJHSÀULQJD"
QDQHQY¯WWXNNXSÀUQVDULSÀLY—QJD
Hello, madam, where are youn going?
I amgoing to my house. OK, goodbye.
DYDUHQQDNRQGXYDU—U"PXWWHQJDNRQGXYDU—U—"
What is he bringing? Is he bringing eggs?
XQJDºXNNX\HQQDPXWWHY¼XPNÀÄLPXWWH\—Y—WKXPXWWH\—"
What eggs do you want, chicken eggs or duck eggs?
LGKXQDOODS—L,QGKDS—\HDQJHSÀGXQJD.
Thisis a good mat. Spread this mat there. (idiom).
HQDNNXV¯NUDPV—SS—GXpÀdunga.
Serve me food, quick! (idiom).
S—LPOHHQQDLUXNNXWKXRUXSDL\—"SDLNNXOOHSDÄDPLUXNNXWK—"
What is on the mat, a.bag?. Are there fruits inside the bag.
SDQWKHWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXNRQGXSÀQJDDQJHYLºD\—GX
Take the ball to the garden, play there.
DYDQLSSRQDOODWKÌQJU—QU—WKULGK—QDYDQXNNXWKÌNNDPLOOH
He is sleeping well now. Only last night he had no sleep
55
Adi’s Book.
YHOHNN—UDQHQNDGLGKDPNRQGXSÀUDQ
The servant is taking my letter.
LQJHN—KLGKDPQSÀGULQJD"NDGXGK—VLLQJHSÀG—GKLQJD
Why are you throwing paper here? Don’t throw paper here.
12. dhayavuseidhu enakku oru kadidham pÀdunga.
Please drop me a line. (idiom)
LQGKDVHGLNNXM—VWKLLOHLOOHSÌGK—QM—VWKLLUXNNXWKX
This plant has not many leaves,it has many flowers.
DQGKDVHGLNNXURPEDWKD¼¼LY¼XP
That plant needs a lot of water.
DGKXQDOODLGKDPLOOHDQGKDLGDWKWKXNNXSÀK—GKLQJD
That is not a good place. do not go to that place.
SÌQHQJDDQJHHQQDVHLGKXQJD"
What are the cats doing here?
QDQLSSRXQJDY¯WWXNNXYDUQQ¯QJDHQY¯WWXNNX\HSSRYDULQJD"
I am coming to your house now. When are you coming to my house?
SHUL\DQ—LPXQQ—OHÀGXWKXFKLQQDQ—LDGKXNNXSLQQ—OHÀGXWKX
A big dog is running ahead. A small dog is running behind it.
LGKXSHUL\DNDWWDGDPLGKXNNXSHUL\DY—VDOLUXNNXWKX
This is a big building. It has a big entrance.
\—UXNNXN—LGKDP\HÄXGKULQJDXQJDPP—YXNN—"
To whom are you writing a letter, to your mother?
L NDGLGKDP\—UNRQGXSÀU—QJD" LL NDGLGKDP\—UNRQGXSÀUDGKX"
Who is taking the letter?
*Note: when the number and gender of the subject are not known,
either the 3rd person plural or the neuter singular is used.
-------------------------
56
Adi’s Book.
Practical Conversation.
C: Customer F: Fruit Seller.
&LGKXXQJDSDÄDNDGH\—"HQQDSDÄDQJDLUXNNXWKX"
Is this your fruit shop? What fruits do you have.
)—P—QJD\HQNDGHGK—QY—ÄDSDÄDPLUXNNXWKXHYºDYXY¼XP"
Yes madam,it is my shop. I have plantains. How much do you want?
&HQDNNXRUXGD]DQY—ÄDSDÄDPY¼XPGD]DQHQQDYLOH"
I want one dozen plantains. How much is a dozen?
)RUXGD]DQLUXEDWKXUÌE—PP—
Twenty Rupees a dozen madam.
&DGKXURPEDYLOHSS—GD]DQSDWKLQDQMXNNXNRGXSS—
7KDW¶VDKLJKSULFH*LYHDGR]HQIRUILIWHHQ¶S—
)VDULQJDPP—RUXGD]DQSÀWKXP—"
&SÀWKXPLSSR\HQQDNNXM—VWKLY¼—P
Alright madam, is a dozen enough?
Enough. I don’t want more now.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 16.
Q—QHQQDVHLUQ"
Q—QLQJHLUXNUQ—"
Q¯\HQQDVHLUH"
Q¯LQJHLUXNU\—"
Q—PHQQDVHLUÀP"
Q¯QJD\HQQDVHLULQJD"
DYDQHQQDVHLU—Q"
DYD\HQQDVHLU—"
DYDQJD\HQQDVHLU—QJD"
Q—QJDLQJHLUXNUÀP—"
Q¯QJDLQJHLUXNULQJDº—"
DYDQLQJHLUXNU—Q—
DYDLQJHLUXNU—º—
DYDQJDLQJHLUXNU—QJDº—
-------------------------
DYDUXNNXQDOO—WKÌNNDP
NXÄDQGKHQJDYKDP—HQJHSÀU—QJD"
DYDUHNXSSLGDLSSRSÀK—GLQJD
NXÄDQGKHQJDDQJHHQQDVHL\DSÀU—QJD"
DYDUQDOODWKÌQJU—U
DYDUPOHWKÌQJU—U
DYDUSDLPOHWKÌQJU—U
DYDUXNNXSLQQ—OHSÌQHWKÌQJDWKX
NXÄDQGKHQJDWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXSÀU—QJD
DYDQJDDQJHSDQGKHYLºD\—GDSÀU—QJDO—"
DYDQJDLSSRWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXYHºL\HÀGU—QJD
DYDQJD\QDQJHYHºL\HÀGDY¼XP"
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
57
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 17.
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS.
Adjectives.
:RUGVOLNHQDOO—JRRGNHWWDEDGDUHDGMHFWLYHVE\QDWXUH
Adjectives can also be formed from abstract nouns,
E\VXIIL[LQJµ—QD¶RUµXººD¶DVIROORZV
suham
VDQGKÀVKDP
VXKDP—QD
health
healthy.
VXKDPXººD
healthy.
VDQGKÀVKDP—QD
happiness, joy
happy, joyful.
VDQGKÀVKDPXººD
happy, joyful.
Adverbs.
:RUGVOLNHPXQGKLEHIRUHPOHDERYHDUHDGYHUEVE\QDWXUH
Adverbs can also be formed from abstract nouns, E\VXIIL[LQJµ—¶DVIROORZV
suham
health
VDQGKÀVKDP
happiness, joy
VXKDP—
VDQGKÀVKDP—
healthy.
happy, joyful.
Vocabulary
GKVDP
P—K—¼DP
MLOO—
YOÌU
ÌU
VDQGKÀVKDP
VDQGKÀVKDP—QD
country
naharam
city
state, province
SDWWD¼DP
town
district
JU—PDP
village
Vellore
madhurai
Madurai, Madura.
place, large area.
NRQMDPNRQMDP—
gradually
happiness
happy (adj)
PÀVDP
PÀVDP—QD
badness, evil.
bad, evil (adj).
VDQGKÀVKDP—
happy (adv)
PÀVDP—
bad, evil (adv)
sulabam
ease, easiness
varuththam
sorrow, sadness.
VXODEDP—QD
easy (adj)
YDUXWKWKDP—QD
sorrowful (adj)
VXODEDP—
YDUXWKWKDP—
sorrowful (adv)
pathi (follows acc) about, regarding
varaththappadu(w.tt)
feel sorry, regret
kashtappadu (w.tt)
varaththappadu(w.tt)
feel sorry, worry
easy (adv)
be troubled, worry
58
Adi’s Book.
Short Sentences.
XQJDWKDPELHQJHLUXNNU—UXººHY—YHºL\HY—"
Where is your brother, inside or outside?
GKD\DYXVHLGKXDYDQHLQJHNRQMDPNÌSSLGXQJD
Please just call him here.
DQGKDN—KLGKDWKWKHHQJHNRQGXSÀULQJD" Where are you taking that paper?
LGKH\—UXNNXNRQGXYDULQJDHQDNN—"
LSSRQ¯QJDWKDPLÄQDOO—SVULQJDº—"
To whom are you bringing this, to me?
Are you speaking tamil well now?
LOOHM—VWKLLOOHNRQMDPSVUQNRQMDPGK—Q
No, not much. I speak a little, only a little.
HGKXXQJDGKVDP"DGKXSHUL\DGKVDP—"
Which is your country? I as that a big country?
XQJDGKVDPHQDNNXQDOO—WKHUL\XP
Your country is well known to me.
HQJDGKVDWKWKHSDWKLXQJDºXNNXQDOODWKHUL\XP—"DGKHNNNDHQQDNNXVDQGKÀVKDP
You know about our country well? I am happy to hear it!
Q—QHQS—GDWKWKHVDQGKÀVKDP—SDGLNUQ
I am studying my lesson happily.
WKDPLÄSDGLNNDVXODEDP—LUXNNXGKXLOOH\—"
It’s easy to study Tamil, is it not?
LOOHLOOHWKDPLÄSDGLNNDURPEDNDVKWDP—LUXNNXGKX
No, no, it is very difficult to study Tamil.
LGKHVROODHQDNNXYDUXWKDP—LUXNNXGKX I am sorry to say this.
LGKHNNNDHQDNNXVDQGKÀVKDPLOOH
I am not happy to hear this.
YDUXWKWKDSSDG—GKLQJDNRQMDPNRQMDP—SDGLQJDDGKXVXODEDPLOOHNDVKWDPXPLOOH
Don’t worry, study little by little. It is neither hard nor easy
FKHQQDLSHUL\DQDKDUDPYOÌUFKLQQDSDWWDQXPLUXNNXGKXQ—QÌUXNNXSÀUQ
Chennai is a big city, Vellore is a small town. I am going (to my family) home.
WKDPLÄQ—GXP—K—¼DWKOHDQKDJU—PDQJDLUXNNXWKXLQGKL\—HQJDGKVDP
In Tamil Nadu State there are many villages. India is our country.
------------------------59
Adi’s Book.
Practical Conversation.
E: Employer C: Cook..
(DQWRQ\V—SS—GXWKD\—U—"
Antony, is the food ready?
&—P—DL\—WKD\—UDLUXNNXWKX
Yes sir, it is ready.
(\HQDNNXURPEDYOHLUXNNXWKXVDSSDGXV¯NUDP—NRQGXYDQJD
I have a lot of work, bring the food quickly.
&VDULQJDLGKÀNRQGXYDUQ
Alright sir, here it is look, I am bringing it.
(URWWLYH¼¼HPXWWHN—SLSÀWKXP
&LSSRXQJDºXNNXV—WKDPY¼—P—"
(LSSRY¼—PDGKHUDWKULNNXV—SLGUQ.
Bread, butter, egg, coffee are enough.
Don’t you want rice now?
I don’t want it now. I will eat that tonight.
(Lit: I am eating that for the night).
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 15.
LQGKDSDL\DQVDQGKÀVKDP—LUXNNLU—Q
DQGKDL\—YDUXWKWKDP—LUXNU—U
HQDNNXLGKHSDWKLVDQGKÀVKDP
enakku idhe pathi varuththam ille.
Q—PHOO—PVXKDP—LUXNUÀP
DYDUYOHURPEDPÀVDP
SHUL\DSDL\DQPÀVDP—LUXNU—Q
DYDQJDLSSRVXKDPGK—Q
Y—ÄDLOHS—UNNDQDOO—LUXNNXWKX
LQGKDS—GDPSDGLNNDNDVKWDP
S—GDQJDHOO—PVXODEDP—LUXNNXWKXQJD
VLODS—GDQJDGK—QNDVKWDP—LUXNNXWKX
tKDPLÄSVDURPEDVXODEDPLOOH\—"
DQJHMDVWKLVDGKGKDPVDGKGKDP—SVDGKH
------------------------HQJDJU—PDPXQJDºXNNXWKHUL\XP—"
LSSRQ—QHQJU—PDWKWKHSDWKLVROUQ
JU—PDWKWKXNNXººHRUXNL¼DUXLUXNNXGKX
NLQDWKWKXWKD¼¼LNXGLNNDQDOODWKX
DQJHSDODFKLQQDY¯GXQJDLUXNNXGKX
HQJU—PDWKWKXNNXSUµNXSSDP¶
HQJDJU—PDWKWKHSDWKLWKHUL\XP—"
XQJDÌUHSDWKi apram sollunga.
DGKXURPEDSHUL\DSDÄD\DNL¼DUX
HOO—UXPLQGKDWKD¼¼L\HNRQGXSÀUDQJD
VLODSHUL\DY¯GXNXGDLUXNNXGKX
HQJU—PDWKWKXSUXQJDºXNNXWKHUL\—WK—"
------------------------HQY¯WWXNNXHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXYDULQJD"
GKD\DYXVHLWKXYDUDPDUDQWKXSÀK—GKLQJD
XQJDY¯WWXNNXVDUL\—Q—OXPD¼LNNXYDUQ
VDULQ—QL¼¼DNNLQ—OXPD¼LNNXYDUQ
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------60
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 18.
POST POSITIONS.
There are no prepositions in Tamil, but base endings and Post-Positions are used instead.
These postpositions follow nouns and pronouns and the preceding nouns and pronouns
have various case endings, as given below. Some postpositions are used as adverbs.
Preceding Case
Postposition
Meaning
varekkum
upto, as far as
)
varelum
upto, as far as
)
mattum
upto, as far as
)
suththi
around
)
paththi
about, concerning
)
thavira
except, besides
)
SÀOD
like,such as
)
kondu
by means of
)
PXQQ—OH
before, in front of
)
mundhi
before, in front of
)
SLQQ—OH
after, behind
)
pindhi
after, behind
)
apram
after.
)
N¯ÄH
down, under, beneath ,below
)
POH
up, over, above, on
)
kitta
near
)
YDÄL\—
by way of, via, (through)
)
through, (between)
)
PXODP—
Nominative.
Accusative.
Dative
(Declensional Base)
Vocabulary
Y—UWKWKH
word
Y—N\DP
sentence
arththam
meaning
kari
meat
idadhu
left (side)
valadhu
right (side)
QUD
straight
pakkam
side, direction
way
suththi
around
YDÄL
61
Adi’s Book.
VRZN\DP—
sowkyam
good health
suham
good health
sudhdham
cleanliness
sudhdham sei
clean (w.dh)
nowadays
N—WKWKX
LSSRHOO—PLSSROO—P
wind, breeze, air,
veyyil
sun, heat (weather)
rain (noun)
PDÄHSHL
rain (verb)
PDÄH
VXKDP—QD
VXGKGKDP—
healthy(adv)
healthy(adj)
clean
Short Sentences.
L¼¼DNNLHSGLLUXNULQJD"VXKDP—LUXNULQJDº—"
How are you today? are you well?
—P—Q—QVRZN\DP—LUXNUQQ¯QJDºXPVRZN\DP—"
Yes, I am well. are you also well?
LGKHSDWKWKLXQJDºDNNXWKHUL\XP—"HQQDNNXVROXQJD
Do you know about this? Tell me.
HQDNNXDGKHSDWKWKLMDVWKLWKHUL\—GKX
I do not know much about that.
HQDNNXHOO—PWKHUL\XPQ—QDSUDPVROUQ
I know everything. I will tell (you) afterwards.
HQGKDSDNNDPSÀULQJD"DQGKDSDNNDP—"
Which way are you going? That way?
QDQGKDSDNNDPSÀULQJD"DGKXQDOODYDÄLLOOH
Why are you going that way? That is not a good way.
LGDGKXSDNNDPSÀQJDYDODGKXSDNNDPSÀK—GLQJD
Go to the left. Do not go to the right.
LGKHWKDYLUDLQQXPWKHUL\XP—"
HQQHWKDYLUDHOO—UXPYLºD\—GKU—QJD
Do you know more besides this.
All except me are playing.
HSSRNXºLNNDSÀULQJDLSSRY—DSUDP—"
When are you going to bathe, now or later?
12. maraththe suththi jasthi sediyum kodiyum irukkudhu.
There are many plants and vines around the tree.
WKÀWWDNN—UDQWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXQUDSÀU—Q
The gardener is going straight to the garden.
62
Adi’s Book.
\QHÄXQGKLUXNULQJD"QHQGKLUXNULQJD"QDOO—WKÌQJXQJD
Why are you getting up? Why are you getting up? Sleep well.
XQJDSDGDQJDºHPDUDNN—GKLQJD
Q¯QJDLSSRQDOO—QDGDNNULQJD
Don’t forget ypur lessons.
You are walking well now.
\—UHNXSLGULQJDHQQH\—DYDUH\—"
Who are you calling, him or me?
Q—\XPSÌQH\XPYKDP—HQJHÀGXGKXQJD"
Where are the dog and cat running?
Q—PDGKHLSSRS—UNNDSÀUÀP
We are going to see that now.
DYDQLSSROO—PPHGKXYDYOHVHLU—Q
He works slowly nowadays.
HQQDNNXLGKHSÀODRUXQ—LY¼XP
I want a dog like this one.
22. adhu kayithe kondu kattunga.
Tie that with string.
Practical Conversation.
C: Customer M: Meat Man.
&LQJHY—¶SS—HQQDNDULLUXNNXWKX"
0—WWXNDULLUXNNXWKX
Come here ‘pa. What meat do you have?
I have mutton.
&P—WWXNDULLOOH\—"
No beef?
0LOOHQJDP—WWXNDULQ—ºDNNLNR¼GXYDUQ No, I am bringing (will bring) beef tomorrow.
&HQQDNNXVXGKGKDP—QDQDOO—NDULY¼XP I want good clean meat.
0VDULQJDµP—Q—ºDNNLN—OHOHÄXPD¼LNNXNR¼GXYDUQ
Alright madam, I am bringing (will bring it) tomorrow morning at 7 o’clock.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 18.
WKDPELLQJHY—
LQGKDSXVWKDKDWKWKHPVHPOHYDL
PVHNLWWDSÀPVHYDUHNNXPSÀQJD
PHVHNNXPOHRUXSDGDPLUXNNXWKX
PVH\HVXWKWKLQ—NN—OLQJDLUXNNXWKX
PVHNNXPXQQ—OHNÌGDQ—NN—OLLUXNNXWKX
PVHSDNNDPSÀK—GKLQJD
PVH\HWKDYLUDLQJHR¼¼XPLOOH
PVHNNXSLQQ—OHQ—OXQ—NN—OLQJDLUXNNXWKX PVH\HSDWKWKLDSUDPSVUQ
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
63
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 19.
NOUNS AND PRONOUNS F/2&$7,9(&$6(
Locative Case.
—VSDWKUL
‘le’ suffixed to nouns expresses locations, ‘at’ or ‘in’.
—VSDWKULOH
hospital
at the hospital, in the hospital.
Exceptions.
Nouns ending in
‘m’
‘du’
‘ru’,
change to
‘th’
‘tt’
‘th’,
before ‘le’ is added.
respectively,
Thus we have:-
Noun.
Locative Case.
maram
tree
marathle
in the tree.
Y¯GX
house
Y¯WWOH
in the house.
NL¼DUX
NL¼DWKOH
well
in the well.
Vocabulary
—Q—
but
kadetheru
bazaar.
mail
mile
stone, milestone.
GKÌUDP
N—O
distance
kilometer
kilometre
temple, church
vali
pain
vali edu (s.thth)
feel pain.
NÀYLO
SDººLNÌGDP school
Short Sentences.
Y¯WWOHXQJDDSS—LUXNU—U—"HQQDVHLU—U
Is your father at home? What is he doing?
DYDULSSRLQJHLOOH—VSDWKULOHYOHVHLU—U
He is not here now. he is working at the hospital.
LSSRO—PDYDUURPEDYOHVHLUDU
PVHOHHQSXVWKDKDQJDLUXNNXGK—"
He is working a lot these days.
Are my books in the table (drawer)?
LOOHXQJDSXVWKDKDQJDPVHOHLOOHSHWWLOHLUXNNXGKX
No, your books are not in the drawer. They are in the box.
HQJDÌU—WKOHURPEDNRQMDPWKD¼¼LGK—QLUXNNXGKX
There is only very little water in the river of our place.
64
WKÀWWDWKOHWKÀWWDNN—UDQYOHVHLU—Q
Adi’s Book.
The gardener is working in the garden.
SDººLNÌGDWKOHSDL\DQJDS—GDQJDSDGLNNU—QJD
The boys are studying lessons in the school.
LQGKDSXVWKDKDWKOHHWKWKDQHS—GDQJDLUXNNXGKX"
How many lessons are there in this book?
DQWKDSXVWKDKDWKOHLUXEDWKXS—GDQJDLUXNNXGKX
There are 20 lessons in that book.
11. en kaileLSSRMDVWKLSD¼DPille.
I do not have much money now. (idiom).
\HQGKDNDGHOHY—ÄDSDÄDPYLNNXGKX"
At which shop are plantains sold?
13. arele \—U\—ULUXNU—QJD"
Who are in the room. (‘who-all’, idiom).
14. idhule enna enna irukkudhu?
What is in this. (‘what-all’, idiom).
15. vali enge yedukkudhu? vali yenge?
Where does it hurt? Where is the pain.
16. ennakku vayithle jasthi vali edukkudhu. I have much pain in the stomach.
P—UOHURPEDYDOLHGXNNXGK—"
Isthere much pain in the chest?
LQGKDS—GDWKOHNDVKWDP—QDY—UWKHQJDLOOH
There are no difficult words in this lesson.
DQGKDNL¼DWKOHWKD¼¼LLUXNNXGK—"
U—WKULOHQYOHVHLULQJD"
Is there water in that well?
Why are you working in the night?
XQJDºXNNXN—SLOHFKDNNDUHY¼XP—"
Do you want sugar in your coffee?
Practical Conversation.
C: Customer A; Autorickshaw Man.
&Q—QNDGHWKHUXNNXSÀKDY¼XP
I want to go to the bazaar.
$Y—QJD—WÀOHXNN—UXQJD
Come on sir, sit in the auto.
&NDGHWKHUXNNXSÀKDHYºDYXSD¼DPY¼XP"
How much money (do you) want, to go to the bazaar?
$SDWKXUÌE—NRGXQJDSÀWKXP
Give ten Rupees, (it’s) enough.
&NDGHWKHUXHQJH"DWKXURPEDGKÌUDP—"
Where is the bazaar? Is it a long way?
$WKHUL\XPDL\—DGKXRUXN\HPRUXPDLOLOOHDGKXURPEDGKÌUDPLOOH—Q—NLWWDYXPLOOH
I know, sir. It is one km, Not one mile. It’s not very far, but it’s not near either!
------------------------65
Adi’s Book.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 19.
LGKX\—UNDGLGKDP"
idhu enna kattadam?
LQGKDNDGLGWKWKHDYDUXNNXNRQGXSÀQJD
LQGKDNDWWDGDWKWKXNNXY—VDOHQJH"
HQSDL\HS—LPOHYDLQJD
S—LNNXXººHSÌQHLUXNNXGKX
S—LNNXXººHRUXSDL\DQLUXNU—Q
SDÄDPY—QJDSDL\HNRQGXSÀQJD
NDGLGKDPHÄXWKDRUXN—LGKDPNRQGXYD
S—LY—QJDNDGHNNXYDQJD
NDGHOHL¼¼DNNLMDVWKLV—P—QLOOH
Q—ºDNNLNÀYLOOHHQQHS—UXQJD
NDGHOHLSSRNDGHN—UDULOOH
HQQDNNXDVSDWKULOHPDGK\—QDPYOHLOOH
HQJDWKÀWWDWKOHRUXNL¼DUXLUXNNXGKX
SDººLNÌGDWKOHSDL\DQJDLOOH
NL¼DWKOHWKD¼¼LURPEDN¯ÄHLUXNNXGKX
XQJDÌU—WKOHWKD¼¼LLUXNNXGK—"
LOOHQJDHQJDNL¼DWKOHNXGDWKD¼¼LLOOH
QDPDNNHOO—PLQGKDÌUOHWKD¼¼LLOOH
HQJDÌUOHDSS—DPP—D¼¼DQWKDPELQJDDNN—WKDQJDFKFKLQJDHOO—UXPLUXNU—QJD
LQGKDSXVWKDKDWKOHVXODEDP—QDS—GDPXPNDVKWDP—QDS—GDPXPLUXNNXGKX
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
66
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 20.
POST-POSITIONS F&217,18('
‘idam’ or ‘idaththukku’,
suffixed to the declensional bases of pronouns,
are used to express ‘to’ (in motion).
This form is used for verbs such as
‘go’, ‘come’, ‘bring’, and ‘take’,
e.g.:HQQLGDPDGKHNRQGXYDU—GLQJD
Do not bring that to me.
DYDULGDWKWKXNNXLSSRSÀK—GLQJD
Do not go to him now.
This is interchangable with the Dative Case in some places, where the verbs are not in
motion, as in:HQQLGDPDQGKDSQDYHNRGXQJD
Give that pen to me.
------------------------Vocabulary
WKDS—O
post
WKDS—O—S¯V
post office
WKDS—ON—UDQ
postman
eppovum
always
sila samayam
sometimes
RUXYOH
perhaps
adikkadi
often
usually, normally.
vDÄDNNDP—
usually, normally.
V—GK—UDQDP—
------------------------XQJDSXVWKDKDWKHHQNLWWDNRQGXY—QJDXQJDSXVWKDKDWKHHQQLGDPNRQGXY—QJD
Bring your book to me. or
DYDQLGDPDGKHNRQGXSÀK—GKLQJD
HQXGH\DWKDPELNÌGDHQQHSÀODLUXNU—Q
Q—PHOO—PSQ—YHNRQGXHÄXGKUÀP
DYDQJDLQWKDYDÄL\—HQJHSÀU—QJD
Q¯QJDLQGKDYDÄL\—NÀYLOOXNNXSÀULQJD
NÀYLOHQJDY¯WWXNNXNLWWDLUXNNXGKX
Bring your book near me.
Don’t take that to him.
My little brother is also like me.
All of us write with a pen.
Where are they going through this way?
You are going to the church by this way.
The temple (church) is near our house.
67
Adi’s Book.
—VSDWKULDYDUXGH\DY¯WWXNNXURPEDGKÌUDP—LUXNNXGKX
The hospital is far away from his house.
XQJDJU—PDPHYºDYXGKÌUDP"DGKHNLWWDY—GKÌUDP—"
How far is your village? Near or far?
MDQQDOPÌODP—\—UHS—UNULQJD"
Who are you seeing through the window?
LQGKDNDGLGKDWKHP—QLNNDPPÌODP—DQXSSXQJD
Send this letter through Manikkam.
WKDS—ONDUDQHQQDNRQGXYDU—Q"
What does the postman bring?
WKDS—ONDUDQQDPDNNXWKDS—ONRQGXYDU—Q
The postman is bringing us the post.
Q¯QJDDGLNNDGLWKDS—O—S¯VXNNXSÀULQJDO—"
Do you often go to the post office?
LOOHQ—QVLODVDPD\DPGK—QSÀUQ
No, I go there only sometimes.
HSSRYXPQDOO—YOHVHLQJDDSUDPQDOO—V—SSLGXQJD
Always work well. Then eat well.
Q—QDGLNNDGLNÀYLOOXNNXSÀUQQ¯QJDHSGL
I often go to church, how about you?
Q¯QJDHSSRYXPWKDPLÄSVXQJDHQJOLVKSV—GKLQJD
Always speak Tamil. Do not speak English.
VLODVDPD\DPNRQMDPHQJOLVKSVXQJD Sometimes speak a little English.
HQQDNNXLGKHSÀODRUXSXVWKDKDPY¼XP
I want a book like this.
DYDULGDWKWKXNNXLSSRSÀK—GKLQJDQ—ODNNLHQQLGDPY—QJD
Don’t go to him now. Come to me tomorrow.
22. ennidam andha nalla pusthaham ille.
I don’t have that good book with me.
Q—QVXKDPLOOHGRFWRULGDPSÀUQ
I am not well, I am going to the doctor.
HQQLGDPDQGKDSQ—YHNRGXQJD
LSSRPDÄHSHLGKXNXGHNRQGXSÀQJD
Give that pen to me.
It is raining now. Take an umbrella.
-------------------------
68
Adi’s Book.
Practical Conversation.
D: Driver, V: Villager.
'DL\—LQJHY—QJDFKHQQDLNNXHQGKDSDNNDPSÀKDY¼XP"
Sir, come here. Which way should iI go to Chennai?
9PXQQ—OHQHUDSÀQJDDSUDPLGDWKXSDNNDPWKLUXPEXQJD
Go straight first, then turn left.
'FKHQQDLHYDºDYXGKÌUDP"
How far is Chennai?
'HQGKDÌUYDÄL\—FKHQQDLNNXSÀUÀP"
Through which town do we go toChennai?
9FKHQQDLQXWKXSDWKXNLORPHWDUGKÌUDP Chennai is110 kilometers distance.
9N—QMLSÌUDPYDÄL\—SÀUÀP
We go via Kanjipuram.
'YDÄLOHLQQXPHQQDÌUXQJDYDUXGKX"
What other places are on the way?
9—UN—GXPVULSHUXPSXGÌUXPYDÄLOHYDUXGKX
Arcot and Sriperumbudur are on the way.
------------------------Expansion Drill, For Lesson 20.
LQGKDSQ—YHSÀODRUXQDOODSQ—Y—QJX
XQJDºXNNXLGKHSÀODY¼XP—"
XQJDQ—LHQQ—\HSÀODLUXNNXGKX
HQQDNNXLSSRDGKHSÀODSÀGKXP
DYDUXNNXPXKDP\—USÀODLUXNNXGKX"
HQXGH\DNXÄDQGKHQJDHQQHSÀODLUXNNXGKX
LQGKD—WKWKXYDÄL\—F—UOHSÀK—GKLQJD
XQJDWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXYDÄL\—Y¯WWXNNXSÀUQ
Q¯QJDOWKDS—O—S¯VYDÄL\—SÀULQJDO—"
Q—QHSSRYXPWKDS—O—S¯VYDÄL\—SÀUQ
HQJDY¯WWXYDÄL\—NÀYLOOXNNXSÀQJD
—P—VLODVDPD\DPDQGKDSDNNDPSÀUQ
DGLNNDGLDQGKDYDÄL\——VSDWKULNNXSÀUQ
XQJDºXGH\DÌUHYºDYXGKÌUDP"
XQÌUGKÌUDP—NLWWDY—"
L¼¼DNNLHQQDNNXWKDS—OLOOH\—"
L¼¼DNNLXQJDºXNNXR¼¼XPLlle.
HQÌUNLWWDLOOHDGKXURPEDGKÌUDP
WKDS—OHQJHNRQGXSÀU—QJD"
XQJDÌUHGKXDGKXYOÌU——UQL\—"
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------69
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 21.
VERBS, FUTURE POSITIVE, AND
ORDINAL NUMBERS.
Verbs, Future Positive.
For Weak Verbs.
Root plus ‘v’ plus verbal endings,
Q—QSÀYQ
Q¯SÀYH
DYDQSÀY—Q
DYDSÀY—
DYDUSÀY—U
except neuter sngular and plural.
Q—QJDSÀYÀP
I will go
we will go
Q¯QJDSÀYLQJD
you will go
you will go
DYDQJDSÀY—QJD
he will go
they will go
she will go
he/she will go
But for neuter,
Root plus ‘vum’ plus verbal endings
DWKXSÀYXP
it will go
DGKXQJDSÀYXP
they will go
For Strong Verbs.
Root plus ‘pp’ plus verbal endings,
Q—QDGLSSQ
Q¯DGLSSH
DYDQDGLSS—Q
DYDDGLSS—
DYDUDGLSS—U
except neuter sngular and plural.
Q—QJDDGLSSÀP
I will strike
we will strike
Q¯QJDDGLSSLQJD
you will strike
you will strike
DYDQJDDGLSS—QJD
he will strike
they will strike
she will strike
he/she will strike
But for neuter,
Root plus ‘kkum’ plus verbal endings
athu adikkum
it will strike
adhunga adikkum
Ordinal Numbers.
WKHVHDUHIRUPHGE\VXIIL[LQJµ—P¶RUµ—YDGKX¶WRWKH&DUGLQDO1XPEHUV
R¼¼X
one
UH¼GX
two
paththu
ten
SDQQH¼GX
twelve
R¼¼—PR¼¼—YDGKX
UH¼G—PUH¼G—YDGKX
SDWKWK—PSDWKWK—YDWKX
SDQQH¼G—PSDQQH¼G—YDGKX
first
second
tenth
twelfth
-------------------------
70
Adi’s Book.
Vocabulary.
NLÄDPH
Q—LWKWKXNLÄDPH
WKLQJDNLÄDPH
VHYY—NLÄDPH
EXGKDQNLÄDPH
Y\—ÄDNLÄDPH
YHººLNLÄDPH
Q—OGKLQDP
day of the week
dayof the month
Q—OGKÀUXP
Sunday
daily
GKLQDQGKÀUXP
Monday
daily
Y—UDP
Tuesday
week
Y—UDPGKÀUXP
Wednesday
weekly
P—VDP
Thursday
month
Friday
P—VDPGKÀUXP
monthly
Saturday
varusham
year
date
YDUXVKDPGKÀUXP
yearly, annually
first
kadasi
last
yesterday
mundh—Q—O
the day before yesterday
tomorrow
Q—ODQQDNNL
the day after tomorrow
last, previous (time)
aduththa
next
VQKLGKDU
friend
theru
street
badhil
reply, answer(n)
badhil sol
reply, answer(w.n)
N—WKWKLUX
wait
thirumbu
return(w.in)
VDQLNLÄDPH
WKGL
PXGKDORQQ—P
QWKWKX
Q—ºDNNL
SÀQD
------------------------Sentences.
L¼¼DNNLHQQDNLÄDPHLGKXVDQLNLÄDPH\—"
What day is it today, is it Saturday?
—P—QHWKXYHººLNLÄDPHPXQGK—Q—ºY\—ÄDNLÄDPHQ—ºDNNLHQQ—"
Yes, yesterday was Friday, the day before yesterday Thursday, what’s tomorrow.
Q—ºDNNLWKLQJDNLÄDPHLOOHQJDQ—ºDNNLQ—LWKWKXNLÄDPHLOOH\—"
Tomorrow(‘s) Monday. No, no, tomorrow (‘s) Sunday, isn’t it?
DWKXVDULGK—QRUXY—UDWKOHHWKWKDQHQ—ODQJDLUXNNXGKXWKHUL\XP—"
That’s right. how many days are in one week, do you know?
RUXY—UDWKOHÄXQ—ORUXYDUXVKDWKWKXNNXPÌQÌWKWKXNNXPOHLUXNNXP
Seven days in one week, in one year there will be more than three hundred.
71
Adi’s Book.
DGKXVDULPÌQÌWKX—UXSDWKXDQMXQ—ORUXYDUDVKDWKOHLUXNNXWKX
That’s right, there are 365 days in one year.
Q¯QJDY—UDWKOHHWKWKDQHQ—OYOHVHLULQJD" How many days are you working in a week?
L¼¼DNLWKGLHQQDLGKXSDWKWK—PWKGLLOOH\—"
What is today’s date, it’s the 10th, isn’t it?
WKGLHQQDNNXWKHUL\DGKXQ¯QJDQ—OGKÀUXPµHQQDWKGL¶NNULQJD
I don’t know the date, you ask ‘what’s the date’ every day.
LQQDNNLHQDPP—YXPDSS—YXPÀVÌULOLUXQGKXYDUDQJD
Today my mother and father are coming from Hosur.
LUXEDWK—PWKGL\—UYDUDQJD"
Who is coming on the 20th?
DQQDNLSDQQH¼GXSUYDUDYDQJD
That day 12 people are coming.
Q—QQ—ºDNNLFKHQQDLNNXSÀYQQ¯QJDºXPYDUDYLQJDO—"
I will go to Chennai tomorrow. Will you come too?
Q—PQ—LWKWKXNLÄDPHNÀYLOXNNXSÀYRP
We will go to church on Sunday.
DQGKDQ—LXQQHNDGLNNXPDGKDQNLWWDSÀK—GH
That dog will bite you, don’t go near it.
LQGKDSÌQHHQN—OHVXWKWKLÀGXWKX
This cat is running round my feet.
VLODVDPD\DPHQQ—LNÌGDDSGLVHL\XP Sometimes my dog does that.
HQJDYOHN—UDQYHOHVHL\DGKLQDQGKÀUXPYDUXY—QDYDQQ—OGKÀUDPLQJHLUXNU—Q
Our servant will come daily to work. He is here every day.
Q—QJDDYDQXNNXP—VDPGKÀUXPSD¼DPNRGXSSÀP
We give him money every month.
Q—QSÀQDY—UDPYOÌUOHLOOH
I was not in Vellore last week.
DGXWKWKDEXWKDQNLÄDPHY—QJD
Come next Wednesday.
DGXWKWKDYDUXVKDPP—UFKP—VDPPÌQ—PWKGLWKLUXPEXQJD
Return next year on the third of March.
VHULDSGLGK—QVHLYQSÀLWXYDUQ
Alright, I’ll do that. Goodbye.
------------------------72
Adi’s Book.
Practical Conversation.
Sending a message to a friend.
M: Master, S: Servant.
0XQQDNNXRUXNDGLGKDPNRGXSSQDGKXHQVQKLGKDUY¯WWXNNXNRQGXSÀ
I will give you a letter. Take it to my friend’s house.
6DSGL\VHLYQDYDUEDGKLOY¼XP—"
I will do so. Do you want his answer?
0—P—DYDUEDGKLOY¼XP—S¯VXNNXHWWXPD¼LNNXSÀYDUDGKXNNXPXQQ—OHSÀ
Yes, I want his reply. He will go to the office at eight o’clock. You go before that.
6DYDUY¯GXHQJHLUXNNXWKX"GKD\DYXVHLGKXHQQDNNXN—WWXYLQJDO—"
Where is his house? Will you please show me?
0DGKXWKWKDWKHUXOHNÀYLOXNNXSLQQ—OHLUXNNXWKX
It is in the next street behind the temple.
S. saringa, ippo ennakku theriyum.
Alright sir, now I know.
0Q—QXQQDNN—KDN—WKWKLUXSSQV¯NUDPY—
I will wait for you. Come quick!
6LSSRYÀGXYQURPEDV¯NUDPWKLUXPEDYQ
I will run right now. I will return very soon.
------------------------Expansion Drill, For Lesson 21.
Q—QLQJHV—SSLGXYQ
Q—QDGKHSDGLSSQ
Q—PLQJHV—SSLGXYÀP
Q—PDGKHSDGLSSÀP
Q¯QJDLQJHV—SSLGXYLQJD
Q¯QJDDGKHSDGLSSLQJD
Q¯LQJHV—SSLGXYH
Q¯DGKHSDGLSSH
DYDQLQJHV—SSLGXY—Q
DYDQDGKHSDGLSS—Q
DYDLQJHV—SSLGXY—
DYDDGKHSDGLSS—
DYDULQJHV—SSLGXY—U
DYDUDGKHSDGLSS—U
DGKXLQJHV—SSLGXP
adhu adhe padikkum
DYDQJDLQJHV—SSLGXY—QJD
DGKXQJDLQJHV—SSLGXP
Note:- Substitute
and
DYDQJDDGKHSDGLSS—QJD
adhunga adhe padikkum
µWKXQJX¶DQGµHÄXWKX¶
IRUµV—SSLGX¶
‘kudi’ and ‘adi’
for ‘padi’.
73
Adi’s Book.
GLQDQGKÀUXPN—OHOHHQGKLULSSQ
Y—UDPGKÀUXPDYDUNÀYLOOXNNXSÀYDU
P—VDPGKÀUXPQ—QFKHQQDLNNXSÀYQ
YDUXVKDPGKÀUXPDYDQJDHQQDNNXSXVWKDKDWKHDQXSSXY—QJD
LQGKDY—UDPY¯WWOHLUXSSQ
DGXWKWKDY—UDPYOHNNXSÀYQ
SÀQDY—UDPQ—QLQJHLOOH
DGXWKWKDP—VDPPXWKDOY—UDPEDQJDOÌUOHLUXSSQ
LQGKDP—VDPNDGDVLY—UDPLQJHWKLUXPEXYQ
Q—LWKWKXNNLÄDPHY—UDWKOHPXWKDOQ—O
VDQLNLÄDPHY—UDWKOHNDGDVLQ—O
YDUXVKDWKOHMDQDYDU\P—VDPRQQ—PP—VDP
YDUXVKDWKOHGHVHPEDUP—VDPNDGDVLP—VDP
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
74
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 22.
VERBS, PRESENT AND PAST NEGATIVES,
AND POTENTIAL FORM.
Present & Past Negatives.
infinitive plue ‘le’ irrespective of number, gender and person.
SÀKDOHRUQ—QSÀKDOH
I do not go, or I did not go.
NXGLNNDOHQ—QNXGLNNDOH
I do not drink, or I did not drink.
------------------------Potential Form-‘may’. (Permission).
LQILQLWLYHSOXHµO—P¶LUUHVSHFWLYHRIQXPEHUJHQGHUDQGSHUVRQ
Q¯QJDSÀKDO—P
you may go.
Vocabulary
DGKDQ—OH
DSGL\
DYºDYXGK—Q
PDWWXPGK—Q
QLQQ—
therefore
because
DSGL\—"
just like that
really? is that so?
DSGLGK—Q
that is all
that’s it
only.
only there
P—WKUXP
DQJHGK—Q
only.
sudu
hot (to touch)
purukkam
sultry, humid
NXºLUFKFKL
cool, coolness, cold
nadu(s.tt)
plant.
ishtam, piriyam
liking (follows Dative)
pidi(s.thth)
catch, but idiomatically also used for these other meanings:-
pidikkum
is liked
SLGLNN—GKX
is not liked
these follow the dative case, such as in
idhe ennakku pidikkum
I like this.
DGKHHQQDNNXSLGLNN—GKX
I don’t like that.
Short Sentences.
L¼¼DNNLDYDUXNNXVÌKDPLOOHDGKDQ—OHDYDULQJHYDUDOH
He is not well today, therefore he did not come here.
DYDUL¼¼DNNLLQJHYDUDOHQLQQ—DYDUXNNXVRZN\DPLOOH
He has not come here today because he is not well.
75
Q¯QJDP—WKUXPNÀYLOXNNXSRULQJDO—
Adi’s Book.
LQQXP\—UDQJHSÀYDQJD"
Q—QLSSRV—SSLGDOHDSUDPV—SSLGXYQ
DYDQJDQ—ºDNNLHQJDY¯WWOHV—SSLGDO—P
Q—QJDLSSRY¯WWXNNXSÀKDO—P—"
Are you alone going to the temple?
Who else will go there?
I am not eating now, I will eat afterwards.
They may eat in our house tomorrow.
May we go home now?
Q—QLQQDNNLNDGHNNXYDUDOHQ¯QJDP—WKUXPSÀKDO—P
I am not coming to the shop today, you may go by yourself.
Q—QQLSGLXUXNUQ"QLQQ—Q—QU—WKULQDOODWKÌQJDOH
Why am I like this? Because I did not sleep well last night.
LQGKDNDGLGKDPHQWKDPELUXGKDOH
Q¯QJDPDWWXPNDGLGDWKHSDGLNNDO—P
My little brother did not write this letter.
Only you may read the letter.
DSGL\—"DSSRDGKHQ—QP—WKUXPSDGLSSQ
Really? Then I shall read it by myself.
DSGLGK—QDSGLGK—QDGKHPDUXSDGL\XPVROOXQJD
That’s it, that’s it, say that again.
XQJDºXNNXHGKXLVKWDPN—SSL\—W¯\—"
Which do you like, coffee or tea?
XQJDºXNNXHGKXURPEDSLGLNNXPNRÄL\——WWXNDUL\—"
Which do you like most, chicken or mutton?
DYDUXNNXV—WKDPSLUL\—GKXURWWLGK—QSLUL\DP
He does not like rice, he likes only bread.
XQJDHOO—UXNNXPLQJHV—SSLGDLVKWDP—" Do all of you like to eat here?
QDPHOO—UXPDSUDPV—SSLGDO—P
XQJDYOHDYODYXGK—QLSSRSÀKDO—P
All of us may eat afterwards.
That’s all of your work, you may go now.
Q—QPDGKXUDLNNXSÀUQDGKDQ—OHQ—ºDNNLS—GDPLOOH
I am going to Madurai, so there is no lesson tomorrow.
—Q—Q—ºD¼¼DNLQ—QLQJHLUXSSQ
But I shall be here the day after tomorrow.
L¼¼DNLSDººLNÌGDPLUXNNXGKX—Q—Q—ºDNNLLOOH
Today there is school, but not tomorrow.
DSGL\—"VDULLQQDNNLSDººLNÌGDWKWKXNNXSÀUQ
Is that so? Okay, I shall go to school today.
76
Adi’s Book.
Q¯QJDLQGKDWKD¼¼L\HNXGLNNDO—PLGKXQDOODWKD¼¼L
You can drink this water, this is good water.
Q¯QJDP—WKUXPV¯NUDP—QDGDNNDOH
You only are not walking briskly.
XQJDW¯HSGLXQJDºXNNXLVKWDPSDOY¼XP—Y¼—P—VXGDS—OYQXP—"
How do you like your tea, do you want milk or not? Do you want hot milk?
Practical Conversation.
P: ponnamma S: Shanti.
3Q—PYHºL\HYLºD\—GDSÀKDO—P—"
May we go out to play.
6LOOHSRQQDPP—HQQDNNXQUDPLOOHQ—QLQQDNLYDUDOH
No ponnamma, I have no time. I am not coming today.
3QWKXPDÄHSHL\DOHDGKDQ—OHYLºD\—GDURPEDQDOODLUXQGDGKX
Yesterday it did not rain, so it was very good to play.
6DGKXVHULGK—Q—Q—L¼¼DNNLURPEDYH\\LOLOOH\—"
That’s right, but today it is very hot, isn’t it?
3—P—URPEDYH\\LOGK—Q\HQQDVHL\DO—P"
Yes, very hot. What can be done?!
6LGKXYH\\LON—ODPDSGLGK—QLUXNNXP
This is summer. It will be like that.
3V—LQJ—ODWKOHNRQMDPNXºLUFKFKL\—LUXNNXGKXQLQQ—DSSRN—WKXDGLNNXGKX
It’s a bit cool in the evening, because it’s breezy then.
6U—WKULURPEDSXUXNNDP—LUXNNXGKXQLQQ—N—WKXDSSRNRQMDPNÌGDLOOH
It is sultry at night, because then there is no breeze at all.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 15.
DYDULQJHVLODVDPD\DPYOHVHL\—YDU—U
WKHUL\—GKX
—Q—DYDUQWKXYDUDOHQHQDNNX
DYDUXNNXURPEDWKDOHYDOLDGKDQ—OHDYDUYOHNNXYDUDOH
DYDQJDPDUDWKWKXNNXN¯ÄHLUXNU—QJDQLQQ—URPEDYH\\LO—LUXNNXGKX
Q—QLGKHSDWKWKLNNNDOHQ¯QJDLGKHDSUDPVROODO—P
Q—QXQJDºXNNXRUXQDOODVDQJDGKLVROODO—P—"
HQXGH\DDSS—DQJHGK—QLUXNU—UQ¯QJDDYDUHS—UNNDOH\—"
Q—QJDHSSÀYXPV—GKDPV—SSLGUÀPVLODVDPD\DPFKDSS—WKWKLNÌGDV—SLGUÀP
HQJDºXNNXLQGKDY¯GXGK—QURPEDSLGLNNXP
77
Adi’s Book.
DQGKDY¯WWOHLUXNNDXQJDºXNNXSLGLNN—GK—"
LQGKDYOHDYºDYXGK—QLSSRQ¯QJDDGKHVHL\DO—P
DSGLGK—QDSGLGK—QPDUXSDGL\XPDSGL\VHLQJD
HGKXXQJDºXNNXM—VWKLSLUL\XPV—WKDP—FKDSS—WKWKL\—"
LQGKDSXVWKDKDPXQJDºXNN—KDQ¯QJDLGKHVDQGKÀVKDP—SDGLNNDO—P
L¼¼DNNLS—GDPVXODEDP—LUXNNDO—P—S—USSÀP
Q¯QJDS—GDWKWKHPHGKXY—SDGLQJDO—P—"S—NNDO—P
Q—QS—ONXGLNNDOHQLQQ—HQQDNNXS—OSLGLNNXPLOOH
SÀQDY—UDPHOO—PQ—QNDGLGKDPHÄXWKDOH
Q—ºDNNLNDGLGKDQJDHOO—PHÄXWKXYQ
Q—QHQDUHOHSDGLSSQQ¯QJDLQGKDLGDWKOHSDGLNNDO—P
WKÀWWDNN—UDUVHGLQJDºHQDGXY—U—Q—LQJHY¼—PDQJHQDGDVROOXQJD
Q—PQWKWKXVDQJDGKL\HSDWKWKLNRQMDPSVDO—P—"
LGKHOO—PURPEDQDOODY—N\DQJDLGKXQJDºHWKLUXPEDWKLUXPEDVROODO—P
DYDUSXVWKDKDPHQNDLNNXDGXWKWKDY—UXPYDUXP
Q—QDGKHXQJDºXNNXSDGLNNDNRGXSSQ
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
78
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 23.
THE VEGETABLE SHOP, AND
REVIEW (REVISION) No.II.
7KH9HJHWDEOH6KRSN—LNDGH
Vocabulary
N—L
WKDNN—OLNN—L
NDWKWKDULNN—L
tomato(es)
YHQGHNN—L
JÀVHSÌ
N—LNDUL
vegetable
SDFKFKHSDWW—¼L
lady’s fingers
HOO—YLGKDP—QD
vegetables
brinjal(s)
green peas
cauliflower
JÀVHPXWWHJÀVHNLÄH
cabbage
all kinds of
are
half
Practical Conversation.
C: Customer V; Vegetable Seller.
&XQJDºLGDPHQQDN—LLUXNNXGKX"
What are the vegetables that you have?
9HQQLGDPHOO—PYLGKDP—QDN—LNDULQJDLUXNNXGKXXQJDºXNNXHQQDN—LY¼XP"
I have all kinds of vegetables. What vegetables do you want.
&HQQDNNXQDOO—NDWKWKDULNN—LRUXN¯ORY¼XP
I want one kilo of fresh brinjals.
9VDULQJDXQJDºXNNXLQQXPHQQDN—LY¼XP"JÀVHPXWWH\XPJÀVHSÌYXPLUXNNXGKX
Alright sir, what other veg do you want? I have cabbage and cauliflower.
&L¼¼DNLQ—QDGKHOO—PY—QJDOHXQQLGDPWKDNN—OLSDÄDQJDLUXNNXGK—"
I am not buying them today. Do you have tomatoes?
9LOOHQJDHQQLGDPURPEDQDOODWKDNN—OLLOOHXQJDºXNNXSDFKFKHSDWW—¼LY¼XP—"
No sir, I don’t have very good tomatoes. Do you want green peas.
&SDFKFKHSDWW—¼LYLOHM—VWKL\—LUXNNXGKXYHQGDLNN—LLUXNNXGK—"
The price of peas is too much. Do you have ladies fingers?
9LUXNNXGKX\HYODYXY¼XP"
I have. How much do you want?
&DUHN¯ORYHQGDLNN—LNRGXQJDLSSRDGKXSÀGKXP
Give me half a kilo of ladies fingers. That’s enough now.
-------------------------
79
Adi’s Book.
Review No II.
DL\—Y—QJDYD¼DNNDPHSGLLUXNULQJDVRZN\DP—"XQJDY¯WWOHHOO—UXPVÌKDP—"LQJH
HOO—UXP VÌKDPGK—Q WKDPEL\XP WKDQJDFKFKL\XP NÌGD VXKDP—" DSS—YXP DPP—YXP
VÌKDP—LUXNU—QJDO—"DSS—YXPDPP—YXPLSSRY¯WWOHLOOHDYDQJDQ—ºDNNLYDUDYDQJD
LGKX \—U WKÀWWDP" LGKX XQJD WKÀWWDP—" XQJDºXNNX QDOO— WKÀWWDP LUXNNXGKX XQJD
WKÀWWDP RUX QDOO— WKÀWWDP XQJDºXGH\D WKÀWWDP QDOOD XUXNNXGKX LQGKD VHGLOH UH¼GX
SÌGK—Q LUXNNXGKX DQGKD NRGLOH M—VWKL LOH\XP SÌYXP LUXNNXGKXQJD LQGKD WKÀWWD
PDUDQJDURPEDSHUL\DPDUDQJDLOOH\—"XQJDWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXNL¼DUXNÌGDURPEDQDOODGKX
WKÀWWDNN—UDQLQJHYOHVHLU—QDYDQXNNXWKÀWWDWKOHNDVKWDP—QDYOHLOOH
U—PDQ V—SS—GX WKD\—U—" Q—QJD LSSR V—SSLGD YDUDO—P—" HQJDºXNNX LSSR V—SS—GX
Y¼—P LQQXP \—UXNNX V—SS—GX Y¼XP" LYºDYX V—SS—GX HOO—UXNNXP SÀGKXP—"
HOO—UXNNXPQSÀGK—GKX"DGKHHQQDNNXN—WWXQJDGKD\DYXVHLWKXHQDNNXV¯NUDPV—SS—GX
SÀGXQJDNRQMDPWKD¼¼LNRQGXY—QJDV¯NUDPV¯NUDP
WKDPEL LQJH YD Q¯ HQJH SÀUH" \—U Y¯WWXNNX SÀUH —VSDWKULNNX DSUDP SÀ L¼¼DNL
SÀK—GH Q—ºDNNLSÀKDO—P XQ WKDQJDFKFKL HQQD VHLU—" DYD Y¯WWOH YOH VHLU— DYDOH LSSR
LQJHNÌSSLGXDYDLQJHYDUDO—P—"WKDQJDFKFKLYKDP—YDRUXQDOODS—WWXS—GX
VDUL XQJDºXNN—KD RUX QDOO— S—WWX S—GUQ XQJDºXNNX HQ S—WWX LVKWDP—" —P— XQ S—WWX
HQQDNNX URPED LVKWDP DSSR Q¯QJD HQ S—WWH NNNDO—P HQ S—WWX HSGL LUXNNXGKX" XQ
S—WWXQJDHSSRYXPQDOO—LUXNNXPVDULQ—QSÀLWXY—UQ6DULWKDQJDFKFKLSÀLWXY—
DGKX \—U SHWWL WKHUL\XP—" DQGKD SHWWL\ WKLUDQJD DGKH DSGL PÌG—GKLQJD DUH XOOH
NRQGXSÀQJDLQJHYDLQJDLGKXQDOO—LGDPRUXSHWWLYDLNNDURPEDQDOODLGDPQ¯QJDLSSR
SHWWL\HYDLNNDO—PLQGKDFKLQQDSHWWLXQJDOXNNXSÀGKXP—"SHUL\DSHWWLY¼XP—"
Q—QJD N—WS—GLNNX V—LQJ—ODP DQMX PD¼LNNX SÀYÀP DGKDQ—OH Q¯QJD PDGK\—QDP Q—OX
PD¼LNNX Y—QJD QDQ N—WS—GLNNX YDUDOH Q¯QJD P—WKUXP SÀKDO—P DSGL\—" VDUL Q—Q
DSGL\ VHLUQ Q—ºDNNL NRQMDP PXQGKL YDUXYLQJDO—" GKD\DYXVHLWKX SLQGKL YDU—GKLQJD
HOO—UXPV¯NUDPYDUXYDQJD
80
Adi’s Book.
Q¯QJDGRFWRULGDPSÀULQJDO—"QDYDULGDPSÀULQJD"QLQQ—Q—QVXKDPLOOHLQQXP\—U
GRFWRULGDP SÀYDQJD" Q¯QJD PXQQ—OH SÀQJD Q—Q SLQQ—OH YDUQ GRFWRU LSSR \HQJH
LUXNU—U" Q—Q NÌGD DYDUH S—USSQ Q—P GRFWRU Y¯WWXNNX SÀKDO—P—" VLOD VDPD\DP DYDU
LSSR—VSDWKULOHLUXSS—U
LSSRPDÄHSHLGKXDGKDQ—OHYHºL\HSÀK—GKLQJDNXGHNRQGXSÀQJDQLQQ—URPEDPDÄH
SHLGKXL¼¼DNLHOO—PYH\\LOLOOHLSSRMDVWKLPDÄHSHL\DOH—Q—N—WKWKXNRQMDPDGLNNXGKX
DSUDPPDÄHSHL\DO—PDGKDQ—OHV¯NUDPY¯WWXNNXLSSRÀGXQJD
L¼¼DNLQDOODQ—OQLQQ—L¼¼DNLQ—QQDOO—WKDPLÄSVUQSÀQDWKLQJDNLÄDPHHQQDWKGL"
Q—ºDNNL HQQD PXWKDO WKGL\—" —P— PXWKDO WKGLGK—Q VDUL URPED VDQGKÀVKDP QLQQ—
Q—ºDNNL \HQ NDLNNX SD¼DP YDUXP YHººLNNLUDPH PDGK\—QDP PDUXSDGL\XP Y—QJD
GKD\DYXVHLGKXY—UDPGKÀUDPY—QJDQ—ºD¼¼DNLYDU—GKLQJD
Q¯QJD NXºLNNDOH\—" DSSR \HQJH NXºLNND SÀULQJD" XQJDºXNNX NXºLNND \HQQD WKD¼¼L
Y¼XP"VXGDWKD¼¼LLUXNNXGK—"LUXNNXGKX—Q—URPEDURPEDVXGDLUXNNXGKXVDULDSSR
Q—Q SDFKFKH WKD¼¼LOH NXºLNUQ LGKX XQJDºXNNX URPED NDVKWDP XQJD NDVKWDWKWKXNNX
HOO—P URPED QDQGUL U—PDQ HQ Q—\H DSUDP NXºLSDWWXYH\— HQ Q—L NRQMDPNÌGD VXGK
GKDP—LOOH
HQDNNX HÄXWKD RUX N—LGKDP Y¼XP XQJDOLGDP N—LGKDP LUXNNXGK—" LQGKD FKLQQD
N—LGKDPSÀWKXP—"DGKXGK—QSÀWKXPWKDPELLGKHSÀODLQQRUXN—LGKDPLUXNNXGK—"
LQGKDSDNNDPYDUHNNXPHÄXWKDO—PDGXWKDSDNNDWKOHHÄXWK—GKLQJDGKD\DYXVHLGKXLQGKD
NDGLGKDP WKDS—OOH SÀGXQJD QDPDNNX WKDS—O \—U NRQGXYDU—QJD" WKDS—ON—UDQ GKLQDQ
GKÀUXPN—OHLOHHWWXPD¼LNNXQDPDNNHOO—PWKDS—ONRQGXYDU—Q
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
81
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 24.
VERBS, FUTURE TENSE, NEGATIVE.
Future Negative.
,QILQLWLYHSOXVµP—WW¶SOXVYHUEDOHQGLQJVH[FHSWLQJWKHQHXWHUIRUPV
SÀKDP—WWQ
DGLNNDP—WWQ
SÀKDP—WW—QJD
I will not go.
I will not strike
DGLNNDP—WWLQJD
They will not go.
You will not strike.
Exceptions, - Neuter Forms.
,QILQLWLYHSOXVµ—GKX¶
Weak Verbs, Singular.
SÀK—GKX
WKÌQJ—GKX
It will not go.
It will not sleep.
,QILQLWLYHSOXVµN—GKX¶
Strong Verbs, Singular.
DGLNN—GKX
It will not strike
Plural.
as for neuter singular, but with the plural verbal endings
SÀK—GKXQJD
They will not go.
DGLNN—GKXQJD
NXGLNN—GKX
WKÌQJ—GKXQJD
It will not drink.
They will not sleep.
NXGLNN—GKXQJD
They will not drink.
India
jananga
people
East
NLÄDNN
in the East
they will not strike.
Vocabulary
LQGKL\—
NLÄDNNX
PUNX,
West
vadakku
North
therku
South
N—ODP
time (long)
ghavanam
care, attention
YLWK\—VDP
difference
SD¼DP
NXÄDQGKHSLOODL
—Q
NOYL
DQKDP—
money
child
male
question
almost, mostly
PUN
YDGDNN
WKHUN
QUDP
JKDYDQDP—
YLWK\—VDP—QD
SD¼DNN—UDQ
SD¼DNN—UL
SH¼
RU
P—GKLUL
in the west
in the North
in the South.
time (short)
carefully
different (adj)
rich man
rich woman
female, girl
the same
sort, kind, type.
82
FKRNN—FKDWWH
SÀWWXNRºXGXWKWKXNRº
Adi’s Book.
shirt
choli
blouse
wear, put on
WKX¼LQJD
clothes
thiruppu(w.in)
turn (tr)
NDWWLNNRº
wear(sari, dhoti)
thirumbu(w.in)
turn (int)
iduppu
waist, hip
Short Sentences.
Q—PQ—LWKWKXNLÄDPHYOHVHL\DSÀKDP—WWÀPQLQQ—Q—LWKWKXNLÄDPHQDPDNNXYOHLOOH
We will not go to work on Sunday, because on Sunday we have no work.
SD¼DNN—UDQLGDPM—VWKLSD¼DPLUXNNXP
The rich man will have lots of money.
LGKXXQJDºXGH\DNXÄDQGKH\—"NXÄDQGKHSU\HQQD"
Is this your child? What is the child’s name.
XQJDºXNNXHWKWKDQHNXÄDQGKHLUXNNXGKX"
How many chidren do you have.
HQQDNNXPÌQXNXÄDQGKHUH¼GXSDL\DQRUXSH¼LUXNNXGKX
I have three children; there are two boys, one girl.
DYDQJDºXNNXSUDQJDQDU—\DQDQ—QDQGNDPDO—LUXNNXGKX
Their names are Narayanan, Anand and Kamala.
LQGKDNXÄDQGKHNNXYD\DVXHQQD"
How old is this child?
LGKXNNXYD\DVXQ—OX LGKXNNXQ—OXYD\DVX It is 4 years old.
LSSRXQJDºXNN—KDRUXNOYLLUXNNXGKX
Now here is a question for you.
DGKXQDOO—NºYLLOOH\—"
That is a good question, is it not?
RUXN¯OROHHWKWKDQHYDÄDSDÄDPLUXNNXP" How many plantains are in one kilo?
URPEDQDOODNºYLGK—Q—Q—NDVKWDP—QDNºYL
A very good question indeed, but a difficult question.
VXODEDP—QDNºYLDSUDPNSSQ
I will ask an easy question later.
GKD\DYXVHLGKXLQGKDNOYLNNXLSSREDGKLOVROOXQJD
Please reply now to this question.
HQGKDS—GDPXQJDºXNNXVXODEDP—LUXNNXGKX"
Which lesson is easy for you?
83
Adi’s Book.
HQDNNXVLODNºYLVXODEDPVLODNºYLNDVKWDP
Some lessons are easy and some are hard for me.
XQJDºXNNXHOO—PS—GDPXP sulabam.
All the lessons are easy for you.
(all the lessons, without exception).
Q¯QJDLQGKL\—OHHYºDYXN—ODP— (HYºDYXQ—º—) irukringa?
How long have you been in India?
Q—QLQGKL\—OHUH¼GXYDUXVKDP—LUXNUQ I have been here since two years
(I have been here for two years).
—VSDWKULOHQ¯QJDHYºDYXQUDPLUXSSLQJD"
How long will you be at the hospital?
Q—Q—VSDWKULOHLQQXPPÌQXPD¼LQUDPLUXSSQ
I will be in the hospital for three hours more.
W—PEDUDPFKHQQDLNNXHQGKDSDNNDPLUXNNXGKX"
On which side of Chennai is Tambaram.
FKHQQDLNNXW—PEDUDPWKHUNXSDNNDPLUXNNXGKXDGKHFKHQQDLNNXWKHUNLUXNNXGKX
Tambaram is on the South side of Chennai. It is South of Chennai.
Q—PPDGKXUHNNXYDGDNLUXNUÀP
We are North of Madurai.
PXGKDOHNLÄDNNHSÀQJDDSUDPWKHUNWKLUXPEXQJD
First go to the East, then turn to the South.
LSSRHQSDNNDPWKLUXPEXQJDDSGLWKLUXPEK—GLQJD
Now turn towards me. Don’t turn that way.
QUDSÀQJDLQGKDSDNNDPDQGKDSDNNDPWKLUXPEK—GKLQJD
Go straight. Don’t turn this side or that.
DYDUQ—ºDNNLLQJHYDUDP—WW—U
He will not come here tomorrow.
LGKXURPEDQDOODQ—LDGKXNDGLNN—GKX This is a very good dog, it will not bite.
LQGKDSÌQH\XPS—ONXGLNNXP—"
*Will this cat also drink milk?
*This is also a proverb, similar in meaning to ‘butter wouldn’t melt in his mouth’.
-------------------------
84
Adi’s Book.
Practical Conversation.
F; Foreigner, I: Indian.
)XQJDGKVDWKOH—¼XQJDHQQDWKX¼LQJDSÀWWXNRºU—QJD"
What clothes do men wear in your country?
,HQJDGKVDWKOH—¼XQJDURPEDSUGKÀWLNDWWXNRºU—QJDVLODSUSDQWXGXWKWKXNRºU—QJD
In our country many wear a dhoti, some wear pants. (trousers)
)SH¼¼XQJDHQQDYLGKDP—QDWKX¼LQJDSÀWWXNNRºY—QJD"
What kind of clothes do women wear?
,DQKDP—SH¼¼XQJDHOO—PVOH SXGDYH NDWWLNNRºU—QJD—Q—LSSRVHOYDNDPLVHLUXNNXWKX
Almost all the women wear sarees, but now the selva kamise is here.
)LQGKL\—HOO—PMDQDQJDºXNNXRUP—GKLULWKX¼LGK—Q—"
Do people dress the same way throughout India?
,LOOHRUP—GKLUL\—LOOHVLODLGDQJDOOHYLWK\—VDP—WKX¼LQJDSÀWWXNNRºU—QJD
No, not all the same way, they dress differently in some places.
)DYDQJDLGXSSXNNXPOHHQQDSÀWWXNNRºU—QJD"
What do they wear above the waist?
,—QXQJDLGXSSXNNXPOHFKRNND\XPSH¼¼XQJDFKÀOL\XPXGXWKWKXNNRºU—QJD
The men wear shirts and the women wear cholies above the waist.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 24.
Q¯QJDPDUDSDGL\XPNºYLQJDNSSLQJDº—"LOOHQ—QHOO—NºYLQJDºXPNNNDP—WWQ
LQGKDSH¼NXÄDQGKHNNXYD\DVXHQQD"\HQXGH\DSH¼YD\DVXUH¼GX
DQGKDVDQJKDGLHQDNNXVROODP—WWLQJDº—"Q—QLSSRSVDP—WWQHQDNNXYOHLUXNNXGKX
VDULXQJDYOH\HJKDYDQDP—VHLQJDQ—QDSUDPYDUQ
DYDUL¼¼DNLXQJDºXNNXSD¼DPNRGXNNDP—WW—UQ—QXQJDºXNNXSD¼DPDGLNNDGLWKDUDP—WWQ
DYDQJDURPEDQUDPLQJHLUXNNDP—WW—QJDDYDULQGKDÌUOHURPEDNDODP— Q—º— LUXNU—U
LQGKDQ—LDGLNNDGLLQJHYDU—GKXVLODVDPD\DPGK—QYDUXP
DQGKDNXÄDQGKHLSSRS—G—GKXQ—ºDNNLV—LQJ—OXPS—GXP
DYDDNN—NÌGDL¼¼DNNLS—GDP—WW—HQJDSÌQHV—GKDPV—SSLG—GKXS—OGK—QNXGLNNXP
SD¼DNN—UDQXNNXM—VWKLSD¼DPLUXNNXGKX—Q—VDQGKÀVKDPLOOH
85
Adi’s Book.
DGXWKWKDY—UDPQ—QFKHQQDLNNXSÀKDP—WWQQ—QDYDUHWKLUXPEDNÌSSLGDP—WWQ
Q—QJDDYºDYXGKÌUDPQDGDNNDP—WWÀPQ¯QJDLQGKDDUHOHWKÌQJDP—WWLQJDO—"
XQJDSXVWKDKDPPVHPOHLUXNN—GK—"DYDUSDFKFKHWKD¼¼LOHNXºLNNDP—WW—U
Q—QJD\HSSRYXPSDKDOOHWKÌQJDP—WWÀPNXÄDQGKHQJDPDGK\—QDWKOHYLºD\—GDP—WWDQJD
Q¯QJDNDGKDYHVDUL\—PÌGDP—WWLQJDXQJDSDGDWKWKHHQDNNXN—WWDP—WWLQJDº—"
XQJDºXNN—KDDYDUWKLUXPEDS—GDP—WW—UHQSXVWKDKDWKWKHQ—ºDNNLDQXSSDP—WWLQJDº—"
LQGKDY—UDPHQDNNXNDGLGKDQJDYDU—GKXDQGKDSQ—QDOOD VDUL\D HÄXGKDGKX
NHWWDQ—LNDGLNNXPQDOODQ—LNDGLNN—GKXHQSHWWL\HWKLUDNNDP—WWQDSUDPWKLUDSSQ
N—SSLNRQMDPV¯NUDPWKD\—UVHL\DP—WWLQJDO—"VDULLSSRGK—QVHL\DSÀUQ
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86
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 25.
NOUNS & PRONOUNS F,167580(17$/&$6(
‘BY MEANS OF’, ‘WITH’.
& VERBS,
‘SHOULD’, ‘SHOULD NOT’, ‘MUST’, ‘MUST NOT’.
‘By Means Of ’, ‘With’.
1RXQVDQGSURQRXQVXVHGHFOHQVLRQDOEDVHSOXVµ—OH¶
Nouns.
SQ—Y—OH
with the pen
NDWKWKL\—OH
with the knife
Nouns ending in
‘m’ and ‘ru’
change to
‘thth’.
Nouns ending in
‘du’
change to
‘tt’.
pusthaham
SXVWKDKDWKWK—OH
with the book
ND\LWKWK—OH
kayiru
P—GX
with the string
P—WW—OH
with the ox
The translation ‘with’ in the appropriate places can be replaced by
‘by means of’, and also sometimes by ‘because of’ or ‘on account of’,
as seen in sentences 8, 10, and 11.
Pronouns.
Q—Q
HQQ—OH
Q—P
QDP—OH
Q¯
XQQ—OH
Q¯QJD
XQJDº—OH
avan
ava
avar
adhu
DYDQ—OH
Q—QJD
avanga
DYDQJDº—OH
adhunga
DGKXQJDº—OH
DYDº—OH
DYDU—OH
DGK—OH
HQJDº—OH
87
Adi’s Book.
‘Should’, ‘Should Not’, ‘Must’, ‘Must Not’.
‘Should’
µ¼um’
‘Should’ is expressed by Infinitive plus
for any verb,
regardless of number, gender or person.
SÀKD¼XP
Y—VLNND¼XP
should go
should read
LQILQLWLYHSOXVµ¼XP¶DOVRH[SUHVVHVµQHHG¶UHIOHVVRQ ‘Should Not’
µNÌG—GKX¶
‘Should not’ is expressed by Infinitive plus
for any verb,
regardless of number, gender or person.
SÀKDNÌG—GKX
Y—VLNNDNÌG—GKX
should not go
should not read
‘Must’, ‘Must Not’
These are expressed as above,
EXWLQERWKSRVLWLYHDQGQHJDWLYHIRUPVWKHZRUGµNDWW—\DP¶SUHFHGHVWKHLQILQLWLYH
Q—QDYDUHNDWW—\DPS—UNND¼XP
I must see him.
Q¯QJDLQGKDS—OHNDWW—\DPNXGLNNDNÌG—GKX
You must not drink this milk.
Vocabulary
udhe
kick (n)
V—P—Q
thing(s), article(s)
udhe (s.th)
kick
manni (s.th)
forgive
aru (s.th)
cut (with a knife)
vettu (w.in)
cut (with an axe)
Short Sentences.
SDL\DQJDSDQGKHN—O—OHXGKHNU—QJD
The boys are kicking the ball with the legs. (feet).
DYDUURWWL\HNDWKWKL\—OHDUXNU—U
He is cutting the bread with the knife.
Q¯QJDLQGKDNDWKWKL\—OHPDUDWKHDUXNNDNÌG—GKX
You should not cut wood with this knife.
DYDUHOO—S—GDQJDºXPNDWW—\XPSDGLNND¼XP
He must study all the lessons.
Q—PWKDPLÄURPEDPHGKXY—SVDNNXG—GKX
We should not speak Tamil very slowly.
88
Adi’s Book.
DQGKDPP—LQQXPQDOODWKDPLÄSVD¼XP That lady should speak better Tamil.
Q—QHQJOLVKDGLNNDGLNDWW—\XPSVDNNXG—GKX
DYDU—OHQ—QVLODVDPD\DPLQJHY—UQ
I must not speak English often.
I am coming here sometimes because of him.
Q¯QJDHQQHNDWW—\DPPDQQLNND¼XP
You must forgive me.
HQQ—OHXQJDºXNNXLQGKDNDVKWDPLOOH\—"
You have this trouble because of me, haven’t you?
XQJDº—OHRUXNDVKWDPXPLOOHYDUXWKWKDSSDG—GKLQJD
There is no trouble at all on account of you, don’t worry.
Q¯QJDLQGKDYOH\HJKDYDQDP—VHL\D¼XP
You should do this work carefully.
Q—Q—VSDWKULNNXSÀKDHQGKDSDNNDPWKLUXPED¼XP"
Which way should I turn to go to the hospital?
PXGKDOOHQUDSÀKD¼XPDSUDPYDODGKXSDNNDPWKLUXPED¼XP
You should first go straight, then turn to the right (side).
LGDWKXSDNNDPWKLUXPEDNÌG—GKX
HQJDQDOODSÌQH\HQ¯DGLNNDNÌG—GKX
You should not turn to the left (side).
You should not hit our nice cat.
XQJDºXNNX\—USD¼DPNRGXNND¼XP"
Who should give you money?
DYDUXNNXQ¯QJDLYºDYXSD¼DPNRGXNNDNÌG—GKX
You should not give him this much money.
Q—QLSSR\HQQDNXGLNND¼XPN—SSL\—S—O—"
What should I drink now, coffee or milk?
Q¯LSSRM—VWKLS—ONXGLNNDNÌG—GKX
Q—QW¯NXGDNXGLNNDNÌG—GK—"
You should not drink much milk now.
Should I not drink even tea?
WKDPELQ¯\QVDGKGKDP—SVUH"LQJHDSGLSVDNÌG—GKX
Little brother, why are you talking loudly. You should not speak like that here.
Q—PN—ODPHLQJHHWWXPD¼LNNXNDWW—\XPLUXNND¼XP
We must be here at 8 o’clock in the morning.
LQGKDDUH\HSSÀYXPVXGKGKDP—LUXNND¼XP
This room should always be clean.
Q¯QJDºº—PY¯WWXNNXYHºL\HYLºD\—GD¼XPY¯WWXNNXººHYLºD\—GDNNÌG—GKX
All of you should play outside the house. You should not play inside.
------------------------89
Adi’s Book.
Practical Conversation.
Leaving the Railway Station.
T: Traveller, A: Autorickshaw Driver.
7LGKXXQYDQGL\—"
Is this your vehicle?
$—PDQJDQ¯QJD\HQJHSÀKDY¼XP"
Yes sir, where do you want to go?
7Q—QVDLG—SHWWDLNNXSÀKDY¼XPHYºDYXSD¼DPNNUH
I want to go to Saidhapet. How much money do you want?
$VDLGK—SHWWDLURPEDGKÌUDPQÌUXUÌE—NRGXQJD
Saidapet is a long way. Give me 100 rupees.
7Q—QDYºDYXSD¼DPNRGXNNDP—WWQDPEDWKXUÌE—NRGXSSQ
I will not give that much money. I will give 50 rupees.
$LOOHQJDQ—QDPEDWKXUÌE—NNXDYºDYXGKÌUDPYDUDP—WWQ
No sir, I will not come (go) that far for 50 Rupees.
7XQQÀGXSVDHQDNNXQUDPLOOHQ¯SÀKDO—P
I don’t have time to talk to you. You may go.
$DL\——UXEDWKDQMXNRGXQJDV¯NUDPSÀKDO—P
Sir, give sixty five. We may go quickly. (Quick, let’s go).
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 25.
HQQLGDWKOHXQJDSXVWKDKDPLOOHXQJDºLGDPGK—QLUXNNXPQ¯QJDDSGLSVDNÌG—GKX
DYDUXPDSGLVROODNÌG—GKXQ—QQDGKSÀODVROOD¼XP"LGKXRUXNOYL\—"
Q—PQDPXGH\DNXÄDQGKHNNXLGKHSÀODV—SS—GXGK—QNRGXNND¼XP
DYDQJDM—VWKLPLWW—LDGLNNDGLV—SLGDNÌG—GKX
FKHQQDLNNXSÀKDQ¯QJDYDODGKXSDNNDPWKLUXPEXQJD
Q¯QJDQUDSÀKDNÌG—GKXLGDGKXSDNNDPWKLUXPEDNÌG—GKX
LQGKDFKLQQDYOH\HVHL\DLYºDYXQUDPLUXNNDNÌG—GKX
LGKHURPEDYKDP—VHL\D¼XPPHGKXY—VHL\—GKLQJD
DL\—Q¯QJDWKDPLÄYKDP—YDVLNND¼XPHÄXWKD¼XPSVD¼XP
WKDPLÄLSGLURPEDPHGKXY—SVDNÌG—GKX
Q¯QJDLSSRDQGKDYOH\HVHL\DY¼—PW¯WKD\—UVHL\DY¼XP
Q—QV¯NUDPYHºL\HSÀKDQXP SÀKDY¼XP 90
Adi’s Book.
WKDPELDQGKDV—P—QH\QN—O—OHXGKHNUH"DGKHDSGLN—O—OHXGKHNNDNÌG—GKX
Q¯QJDGK—QY—UDPGKÀUXPS—WWXS—GD¼XPS—WWHHSSRYXPURPEDVDGKGKDP—S—GDNÌG—GKX
Q—QL¼¼DNNLDQKDNDGLGKDQJDHÄXGKD¼XPQ¯QJDHOO—PNDVKWDP—QDNºYLNNNDNÌG—GKX
DYDUWKDS—O—S¯VXNNXSÀKD¼XPV¯NUDPY—QJDQ¯QJDV¯NUDPEDGKLOVROOD¼XP
SDººLNÌGDWKWKXNNXLQGKDYDÄLOHGK—QSÀKD¼XPSD¼DPNNNDHQQLGDPYDUDNÌG—GKX
Q—QURPEDNHWWDYDQQ¯QJDHQQHPDQQLNNDNÌG—GKX
URWWL\HHGK—OHDUXNNDSÀULQJD"LQGKDNDWKWKL\—OHGK—QURWWL\HDUXNND¼XP
N—LGDWKWKHNDWKWKL\—OHDUXNNDNÌG—GKX
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91
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 26.
NOUNS & PRONOUNS Fµ:,7+¶
VERBS.Fµ1(('¶µ1(('127¶
‘With’, (Accompanied, Associated).
1RXQVDQGSURQRXQVXVHGHFOHQVLRQDOEDVHSOXVµÀGX¶
Nouns.
SQ—YÀGX
NDWKWKL\ÀGX
with the pen
with the knife
Nouns ending in
‘m’ and ‘ru’
change to
‘thth’.
Nouns ending in
‘du’
change to
‘tt’.
pusthaham
SXVWKDKDWKWKÀGX
with the book
kayiru
P—GX
ND\LWKWKÀGX
with the string
P—WWÀGX
with the ox
Pronouns.
Q—Q
HQQÀGX
Q¯
XQQÀGX
avan
ava
avar
adhu
DYDQÀGX
Q—P
QDPÀGX
Q¯QJD
XQJDºÀGX
Q—QJD
avanga
DYDQJDºÀGX
adhunga
DGKXQJDºÀGX
DYDºÀGX
DYDUÀGX
DGKDQÀGX
HQJDºÀGX
‘Need, Need Not’, also ‘should, should not’
7KHVHDUHH[SUHVVHGE\DGGLQJµY¼XP¶DQGµY¼—P¶UHVSHFWLYHO\WRWKH,QILQLWLYH
regardless of number, gender and person.
VHL\D¼XP
need to do, should do
pÀKDY¼—P need not go, should not go
-------------------------
92
Adi’s Book.
SSRYXP
Vocabulary
µSSRYXP¶SOXVDQ\QHJDWLYH
always
XGDQ
at once, immediately
nimisham
minute
LQQRUXYURUX
YLQ—GLQRGL
another (adj)
inno¼¼XYUR¼¼X another (one, thing)(n)
excuse, pretext
V—NNXVRO ZQ
V—NNX
P—OH
UL
DÄDKX
FK¯WWX
never
chit, note.
second (n)
make excuse, (false?)
mountain
WKHQLQGKL\—
South India
lake
padahu
boat
beauty
DÄDK—QD
beautiful
Short Sentences.
LYDUÀGXSÀQJDLYDUXQJDºXNNXNDGH\HN—WWXY—U
Go with this person. he will show you the shop.
DYDUXQJDºÀGXSVDP—WW—UHQQÀGXSVXQJD
He will not speak with you. Speak with me.
Q—QGRFWRUHS—UNND¼XPDYDUHS—UNNDO—P—"
I should see the doctor. may I see him?
Q¯QJDLSSRDYDUHNDWW—\DPS—UNND¼XP—
Must you see him now?
—P—Q—QDYDUHNDWW—\DPS—UNND¼XPXGDQSDUNND¼XP
Yes, I must see him. I should see him immediately.
VDULDQJHXNN—UXQJDLQJHQLNNDNÌG—GKXAlright, sit there. You should not stand here.
DYDUYURUXGRFWRUÀGXSVU—UNRQMDPLUXQJD
He is talking with another doctor. Just (please) wait.
WKDPELLQGKDSDL\DQÀGX\HSSRYXPYLºD\—G—GKH
Little brother, never play with this boy.
QDOODSDL\DQJDNHWWDSDL\DQJDOÀGXYLºD\—GDP—WW—QJD
Good boys will not play with the bad boys.
LQGKDSXVWKDKDWKWKHXQJDºÀGXNRQGXSÀKDY¼—P
You need not take this book with you.
93
Adi’s Book.
LGKHSDGLNNDXQJDºXNNXLVKWDPLUXNN—GKX
You will not like to read this.
Q—QLQQRUXSXVWKDKDPNRGXSSQQ¯QJDDGKHSDGLNNDO—P
I will give another book. You may read that.
QDOODSXVWKDKDWKWKHMDVWKLV¯NUDP—SDGLNNDNÌG—GKXJKDYDQDP—GK—QSDGLNND¼XP
You should not study a good book too quickly. You should study carefully.
VDULQ—QLGKHJKDYDQDP—GK—QSDGLSSQLGKHURPEDYKDP—SDGLNNDP—WWQ
Okay, I will study it carefully. I will not study it very quickly.
DGXWKDY—UDPLQGKDSXVWKDKDWKWKÀGXHQQLGDPY—QJD
Next week come to me with this book.
DSSRLGKHSDWKLQ—PUH¼GXSUXPSVXYÀP
Then both of us will speak about this.
QDPPÀGXV—SSLGDLQQXP\—UYDU—QJD" Who else is coming to eat with us?
LGKX\—UFK¯WWX"LQGKDFK¯WWÀGX\HQJHSÀULQJD"
Whose chit is this? Where are you going with this chit?
LQGKDFK¯WWHQ—QHÄXWKDOH
I did not write this chit.
GKD\DYXVHLWKXLGKHDYDULGDPXGDQNRQGXSÀQJD
Please take this to him at once.
\HQQHLSSRNÌSSLGDY¼—P\HQQDNNXM—VWKLYOHLUXNNXGKX
You need not call me now. I have a lot of work.
DGXWKDP—VDPQ¯QJDHQDNNXNDWW—\DPDQGKDSD¼DPNRGXNND¼XP
You must give me that money next month
Q¯QJDV—NNXVROODNÌGDGKX
You should not make (false?) excuses.
Q¯QJDQDOODVDPDFKFK—UDWKWKÀGXYDULQJDLOOH\—
You are coming with good news, is it not?
\HQNDGLGDWKWKÀGXWKDS—O—S¯VXNNXSÀQJD
Go to the post office with my letter.
-------------------------
94
Adi’s Book.
Practical Conversation.
Discussing Summer Resorts.
F: Foreigner, I: Indian
)LQGKL\—OHNÀGDLN—ODWKWKXNNXHQJHSÀKDO—P"
Where can one go for the summer in India?
,YDGDLQGKL\—OHVLODLGDPXPWKHQLQGKL\—OHVLODLGDPXPLUXNNXGKX
There are some places in North India and some in South India.
)Q—QWKHQLQGKL\—YXNNXSÀKD¼XPWKHQLQGKL\—OHURPEDDÄDK—QDLGDPHGKX"
I should go to South India. Which is the most beautiful place in South India?
,WKHQLQGKL\—OHQ¯ODJLULPDOH\XPNÀGDLN—QDOPDOH\XPURPEDDÄDK—QDLGDQJD
In South India the Nilgiri Hills and Kodaikanal Hills are very beautiful.
DGKXQJDNÌOLUFKL\—QDLGDQJDNÌGD
They are cool places also.
)YDGDLQGKL\—OHURPEDURPEDDÄDK—QDLGDQJDHGKX"
In North India which are the most beautiful places?
,N—VKPLUGK—QYDGDLQGKL\—OHURPEDDÄDK—QDLGDPQ¯QJDN—VKPLUHNDWW—\DPSDUNND¼XP
Kashmir is the most beautiful place in North India. You must see Kashmir.
)Q¯ODJLUL\LOXPNÀGDLN—QDOLOXPULQJDLUXNNXGK—"
Are there lakes in the Nilgiris and Kodaikanal?
,—P—LUXNNXGKXNÀGDLN—QDOULGK—QURPEDDÄDK—QDULDGKXOHSDGDKXQJDLUXNNXGKX
Yes, there are. Kodaikanal lake is indeed a very beautiful lake. There are boats on it.
------------------------Expansion Drill, For Lesson 26.
Q¯QJDLQGKDYOH\HQXGDQVHL\DNXG—GKX
NRQMDPLUXQJDQ—QRUXYLQ—GLOHY—UQ
Q—QLQQRUXYOHNRGXNND¼XPLQGKDYOH\HV¯NUDPVHLQJD
Q—PXQJDOHSDWKXQLPLVKDWKWKXNNXDSUDPS—UNNDO—P—"
LQGKDYOHVHL\DXQJDºXNNXHWKWKDQHQLPLVKDPY¼XP"
HQDNN—KDQ¯QJDLQQR¼¼XNÌGDNDWW—\DPVHL\D¼XP GKD\DYXVHLGKXV—NNXVROO—GKLQJD
µQ—QLGKHVHL\DP—WWQ¶HSSRYXPVRO—GKLQJDQ¯QJDQ—ODNNLNÀYLOXNNX\—UÀGXSÀULQJD"
Q—LNXWWL\ÀGXYLºD\—GDHQDNNXURPEDLVKWDP
HOO—UÀGXPHSSRYXPWKDPLÄOHSVXQJD
95
Adi’s Book.
Q—QNÌGDHQJOLVKOHDGLNNDGLSVDNÌG—GKX
LQGKDNXÄDQGKH\ÀGXNDGHNNXSÀQJD
GRFWRUÀGXRUXSH¼URPEDYHKDP—SÀUD
DYDUEDGKLOÀGXWKLUXPEDYDUD¼XPWKHUL\XP—"
\—UXQJDºÀGXYOHVHLU—QJD"
S—OÀGXSDÄDPXPV—SSLGXQJD
LQGKDNDGLGKDWKWKÀGXDYDULGDPSÀQJD
VLODVDPD\DPQ—QV—WKDWKWKÀGXFKDSS—WKWKL\XPVDSSLGUQ
PVHPOHSXVWKDKDWKWKÀGXN—LGKDPXPYDLQJD
SQ—YÀGXSHQFLOXPNRQGXY—QJD
L¼¼DNNLPDÄH\ÀGXN—WKWKXPURPEDDGLNNXGKXGKD\DYXVHLGKXSÌYÀGXLOH\XPNRQGXYD
XQJDOÀGXWKDPLÄSVDHQDNNXURPEDVDQGKÀVKDP
NXÄDQGKHQJDºÀGXYLºD\—GDHQDNNXHSSRYXPURPEDVDQGKÀVKDP
Q—\ÀGXSÌQH\XPURPEDQUDPYLºD\—GDGKXLQGKDS—GDWKWKÀGXLQQRUXS—GDPSDGLQJD
VXGDWKD¼¼L\ÀGXNRQMDPSDFKFKHWKD¼¼L\XPNRQGXY—QJD
LQJHUH¼GXQ—NN—OL\ÀGXRUXPVH\XPSÀGXQJD
XQJDºÀGXXQJDDPP—YXPFKHQQDLNNXYDU—QJDO—"
DYDUL¼¼DNNLDYDQJDºÀGXSÀKDP—WW—U
D¼¼DQÀGXWKDPEL\XPDNN—YÀGXWKDQJDFKFKL\XPUH¼GX—WWÀOHSÀUDQJDO—"
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
96
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 27.
NOUNS AND PRONOUNS
ABLATIVE CASE, ‘FROM’,
&
‘CAN’, ‘CANNOT’, ‘COULD’, ‘COULD NOT’.
‘From.
Inanimate Nouns use noun plus ‘ilirundhu’.
SQ—YLOLUXQGKX
from the pen
kaththiyilirundhu from the knife
Nouns ending in
‘m’ and ‘ru’
change to
‘thth’.
Nouns ending in
‘du’
change to
‘tt’.
As we have seen before:-
pusthaham
pusthahaththilirundhu
from the book
kayiru
kayiththilirundhu
from the string
Y¯GX
Y¯WWLOLUXQGKX
from the house
Animate Nouns, and Pronouns.
Animate Nouns, use noun plus ‘idamirundhu’.
U—PDQ
U—PDQLGDPLUXQGKX
from Raman.
pasu
pasuvidamirundhu
from the cow.
Pronouns,
use declensional base plus ‘idamirundhu’ similarly, to give ‘from’ – (me, you, them, etc.).
Q—Q
ennidamirundhu
Q—P
namidamirundhu
Q¯
unnidamirundhu
Q¯QJD
XQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX
avan
avanidamirundhu
avanga
ava
DYDºLGDPLUXQGKX
DYDQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX
avar
avaridamirundhu
adhu
adhanidamirundhu
adhunga
DGKXQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX
apdirundhu
from that way
Q—QJD
HQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX
Adverbs:- plus ‘irundhu’
ingerundhu
from here
97
Adi’s Book.
‘Can’, ‘Cannot’, ‘Could’, ‘Could Not’.
Positives.
‘Can’
regardless of number, gender, person:‘am able to’
SÀKDPXGL\XP
‘Could’
‘was able to’
Negatives.
infinitive plus ‘mudindhadhu’
for past.
was able to go, could go.
regardless of number, gender, person:‘will not be able to’
NXGLNNDPXGL\—GKX
‘Cannot’.
for present and future.
am able to go, can go
SÀKDPXGLQGKDGKX
‘Cannot’.
infinitive plus ‘mudiyum’
for future.
will not be able to drink, cannot drink.
‘am not able to’
kudikkamudiyale
infinitive plus ‘PXGL\—GKX’
infinitive plus ‘mudiyale’
for present
am not able to drink, cannot drink.
‘Could not’. ‘was not able to’
infinitive plus ‘mudiyale’
kudikkamudiyale
was not able to drink, could not drink.
UX
for past.
Vocabulary
climb up, get in
irangu
climb down, alight.
YD¼GL
vehicle
parava ille
never mind, no matter.
purappadu (w.tt)
set out, start
fall, drop.
QLFKFKD\DP—
YLÄX ZQGK
certainly
Short Sentences.
XQJDGKVDWKWKLOLUXQGKXXQJDºXNNXNDGLGKDPDGLNNDGLYDUXWK—"
Do you often get letters from your country?
HQDPP—YLGDPLUXQGKXHQDNNXDGLNNDGLNDGLGKDPYDUXGKX
I often get letters from my mother.
LQGKDFK¯WWH\—ULGDPLUXQGKXNRQGXYDULQJD"
From whom are you bringing this chit?
98
Adi’s Book.
Q—QWKRPDVLGDPLUXQGKXFK¯WWHNRQGXSÀUQ
I am taking a chit from Thomas.
Q¯QJDLSSRHQJLUXQGKXYDULQJD"
Q—QLSSRQUDHQY¯WWLOLUXQGKXYDUQ
Where are you coming from now?
I am coming straight from my house.
HYDULGDPLUXQGKXSXVWKDKDQJDNRQGXSÀULQJD"
From whom are you taking the books?
PVH\LOLUXQGKXHQSXVWKDKDQJDºHHGXQJD
Take my books from the table.
Y¯WWHPOHUXQGKXN¯ÄHSDUNN—GKLQJD
Do not look down from the house.
QDPY—\LOLUXQGKXHSSRYXPQDOODY—UWKHQJDYDUD¼XP
Always good words should come from our mouth.
LQJHUXQGKXDQJHDGLNNDGLSÀKDNÌG—GKX
You should not often go from here to there.
Q¯QJDLSSRQDOO—WKDPLÄSVDPXGL\XP
Now you can talk Tamil well.
—P—Q—QWKDPLÄSVDPXGL\XP—Q—QHWKXQDOODSVDPXGL\DOH
Yes, I can speak Tamil, but yesterday I could not speak well.
SDUY—LOOHPXGKDOHPHGKXY—SVXQJD
Never mind, speak slowly at first.
LGKXVXODEDPDQDS—GDPDGKDQ—OHLGKHNDWW—\DPQ¯QJDYDVLNNDPXGL\XP
This is an easy lesson, so you can certainly read this.
Q¯QJDQWKXDQWKDSXWKXY¯GXS—UNNDPXGLQGKDGK—"
Could you see that new house yesterday?
—PDGKHS—UWKQGKD\DYXVHLWKXHQQHPDQQLQJDQ—QXNN—UDPXGL\DOHQ—QSÀKD¼XP
Yes, I saw it. Please forgive me , I cannot sit down, I should go.
Q¯QJDQ—ºDNNLLQJHWKLUXPEDYDUDPXGL\XP—"
Can you come here again tomorrow.
DYDQJDLQJHYHººLNLÄDPHYDUDY¼—P\QLQQ—D¼¼DNNLQ—QLQJHYDUDP—WWQ
They need not come here on Friday, because I will not come here that day.
SDWKWKXQLPLVKDWKOHW¯WKD\—UVHL\DPXGL\XP—"
Can you make tea in ten minutes?
99
Adi’s Book.
Q—QDYºDYXV¯NUDP—W¯WKD\—UVHL\DPXGL\DGKX
I cannot make tea that quickly.
W¯WKD\—UVHL\DHQDNNXSDGKLQDQMXQLPLVKDPY¼XP
I need 15 minutes to make tea.
DGXWKWKDYDUXVKDPGHOOL\LOLUXQGKXHQDSS—YDUXY—U
My father will come from Delhi next year.
XQJDºXNNXHSSRUXQGKXP—UOHYDOLNNXGKX"
Since when do you have pain in the chest.
Practical Conversation. - The Traveller’s Bungalow.
T: Traveller, L: Local Man, S: Servant.
7Q—QXGDQHWUDYHOOHUVEDQJDOÀNNXSÀKD¼XPDGKXLQJHUXQGKXHYºDYXGKÌUDP"
I must go to the travellers Bungalow at once. How far is it from here.
/DGKXLQJHUXQGKXRUXNLORPHWHUGKÌUDWKOHLUXNNXGKXF—UOHDQMXQLPLVKDPSLGLNNXP
It is one kilometer from here. In the car it will take five minutes.
7Q—QHQGKDSDNNDPSÀKD¼XP"LSGLSÀKDO—P—"
Which way should I go? May I go this way?
/DQGKDSDNNDPSÀKDY¼—PLQGKDYDÄL\—QUDSÀQJD
You need not go that way. Go straight this way.
7Q¯QJDHQQÀGXYDULQJDº—
Are you coming with me?
/LOOHQ—Q\HQJHSÀKDPXGL\—GKXHQLQQ—Q—QLQJHYOHVHL\DLUXNND¼XP
No, I cannot go anywhere, because I should be here to work.
S. indha are; are pathinanju.
This room; room fifteen.
7LQGKDDUHHQJDºXNNXSÀWK—WKXYURUXDUHLUXNNXGK—
This room is not enough for us. Is there another room?
6—P—HQQLGDPDGKXNNXV—YLLOOHRUXYLQ—GLOHNRQGXYDUQDGKXNNXººHXNN—UXQJD
Yes, that key is not with me, I will bring it in a second. Meanwhile please be seated.
-------------------------
100
Adi’s Book.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 27.
LGKXHOO—P LGKHOO—P LQJHUXQGKXXGDQNRQGXSÀQJD
DYDQJDDQJHUXQGKXHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXSXUDSSDGXY—QJD"
HQQLGDPLUXQGKXXQJDSXVWKDKDPHSSRNRQGXSÀULQJD"
LSSRSDUY—LOOH—Q—WKLUXPEDLQGKDP—WKLULVHL\DNÌG—GKX
LQGKDS—GDWKWKHQ¯QJDVXODEDP—SDGLNNDPXGL\XP
\—ULGDPLUXQGKXLQGKDV—P—QNRQGXY—ULQJD"
HSSRUXQGKXWKDPLÄSDGLNULQJD"
YHºL\LOLUXQGKXURPEDVDGKGKDPYDUXGKX
HQDUH\LOLUXQGKXXQJDºHNÌSSLGUQ
—S¯VLOLUXQGKXHSSRWKLUXPEDYDUDYLQJD"
DQGKDSDL\DQPDUDWKWKLOLUXQGKXYLÄXY—Q
Q¯QJDLQJHDQMXQLPLVKDPLUXNNDPXGL\XP—"
DYDUND¼¼LOLUXQGKXWKD¼¼LYDUXGKX
Q—QXQJDºHSÀODQDOODSVDPXGL\—GKX
YDQGLOHPHGKXY—HÄXQJDLSGLHÄXQJD
Q—QXQJDºÀGXYKDP—QDGDNNDPXGL\—GKX
Q—QDYDUHL¼¼DNLS—UNNDPXGL\—GKX
LGKHSDWKLQ¯QJDQLFKFKD\DP—VROODPXGL\XP—"
Q—QVXGDWKD¼¼LOHNXºLNNDPXGL\—GKX
YDQGL\LOLUXQGKXV—P—QJDºHV¯NUDPHGXQJD
HQDNN—KDQ¯QJDLQGKDYOHVHL\DPXGL\XP—"
LQGKDNXÄDQGKHQDOO—QDGDNNXPXGL\XP—"
LQGKDY—N\DWKWKHQ—QWKDPLÄHVROODPXGL\—GKX
NÌGH\LOLUXQGXNXGH\HHGXQJD
XQJDºXNNXNDGH\LOLUXQGKXSDÄDQJDNRQGXYDUXYQ
DGXWKDY—UDPQ¯QJDYDUDPXGL\—GK—"
LQGKDUÌEDQNDL\LOLUXQGKXYLÄXGKX"
LSSRXQJDY¯WWLOLUXQGKXYDULQJDº—"
WKDPELXQDNNXWKDPLÄWKHUL\XP—"
Q¯WKDPLÄHSVDPXGL\XP—"
WKDQJDFKFKLPVH\HPOHXNN—U—GKHN¯UHLUDQJX
PDUXSDGL\XPPVHPOHUDNXG—GKX
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
101
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 28.
NOUNS AND PRONOUNS
LOCATIVE CASE, ‘IN’, ‘AT’
‘In’, ‘At’.
Inanimate Nouns use noun plus ‘le’.
arele
PVHOH
in the room
in the table (drawer).
As seen before:Nouns ending in
‘m’ and ‘ru’
change to
‘th’.
Nouns ending in
‘du’
change to
‘tt’.
V—GKDP
—UX
Y¯GX
V—GKDWKOH
in the rice
—WKOH
in the river
Y¯WWOH
in the house
Animate Nouns, use noun plus ‘idam’ or ‘idathle’.
U—PDQ
U—PDQLGDP
in Raman,
Note this is also used for the posessive form:-
‘in Raman’s possession’.
Pronouns,
use declensional base plus ‘idam’ or ‘idathle’ similarly for ‘in’ – (me, you, them, etc.),
as seen here:Q—Q
ennidathle
Q—P
namidathle
Q¯
unnidathle
Q¯QJD
XQJDºLGDWKOH
avan
avanidathle
avanga
ava
DYDºLGDWKOH
DYDQJDºLGDWKOH
avar
avaridathle
adhu
adhanidathle
adhunga
DGKXQJDºLGDWKOH
Q—QJD
HQJDºLGDWKOH
and similarly in the above, using ‘idam’ to give ennidam, namidam, etc.
-------------------------
102
Adi’s Book.
Vocabulary
NÌWWDP
meeting, assembly
pala-sarakku
provisions (grain.etc.)
YDÄDNNDP
habit, custom
manushar
man, woman
railvandi
train
kudhire
horse
ND¼¼—GL
glass, mirror
PÌNNXND¼¼—GL
eye-glasses, spectacles
nalladhu
is good, that’s good
kettadhu
is bad, that’s bad
alladhu
or
illena
if not, otherwise
VXP—UFKXP—U
approximately
VXP—UDLUX
to feel better (in health)
marunthu
medicine
uyaram
height
Short Sentences.
LQGKDÌUOHSHUL\D—VSDWKULHQJHLUXNNXGKX"
DGKXLQJHUXQGKXURPEDGKÌUDWKOHLUXNNXGKX
DGKXHWKWKDQHNLORPHWHUGKÌUDWKOHLUXNNXGKX"
Where is the big hospital in this place?
That is far away from here.
How many kilometers away is it?
LQGKDLGDWKWKLOLUXQGKXVXP—UDQMXNLORPHWHUGKÌUDP
It is about five kilometers away from this place.
HQGKDYDQGLOHSÀULQJDP—WWXYDQGLO—NXGKLUHYDQGLO—"
By which cart are you going, by bullock cart or horse cart?
Q—Q—WROHSÀUHQQLQQ—Q—QDYODYXGKÌUDPQDGDNNDPXGL\—GKX
I am going in an auto, because I can’t walk that distance.
HQQLGDPURPEDSD¼DPLUXNNXGKXDGKDQ—OHQ—QF—UOHSÀYQ
I have a lot of money, so I will go in a car.
YOÌULOLUXQGKXDQJHSÀKDHYºDYXSD¼DPY¼XP"
How much money is needed to go there from Vellore?
WKDPELXQLGDWKOHVLODNHWWDYDÄDNNDQJDLUXNNXGKX
Little brother , you have some bad habits.
QDOODGKXY—"LOOHURPEDNHWWDGKXGK—Q
Is that good? No, indeed it is very bad.
Q¯HSSRYXPQDOO—YDÄDNNDPGK—QNDWKWKXNRººD¼XP
You should always learn only good habits.
103
Adi’s Book.
Q—QLGKHSDWKLPDUXSDGL\XPXQQÀGXSVDP—WWQ
I will not speak again about this with you.
XQJDOOXNNXN—SSLOHFKDNNDUHY¼XP—"
Do you want sugar in your coffee?
HQQDNNXN—SSLOHS—OXPFKDNNDUH\XPNDWW—\DPY¼XP
I must have milk and sugar in my coffee.
DQGKDSHWWL\DSGLSÀGDNXG—GKX
You should not throw that box that way.
DGKXOHDQKDND¼¼DGLV—P—QLUXNNXGKX
There are many glass things in it.
DGKHURPEDPHGKXY—NLÄHYDLNND¼XP
You should put that down very gently.
SÀQDUH¼GXY—UDPQLQJDQYOHNNXYDUDOH"
Why did you not come to work for the last two weeks?
Q—QYDUDOHQLQQ—HQDNNXMÀUDP
I did not come because I had fever.
XQJDºXNNXWKDOHYDOLHGXNNXGK—"
Do you have headache?
Q—QGRFWRUDGKDQ—OHHQQLGDWKOHHOO—VDQJKDGL\XPVROOD¼XP
I am a doctor, you shuld tell me everything.
QDOODYDQJDNHWWDGKXVHL\DP—WW—QJD
Good people wil not do bad things.
FKLQQDYDQJDSHUL\DYDQJDY—UWKH\HNNND¼XP
Youngsters should listen to the word of the elders.
HQNDLOHDSSRSD¼DPLOOHDGKDQ—OHQ—QND¼¼DGLY—QJDOH
I had no money then, so I did not buy the mirror.
\—ULGDWKOHHQSXVWKDKDQJDLUXNNXWKXQJD"
Who has my books?
-------------------------
104
Adi’s Book.
Practical Conversation. - At The Bazaar.
S: Stranger, M: Merchant.
S. kadetheru entha pakkam irukkudhu?
Which way is the bazaar?
0NDGHWKHUXNRQMDGKÌUDWKOHLUXNNXGKXDGKXNLWWDLOOH
The bazaar is some distance. It’s not near.
6F—UDQJHSÀKDPXGL\XP—DOODGKXQDGDNNDY¼XP—"
Can the car go there, or need I walk?
0NDGHWKHUXNNXXººHF—USÀKDPXGL\—GXQLQQ—URPEDMDQQDQJDLUXSS—QJD
The car can’t go inside the bazaar because there will be many people.
6LGKHOO—PHQQDNDGHQJD"
What are all these shops?
0LGKHOO—PSDODVDUDNNXNDGHQJD
These are all provision stores.
6SÌNDGHSDÄDNDGHN—LNDULNDGHHQJHLUXNXGKXQJD"
Where are the flower fruit and vegetable shops?
0DGKHOO—PLGKXNNXSLQQ—OHLUXNNXGKXQJDY—QJDXQJDºXNNXN—WUQ
All those are behind this. Come along, I will show you.
6Q—QNRQMDPWKX¼LY—QJD¼XPY—QJDWKX¼LNDGHNNXSÀKDO—P
I want to buy some material. Come, let us go to the cloth shop.
------------------------Expansion Drill, For Lesson 28.
XQJDºLGDWKOHDQGKDQDOODYDÄDNNDPLUXNNXGKX
Q—QDYDUÀGXQ—ºDNNLPÌQXNLORPHWHUQDGDSSQ
HQDNNXNRQMDPN—SSLDOODWKXW¯Y¼XP
Q¯QJDYDÄDNNDPSÀODXQJDYOHVHLQJD
DYDUNXGKLUHPOHYDUXY—UQ—QVDLNNDOOHYDUXYQ
YD¼GL\LOLUXQGKXV—P—QHOO—PY¯WWXNNXNRQGXSÀQJD
HQPÌNNXND¼¼DGLNRQGXY—QJDDSSRGK—QQ—QLGKHY—VLNNDPXGL\XP
LQGKDND¼¼DGLY¯WWOH\—ULUXNNU—QJD"
105
Adi’s Book.
LQJH—QXQJDXNN—UDNÌG—GKXSH¼¼XQJDXNN—UXY—QJD
inge —PEDºHQJDXNN—UDNÌG—GKXSRPEDºHQJDXNN—UXY—QJD
(same meaning as previous sentence, but colloquial equivalent words)
QWKXHOO—PHQDNNXURPEDMRUDP
Q—QMRUDWKXNN—KDPDUXQWKXY—QJDSÀUQ
Q—ODNNLXQJDMRUDPVXP—U—LUXNNXP
VXP—UUHQGXP—VDWKWKXNNXDSUDPHQQHSDUXQJD
\—ULGDPLUXQGKXLQGKDNHWWDYDÄDNNDQJDNDWKWKXNRºUH"
Q—QLQQDNNLUH¼GXS—GDWKWKXNNXPOHSDGLNNDP—WWQ
XQJDºLGDWKOHQLFKFKD\DPSD¼DPLUXNNXGKXLOOH\—"
XQJDX\DUDP—QDNXGKLUHPOLUXQGKXLUDQJXQJD
ippo ennidathle andha nalla pusthaham irukkudhu.
HQQDNNXLQGKDV—NNXVROO—GKLQJD
RUXQDOODPÌNNXND¼¼—GLLQGKDÌUOHY—QJDPXGL\XP—"
Q¯QJDV¯NUDPWKDPLÄNDWKWKXNRººDPXGL\XPLQQXQ—QVRºUQ
LQGKDSXVWKDKDWKOHXQJDOXNNXHQGKDS—GDPQDOODSLGLNNXP"
Q¯QJDLQGKDNDGHOHND¼¼—GLV—P—QY—QJDO—P
Q¯QJDXGDQ—VSDWKULNNXSÀKD¼XPQLQQ—XQJDºXNNXURPEDM—VWKLMRUDP
HQNDGLGKDWKWKXNNXQ¯QJDQDOODEDGKLONRGXNNDOH
DQGKDNÌWWDWKOHFKXPDUHWKWKDQHSULUXNU—QJD"
LQQRUXS—GDWKOHRUXQDOODSDGDPLUXNNXGKX
P—GXNXGKLUH\HSÀODYKDP—ÀGDPXGL\—GKX
XQJDºXNNXDGLNDGLMRUDPYDUXWK—"
FKHQQDLLQJHUXQGKXVXP—UQÌWKXPXSSDWKXNLORPHWDUGKÌUDPLUXNNXGKX
Q¯QJDLQGKDYOH\HHWKWKDQHQLPLVKDWKWKOHVHL\DPXGL\XP"
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
106
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 29.
NOUNS AND PRONOUNS – COMPLETE DECLENSIONS.
Nouns.
Regular.
Case
Meaning
Animate
Inanimate
Nominative
(x=Subj)
U—PDQ
petti
Accusative
(x=Obj)
Instrumental
(by x)
Instrumental
(with x)
Dative
(to x)
Dative
(for x)
Ablative
(from x)
Genitive
(x’s)
Locative
(in x)
Vocative
(oh x! )
U—PDQH
pettiye
U—PDQÀGX
SHWWL\ÀGX
U—PDQ
SHWWL\—OH
U—PDQXNNX
pettikku
U—PDQLGDPLUXQGKX
pettiyilirundu
U—PDQXNN—KD
U—PDQ
SHWWLNN—KD
petti
U—PDQLGDWKOH
pettile
—UX
P—GX
—WKWK—OH
P—WW—OH
U—PDQ
SHWWL\ RER[
(where x = any noun or pronoun)
Irregular, ending in ‘m’ ‘ru’ ‘du’.
Nom (x=Subj)
maram
Acc (x=Obj)
maraththe
Inst
(by x)
PDUDWKWK—OH
Inst
(with x)
PDUDWKWKÀGX
Dat
(to x)
maraththukku
Dat
(for x)
PDUDWKWKXNN—KD
Abl
(from x)
maraththu
Loc
maraththule
Voc (oh x! )
PDUDP
P—WWH
—WKWKÀGX
P—WWÀGX
—WKWKXNN—KD
P—WWXNN—KD
—WKWKXNNX
maraththilirundu —WKWKLOLUXQGX
Gen (x’s)
(in x)
—WKWKH
—WKWKX
—WKWKule
—U
P—WWXNNX
P—WWLGDPLUXQGX DQLPDWH
P—WWX
P—WWXOH
P—G
------------------------Cases in lists below read vertically in the same order as the first nine in lists above.
107
Adi’s Book.
Personal Pronouns.
Q—Q
Q—P
enne
namme
HQQ—OH
QDPP—OH
enakku
namakku
HQDNN—KD
QDPDNN—KD
ennidamirundhu
nammidamirundhu
HQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX
unnidamirundhu
en
nam
enga
un
ennidathle
nammidathle
unnidathle
Q¯QJD
HQJDºLGDthle
avan
ava
avar
XQJDºH
avane
DYDºH
avare
XQJDºÀGX
DYDQÀGX
DYDºÀGX
DYDUÀGX
HQQÀGX
XQJDº—OH
XQJDºXNNX
XQJDºXNN—KD
Q—QJD
Q¯
HQJDºH
unne
XQQ—OH
engDº—OH
QDPPÀGX
HQJDºÀGX
XQQÀGX
HQJDºXNNX
unnakku
HQJDºXNN—KD
DYDQ—OH
XQQDNN—KD
DYDº—OH
DYDU—OH
DYDºXNNX
avanukku
DYDQXNN—KD
avarukku
DYDºXNN—KD
DYDUXNN—KD
XQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX avanidamirundhu
DYDºLGDPLUXQGKX
avaridamirundhu
unga
avan
ava
avar
XQJDºLGDWKOH
avanidathle
DYDºLGDWKOH
avaridathle
avanga
adhu
adhunga
DYDQJDºH
adhe
DGKXQJDºH
DYDQJDºÀGX
DGKÀGX
DYDQJDº—OH
DGK—OH
HOO—UXP
HOO—U\XP
DGKXQJDº—OH
HOO—U—OXm
DGKXQJDºÀGX
HOO—UÀGXP
DYDQJDºXNNX
adhukku
DYDQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX
adhanidamirundhu DGKXQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX
avanga
adhan
adhunga,
DYDQJDºLGDWKOH
adhanidathle
DGKXQJDºLGDWKOH
DYDQJDºXNN—KD
DGKXNN—KD
DGKXQJDºXNNX
DGKXQJDºXNN—KD
HOO—UXNNXP
HOO—UXNN—KDYXP
HOO—ULGDPLUXQGKXP
ell—UXGD\DYXP
DGKXQJDºLOLUXQGKX
HOO—ULGDWKWKLOXP
DOWHUQDWLYH
------------------------108
Adi’s Book.
Reflexive Pronouns.
To avoid repetition of the pronouns, reflexive pronouns are used inTamil.
µWK—P¶DQGµWK—QJD¶DUHWKHWZRSOXUDOIRUPVIRUµWK—Q¶7KHVHDUHRQO\XVHGIRUrd Person.
WK—Q VLQJ RQHVHOI
WK—P SO
thanne
thamme
WKDQQ—OH
WKDPP—OH
WKDQJDº SO
WKDQJDºH
WKDQJDº—OH
WKDQQÀGX
WKDPPÀGX
WKDQJDºÀGX
thanakku
thamakku
WKDQDNN—KD
WKDPDNN—KD
thannidamirundhu
thammidamirundhu
WKDQJDºLGDPLUXQGKX
than
tham
thanga
thannidathle
thammidathle
WKDQJDºLGDWKOH
WKDQJDºXNNu
WKDQJDºXNN—KD
Vocabulary
salave
wash (n)
salave sei (s.thth) wash , do washing
kanji
starch (n)
kanji podu (w.tt)
WKDYDU—PH
without fail.
starch, put starch
Practical Conversation. – With a Dhobi.
C: Customer D: Dhobi.
&GKÀEL\Q¯QJD\—UY¯WWOHWKX¼LYHºXNULQJD"'KRELIRUZKRPGR\RXZDVKFORWKHV"
'XQJDSDNNDWKWKXY¯WWOHQ—QGK—QYHºXNUQ
&QÌUXWKX¼LNNXHYºDYXSD¼DPY—QJULQJD"
'QÌUXWKX¼LNNXSDWKLQDQMXUÌE—Y—QJUQ
I am washing in the adjacent house.
How much do you charge for 100 pieces
I charge Rs 15.00 for 100 pieces.
&RUXP—VDWKOHHWKWKDQHVDODYHNRGXNNDPXGL\XP"
How many washes can you give each month?
'RUXPDVDWKOHUH¼GXVDODYHWKDYDU—PHNRGXNNDPXGL\XPWKX¼LNNXNDQMLSÀGD¼XP—"
I can give two washes a month without fail. Do you want starch for your clothes?
&HQWKX¼LQJDOOXNNXNDQMLY¼—P—Q—URPEDVXGKGKDP—VDODYHVHL\D¼XP
I don’t want starch for my clothes, but you should wash them very clean.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
109
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 30.
VERBS, STRONG, PAST TENSE
WITH ‘THTH’ AS MEDIAL..
padi
study
Y—VL
read
kudi
drink
vai
put, place
S—U
see, look at, look after
edu
take, lift, pick up
padu
lie down
adi
hit, strike
kadi
bite
NXºL
bathe
kodu
give
kaththukodu
teach
vil
sell
manni
forgive
udhe
kick
aru
cut (with knife)
LÄX
pull
XED\ÀJLXED\ÀKL use
thude
wipe
DYLÄ
untie
kide
obtain
thai
sew, stitch
sandhi
meet
VDPE—GKL
earn
dhandi
punish
thuve
wash
nine
think
pari
pluck, snatch
poru
bear (suffering)
vali
feel painful
Y—VDQHS—U
smell
PÀQGKXS—U
smell
begin
uchchari
pronounce
graze
gudhi
jump
destroy
ghavani
listen, pay attention
NLÄL
tear
kure
reduce, decrease
same
cook
siri
laugh
nane
wet
WKL
rub
ude
break
madi
fold
marai
hide
*pidi (pidi)
is liked (catch)
valar
grow, rear
*pasi
feel hungry
mudi
finish, close
YU
perspire
—UDPEL
PL
DÄL
*only neuter present, past and future
110
Adi’s Book.
The predicate in the past tense agrees with the number, gender and person of the subject.
(as seen before in the present tense and future tense)
S—UWKQ
S—UWKÀP
I saw,
We saw,
S—UWK—QJD
They saw,etc.
Vocabulary
niram
colour
vali
pain, ache
YHººH
white
vali, vali edu
feel pain
karuppu
black
pasi
hunger
sivappu
red
pasi, pasi edu
feel hunger
pachche
green
thirst
PDQMDº
GK—KDP
yellow
GK—KDPHGX
feel thirst
paruppu
brown
mukyam
importance
violet
vahappu
class, standard
blue
VDPH\DON—UDn
cook (n)
orange
padukke
bed
ÌGK—
Q¯ODP
—UDQMX
Short Sentences.
QWKXP—UOHM—VWKLYDOLHGXWKWKDGKX
DSGL\—VDULLSSRHQJHYDOLNNXGKX"
Yesterday I had a lot of pain in my chest.
Is that so? Right, where does it hurt now?
3. enakku ippo romba pasi edukkudhu.
I am very hungry now.
QWKXXQJDºXNNXQDOODSDVLHGXWKWKDGK—"
Yesterday were you very hungry?
XQJDºXNNXDGLNNDGLGK—KDPHGXNNXGK—"
Do you often feel thirsty?
L¼¼DNLPDGK\—QDPHQDNNXURPEDGK—KDPHGXWKWKDGKX
This afternoon I was very thirsty.
LGKXNRQMDPNDVKWDP—QDS—GDPLGKHQDOODJKDYDQLWKWKLQJDº—"
This is a slightly difficult lesson; did you pay good attention?
QWKXQ—QRUXQDOODPDQXVKDUHVDQGKLWWQ
Yesterday I met a good man.
Q¯QJDPDUXSDGL\XPDYDUHVDQGKLSSLQJDº—"
HQDNN—KDRUXVDPH\DON—UDQHS—UWKWKLQJDO—"
Will you meet him again?
Did you look for a cook for me?
LYDUGK—QLQGKDV—SS—WWHVDPHWKWK—U VDPH\DOVHLGK—U This person himself cooked this food.
111
Adi’s Book.
DL\—XQJDºXNNXHOO—YLGKDP—QDV—SS—GXPVDPHNNDWKHUL\XP—"
Sir, do you know how to cook all kinds of foods?
LGKXHOO—PPXN\DP—QDS—GDQJD
LGKHWKLUXPEDWKLUXPEDSDGLNND¼XP
These are all important lessons.
You should study them again and again.
XQJDºLGDPNRQMDPYHººHN—LGKDPLUXNNXGK—"
Do you have some white (unlined) paper?
LQGKDNDUXSSX—GX\—UXGH\D—GX"
Whose goat is this black goat?
LOHSDFKFKHQLUDP—LUXNNXGKXSÌVLYDSS—LUXNNXGKX
The leaf is green, the flower is red.
WKDNN—OLSDÄDPXPVLODDSSLOSDÄDPXPVLYDSS—LUXNNXWKX
Tomatoes and some apples are red.
—UXSDFKFKHYDÄDSDÄDPXP—UXPDQMDºYDÄDSDÄXPXPY—QJXQJD
Buy six green and six yellow plantains.
Q—QJDDQGKDNHWWDSDL\DQHSLGLWKÀP—Q—DYDQHDGLNNDOH
We caught that bad boy, but did not beat him.
\HQGKDQ—LXQJDOHNDGLWKWKDGKX"
Q—QHQDUHOHSDGXWKQ—Q—WKÌQJDOH
WKÀWWDN—UDQP—WWHQDGLWKWK—Q"
Which dog bit you?
I laid down in my room but did not sleep.
Why did the gardener beat the ox.
QLQQ—DQGKDP—GXNL¼DWKWKXWKD¼¼L\HNXGLWKWKDGKX
Because the ox drank the well-water.
HQPÌNNXND¼¼—GL\HQJHYDLWKWKLQJD" Where did you put my spectacles?
ND¼¼—GKLOH\—UPXKDWKWKHS—UWKLQJD"
QWKXQLQJDHQJHNXºLWKWKLQJD
Whose face did you see in the mirror?
Where did you bathe yesterday?
U—PDQHQDNNXRUXQDOO—SXVWKDKDPNRGXWKWK—Q
Raman gave me a good book.
URWWL\HHQGKDNDWKL\—OHDUXWKWKLQJD"
With which knife did you cut the bread?
XQJDºXNNX\—UWKDPLÄNDWKWKXNRGXWKWK—QJD"
Who taught you Tamil?
-------------------------
112
Adi’s Book.
Practical Conversation. – With Your Servant.
M: Master, S: Servant.
0DQGKDV—PDQHOO—PHQF—UXNNXNRQGXSÀ Take all this luggage to my car.
6DQGKDSHWWLNÌGDNRQGXSÀKDQXP—"
Should I take that box as well?
0—P—SHWWLSDGXNNHHOO—PNRQGXSÀKDY¼XPLSSRHQDN—KDRUXWLFNHWY—QJX
Yes, trunk, bedding, everything should be taken. Buy a ticket for me now.
6HQGKDÌUXNNXWLFNHWY—QJD¼XP"
To which place should I buy a ticket?
0NRONDWKWK—YXNNXPÌQXPXGKDOYDKXSSXWLFNHWY—QJX
Buy three First Class tickets to Calcutta.
6UD\LOYDQGLHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXVWVKDQXNNXY—UXP"
What time will the train come to the station?
0UD\LOYDQGLVWVKDQXNNXVDUL\—SDWKXPD¼LNNXY—UXP
The train will come to the station at 10 o’clock exactly.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 29.
Q—\HHQQDNDGLWKWKDGKX"
Q¯QJDQ—\XPDGLNNDOHSÌQH\XPDGLNNDOH
DGKDQ—OHDYDUDWKHDGLWKWK—U
LQGKDS—GDPQ¯QJDSDGLWKWKLQJDº—"
LQGKDS—GDPJKDYDQLWKWKLQJDº—
LGKXNN—KDHQNXÄDQGKHGKDQGLWKWKQ
Q—\H\—UDGLWKWK—QJD"
Q—LDYDUHNDGLWKWKDGKX
Q¯QJDQ—\HQDYLÄWhthinga?
LQGKDS—GDPNDWKWKXNRGXWKWK—QJDº—"
L¼¼DNLY—GK\—UHVDQGKLWKWKÀP
NXÄDQGKHDQGKDSXVWKDKDWKWKHNLÄLWKWKDGKX
LQGKDVDQJDGKL\HQPDUDLWKWKLQJD"
LQGKDVDQJDGL\HQ¯QJDHQDNNXQVROODOH"
DQGKDNDGLGDWKWKHSDGLWKWKQ
Q—QURPEDURPEDVLULWKWKQ
DQGKDVDP—FKFK—UDPHQQDNNXQWKXGK—QNLGDLWKWKDGKX
XQJDºXNNXHQGKDQLUDPSLGLWKWKDGKX"
HQJDQ—LGK—QSDÄXSSXQLUDP
DQGKDYHººHQLUDQ—LHQDNNXY¼XP
L¼¼DNNLHQDNNXURPEDSDVLHGXWKDGKX
HQDNNXGK—KDPNÌGDHGXWKWKDGKX
HQN—OMDVWKLYDOLWKWKDGKX
HQDNNXQ¯ODQLUDPURPEDSLGLWKWKDGKX
DYDQJDºXNNXDQGKDNDUXSSXSÌQHSLGLNNDOH
SDFKFKHLOHNNXSLQQ—OHVLYDSSXSÌLUXNNXGKX
L¼¼DNNLN—ODPHHQDNNXURPEDSDVLWKDGKX
ippo enakku pasiyum dh—KDPXPHGXNNDGKX
LQGKDPDUXQGKHN—OOHQDOO—WKLWKQ
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------113
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 31.
VERBS, PAST TENSE
WITH ‘THTH’ AS MEDIAL, CONTINUED.
Vocabulary
WK—PDGL VWKWK
delay
thaiyal
stitch (n)
poor (no money)
WKX¼L
ÄH DGM
cloth
kuruhal
narrowness
Q¯ODP
length
ahalam, agalam
breadth, width
uyaram
—UDP
height
kutte
short
depth
nadu, madhdhi
centre
sadhuram
square
vattam
circle
NXºLNUDDUH
bathroom
NDNNÌVX
latrine
innu
that (Conjunction)
vishayam
news, matter
pidi (s.thth)
catch
Short Sentences.
WKXQL\WKD¼¼LOH\QQDQHWKWKLQJD"
Why did you wet this cloth with water?
LGKXURPEDQDOODYLVKD\DPLQQXQ—QQLQHWKWKQ
I thought it was a very good thing.
Q¯QJDDSGLQLQHNNDOHLOOH\—"
You did not think so, did you?
HQJDNL¼DUX—UDP—QDNL¼DUX
Our well is a deep well.
XQJD—VSDWKULNDWWDGDPX\DUDP—QDNDWWDGDP
Your hospital building is a high building.
DYDUDSS—X\DUDP—LUXNU—U
HQDUHM—VWKLQ¯ODPLOOH
XQJDYDWWDP—QDWKÀWWDPHQJH"
RUXSHUL\DVDGKXUDP—QDSHWWLY¼XP
Q¯QJDLQGKDDKDODP—QDDUHOHWKÌQJDO—P
DYDQJDY¯WWXNNXYDÄLNXUXKDO—LUXNNXGKX
XQJDNXÄDQGKHHSSRYXPVLULNNXGKX
—P—Q—QNÌGDDSGLGK—QQLQHWKWKQ
His father is tall.
My room is not very long.
Where is your round garden.
I want a big square box.
You may sleep in this wide room.
The way to their house is narrow.
Your child is always laughing.
Yes, I thought so too.
114
Q¯QJDNÌGD\QDSGLVLULWKWKLQJD"
Adi’s Book.
LQGKDQ—\XQJD\—UYDºDUNU—QJD"
QNNULQJDXQJDºHNDGLWKWKDQJDº—"
Why did you also laugh like that?
Who is rearing these dogs.
Why d’you ask, did they bite you?
DQGKDPP—ÄHGK—Q—Q—NXÄDQGKHQJDºHQDO—YDºDUWKWK—U
That woman is only poor, but she brought up her children well.
Q—QRUXQDOODSXVWKDKDWKWKHSDGLNND—UDPELWKWKQ
XQJDYOH\HHSSRPXGLWKLQJD"
I began to study a good book.
When did you finish your work?
GKD\DYXVHLGKXRUXWKD\DON—UDQHNÌSSLGXQJD
Please call a tailor.
DL\—XQJDWKDL\DOQDOODLOOHDWKXQLSGLWKDLWKWKLQJD
Sir, your stitching is not good, why did you sew it like this.
WKDL\DON—UDUPXGKDOOHWKX¼L\HNLÄLWKWK—UDSUDPWKDLNND—UDPELWKWK—U
The tailor tore the cloth first, then began to sew.
DGKXRUXPXN\DP—QDNDGLGKDPDGKHNLÄLNN—GKLQJD
That is an important letter, don’t tear it.
HQXGH\DPÌWWH\H\—UDYLÄWKWK—QJDVROOXQJD
Tell me, who untied my bundle?
Q—QGK—QDGKHDYLÄWKWKQHQQHQ¯QJDNDWW—\DPPDQQLNND¼XP
I untied it, you must excuse me.
Practical Conversation. – At The Hotel.
T: Traveller, H: Hotel Manager.
7HQDNNXRUXSHUL\DVXGKGKDP—QDDUHY¼XP
I want a big clean room.
+QDOODGKXY—QJDXQJDºXNNXRUXSHUL\DDUHNRGXNNUQ
Alright, come along, I will give you a big room.
7LQGKDDUHNNXRUXQ—ºXNNXHYºDYXSD¼DP"
How much per day for this room?
+LGKXNNXRUXQ—ºXNNXDLQÌUXUÌE—Y—QJDUQXQJDºXNNXHWKWKDQHQ—ºXNNXY¼XP"
We charge Rs 500.00 per day for this. For how many days do you want the room?
7DUHRUXY—UDWKWKXNNXY¼XP
I want the room for a week.
+RQVX¯WNXOLNUDDUHLQJHGK—QLUXNNXGKXHSSRYXPVXGXÀGXGKXWKD¼¼LNLGHNNXWKX
Ensuite bathroom is here. Hot running water is always available.
7QDOODGKXW¯HWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXNLGHNNXP"
Good. At what time can we get tea?
------------------------115
Adi’s Book.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 30.
LYDUHQJHWKDL\DON—UDU"
HQJDWKX¼LQJDHOO—PLYDUGK—QWKDLNU—U
LSGL\XPDSGL\XPWKX¼L\HNLÄLNU—U
LYDUWKDL\DOHQJDºXNNXURPEDSLGLNNXP
DYDUWKX¼LQJDºHPXGKDOOHWKD¼¼LOHQDQHNU—U
LQGKDYDÄLURPEDNXUXKDO—LUXNNXGKX
URPEDQ¯ODP—QDNDGLGKDPHÄXGK—GKLQJD
HQJDWKÀWWDWKOHLGKXGK—QURPEDX\DUDP—QDPDUDP
DQGKDDJDODP—QDYDÄLOHSÀQJD
YDWWDP—QDNL¼DWKOHWKD¼¼LM—VWKLLOOH
DGKX—UDP—QDNL¼DUXLOOH
Q¯QJDV¯NUDPWKDPLÄSVXYLQJDLQQXQ—QQLQHNUQ
QLQJDHOO—UXPWKDPLÄQDOO—SVULQJDLQQXDYDUVROU—U
DQGKDWKDL\DON—UDUDÄDK—WKDLNU—ULQQXHQVQKLGKDUVROU—U
HOODPXWWHQJDOXPRUNÌGHOHYDLNN—GKLQJD WKX¼LQJDHOO—PRUXPÌWWH\—NDWWXQJD
PXWWH\HPÌWWHOHYDLNNDNÌG—GKX
NXGH\HNÌGHOHYDLNNDO—P
Y—QJDLQGKDYOHVHL\DY—QJD
QLQJDLQGKDYOHVHL\DOH
NDGHNNXSÀKDNXGH\XPNÌGH\XPNRQGXY—QJD
LQGKDYOHVHL\—GKLQJD
WKLUXPEDLQGKDYOHVHLYLQJDº—"
DYDULQGKDYOHNDWW—\DPVHL\D¼XP
\—ULQGKDYOHVHLU—QJD"
LOOHQ—QDGKHVHL\DP—WWQ
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
116
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 32.
VERBS, WEAK, PAST TENSE
WITH ‘DH’ AS MEDIAL..
sei
make, do
nei
weave
PDÄHSHL
rain
DÄX
cry
XÄXUXÄX
plough
WKRÄX
worship
PDÄHSHLFRQMXJDWHVRQO\IRU1HXWHUSUHVHQWSDVWDQGIXWXUH
Vocabulary
NDGDYXº
PÀVDP
God
RYR¼¼X
one of each
ovoru
each (adj)
one by one
R¼¼—
RYR¼¼—
together
ovoruvarum
each person
plough
vayal, nilam
field
farmer
NXGL\—QDYDQ
farmer
U
ÌUDYDQ
QHVDY—ºL
RYRUXYDU—
evil, badness
QHVDYXYOH
weaver
weaving
V—\DP
colour
uduppu
clothes
QÌO
thread
pattu
silk
melisu
thin, fine
SUSÀQDGKX
be famous (thing)
SUSÀQDYDU
be famous (person)
buddi
bottle
marundhu
medicine
mai-buddi
ink-bottle
mai
ink
pour
Y—U VWKWK
pour
ÌWKWKX ZLQ
SD¼DSSDL
JHWWLV—\DP
one by one (person)
fast colour
purse
Short Sentences.
LQGKDYOH\HHOO—UXPR¼¼—VHLGKDQJD
They all did this work together.
XQJDÌUOHQDOO—PDÄHSHLGKDGK—"
Did it rain hard at your place?
LGKXPÀVDP—QDYOHLGKH\—UVHLGKDGKX" This is a bad job. Who did this.
—UDQLSDWWXSXGXYHNNXSUSÀQDGKX
N—QMLSXUDWKOHNÌGDSDWWXVOHQHLU—QJD
Arni is famous for silk sarees.
At Kanjipuram also they weave silk sarees.
,QGKDDÄDK—QDVOH\HNDL\—OHQHLGK—QJD They wove this beautiful saree by hand.
117
Adi’s Book.
DQGKDSDL\DQXNNXURPEDSDVLHGXWKWKDGKXDGKDQDOHGK—QDYDQDSGLDÄXGK—Q
That boy was very hungry, that is why he cried like that.
NXGL\—QDYDQYD\DOOHUÌUDU—Q
The farmer is ploughing in the field.
NXGL\—QDYDQXNNXµÌUDYDQ¶LQQXLQQRUXSU
SÀQDQ—LWKWKXNLÄDPHNÀYLOOHWKRÄXGKÀP
The farmer has another name, ‘uravan’.
We worshipped at church last Sunday
RYYRUXPDQXVKDUXPGKLQDQGKÀUXPNDGDYXºHWKÀUD¼XP
Each and every person should worship God daily.
,QGKDV—P—QRYYR¼¼XPHQQDYLOH"
What is the price of each of these?
XQJDSQ—OHPDLLUXNNXGK—
Is there ink in your pen.
Q¯QJDRYYRUXYDUXPRUXS—WWXS—GD¼XP Everyone of you should sing a song.
LOOHHQSQ—OHNRQMDPPDLÌWKWKXQJD
No, pour a little ink in my pen.
16. mai buddile enna mai irukkudhu?
What ink is in the ink-bottle?
17. mai-buddile karuppu mai irukkudhu.
There is black ink in the ink-bottle.
Q¯QJDRYYRUXWKDPLÄS—GDPXPQDOO—SDGLNND¼XP
You should study each Tamil lesson well.
LGKXPDUXQGKXEXGGLGK—Q"
This is a medicine bottle, is it not?
HQDÄDK—QDXGXSSHQ¯QJDS—UWKWKLQJDO—" Did you see my beautiful garment?
Practical Conversation. – At a Cloth Shop.
W: Woman Customer, S: Shopkeeper.
:DL\—XQJDºLGDPQÌOVOHQJDLUXNNXGK—" Sir, do you have cotton sarees?
6—P—QJDPP—HQJDºLGDPPDGKXUDLFÀLPEDWWÌUQÌOSDGDYHQJDLUXNNXGKX
Yes madam, we have Madhurai, Coimbatore, cotton sarees.
:PHOLVXWKX¼LOHVLODPDGXUDLSXGXYHQJDS—UNND¼XP—Q—V—\DPJHWWL\—LUXNNX¼XP
I want to see some Madhurai sarees in fine material, but they should be fast colours.
6VDULQJDLQGKDQ¯ODQLUDVOHY—QJLNROOXQJDJHWWLVD\DPV—\DPHSSRYXPSÀK—GKX
Alright madam, take this blue saree. Fast colour. The colour will never fade.
:DQGKDSDWWXVOHQJDHOO—PHQGKDÌUOHQHLU—QJD"
Where do they weave all those silk sarees?
118
Adi’s Book.
6SDWWXVOHQJD—UDQL\LOXPN—QMLSÌUDWKWKLOXPQHLU—QJD
They weave silk sarees in Arni and Kanchipuram.
:LSSRHQDNNXSDWWXVOHY¼—PQÌOVHOHSÀGKXP
I don’t want silk sarees now, cotton will do.
6VDULQJDPP—XQJDLVKWDP
Alright madam, as you please.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 32.
LQGKDYOH\—UVHLGKDGKX"
Q—QLQGKDYOH\HVHL\DOH
Q¯QJDGK—QLSGLVHLGKLQJDº—"
URPEDQ—O—LQJHPDÄHSHL\DOH
QDºDNNLNÌGDPDÄHSHL\DO—P
XQJDNXÄDQGKHU—WKULDÄXGK—Q—"
FKLQQDNXÄDQGKHQDOO—DÄX¼XP
DSSRGK—QNXÄDQGKHNNXQDOO—SDVLHGXNNXP
SÀQDYDUXVKDPNÌGDM—VWKLPDÄHLOOH
NXÄDQGKHNNXURPEDSDVLHGXWKWKDGKX
SÀQDP—VDPURPEDPDÄHSHLGKDGKX
DGKDQ—OHDGKXURPEDDÄXGKDGKX
YOÌUXNNXNLWWDRUXFKLQQDJU—PDWKOHQÌOVOHQJDQHLU—QJD
LQGKDJU—PDWKOHHOO—UXNNXPQHVDYXYOHQDOODWKHUL\XP
QHVDY—ºLQJDºXNNXLSSRHOO—PNDVKWDPLOOH
DYDQJDRUXQ—ººHHWKWKDQHVOHQHLY—QJD"
ÌUDYDQLGDPULUXNNXGKX
U—OHDYDQQLODWKWKH YD\DOH ÌUDU—Q
ÌUDYDQÀGXP—GXQJDQ—ºHOO—PYOHVHLGKXQJD
ovvoru paiyanukkum pusthaham irukudhu. RYYRUXYDUXPS—GDWKWKHQDOO—SDGLNND¼XP
RYYRUXYDU—DQGKDDUHNNXSÀQJD
SDÄDQJDºHRYYR¼¼—PVHPOHYDLQJD
LQGKDSDÄDPRYYR¼¼XPHQQDYLOH"
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
119
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 33.
VERBS, - PAST TENSE
WITH ‘NDH’ AS MEDIAL.
Strong Verbs with ‘ndh’ as medial in the past tense.
iru
be
pira
to be born
endhiri
get up
mara
forget
kida
lie down
thira
open
kala
mix
nada
walk
para
fly
DºD
measure
kara
yield milk
PL
graze
Weak Verbs with ‘ndh’ as medial in the past tense.
XNN—U
WK—
Y—
NRQGXY—
SÀLVU
ÀL
YLÄX
YDºDU
sit
puhu
enter
give
kuni
bend forward
come
V—L
lean
bring
ale, thiri
wander
reach
vandKXVU
arrive
cease
nahar
move (intr)
fall
HÄX
rise
grow (intr)
QUDPSRUXWKWKXY—
Y—Ä
live
be late, come late
The following verbs conjugate only for Neuter; Present, Past and Future.
ude
break
eri
burn
theri
know
mudi
finish (intr)
QÀ
ache, pain
puri
be clear
Short Sentences.
QWKXN—OHOHQ—QVDUL\—Q—OXPD¼LNNXHÄXQGKQ
Yesterday I got up at exactly 4 o’clock in the morning.
LQGKDQ—NN—OLHSGLXGHQGKDGKX"LGKDQPOH\—UXNN—UQGK—QJD"
How did this chair break? Who sat on it?
120
Adi’s Book.
HWKWKDQHS—GDQJDºHPDUDQGKLQJD"QLQJDS—GDQJDºHPDUDNNDNÌG—GKX
How many lessons did you forget? You should not forget lessons.
Q¯QJDO—HQSHWWL\HWKLUDQGKLQJD"
Did you open my box?
LQGKDYOHHSSRPXGLndhadhu?
When was this work finished? (intr)
DQGKDPP—YXNNXHQQDNXÄDQGKHSLUDQGKDGKX" What was the child born to that lady?
Q¯QJDLGKHHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXPXGLththinga?
At what time did you finish this work?
L¼¼DNLPDGK\—QDPQ¯QJDWKLUXPEDWKLUXPEDQDGDQGKLQJD
You walked again and again this afternoon.
DGKDQDOHGK—QXQJDºXNNXN—OYDOLNNXGKX
That is why your legs are aching.
QLQJDYOHN—UDQXNNXHYºDYXSD¼DPWKDQGKLQJD"
How much money did you give to the servant?
XQJDNXÄDQGKH\HNRQGXYDQGKLQJDº—Q—QDGKHSDUNND¼XP
Did you bring your child? I must see it.
L¼¼DNLQ¯QJDQURPEDQUDPSRUXWKWKXYDQGKLQJD"
Why did you come very late today?
HQQÀGXQ¯QJDHSSRYXPWKDPLÄOHSVXYLQJDº—"
Will you always speak with me inTamil?
Q—QQ—NN—OLPOHV—LQGKQDGKDQ—OHDGKXNLÄHYLÄXQGKDGKX
I leaned on the chair, therefore it fell down.
S—ON—UDQS—OHVDUL\—DºDQGK—Q—"
Did the milkman measure the milk properly?
QWKXLQGKDN—OQÀQGKDGKXL¼¼DNLLQGKDNDLQÀKXGKX
Yesterday this leg ached. Today this leg is aching.
Q¯QJDM—VWKLS—OXPSDÄDPXPV—SSLGD¼XPSXULQGKDGK—
You should take a lot of fruit and milk, you understand.?
LQGKDPDQXVKDUHQJHSLÄDQGK—UHSGLYDODUQGK—U\—UXNNXPWKHUL\—GKX
Nobody knows where this man was born and how he was brought up.
Q¯QJDNXQLQGKLQJDDSSRXQJDSD¼DSSDLNLÄHYLÄXQGKDGKX
You bent down, then your purse fell down.
DGKXXQJDºXNNXHSGLWKHULQGKDGKX"Q¯QJDDGKHS—UWKWKLQJDº—"
How did you know that? Did you see it?
121
Adi’s Book.
Q—QXQJDOHS—UNNDXQJDY¯WWXNNXYDQGKQ
Q—QLSSRGK—QWKÌNNDWKWKLOLULQGKXHÄXQGKQ
I came to your house to see you.
I woke up just now from sleep.
LQGKDVDQGKÀVKDP—QDVDQJKDGLHQDNNXQWKXGK—QWKHULQGKDGKX
Only yesterday I came to know of this happy news.
XQJDSÌQHHSGLNL¼DWKOHYLÄXQGKDGKX"
HQQDOODND¼¼—GLUHQG—XGHQGKDGKX
How did your cat fall into the well?
My nice mirror broke into two.
Practical Conversation. – School Caretaker.
S: Schoolmaster, C: Caretaker.
6L¼¼DNNLHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXSDººLNÌGDPWKLUDQGKHSS—"
At what time did you open the school today ‘pa.
&Q—QHWWXPD¼LNNXSDººLNÌGDPWKLUDQGKQ
I opened the school at 8 o’clock.
6NXÄDQGKHQJDHOO—UXPVDUL\—QDQUDWKOHYDKDSSXNNXYDQGK—QJDº—"
Did all of the children come to the class in time?
&—P—QJDHOO—SLººHQJDºXPVDUL\—QDQUDWKOHYDKDSSXNNXYDQGK—QJDºD"
Yes Sir, all the children came to the class on time.
6HQGKDSDL\DQPDUDWKWKLOLUXQGKXYLÄXQGK—Q
Which boy fell from the tree?
&U—PDQHQQXPX\DUDP—QDSDL\DQPDUDWKWKLOLUXQGKXYLÄXQGK—Q
The tall boycalled Raman fell from the tree.
6DYDQNDLN—OXGHQGKDGK—HQQD"
Did he break an arm or leg?
&WKHUL\—GKXQJD—Q—RUXGRFWRUDYDQHS—UWKWK—U
I don’t know Sir, but a doctor saw him.
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122
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 34.
VERBS, - PAST TENSE
WITH ‘NDH’ AS MEDIAL, CONTINUED.
Vocabulary
pasu
cow
pul
grass
YLWK\—VDP
difference
LQLPOH
henceforth
WKDQL\—
alone
together
WKD¼¼L\—
R¼¼—
watery
moththam
in all, total, on the whole.
kodi
flag, vine
exercise (n).
YLºDNNX
DE\—VDP
lamp
puthu
new
dhadave
time, (No. of times)
wash (clothes)
N—L
WKÀL
dry
Ira
wet
Short Sentences.
QWKWKHOO—PQ¯QJDYH\LOOHWKLULQGKLQJD
DGKDQ—OGK—QL¼¼DNLQ¯QJDVXKDPLOOH
XQJDºHVDQGKLNNDÌUHOO—PDOHQGKQ
Q—QURPEDQUDPHQDUHOHLUXQGKQ
All of yesterday you wandered in the sun.
That is why you are unwell today.
I wandered all over the place to meet you.
I was in my room for a very long time.
NÀYLOOHPRWKWKDPHWKWKDQHYLºDNNXQJDHULQGKDGK—"
How many lamps in all were burning in the temple?
U—WKULURPEDPDÄHSHLGKDGKXN—WKWK—OHGK—QÀLQGKDGKX
It rained heavily at night; only in the morning did it cease.
QLQJDXQJDYOHVDUL\—VHL\DOHLQLPOHDSGLVHL\DNÌG—GKX
You are not doing your work properly. Henceforth you should not do that.
Q—QLQJHDQMXYDUXVKDWKWKXNNXPXQQ—OHYOHNNXVUQGKQ
I joined here for work five years ago.
Q¯QJDRUXQDOODSXVWKDKDPHQDNNXDQXSSLQLQJD
You sent me a good book.
DQJHQ¯QJDHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXSÀLVUQGKLQJD"
At what time did you reach there?
123
Adi’s Book.
DYDQJDV—LQJ—ODPDQMXPD¼LNNXLQJHYDQGKXVUQGK—QJD
They arrived at here at five o’clock in the evening.
LQGKDPVHNNXPDQGKDPVHNNXP\HQQDYLWK\—VDP"
What is the difference between this table and that table?
LQGKDPVHSXGKL\DGKX SXWKXVX DQGKDPVHSDÄD\DGKX SDUDVX This table is new, that table is old.
LGKXUH¼GXNNXPDYºDYXGK—QYLWK\—VDP
That’s all the difference between these two.
WKDPLÄSXVWKDKDQJDºHWKDQL\—YDLQJD
HOO—SXVWKDKDQJDºXPR¼¼—YDLNN—GKLQJD
Put the Tamil books separately.
Don’t put all the books together.
Q¯QJDDQGKDLGDWKWKXNNXWKDQL\—SÀKDNÌGK—GKX
You should not go to that place alone.
L¼¼DNLS—OWKD¼¼L\—LOOHDGKXGK—QQDOODGKX
Today the milk is not watery, that is indeed good.
DYDUQDOODS—ON—UDUDYDUS—OOHWKD¼¼LNDODNNDOH
He is a good milkman. He did not mix water with the milk.
NDWWDGDWKWKXNNXPOHHQJDGKVDWKWKXNRGLSDUDNNXGKX
Our national flag is flying over the building.
SÀQDY—UDWKOHRUXURSOQ —K—\DYLP—QDP URPEDÌ\DUDWKOHSDUDQGKDGKX
Last week an aeroplane flew at a great height.
HQJDSDVXURPEDQDOODS—ONDUDNNXGKX
Our cow yields a lot of good milk.
XQJDSDVXHWKWKDQHO¯WDUS—ONDUDQGKDGKX"
How many litres of milk did your cow give?
S—ON—UDUSDVXYHS—ONDUDQGK—U
The milkman milked the cow.
Q—QJDSDODYDUXVKDPVDQGKÀVKDP—YDUQGKÀP We lived happily for many years.
LQGKDDE\—VDPÀYYRUXQ—ººHUH¼GXGKDGDYHVHL\DQXP
You should do this exercise twice every day.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
124
Adi’s Book.
Practical Conversation. – Housework.
H: Housewuife, C: Cleaner.
+LQGKDDUH\HVXGKGKDPVHLGKLQJDO—"
Have you cleaned this room?
&LQQXPLOOHQJDNRQMDPQUDWKOHVXGKGKDPVHL\DSÀUQ
Not yet Madam, I am going to clean it in a little while.
+PVHQ—NN—OLHOO—PGKÌVL\—LUXNNXGKXGKÌVLQDOODWKXGHQJD
The tables and chairs are all dusty. Dust them properly.
&VDULQJD¶PDDGKXQJDHOO—PWKX¼L\—OHQDOO—WKXGLSSQ
Alright Madam, I will wipe all of them well with a cloth.
+WKX¼LQJDURPEDDÄXNNDLUXNNXGKXL¼¼DNNLNDWW—\DPWKÀLNND¼XP
The clothes are very dirty. You must wash them today.
&L¼¼DNNLPDGK\—QDPWKX¼LQJDHOO—PWKDYDU—PDWKÀLSSQ
I shall wash all the clothes this afternoon without fail.
+¯UDWKX¼LQJDºHY¯WWXNNXPXQQ—OHN—\DSÀG—GKLQJDWKÀWWDWKOHN—\DSÀGXQJD
Don’t put the wet clothes to dry in front of the house. Put them in the garden to dry.
&VDULQJD¶PDDSGL\VHLUQ
Alright Madam, I will do so.
Expansion Drill, For Lessons 33&34.
S—ON—UDQURPEDN—ODPHYDQGK—QV¯NUDPS—ONDUDQGK—QDGKXOHNRQMDPWKD¼¼L\XP
NDODQGK—QLGKHOO—PS—UNNDQ—QDQJHLUXQGKQLQGKDVDQJDGKLXQJDºXNNXVROODQ—Q
PDUDQGKQXQJDYOHHSSRPXGLQGKDGKX"NRQMDQUDWKWKXNNXPXQQ—OHPXGLQGKDGKX
LQJHYDQGKQRUXQLPLVKDPXNN—UQGKQHQY—WK\—ULQGKDSXVWKDKDPNRQGXYDQGK—U
SXVWKDKDPNDL\LOLUXQGKXN¯ÄHYLÄXQGKDGKXDGKHHQDNNXSDGLNNDWKDQG—UQ—QDGKH
HGXNNDNXQLQGKQS—WWXVDGKGKDPU—WKULSDWKWKXPD¼LNNXÀLQGKDGKXGRFWRUHVDQGKLNND
—VSDWKULHOO—PDOHQGKQDYDUVDUL\—SDQQHQGXPD¼LNNXDUHNNXXººHSXKXQGK—UDSSRGK—Q
PDÄH\XPÀLQGKDGKXDQGKDYLVKD\DPHQDNNXLSSRGK—QSXULQGKDGKXQ¯QJDPVHPOH
V—LQGKLQJDXQJDSQDYLÄXQGKDGKXDSSRDGKXUH¼G—XGHQGKDGKXXQJDY¯WWOHU—WKULHOO—P
YLºDNNX\QHULQGKDGKX"U—WKULXQJDºXNNXQDOODWKÌNNDP—"YLºDNNXVDQJDGKLXQJDºXNNX
HSGLWKHULQGKDGKX"U—WKULHQWKDOHURPEDQRQGKDGKXHQDNNXURPEDWKDOHYDOLDGKDQ—OH
Q—QY¯WWLOLUXQGKXQDKDUDOH LGLRP WKDOHYDOLN—ODPHGK—QÀLQGKDGKX
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------125
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 35.
VERBS, WEAK, PAST TENSE
WITH ‘IN’ OR ‘N’ AS MEDIAL.
Among the following Weak Verbs:-
——KX
those ending in
‘u’
those not ending in
’u’
drop the’u’ and
take ‘in’ as medial.
take ‘n’ as medial.
NDÄXYX
become, happen
wash (dishes not clothes)
YLÄXQJXPHO
chew, masticate
SD¼¼X
do, make
madakku
fold, bend
nadaththu
conduct
Q¯WWX
stretch
niruththu
stop (trans)
thodangu
begin, start
WKDººX
push
thattu
pat, knock
thittu
scold
N—Q—P—OSÀ
be lost
kattu
tie, build
search for
P—WKWKX
change
die
thadavu
stroke, smear
drive
create
Q¯QGKX
XQG—NNX
swim
virumbu
desire
thirudu
steal
P—UX LQWU
change
WKGX
VHWKWKXSSÀ
ÀWWX
P—QGKXSÀ
P—WKWKX
P—WWX WU
WKÌNNX
NDÄDWWX
PDUDQGKXSÀ
be deceived
forget
deceive, cheat
WKÀQX
appear, seem
hang
thongu
hang
lift
pidungu
wrench
take off, dismantle, strip
Vocabulary
male
mountain
siharam
hill-top
PDLGK—QDP
open field, space
kulam
tank
kutte
pond, puddle
samudhram
ÀWWDO
ocean, sea
kare
shore, bank
hotel
NDFKUL
performance
arume
excellence
avasaram
urgency
126
Adi’s Book.
thuvarppu
tartness
SXºLSSX
sourness
uppu
saltness
thithippu, inippu
sweetness
kasappu
bitterness
N—UDP
pungence
rusi
taste (n)
rasam
pepper water
UXVLS—U VWKWK
PLºDKX
taste (v)
pepper
Sentences.
LQGKL\—YDNNXYDGDNNURPEDX\DUDP—QDPDOHLUXNNXGKX
There is a very high mountain in the North of India.
WHQVLQJKXPKLODU\XPHYHUHVWVLKDUDWKWKXNNXPXGKDOPXGKDOOHSÀLVUQGK—QJD
Tensingh and Hilary reached the top of Everest first of all.
SDUDWKWKHWKLUXGDDQGKDSDL\DQPDUDWKWKXPOHULQ—Q
That boy climbed up the tree to steal the fruit.
YD¼GL\LOLUXQGKXHSGLLUDQJLQLQJD"
NDGDOWKD¼¼LURPEDXSS—LUXNNXGKX
How did you get down from the cart?
Sea water is very salty.
QDQJDPDGKXUDLOHRUXQDOODÀWWDOOHWKDQJLQÀP
We stayed in a good hotel in Madhurai.
Q¯QJDU—WKULQDOODWKÌQJLQLQJDº—"
Did you sleep well last night?
LQJHGK—QQDPNXÄDQGKHQJDQWKXYLOD\—GLQ—QJD
Our children played only here yesterday.
LGKXYLºD\—WWXPDLGK—QDP
This is the playing field.
DYDUS—WWXNDFKFKULDQXPH\—LUXQGKDGKX
His music performance was excellent.
DYDUHOO—S—WWXPQDOODS—GLQ—U
He sang all the songs well.
QWKXHQQD—QDWKX HQQ—FKX Q¯QJDHOO—UXPHQÀGLQLQJD"
What happened yesterday, why did all of you run?
DYDUHQDNNXGRFWRUY¯WWHN—WWLQ—U
He showed me the doctor’s house.
Q—QHQNXÄDQGKHQJDºXNNXRUXQDOODNDGKHVRQQQ
I told my children a good story.
DQGKDNÌWWDWKOH\—UDUXPH\—SVLQDQJD"
Who spoke excellently at that meeting.
127
Adi’s Book.
LGKXNXGLWKD¼¼LNXODPLGKXOH\—UXPQLQGKDNXGK—GKX
This is a drinking water tank. No one should swim in it.
NÀGDLN—QDOULURPEDDÄDK—QDUL
The kodaikanal lake is a beautiful one.
Q—QXQJDOXNN—KDNÀYLOXNNXPXQQ—OHURPEDQUDPQLQQ
I waited for you near the temple for a very long time.
DYDQWKLUXGLQ—QDGKDQ—OHDYDQHSÀO¯VN—UDQJDSLGLWKWK—QJD
He stole, therefore the police caught him.
20. yenna sonninga? dhayavuseithu marupadiyum sollunga.
What did you say? Please say it again.
QLQJDXQJDºHSDWKWKLHÄXGKLQLQJD—Q—NXÄDQGKH\HSDWKWKLR¼¼XPHÄXWKDOH
You wrote about yourself, but you did not write anything about the child.
LQGKDPLWW—\HV—SSLGXQJDLGKXURPEDLQLSS—LUXNNXP
Eat these sweets, this will be very sweet.
LGKXURPEDNDVDSSXHQDNNXNDVDSS—QDPDUXQGKXY¼—P
This is very bitter. I don’t want bitter medicine.
ÀWWDOV—SS—GXURPEDN—UDP—Q—URPEDUXVL\—LUXNNXGKXVLODVDPD\DPDGKXVXGXLOOH
Hotel food is very hot (taste), but it is very tasty. Sometimes it is not hot (temp).
SXºLSS—QDUDVDPHQDNNXSLGLNN—GKX
QLQGKDSDÄDPWKXYDUSS—LUXNNXGKX"
I do not like sour pepper water.
Why is this fruit tart.
XQJDDUDK—QDNXGH\HHQJHY—QJLQLQJD" Where did you buy your beautiful umbrella?
XQSDVXHQJDWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXYDQGKDGKX
Your cow came into our garden.
DGKXSXOP—WKUXPLOOHVHGLQJDºXPPLQGKDGKX
It ate not only grass, but plants as well.
LQLPOH—GXP—GXQJDWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXYDUDNÌG—GKX
From now on, goats and cows should not come into the garden.
L¼¼DNLQ—QPRWKWKDPDQMXS—GDPSDGLWKWKQ
Today I studied five lessons in total
-------------------------
128
Adi’s Book.
Practical Conversation. – At the Tailor’s.
T: Tailor
C: Customer.
&DL\—HQDNNXVLODXGXSSXQJDDYDVDUDP—Y¼XPV¯NUDPNRGXNNDPXGL\XP—"
Sir, I want some garments urgently. Can you give them quickly?
7UH¼GXQ—ººHNRGXSSQVDUL\—"
I will give them in two days, alright?
&QWKWKXLQGKDWKX¼LY—QJLQQLGKXOHUH¼GXSQWVXPUH¼GXFKRNN—\XPWKDLNND¼XP
I bought this material yesterday. Out of this two pants and two shirts should come.
7HQQDVRQQLQJDLQGKDWKXQLUH¼GXSQWVXPUH¼GXFKRNN—\XPSÀGK—GKX
(Ibeg your pardon), This is not enough cloth for two pants and two shirts.
&Q—QSÀGKXP—QDWKX¼LY—QJDPDUDQGKDSÀQQL¼¼DNLVDLQJ—ODPY—QJXYQ
I forgot to buy enough cloth. I will buy it this evening.
7LQQRUXWKXQLHQDNNXN—WWLQLQJDLOOH\—"DGKH\HQQDVHL\D¼XP"
You showed me some other cloth, didn’t you? What’s to be done with that?
&—P—DGKXEORXVWKX¼LLQGKDDºDYXOHPÌQXEORXVWKDLNND¼XP
Yes, that is blouse cloth. Three blouses are to be made of this size.
7VDULQJDHOO—PYHººLNLÄDPHNDWW—\DPNRGXSSQ
Alright Sir, I will give them on Friday without fail.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
129
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 36.
VERBS, WEAK, PAST TENSE
WITH ‘IN’ OR ‘N’ AS MEDIAL, CONTINUED.
Vocabulary
PDOKLDSSÌ
jasmine
UÀM—SSÌ
rose
dazan
dozen
kadhambam
mixed flowers, garland
be finished
adi
foot (length)
pill
N—LFKFKDO
fever
oil
udambu
body
—LSÀ ZQ
P—GKGKLUH
H¼¼H
Sentences.
Q—QLQGKDWKDS—OOHSÀGDPDUDQGKXSÀQQ I forgot to post this letter.
Q¯QJD\HQQDVHL\DYLUXPELQLQJD"
LQGKD—GXGK—QY—ÄHLOH\HPHQQDGKX
What did you wish to do?
Only this goat chewed the plantain leaf.
LQGKDP—GKGKLUH\HPHOODNÌG—GKXQ¯QJDLGKHYLÄXQJD¼XP
You should not chew this pill. You should swallow this.
XQJDNDL\XPN—OXPQDOODQ¯WWDPXGL\XP—"
Can you stretch your arms and legs well?
QWKWKXNDLN—ONRQMDPNRQMDP—Q¯WWLQQDSSRQDOO—Q¯WWDPXGLQGKDGKX
Yesterday I stretched hands and legs little by little, then I was able to stretch well.
SÀQDP—VDPGK—QQ—QJDWKDPLÄNDWKWKXNNRººDWKRGDQJLQÀP
Only last month we started to learn Tamil.
DYDUNDGKDYHURPEDPHGKXY—WKDWWLQ—U
He knocked at the door very gently.
HQSQDN—¼—PDOSÀQDGKX N—Q—PDOSÀFKX Y¯GHOO—PWKGLQQNLGHNNDOH
My pen was lost. I searched for it all over the house; didn’t get it.
PÌQXYDUXVKDWKWKXNNXPXQQ—OHDYDUDSS—VHWKWKXSÀQ—U
His father died three years ago.
DYDUHSGLVHWKWKXSÀQ—U
What did he die of?
DYDUXNNXURPEDQ—O—N—LFKFKDO—LUXQGKDGKX
He had fever for a long time.
130
Adi’s Book.
YD¼GLNN—UDQYD¼GL\HURPEDYKDP—ÀWWLQ—Q
The cart driver drove the cart very fast.
XQJDNDL\HQDOO—NDÄXYLQLQJDº—"
\—ULQGKDYOH\HSD¼¼—QJD"
Did you wash your hands well.
Who did this work?
NÌWWDPHQJHQDGDQGKDGKX"NÌWWDWKWKH\—UQDGDWKWKLQ—QJD"
Where was the meeting held? Who conducted the meeting?
DYDUHLQJHQQLUXWKWKLQ¯QJD"
Why did you stop him here?
LQGKDSQ—YH\—UNLÄHWKDOOLQ—QJD"
Q—QDYDQHWKLWWLQQ—Q—DGLNNDOH
DYDUWKDQY¯WWHWK—QNDWWLQ—U
Who knocked this pen down?
I scolded him but did not hit him.
He built his house himself.
L¼¼DNNLQDPQ—\HQ¯QJDNXOLSS—WWLQLQJDº—
Did you bathe our dog today?
HQPVH\HLQGKDSDNNDPQWKLULSSLQLQJD"
Why did you turn my table this way?
23. chennaiyilirundhu eppo thirumbininga?
When did you return from Chennai.
XQJDSDÄD\DWKX¼L\HP—WKWKLQLQJDº—"
Did you change your old clothes?
LQGKDH¼QH\HXGDPEXHOO—PQDOO—WKDGDYLQLQJDº—"
Did you smear well the whole body with this oil?
Practical Conversation. – At a Flower Stall.
W: Woman, F: Flower Girl.
:LQJHYD¶PDXQQLGDP\HQQDSÌLUXNNXGKX"
Come here. What flowers do you have?
:XQNLWWDUÀMDSÌLOOH\—
Don’t you have roses?
)LSSRHQQLGDPPDOOLKDLSÌP—WKUXPLUXNNXGKX I have only jasmine flowers.
)HQNLWWDLUXQGKDGKX—Q—HOO—P—LSÀQDGKX —LSÀFKFKX I had, but they are all gone.
W. kadhambam oru adi enna vile?
How much is a foot of mixed flowers?
)LQGKDNDGKDPEDPRUXDGLDQMXUÌE—DGKXHÄXUÌE—DGL
This garland is five Rupees a foot, that one is seven Rupees a foot.
:UÀM—SÌGD]DQHQQDYLOHYLNUH¶P—"
)QDOO—UÀMDSÌSDQQHQGXUÌE—GD]DQ
For how much do you sell a dozen roses ‘ma?
Good roses, twelve rupees a dozen.
-------------------------
131
Adi’s Book.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 30.
HQDNNXPDOHPOHUDURPEDLVKWDPPDOH\LOLUXQGKXQ—QVXODPEDP—LUDQJLQQ
DYDUL¼¼DNNLN—ODPHHWWXPD¼LNNXFKHQQDLOHYD¼GLULQ—UN—WS—GLOHPDGK\—QDPLUDQJLQ—U
ÀWWDOV—SS—GXHQDNNXSLGLNN—GKXHQJDºXNNXNXGLNNDWKD¼¼LUL\LOLUXQGKXYDUXGKX
FKHQQDLNDGDONDUH NDGDUNDUH URPEDDÄDK—QDGKX
PDÄHN—ODWKOHNXºDWKOHNXWWHOHNL¼DWKOHHOO—LGDWKWKLOXPWKD¼¼LS—UNNDO—P
HQJDÌU—WKOHHSSRYXPNRQMDWKD¼¼LGK—QÀGXGKX
LGKXDUDPH\—QDV—SS—GX—Q—NRQMDPN—UDP—LUXNNXGKX
XQJDNL¼DWKWKXWKD¼¼LURPEDXSS—LUXNNXGKXLQGKDSDÄDPQURPEDSXºLSS—LUXNXGKX"
DYDQJDLQGKDURWWL\UXVLS—UWKWK—QJD
DGKXURPEDUXVL\—LUXNNXGKXLQQXVRQQ—QJDL¼¼DNNLV—SS—GXUXVLLOOH
DPP—LQGKDNDVDSSXPDUXQGKHNXGLNNDP—WWQ
DGKXNXGLNNDURPEDURPEDNDVDSS—LUXNNXGKX
UDVDPQWKLWKLSS—LUXNNXGKX"DGXOHFKDNNDUHNDODQGKLQJDº—"
Q—QXQJDºXNNXRUXYLVKD\DPVRQQQQ¯QJDDGKHPDUDQGKDSSÀQLJDº—"
DYDUHQQDXQJDºHNNNDYLUXPELQ—U"
Q—QLSSRGK—QDGKHSDWKWKLSVDWKRGDQJLQQ
HQDNNXXQJDY¯GXWKHUL\—GKXDYDUGK—QDGKHHQDNNXN—WWLQ—U
Q¯QJDXQJDY¯WWHHSSRP—WKWKLQLQJD"
HQF—UV—YLN—¼—PDOSÀFKFKXDGKHURPEDQUDPWKGLQQ
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
132
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 37.
VERBS, WEAK, PAST TENSE
WITH ‘TT’ AS MEDIAL.
In the following verbs, ‘du’ is dropped when adding the medial ’tt’ and endings.
V—SSLGX
eat
thodu
touch
SÀGX
throw
vidu
leave
padu
suffer
kashtappadu
suffer, worry.
SUD\—VDSSDGX
try, endeavour
VDQGKÀVKDSSDGX
rejoice
ahappadu
be found
purappadu
set out, start (on journey).
kumbidu
worship
NÌSSLGX
call
nadu
plant
sudu
burn, shoot (with gun).
NºYLSSDGX
hear
Vocabulary
NO VWW
hear
NÌFKFKDOSÀGX
DK—\DPY—QDP
sky
ulaham
world
the Earth
FKDQGUDQQLO—
EKÌPL
moon
nakshathram
star
new moon
SRZU¼DPL
full moon
sun
veyyil
sunshine, sun heat.
PD¼
mud, earth
PD¼DO
sand, gravel
neruppu
fire
neruppu petti
match box
WKXSS—NNL
gun
NDLWKXSS—NL
handgun
padippu
education
miruham
animal
N—GX
forest
iruttu
dark (n).
singam
lion
puli
tiger
pul
grass
pudhar
bush, thicket
DP—YDVH
VÌU\DQ
NDGDYXºGKYDQ
make a noise
God
Sentences.
WKÀWWDNNDUDQRUXSHUL\DPDUDWKWKHYHWWLQ—Q
The gardener cut a big tree.
DYDQDQGKDPDUDWKWKHWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXYHºL\HSÀWW—Q
He threw the wood out of the garden.
133
Adi’s Book.
Q—QJHOO—PLSSRGK—QV—SSLWWÀPQ¯QJDV—SSLGDOH\—"
All of us ate just now; are you not eating?
Q—QJDQDOODVDQJDGKL\NºYLSDWWÀPURPEDVDQGKÀVKDSSDWWÀP
We heard the good news, we were very happy.
Q¯QJDHQQHSDODGKDGDYHNÌSSLWWLQJD—Q—Q—QYDUDPXGL\DOH
You invited me several times, but I could not come.
DYDQXNNXSDGLSSXLOOHDGKDQ—OHNDVKWDSSDWW—Q
He was not educated, so he suffered.
HQWKÀWWDWKOHDQKDSÌVHGLQJDQDWWQ
I planted many flowering plants in my garden.
WKDPLÄNDWKWKXNNRººDQ—QURPEDSUD\DVDSSDWWQ
I tried hard to learn Tamil.
—K—\DWKOHHQQHQQDLUXNNXGKX"
What (things) are in the sky?
Y—QDWKOHVÌU\DQXPFKDQGKUDQXPQDNVKDWKUDPXPLUXNXGKX
The sun moon and stars are in the sky.
L¼¼DNLSRZU¼DPLDGKDQ—OGK—QQLO—YHS—UNNDDÄDK—LUXNNXGKX
Today is the full moon, so the moon is very beautiful to look at.
DP—Y—VHQ—ºFKDQGKUDQWKHUL\—GKX
D¼¼DNLURPEDLUXWW—LUXNNXP
At the new moon time the moon is unseen.
It will be very dark then.
Q—PVDQGKÀVKDP—LUXNNDGKLQDQGKÀUXPNDGDYXºHNXPELGD¼XP
We should worship God daily to be happy.
NDGDYXºURPEDURPEDQDOODYDUDYDUQDPXNNXHOO—PVHLY—U
God is very kind, he will do everything for us.
N—WWXPLUXKDQJDºHVXGDWKXSS—NNLY¼XPNDLWKXSS—NNLSÀGK—GKX
A gun is needed for shooting wild animals, a handgun is not enough.
SÀO¯VN—UDQJDWKXS—NNL\—OHSXOL\HVXWW—QJD
The police shot a tiger with a gun.
VLQJDPXPSXOL\XPN—WWXPLUXKDQJD—GXPP—GXPY¯WWXPLUXKDQJD
The lion and tiger are wild animals, the goat and the ox are domestic animals.
134
Adi’s Book.
QWKWKXS—GDPXQJDºXNNXQDOO—YLºDQJLQDGK—
Was yesterday’s lesson very clear to you.
8QJDSHWWL\HVDUL\—SÌWWLQLQJDº—"
Did you lock your box properly?
21. indha marundhe aththane dhadave thadavininga?
How many times did you apply this medicine?
Q—QDYDULGDSDODGKDGDYHP—QGKXSÀQQ
I was deceived by him several times.
HQQHDYDUDQKDGKDGDYHP—WKWKLQ—U
He cheated me many times.
LQGKDLUXWWX LUXWW—QD DUHOHHSGLYOHVHLULQJD
How do you work in this dark room.
$YDUDQGKDYOH\HYLWWXYLWW—U QLQQ—DGKXDYDUXNNXSLGLNNDOH
LQWHVLILHGµYLWW—U¶
He left (got out of) that job because he disliked it.
Practical Conversation. – At a Rural Hospital.
D: Doctor, P: Patient..
'XQSUHQQD¶P—"XQYD\DVXHQQD"XQÌUHGKX"
What is your name? How old are you? Which is your village?
3HQSUFKLQQDPP—QYD\DVXLUXEDWKWKDQMXHQÌUPOÌU
My name is Chinnamma. I am twenty five years old. My village is Melur
D. unakku enna kashtam?
What is your trouble?
P. yenakku joram, irumbal, thale vali.
I have fever, cough , headache.
'XQJDºXNNXLQGKDNDVKWDPHWKWKDQHQ—º—LUXNNXGKX"
How long have you had this trouble?
3HQDNNXUH¼GXY—UDP—LQGKDNDVKWDP
I have had this trouble for two weeks.
'XQJDºXNNXLQQXPHQQD YUHQQD NDVKWDP"
What other trouble do you have?
3DL\—HQDNNXXGDPEXHOO—PURPEDYDOL
Sir, there is pain all over my body.
'VDULµPDDQJHXNN—UQ—QPDUXQGKXNRGXNUQ
Alright ‘ma, sit there, I will give you some medicine.
-------------------------
135
Adi’s Book.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 37.
L¼¼DNNLN—ODPHHQQDV—SSLWWLQJD"HQQHHQQDNWWLQJD"Q—QDGKHSDWKWKLPDUDQGKXSÀQQ
SDUY—LOOHHQQH\QNÌSSLWWLQJD"Q—QDYDQJDºHDSGL\—NÌSSLWWHQ
QDSGLVDGKGKDPSÀWWLQJD"\—ULQJHNÌFKFKDOSÀWWDGKX? (making a noise).
DYDUXNN—UDQ—QQ—NN—OL\HSÀWWQPXGKDOOHNXÄDQGKHQJDºXNNXV—SS—GXSÀWW—QJD
DGKXNNXDSUDPQ—QJDVDSSLWWÀPXQJDOHSDWKWKLQ—QQWKWKXGK—QNOYLSDWWQ
LQGKDSXVWKDKDPHQDNNXYDÄLOHDKDSSDWWDGKXHQNXÄDQGKHDGKHDQJHSÀWWDGKX
SÌVHGLQJDºHNL¼DWKWKXNNXYDODGKXSDNNDPQDWWLQJDº—"
\—U—GXP—GXQJDºHWKÀWWDWKWKXNNXXººHYLWWDGKX"
LQGKDYOH\HPXGLNNDURPEDSUD\DVDSDWWQDGKXNN—KDURPEDNDVKWDSSDWWQ
NDGDVLOHDQGKDYOHPXGLQGKDGKXDGKDQ—OHQ—QURPEDVDQGKÀVKDSDWW¼
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136
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 38.
REVIEW (REVISION) No.III.
Vocabulary
DL\À
GKÀ
oh dear!
DL\ÀS—YDP
poor soul
something
palahe, palake
plank, board
jebam
prayer
jebam sei
pray
visanappadu (w.tt)
be sad
Practical Conversation. – Mother and Father.
M: Mother, F: Father.
)ND¼¼DQHQJHSÀQ—Q"HSSRWKLUXPEDYDUXY—Q"
Where did Kannan go? When will he come back?
0ND¼¼DQSDººLNÌGDWKWKXNNXSÀQ—QDQMXPD¼LNNXDSUDPWKLUXPEXY—Q
He went to school. He will come back after 5 o’clock.
)DYDQQWKWKXY¯WWXNNXQURPEDSLQGKLYDQGK—Q"
Why did he come back very late yesterday?
0DYDQURPEDSLQGKLYDQGK—QQLQQ—SDººLNÌGDWKOHURPEDQUDPYLOD\—GLQ—Q
He came very late because he played in the school for a very long time.
)L¼¼DNNLPDGK\—QDPHQJHV—SSLWW—Q"
Where did he eat this afternoon?
0DYDQL¼¼DNNLWKDQVQKLGKDUÀGXSDººLNÌGDWKOHV—SSLWW—QY¯WWOHV—SSLGDOH
Today he ate with his friends in the school. He didn’t eat at home.
)DQGKDV—SS—GXDYDQXNNXSLGLWKWKDGK—"
Did he like that food?
0DYDQVQKLGKDUDYDQXNNXQDOODV—SS—GXNRGXWKWK—QJD
DGKXDYDQXNNXURPEDSLGLWKWKDGKXLQQXVRQQ—Q
His friends gave him good food. He said that he liked it very much.
-------------------------
137
Adi’s Book.
Review No. III
DL\—Q¯QJD\—U"XQJDSUQQD"XQJDÌUHGKX"\HQSUNULVKQDQHQÌUVODP
VODP LQJLUXQGKX URPED GKÌUDP—" XQJD ÌU GKÌUDP— NLWWDY—" VODP HYºDYX GKÌUDWKOH
LUXNNXGKX" \HQ ÌU LQJLUXQGKX URPED GKÌUDP LQJLUXQGKX DLQÌUX NLORPHWDU GKÌUDWKOH
LUXNNXGKXDGKXSHUL\DSDW¼DPFKLQQDQDKDUDPLOOHDQGKDÌUQDOODÌULOOH\—"
—P—P—URPEDQDOO—ÌUGK—Q
Q—QXGDQHFKHQQDLNNXSÀKD¼XPQ¯QJDºXPHQQÀGXYDULQJDº—HQQÀGXYDUDXQJDºXNNX
VDQGKÀVKDP—" LQQXP \—U FKHQQDLNNX SÀU—QJD" HQ PDQDYL\XP NXÄDQGKHQJDºXP NÌGD
YDUXY—QJDURPEDQDOODGKXDSSRQ—QXPXQJDºÀGXYDUQQ—QHWKWKDQHP—QLNNXWKD\—U—
LUXNND¼XP" Q—ºDNNL N—ODPH —UX PD¼LNNX DQGKD PDUDWKWKXNNXN¯ÄH WKD\—U— LUXQJD Q—Q
VDUL\——UXPD¼LNNXXQJDºHVDQGKLSSQDGKXNNDSUDPQ—QJHOO—PFKHQQDLNNXSÀKDO—P
Q¯QJDYOH\H JKDYDQDP— VHL\D¼XP DYDQJD LQGKDYOH\H VDUL\— VHL\DOH Q¯QJDLQGKD
YOH\HSDODGKDGDYHVHLGKLQJDDGKDQ—OHLGKHVHL\DXQJDºXNNXVXODEDP—LUXNNXP
L¼¼DNNL NÌWWDP HQJH QDGDNNXP" QWKX NÌWWDWKOH Q—Q HSGL SVLQQ" Q¯QJD DUXPH\—
SHVLQLQJDQ—QQDOODSVDOHDQGKDNÌWWDWKOHRUXYDUSVDOH—Q—GKÀSDGLWKWK—U
NÌWWDPDQMXPD¼LNNX—UDPELWKWKDGKXHWWXPD¼LNNXPXGLQGKDGKXDQJHSDODVWKU¯QJDNÌGD
YDQGKDQJDQ—QµMRKQ¶HNÌWWDWKWKXNNXNÌSSLWWQ—Q—DYDUYDUDOH
LQGKD —UDP—QD NL¼DWKWKX WKD¼¼L QDOO— WKD¼¼L HQJD DQDODP—QD WKÀWWDWKOH X\DUDP—QD
PDUDQJDLUXNNXGKXQJDQ—QHQWKÀWWDWKWKLOLUXQGKXRUXDÄDK—QDSXNRQGXYDQGKQXQJD
YDWWDP—QDNL¼DWKWKHQ—QNÌGDSDUWKQNXWWH\—QDPDQXVKDUVDGKXUDP—QDSDODNH\HHQJH
NRQGXSÀU—U HQJD ÌU UL DÄDK—QD HUL Q—QJD DQGKD ULOH QLQGKD DGLNNDGL SÀYÀP NXGL
WKD¼¼LNXODWKOHQLQGKDNÌG—GKXNRYLOXNNXPXQQ—OHRUXNXODPLUXNNXGKXHOO—UXPDQGKD
NXODWKLOLUXQGKX NXGLNND WKD¼¼L NRQGXSÀU—QJD XQJDºXNNX QLQGKD WKHUL\XP—" Q—Q
XQJDOOXNNXQLQGKDNDWKWKXNRGXNUQVDULURPEDQDQGUL
DYDUXNNXLSSRURPEDSD¼DNDVKWDPDYDULGDPSÀGKXP—QDSD¼DPLOOHDGKDQ—OHDYDU
URPED NDVKWDSSDGU—U DYDUXNNX DQMX NXUDQGKHQJD LQQX WKÀQDGKX LGKH SDWKWKL \DU
VRQQDQJD"DYDUDPP—SRQDYDUXVKDPVHWKXSÀQDUDGKXNN—KDDYDUURPEDYLVDQDSDWW—U
Q—Q RUX Q—º DYDU Y¯WWXNNX SÀQQ Q—QJD UH¼GX SUXP URPED QUDP SDOD YLVKD\DP
SVLQÀPLSSRDYDUXNNXURPEDVDQGKÀVKDPQ—QXPVDQGKÀVKDSDWWQ
138
Adi’s Book.
DQGKD SHUL\D YOH\H PXGLNND RUX YDUXP —QDGKX QDQJD HOO—P LQGKD YOH\H R¼¼—
—UDPELWKWKÀP DGKH PÌQX PD¼LOH PXGLNND YLUXPELQÀP DGKXNN—K— URPED
SUD\DVDSDWWÀP —Q— PXGL\DOH RUX Q—º YOH QDGDNNDOH QLQQ— D¼¼DNNL M—VWKL PDÄH
SHLGKDGKX DGKDQ—OH URPED NRQMDPGK—Q YOH VHLGKÀP LGKX VXODEDP—QD YOH
LOOHNDVKWDP—QDYOHQ¯QJDWKDQL\—VHL\DPXGL\—GKXDL\ÀS—YDPHQ—OHXQJDºXNNXURPED
NDVKWDP XQJD NDVKWDWKWKXNN—K— URPED QDQGUL LQLPOH Q—QJD LQGKD YLGKDP—QD YOH
VHL\DP—WWÀP
Q¯QJD HQQH HQ DUHOH VDQGKLNNDO—P QDºDNNL N—ODPH NDWW—\DP Y—QJD Q—Q HQ DUHOH
HSSRYXPLUXNUQQDºDNNLNÌGDLUXSSQU—PDQXPUDK¯PXPM—QXPSRQDVDQLNNLÄDPHHQJD
Y¯WWXNNXYDQGK—QJDHQY¯GXHQJHLUXNNXGKXWKHUL\XP—"WKHUL\XPXQJDYLGXNÀYLOXNNX
PXQQ—OHLUXNNXGKXVDULGK—Q—"LSSRXQJDY¯WWOH\—ULUXNU—QJD"DYDQJDOO—PQ—ºD¼¼DNNL
FKHQQDLOLUXQGKXSXUDSSDGU—QJDHQQLGDPYDUDDYDQJDºXNNXVDQGKÀVKDP
—JDVW P—VDP SDGKLQDQM—P WKGL HQJDºXNNX YOH LOOH QLQQ— D¼¼DNNL VXGKDQGKLUD
GKLQDP LQGHSHQGHQFHGD\ DGXWKWKDY—UDPWKLQJDNLÄDPHQ—QJDPDUXSDGL\XPYOHNNX
SÀYÀPQ—QNLÄHQ—O—YDGKXDUHOHYOHVHLUQQ¯QJDHQDNNXURPEDQ—O—NDGLGKDPSÀGDOH
Q—QGK—Q XQJDºXNNX SDOD GKDGDYH HÄXGKLQQ XQJDOLGDPLUXQGKX HQDNNX RUX
NDGLGKDPNÌGDYDUDOHGKD\DYXVHLGKXXGDQDYDUXNNXHÄXGKXQJDLGKHQLQJDPDUDQGKX
SÀKDNÌG—GKXYLODQJXGK—LOOH\—
DYDU SHUL\D SD¼DNN—UDU DYDUXNNX DQKD YOHN—UDQJD LUXNUDQJD DYDUY¯WWOH HSSRYXP
SDGKLQDQMX SU YHOH VHLU—QJD LQGKD SD¼DNN—UDU HOO—UXNNXP QDOODYDU DYDU HOO—UXNNXP
QDOODGKXVHLU—U—Q—HOO—SD¼DNN—UDUXPQDOODYDQJDLOOHLYDUHQ¯QJDVDQGKLWWLQJDº—Q—Q
DYDUHRURUXGKDGDYHVDQGKLWWQ RURUXRQO\RQFH
Q—PLSSRNDGDYXºHNXPELGDSÀYÀPY—QJDQ—PQ—ºGKÀUXPMHEDPVHL\D¼XP
Q—PQ—OODYDQJDO—LUXNNDNDGDYXºMHEDP YD¼DNNDP URPEDPXN\DPNDGDYXºYD¼DNNDP
SUD\HU WR *RG HQDNNX VDQGKÀVKDWKWKH NRGXNNXGKX Q¯QJD YDUXWKWKDSSDG—GKLQJD
NDGDYXº XQJDºH N—SS—WKWKXY—U DYDU HQQH N—SS—WKWKLQ—U LQGKD QDOOD Y—UWKWKHNN—KD
XQJDºXNNXHQQDQGULXQJDY—UWKWKH\HQ—QNSSQYD¼DNNDPSÀLWXYDUQ
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139
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 39.
PAST PARTICIPLES.
The meaning and use of the Past participles will be seen from the examples given below.
Forming Past Participles.
Verbs, past tense not taking ‘in’ as medial:drop the ending, and substitute ‘u’.
Past Tense
Past Participle
Meaning
YDQGKQ
vandhu
having come
adiththu
having struck
seidhu
having done
DGLWKWKQ
VHLGKQ
Verbs, past tense taking ‘in’ as medial:drop the termination.
Y—QJLQQ
Y—QJL
N—WWLQQ
having bought
N—WWL
S—GLQQ
having shown
S—GL
having sung
SÀL
having gone
Irregular Past Participles.
SÀQQ
—QQ
VRQQQ
—L
having become
solli
having said
------------------------Negative Past Participles.
These are formed by
DGGLQJµ—PH¶WRWKHLQILQLWLYH
YDU—PH
vara
DGLNN—PH
adikka
V—SSLGD
V—SSLG—PH
without coming
without hitting
without eating.
LOO—PHZLWKRXW follows nouns and pronouns:SXVWKDKDPLOO—PHY—QJD
Q—QLOO—PHQ¯QJDSÀKDO—P
Come without the book.
You may go without me.
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Adi’s Book.
Sentences.
NXÄDQGKHQJDSDºLNNÌGDWKWKXNNXSÀLSDGLNÄDQJD
The children go toschool and study.
DQJHHOO—UXPR¼¼DVUQGKXYLºD\—GU—QJD
There they all join together and play.
Q—QRUXFK¯WWXHÄXWKLNRGXNUQDGKHNRQGXSÀLGRFWRULGDPNRGXQJD
I shall write a chit and give it to you. Take it and give it to the doctor.
DYDQV—SSLWWXYHºL\HSÀQ—Q
He ate and went out.
LQGKDSXVWKDKDWKWKHWKLUDQGKXY—VLQJD
Open this book and read.
Q—QQ—OGKÀUXPNDGDYXºHNXPELWWXWKÌQJDSÀUQ
Daily I pray to God and go to sleep.
SD¼DWKWKHPVHPOHYDLWKXNXºLNNDSÀQQ
I went to bathe having kept the money on the table.
GKD\DYXVHLGKXLYDUÀGXSÀLHQY¯WWHDYDUXNNXN—WWLY—QJD
Please go with him, show my house and come.
Q—QXQJDºXNNXSDODGKDGDYHVROOLDQXSSLQQ
I sent word for you several times. (idiom).
SHWWL\HQDOO—PÌGLSÌWWXSÀGXQJD
NXÄDQGKHDPP—YLGDPÀGLYDQGKDGKX
Close the box well and lock it.
The child came running to the mother.
Q—PV—SS—WWHHSSRYXPQDOO—PH¼¼XV—SSLGD¼XP
We should always chew our food well and eat it.
V¯NUDPV—SSLWWXXGDQHDQJHSÀQJD
Eat quickly and go there immediately.
XQJDEDGKLOHS—UWKXGK—QQ—QFKHQQDLNNXSÀYQ
Only after having seen your reply I shall go to Chennai.
Q¯QJDDQJHSRK—PHLQJHLUXNNDPXGL\—GKX
You cannot remain here without going there.
DYDQJDEDGKLOLOO—PHQ—QNDWW—\DPSÀKDP—WWQ
I will certainly not go without their reply.
141
Adi’s Book.
LQGKDYOH\HVHLGKXDYDQJDY¯WWXNNXSÀQ—QJD
Having done this work they went home.
FKLQQDSDL\DQJDPDLGK—QDWKOHÀGL—GLYLºD\—GU—QJD
Small boys are playing happily in the open field.
NÀYLOXNNXSÀKDQUDSÀLLGDGKXSDNNDPWKLUXPED¼XP
To go to the temple, go straight and turn right.
DYDQJDHQWKDPLÄS—WWHNWWXYLÄXQGKXYLÄXQGKXVLULWKWK—QJD
Having heard my Tamil song they laughed hilariously. (idiom)(fell about, laughing!)
Q—QJDPDPE—\LOLUXQGKXQWKWKXSXUDSSDWWXL¼¼DNNLYOÌUYDQGKXVUQGKÀP
Setting out from Mumbai yesterday, we reached Vellore today.
LQGKDSXVWKDKDWKHV¯NUDPSDGLWKWKXPXGLWKWKXHQQLGDPNRGXQJD
Read and finish this book soon and give it to me.
L¼¼DNNLQ—QVDQGKÀVKDPLOO—PHYOHVHLUQQLQQ—NXºLNN—PHYDQGKQ
I am unhappily working because I came without bathing.
NDGKDYXWKLUDQGXLUXNNXGKXGKD\DYXVHLGKXPÌGXQJD
The door is open, please close it.
L¼¼DNNLHQJDF—UNHWWXSÀQDGKX NHWWXSÀFKX DGKDQ—OHQ—QJDQDGDQGKXYDQGKÀP
Our car broke down today, so we came walking.
Practical Conversation. – At a Furniture Shop.
C: Customer S: Shopkeeper.
&DL\—XQJDOLGDPPVHQ—NN—OLQJDWKD\—U—LUXNNXGK—"
Do you have chairs and tables ready made?
6—P—LUXNNXGKXXQJDºXNNXHQQD HQWKD PDUDWKOHYQXP"
Yes we have, what wood do you want?
&QÌNNDPDUDWKOHYDLWKXLUXNULQJDO—"
Do you have them in rosewood?
6PXQQ—OHYDLWKXLUXQGKÀPLSSRWNNXPDUDWKOHGK—QLUXNNXGKX
We had before. Now we have them only in teakwood.
&XQJDNDGHOHYDWWD YDWWDP—QD V—SS—WWXPVHLUXNNXGK—"
Do you have a round dining table in your store?
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Adi’s Book.
6LSSRWKD\—U—LOOHHQJDºXNNX—UGDUNRGXQJDRUXY—UDWKOHVHLWKXNRGXNUÀP
Not ready now. Give us an order. We’ll make it and give it in a week.
&L¼¼DNNL—UGDUNRGXSSÀPHQJDV—P—QHSSR HWKWKDQHQ—ººH HQJDºXNNXNLGDLNNXP
We’ll give an order today. When can we get our things.
6XQJD—UGDUXNN—KDQDQGULXQJDV—P—PXQJDºXNNXRUXY—UDWKOHNDWW—\DPNLGDLNNXP
Thanks for your order. You will get your things without fail in a week.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 39.
Q—QV¯NUDPV—SSLWWXWKÌQJDSÀQQWKÌNNDWKWKLOLUXQGKXHÄXQGKXHQQDVHLGKLQJD"NRQMDP
QUDPWKÌQJLDSUDPNDGLGKDPHÄXGKLQQNDGLGKDPHÄXGKLDYDULGDPNRGXWKWKQDYDU
DGKH Y—QJL WKDS—O —S¯VXNNX NRQGXSÀQ—U DGKH NRQGXSÀL WKDS—O SHWWLOH SÀWW—U DQGKD
NDGLGKDP VUQGKX EDGKLOXP YDQGKDGKX XQJDºXNNX \HQQD VROOL DQXSSLQ—U" DYDU
XQJDºXNN—KDLQGKDSXVWKDKDWKWKHNRGXWKWKXDQXSSLQ—U LGKH V—SSLWWX WKD¼¼L NXGLQJD
LQJHUXQGKX HWWX PD¼LNNX SXUDSSDWWX DQJH HWKWKDQH PD¼LNNX SRLVUQGKLQJD" Q—Q U—WKUL
UH¼GX PDQLNNX YDQGKX VUQGKQ DYDQJD NDVKWDSSDWWX LQGKD SXVWKDKDP HÄXGKLQ—QJD
YOÌUH Y¯WWX HSSR SRULQJD" LQGKD DUXPH\—QD WKX¼L\H WKRWWX S—ULQJD XQJD S—WWH NNNX
URPED VDQGKÀVKDSSDWWQ DYDQJD HOO—P NRYLOXNNX SÀL NDGDYXºH NXPELWWX YDU—QJD
NDGH\LOLUXQGKXRUXGD]DQSDÄDPY—QJLYDQGKQQ—QJDVDLQJ—ODPHOO—PYLºD\—GLLSSRGK—Q
SÀUÀP DYDU RUX PD¼L QUDP SVL XNN—UQGK—U QLQJD PDUDQGKXSÀL LQGKD YOH\H
VHLGKLQJDº—"XQJDPVH\HNRQMDPWKDOOLYDLQJDQ—QJDLQJHYDQGKXRUXYDUXVKDP—QDGKX
—FKFKX S—ON—UDQJDS—OOHWKD¼¼LNDODQGKXYLNU—QJD
Q¯QJD L¼¼DNNL HQQH S—UNN—PH
SÀKDNÌG—GKX WKDPEL SDGLNN—PH LQJH HQQD VHLUH R¼¼XP PDUDNN—PH HOO—
VDQJDGKL\XPVROOD¼XP Q¯QJD DQGKD WKLUXGDQH SLGLNN—PH YLGDNÌGK—GKX Q—QJD Y¯WWOH
V—SSLG—PHÀWWDOOHV—SSLWWÀPDGKHHQDUHOHYDLNN—PHLQJHQYDLWKWKLQJD"LGKXNN—KDQ—Q
—Ä—PH HQQD VHLYQ" Q—Q HQQ—OH VLULNN—PH LUXNND PXGL\—GKX LQGKD QDOOD Y—GK\—U
NXUDQGKHQJDºHDGLNN—PHNDWKWKXNNRGXNU—UURPEDQ—O—PDÄHSHL\—PHLUXNNXGKXN—SSL
LOO—PHQ—QYOHVHL\DPXGL\—GKXSD¼DPLOO—PHNDGHWKHUXNNXSÀKDP—WWHQVLODVDPD\DP
Q—Q FKDNNDUH LOO—PH N—SSL NXGLNUQ YOH LOO—PH DYDUXNNX URPED NDVKWDP— LUXNNXGKX
DQKDSUY¯GXLOO—PHV—SS—GXLOO—PHWKX¼LQJDLOO—PHNDVKWDSDGU—QJDXQJDXGKDYLLOO—PH
Q—QLQGKDYOHVHL\DPXGL\—GKX
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Adi’s Book.
LESSON 40.
PERFECT AND IMPERFECT TENSES.
Perfect Tenses
To form Perfect Tenses for any Verb, use the
Past Participle
plus ‘iru’
plus Personal Endings
according to Number, Gender, Person and Tense.
e.g.
Q—QYDQGKXLUXNUQ
similarly,
Q—QYDQGKLUXNUQ
I have come.
Q—QYDQGKLUXQGKQ
I had come
Q—QYDQGKLUXSSQ
I will have come
Note:- Future perfect also expresses ‘would have’
Q—QYDQGKLUXSSQ
I would have come.
Imperfect Tenses
To form Imperfect Tenses for any Verb, use the
Past Participle
plus ‘kondiru’
plus Personal Endings
according to Number, Gender, Person and Tense.
DYDUYDQGKXNRQGLUXNU—U
similarly,
avar YDQGKXNRQGLUXNU—U
He is coming
DYDUYDQGKXNRQGLUXQGK—U
DYDUYDQGKXNRQGLUXSS—U
He was coming
He will be coming
Colloquial Corruption.-modifying ‘kond’ to ‘knu’ or ‘kittu’,
NRQGLUXNU—U
NRQGLUXQGKQ
NRQGLUXSSQ
NQXXUXNU—U
knu irunGKQ
NQXLUXSSQ
Q—QLSSRHÄXGKLNQXLUXNUQ HÄXGKLNRQGLUXNUQ Q—QV—SSLWWXNLWWXLUXQGKQ V—SSLWWXNRQGKLUXQGKQ
NLWWXLUXNU—U
NLWWXLUXQGKQ
NLWWXLUXSSQ
I am writing now.
I was eating.
Sentences.
Q—PLQGKDYLGKDP—QDYOHPXQQ—OHVHLGKLUXNUÀP
We have done this kind of work before.
XQJDºHS—UNNDQ—QSDODGKDGDYHYDQGKLUXQGKQ
I had come to see you several times.
144
Adi’s Book.
DYDUQ—ºDNNLVDLQJ—ODP—UN—WWXNNXSÀLLUXSS—U
By tomorrow evening he will have gone to Arcot.
Q¯QJDDYDUHHQJHHSGLVDQGKLWKWKXLUXNULQJD"
Where and how have you met him?
Q—QXQJDºHNDGHWKHUXOHS—UWKWKXLUXNUQ I have seen you in the bazaar.
NXÄDQGKHWKXQJLNLWWXLUXNNXGKX
The child is sleeping.
DYDUU—WKULWKÌNNDPLO—WKDLUXQGK—UDGKDQ—OHLSSRQDOO—WKÌQJU—U
He was without sleep last night, so he sleeps soundly now.
Q¯QJDLQQXPNRQMDPQ—ººHQDOO—WKDPLÄSVLNRQGLUXSSLQJD
In a few days you will be speaking Tamil fluently.
QWKWKXY¯WWOHHQQDVHLGKXNRQGLUXQGKLQJD"
What were you doing yesterday at home?
Q—QQWKWKHOO—PNDGLGKDQJDHÄXGKLNRQGLUXQGKQ
Yesterday I was writing letters the whole day.
SÌQHS—ONXGLWKWKXNRQGLUXNNXGKX
Q—QLQGKDPDUXQGKXNXGLWKWKLUXNUQ
Tlhe cat is drinking milk.
I have taken this medicine.
DYDQJDLQJHURPEDVDGKGKDP—SVLNRQGLUXNU—QJD
They are talking here very loudly.
Q—ºDNNLLQQUDPQ—PUHQGXSUXPUD\LOOHSÀLNRQGLUXSSÀP
Tomorrow by this time we will both be going in the train.
Q—QU—WKULXQJDºHS—UNNDYDUDOHQLQQ—DSSRPDÄHSHLGKXNRQGLUXQGKDGKX
I did not come to see you last night because it was raining.
Q¯QJDQWKWKXNÌWWDWKWKXNNXYDQGKLULQGKLQJDº—"
Did you come to the meeting yesterday
Q—QJDLSSRSDWKWKXSUXNNXV—SS—GGXVDPHWKWKXLUXNUÀP
We have cooked food for ten people now.
DYDQDQJHQSÀLNRQGLUXNU—Q"
Why is he going there?
VDQLNNLÄDPHV—LQJ—ODPQ—QJDN—WKWKXY—QJDSÀLNRQGLUXNUÀP.
On Saturday evening we were going for a stroll. (lit. getting air, ‘breath of fresh air’)
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Adi’s Book.
DSGL\—"URPEDVDQGKÀVKDPQ—QJDNÌGDL¼¼DNNLSÀKDSÀUÀP
Is that so? very glad, we are also going today.
DYDUQDPDNN—KDUH¼GXPD¼LQUDPN—WKWKXNRQGKLUXQGK—U
He was waiting for us for two hours.
DSS—YXPDPP—YXPQDPPLGDPLUXQGXNDGLGKDPHGKLUS—UWKWKXNRQGLUXSS—QJD.
Mother and father will be expecting letters from us. (looking for).
NXÄDQGKHDGLNNDGLQDÄXGKXNRQGKLUXQGKDGKX"
Why was the child crying frequently?
DGKXNNXWKÌNNDPYDUDOHDGKDQ—OHHQDNNXNDVKWDPNRGXWKWKXNRQGLUXQGKDGKX
It did not get sleep, hence it was giving me trouble.
Q—QJD—UXSUWKDPLÄNDWKWKXNRQGLUXNUÀP
We six people are learning Tamil.
Practical Conversation. – Study or Play?
M: Mother, C: Child.
0NULVKQ—SDGLNN—PHLSSRHQQDVHLGKXNRQGLUXNUH"
Krishna, what are you doing now instead of studying.
&YLºD\—GLNRQGLUXNUQNRQMDQUDWKWKXNNXDSUDPSDGLNUQ¶P—
I am playing. I will study after a little while, mum.
0Q—QXQDNNXSDODGKDGDYHVROOLLUXNUQQ¯VDUL\——UXPD¼LNNXSDGLNND—UDPELNND¼XP
I have told you several times. You should start studying at exactly six.
&Q—ºD\LOLUXQGKXDSGL\VHLUQL¼¼DNNLPDWWXPNRQMDQUDPYLºD\—GUQ¶P—
From tomorrow I will do just that. Today only I am playing just a little while.
0VXPP—SVLNRQGLUXNN—GKHQ—ºDNNLYLG\—OD\—P—Q—Q¯LSSRNDWW—\DPSDGLNND¼XP
Don’t keep talking. Tomorrow you may play, but now you must study.
&VDUL¶P—DSS—YDQGK—U—"
Alright mum. Has father come?
0LQQXPYDUDOHQ¯V¯NUDPSÀLSDGLLOOQ—DSS—YDQGKXXQQHDGLSS—U
Not come yet. You go and study quick, or father will come and hit you.
-------------------------
146
Adi’s Book.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 40.
HQJD VDPH\DON—UDU L¼¼DNNL QDOOD VDPH\DO VHLGKLUXNU—U Q—Q DYDUH SDOD GKDGDYH
VDQGKLWKWKXLUXQGKQXQJDY¯WWXNNXYDUDQLQHWKWKXLUXQGKQDYDQDQGKDPXN\DP—QD
NDGLGKDWKH NLÄLWKWKX LUXSS—Q LYºDYX QUDP DYDQJD S—GDP —UDPELWKWKX LUXSS—QJD Q—Q
LQGKD SXVWKDKDP LYºDYXGK—Q PXGLWKWKX LUXNUQ DQGKD SDL\DQJD URPED VLULWKWKX
NRQGLUXNU—QJDQ¯QJDHSSRYXPDGKHSDWKWKLQQLQHWKWKXNRQGKLUXQGKLQJD"
LQQXP PDÄH SHLGKXNRQGLUXNNXGK—" GRNWRU —VSDWKULOH YOH VHLGKX NRQGLUXNU—U
NXÄDQGKHQURPEDDÄXGKXNRQGLUXNU—Q"L¼¼DNNLHWKWKDQHVOHQJDQHLGKLUXSS—QJD"Q¯QJD
HYODYXQUDPXNN—UQGKXNRQGLUXQGK¯QJD"XÄDYDQJDYD\DOOHXÄXGKXNRQGKLUXNU—QJDQ¯QJD
SDÄD\DS—GDQJDºHPDUDQGKXSÀLLUXNULQJDLOOH\—"DYDQJDLQQXP—V—SSLWWXNRQGLUXNU—QJD
LGKXNNXXººHLQGKDVDP—FKFK—UDPHOO—UXNNXPWKHULQGKXLUXNNXP
Q—QXQJDÌUXNNXDGLNNDGLYDQGKXLUXQGKQQ¯QJDDYDUXNNXHYºDYXSD¼DPNRGXWKWKX
LUXNULQJD DGKX YKDP— HQJH SÀLNRQGLUXNNXGKX" NÌWWDP HWWX PD¼LNNX PXQQ—OH
PXGLQGKXLUXQGKDGKXDYDUXNNXSDODNDGLGKDQJDHÄXGKLLUXNUQFKLQQDSDL\DQJSÌQJD
WKLUXGLNRQGLUXQGK—QJD Q¯QJD S—WWX DÄDK— S—GLNRQGLUXQGKLQJD Q—Q DGKH JKDYDQDP—
NWWXNRQGLUXQGKQ LQGKD YH\LOOH Q DOHQGKXNRQGLUXNULQJD" Q—Q XQJDºHGK—Q
WKGLNRQGLUXQGKQQ¯QJDURPEDQHUDPLQJHLOOHHQJHSÀLLUXQGKLQJD"DQGKDPP—SDWWX
VOHQJDOHPDGLWKWKXNRQGLUXNU—QJDQ—QDUHQJDHOO—PSÌWWLLUXQGKQLSSRDGKXQJDHOO—P
thirandhu irukkudhu.
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Adi’s Book.
LESSON 41.
CONDITIONAL FORMS.
Positive Conditional-‘if’.
Present and Future Conditional is expressed:(a) by adding
µ—¶WRWKHSDVWmedial,
Past tense
Conditional
Meaning
YDQGKQ
YDQGK—
if I come
S—UWKQ
VRQQQ
or
(b) by adding
S—UWKWK—
if I see
VRQQ—
if I say
µQ—¶WRSUHVHQWSDVWDQGIXWXUHWHQVH
Q¯QJDYDULQJDQ—
if you come
Q¯QJDYDQGKLQJDQ—
if you come
Q¯QJDYDUXYLQJDQ—
if you come
to make the present and future conditional forms.
Past Conditional is expressed:(a) by adding
µ—¶WRWKHSDVWSHUIHFWPHGLDO
QLQJDYDQGKXLUXQGK—
if you came
Negative Conditional ‘if not’.
7KLVLVH[SUHVVHGE\DGGLQJµ—YLWW—¶RUµLOOQD¶WRan infinitive,
regardless of number, gender, person or tense.
Q¯QJDYDU—YLWW—
or
QLQJDYDUDOHQ—
meaning:-
if you do not come, or if you did not come, or if you will not come.
Note:-µ—YLWW—¶RUµLOOQD¶IRllows nouns or pronouns.
SHQFLOLOOQ—SQ—NRQGXY—QJDRUSHQFLO—YLWW—SQ—NRQGXY—QJD
Bring a pen if not a pencil.
QLQJDDQJHLOOHQ—Q—QYDUDP—WWQRUQLQJDDQJHLOO—YLWW—Q—QYDUDP—WWQ
I will not come of you are not there.
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Adi’s Book.
Vocabulary for Lesson 41
aththe
aunt
P¯VH
moustache
—ºSU
FKLWKWKDSS—
PXºH
uncle
grow
person
it is time
LQQRUXYURUX
QUDP—FKX
another
ghanam, ede
weight
maththa
the other
OVX
lightness
LQQR¼¼XYUR¼¼X another one
RUXYºH
NXUHNDPPL—KX decrease
udambu
body
jananga
people
NXėL
YUH
perhaps
tap, pipe, tube
different, any other
Sentences.
Q¯QJDQ—ºGKÀUXPWKDPLÄSDGLWKWK—WKDPLÄQDOODSHVDPXGL\XP
If you study Tamil daily, you can speak Tamil well.
DYDUHQQHNÌSSLWWDGK—QQ—QSÀYQ
Only if he calls me I shall go.
DYDUHQQHNÌSSLGDOQ— NÌSSLG—YLWW— Q—QSÀKDP—WWQ
If he does not call me I shall not go.
NXÄDQGKHQJDS—ONXGLWKWK—VXKDP—LUXSS—QJD
If the children drink milk they will be healthy.
JKDQDPNXUH\D NDPPL—KD NRQMDP—V—SSLGD¼XP
You should eat less to lose weight.
JKDQDPNXUHQGK—XGDPEXOVDLUXNNXP If you lose weight the body will be light.
HQQDNNXLQGKDQ—NN—OLY¼—PYUR¼¼XNRQGXYDQGK—QDOO—LUXNNXP
I don’t want this chair, if you bring another one it will be nice.
SDWKWKXSULQGKDYOHVHLWK—DGKHV¯NUDPPXGL\XP
If ten people do this work it will be finished quickly.
NÌWWDWKWKXNNXURPEDMDQDQJDYDQGK—Q—QSÀKDP—WWQ
If a lot of people come to the meeting I will not go.
Q¯QJDU—PDQS—UWKWKW—LQJHYDUDVROOXQJD
If you see Raman, tell him to come here.
149
Adi’s Book.
XQJDºXNNXSD¼DPLOO—YLWW—HQDNNXVROOXQJD
Tell me if you don’t have money.
URPEDQDQGULHQDNNXSD¼DPY¼XP—Q—Q—QXQJDOOXNNXVROYQ
Many thanks, if I want money I shall tell you.
PDÄHSHLGK—Q¯QJDYHºL\HSÀKDNÌG—GKX
If it rains you should not go out.
DYDUXNNXVXKDPLOOQ—GRFWRULGDPXGDQHNDWWD\DPSÀKD¼XP
If he is not well he must go to the doctor’s at once.
Q¯QJDPGKXY—SVLQ—HQDNNXVDUL\—YLºDQJXGKX
If you speak slowly I understand properly.
Q—QR¼¼XVR¼¼—DYDUYUR¼¼XVHLU—U
If I say one thing, he does another.
DWKWKHNNXP¯VHPXºHWKWK—FKLWWDSS——Y—U SURYHUE
If an aunt grows a moustache, she will become an uncle. (Eng. Pigs might fly!)
URPEDGKÌUDPQDGDQGK—XQJDN—OYDOLNNXP
If you walk a long distance your legs will ache.
Q¯QJDS—GLQ—DYDU—GXY—UQ¯QJDSDG—YLWW—DYDU—GDP—WW—U
If you sing she will dance, if you do not sing she will not dance.
DÄXGKDGK—QNXÄDQGKHNNXS—ONLGDLNNXP A child will get milk only if it cries.
Q¯QJDWKD\—U—LUXQGK—Q—PLSSRYHºL\HSÀKDO—P
If you are ready, we may go out now.
XQJDºXNNXRUX—QNXÄDQGKHSLUDQGK—HOO—UXPVDQGKÀVKDSSDGXY—QJD
If a baby boy is born to you, everybody will rejoice.
Q—PYOHOHJKDYDQDP—LUXQGK—GK—QYOH\HQDOODVHL\DPXGL\XP
Only if we are careful in our work can we do the work well.
DYDUHQY¯WWXNNXYDU—YLWW—HQDNNXYDUXWKWKDP—LUXNNXP
If he does not come to my house I shall be sorry.
RUXYOHQ—QYDUDP—WWQ\QLQQ—URPEDQUDP—FKFKX
Perhaps I shall not come, because the time is over.
-------------------------
150
Adi’s Book.
Practical Conversation. – Can I Drink This Water?
W: Westerner L: Local Indian.
:DL\—XQJDºXNNXNXGLNNDWKD¼¼LHSGLNLGDLNNXGKX"
Sir, how do you get your drinking water?
/HQJDºXNNXNXėLPÌODP—WKD¼¼LYDUXGKX
:NXėLNNX\HQJLUXQGKXWKD¼¼LNLGDLNNXGKX"
/—WKWKLOLUXQGKXNXÄDLNNXWKD¼¼LYDUXGKX
We get water through pipes.
From where is the water piped?
Water comes to the pipe from the river.
:—WKWKLOHWKD¼¼LLOO—YLWW—\HQQDVHLYLQJD"
If there is no water in the river, what will you do?
,—WKWKLOLUXQGKXWKD¼¼LNLGDLNN—YLWW—Y¯WWXNL¼DWKWKLOLUXQGKXWKD¼¼LNLGDLNNXP
If we don’t get water from the river, we’ll get it from the well of our house.
:—Q—NL¼DWKWKXWKD¼¼LXSS—LUXQGK—\HQQDVHLYLQJD"
But if the well water is salty, what will you do?
,HQQDVHL\DO—P"\HQJDºXNNXYUHWKD¼¼LLOOHWKD¼¼LNNXSD¼DPNRGXWKXY—QJD¼XP
What can we do? We have no other water. We should get water by payingfor it.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 41.
DQGKDSHWWLJKDQDP—LUXQGK—Q—QDGKHWKÌNNDPXGL\—GKXSDWKWKX—OLQGKDYOH\HVHLGK—
V¯NUDP—PXGL\XPLGKHMDQDQJDSDUWKWKXLUXQGK—YLÄXQGKXYLÄXQGKXVLULWKWKXLUXSS—QJD
Q—Q FKHQQDLNNX SÀQ— RUXYºH DYDUH VDQGKLSSQ Q¯QJD QDGDQGKX SÀQ— URPED QUDP
—KXP WKDPLÄ S—GDQJD OVD VXODEDP— LUXQGK— QDOO— LUXNNXP XQJD JKDQDP NXUHQGK—
XQJDOXNNXQDOODGKXQDQWKDPLÄOHSHVLQ—Q¯QJDOXPWKDPLÄSHVXYLQJDLOOH\—"DYDUXNNXW¯
SLGLNN—YLWW— N—SSL NXGLNNDO—P QLQJD VDPH\DO VHL\D PXGL\—YLWW— VXKDP —KDP—WWLQJD
SÌVHGLQJDLOO—YLWW—WKÀWWDPDÄDK—LUXNN—GKXU—WKULOHWKÌNNDPLOO—YLWW—DGXWKWKDQ—OYHOH
VHL\DNDVKWDP—LUXNNXPN—WKWKXDGLNN—YLWW—LQQXPVÌG—LUXNNXP Q—ºGKÀUDP WKDPLÄ
SDGLNN—YLWW— S—GXQJD PDUDQGKX SÀKXP LQGKD VDQJKDGL XQJDºXNNX VROO—YLWW— HQDNNX
WKÌNNDPYDU—GKXDYDUNÌWWDWKWKXNNXYDQGKXLUXQGK—HOO—PWKHULQGKXLUXNNXPDYDQJD
SDQDPNRGXWKWKXLUXQGK—Q—QJDDQGKDV—P—QHY—QJLLUXSSÀP
PDÄH SHLGKX LUXQGK— LYºDYX VÌG— LUXNN—GKX Q¯QJD DYDUH NWWX LUXQGK— DYDU DGKH
XQJDºXNNX NRGXWKWKX LUXSS—U SDºOLNÌGDP LOOHQ— NXÄDQGKHQJDºXNNX URPED VDQGKÀVKDP
XQJDºXNNXSDVLLOOHQ—V—SSLG—GKLQJDGK—KDPHGXWKWKDGKXQ—M—VWKLWKD¼¼LNXGLNND¼XP
151
Adi’s Book.
WKDS—O—S¯VSDNNDPSÀYLQJDQ—DGKHWKDS—OOHSÀGXQJDXQJDYOH\HLSSR—UDPELWKWK—GK—Q
V—LQJ—ODWKWKXNNX XººH PXGL\XP Y—GK\—U S—GDQJDºH VDUL\— NDWKWKXNNRGXNN—YLWW—
P—QDYDUXNNX NDVKWDP Y¯WWOH FKDNNDUH LOOHQ— YHOODP XED\ÀJLNNDO—P NDLOH SD¼DP
LOO—YLWW— URPED NDVKWDP— LUXNNXGKX DGKX XQJDOXNNX WKHUL\DOHQ— HQQH NOXQJD PDOH
POHLUXQGKXS—UWKWK—JU—PDPHOO—PQDOO—WKHUL\XGKX
PÌNNXND¼¼—GL LOO—YLWW— QDQ SDGLNND PXGL\DOH WKLUXGDQH GKDQGLNNDOHQ— PDUXSDGL\XP
WKLUXGXY—Q QDOODGKX QLQHNN—YLWW— SDUYD LOOH —Q— NHWWDGKX QLQHNNDNÌG—GKX DQGKD
YLºDNNXHUL\—YLWW—LQGKDYLºDNNXSÀGXQJD
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152
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 42.
‘EVEN IF’ AND ‘EVEN IF NOT’.
‘even if’:-
use conditional form plus ‘lum’
irrespective of number, gender and person.
Conditional
DYDQYDQGK—
DYDQDGLWKWK—
‘even if’
DYDQYDQGK—OXP
if he comes
DYDQDGLWK—OXP
if he strikes
‘even if not’ and ‘although’:-
even if he comes
even if he strikes
use negative conditional form plus ‘lum’
irrespective of number, gender and person.
DYDQYDUDOHQ—
DYDQYDU—YLWW—
if he does not come
if he does not come
DYDQYDUDOHQ—OXP
DYDQYDU—YLWWDOXP
even if he does not come
even if he does not come
Vocabulary
VXPP—FKXPP—
VXP—UVXP—U—
just, simply, purposeless, costless, free
aproximately, not bad, about right
VXPP—LUX VQGK
be quiet
nadaththu (w.in)
conduct (meeting), treat(guest)
LUXQGK—OXP
nevertheless
—Q—OXP
nevertheless
mahan
son
mahal
daughter
VDKÀGKDUDU
brother
VDKÀGKDUL
sister
VQKLGKDUQDQEDU
friend (m.)
erume
buffalo
N—O EHIRUH
a quarter
sumara iru (s.ndh)
VQKLGKL
S—GKL
PXNN—O EHIRUH
be better(health)
friend (f)
half (measure)
three quarters
Sentences.
Q¯QJDGKLQDQGKÀUXPHYºDYXS—OY—QJULQJD"
How much milk do you buy daily?
Q—QJDGKLQDQGKÀUXPDUHOLWDUHUXPHSDOY—QJUÀP
We buy half a litre of buffalo milk every day.
VLODVDPD\DPV—LQJ—ODWKOHN—OOLWDUSDVXPS—OY—QJUÀP
Sometimes we buy a quarter litre of cow’s milk in the evening.
Q¯QJDSÀK—OXPQ—QSÀKDP—WWQ
Even if you go I shall not go.
153
Adi’s Book.
DYDUYDU—YLWW—OXPQ—QNDWW—\DPSRKD¼XP
Even if he does not come I must go.
DYDQJDHWWXPD¼LNNXYDQGK—OXPSÀGKXP
It is enough even if they come at eight o’clock
LGKXNNXQ¯QJDSDWKWKXUÌE—NRGXWKWK—OXPSÀGK—GKX
Even if you give ten rupees for this it is not enough.
DYDUSD¼DPNRGXNN—YLWW—OXPSXVWKDKDWKWKHDYDUXNNXNRGXQJD
Give him the book, even if he does not give the money,.
Q—PDYDQJDºHNXSSLG—YLWW—OXPDYDQJDLQJHYDU—QJD
They are coming here even if we do not call them.
Q¯QJDSDQDPNRGXWKWK—OXPDYDUXNNXVDQGKÀVKDPLOOH
He is not happy even if you give him money.
XQJDºXNNXSLGLNN—YLWW—OXPQ¯QJDDYDUÀGXSHVD¼XP
Even if you do not like it you should speak to him.
DYDUXQJDVQKLGKDU—LUXQGK—OXPQ¯QJDDSGLVHL\DNXG—GKX
You should not do that, even if he is your friend.
PDÄHSHLGK—OXPHQPDKDQYHºL\HYLºD\—GXY—Q
Although it is raining my son will play outside.
Q¯QJDVXP—U—LUXQGK—OXPLQGKDPDUXQGKHNXGLNND¼XP
You should take this medicine even if you are better.
Q—QJDDUXPH\—SDGLQ—OXPHQJDS—WWHQ¯QJDNNNDOH
Even if we sing excellently you are not listening to our song.
DYDUHQPDKDOHSDUNN—YLWW—OXPHQPDKDQHS—UNNDO—P
He may see my son even if he did not see my daughter.
DYDQJDLQGKDDUH\HNDÄXYLQ—OXPLGKXVXGKGKDP—LOOH
Even if they wash this room this is not clean.
LQLPOHQ—QPXQGKLYDU—YLWW—OXPQ¯QJDPXQGKLYDUD¼XP
+HQFHIRUWKHYHQLI¯GRQRWFRPHHDUO\\RXVKRXOGFRPHHDUO\
154
Adi’s Book.
Q¯QJDWKDPLÄHÄXGK—YLWW—OXPQDOO—SVULQJD
Even if you are not writing Tamil you are speaking well.
LGKXNNXPDGKXNNXPYLWK\—VDPLUXQGK—OXPSDUY—LOOH
Never mind even if there is a difference between this and that.
LQGKDS—GDPHQDNNXYLºDQJ—YLWW—OXPQ—QDGKHQDOODSDGLNNDPXGL\XP
Even if this lesson is not clear to me I can read it well.
DQGKDPP—XQJDVDKÀGKDULGK—QLUXQGK—OXPQ¯QJDDYDUHDSGLQDGDWKWKDNÌG—GKX
Even if she is only your sister you should not treat her like that.
DYDUQDOODY—GK\—UGK—Q—Q—OXPDYDUDGLNNDGLLQJOLVKSVU—U
He is indeed a good teacher, nevertheless he often speaks English.
DYDUHQY¯WWXNNXYDU—YLWW—HQDNNXYDUXWKWKDP—LUXNNXP
I will be sorry if he does not come to my house.
RUXYOHQ—QYDUDP—WWQQLQQDURPEDQUDPDFKFKX
Perhaps I shall not come, because it is very late.
Practical Conversation. – At a Conference.
F: First Member, S: Second member.
)VQHKLGKDUNÌWWDPHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNX—UDPELNNXGKXWKHUL\XP—
Friend, what time does the meeting start, do you know?
6N—ODPHSDWKWKXPD¼LNNXLQQXQLQHNUQ
10 o’clock in the morning, I think.
F. adhu yeppo mudiyum.
When will it finish.
6DGKXSDQQHQGXPD¼LNNXPXGL\D¼XPLUXQGK—OXPDGXNNXDSUDPSVLNRQGLUXSS—QJD
It should finish at 12 o’clock, nevertheless they will keep on talking after that.
)QLQJDNÌWWDWKWKXNNXNDWW—\DPYDUXYLQJDº—"
Will you definitely come to the meeting?
6—P—Q¯QJDSÀK—YLWW—OXPQ—QSÀYQ
Yes, I will go even if you don’t.
)Q¯QJDNÌWWDWKOHSHVXYLQJDº—"Q¯QJDSVLQ—OXPQ—QSVDP—WWQ
Will you speak at the meeting? Even if you speak I will not.
6XQJDLVKWDP—Q—Q¯QJDSV—YLWW—OXPQ—QSVDSÀUHQ
As you like, but I am going to speak even if you don’t.
------------------------155
Adi’s Book.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 42.
DL\—LQJHVXPP—XNN—UXQJDM—VWKLVDGKGKDPVHL\—GKLQJDFKXPP—LUXQJDDYDURUX
Y—UDP—VXKDPLOOHLSSR\HSGLLUXNU—U"DYDULSSRVXP—U—LUXNU—UVXP—U—LUXQGK—OXP
NDVKWDP—QDYOHVHL\DNÌGK—GKXN—OOHRUXFKLQQDNDVKWDPGK—Q—Q—OXPDGKXURPED
YDOLNNXGKXHQJDºXNNXUH¼GDUHN¯ORFKDNNDUHSÀGKXP\HQDNNXLYODYXFKDNNDUHY¼—P
DGKDQ—OHS—GKLQ¯QJDNRQGXSÀKDO—P
L¼¼DNNLHQJDºXNNXPÌQN—OO¯WDUS—OY¼XPUH¼GPXNN—OO¯WDULSSRSÀGK—GKXQ—ºDNNL
VXP—UDQMDUHO¯WDUS—OY—QJXYQHQPDKDQXPPDKDºXPSDOOLNÌGDWKWKXNNXSÀLLUXNU—QJD
WKDPELXQVQKLGKLQDOODDÄDK—QDSH¼LQQXWKHUL\DGKXYDVDQWK—XQVQKLGKDUURPED
QDOODYDULQQXWKÀ¼XGKXXQJDºXNNXHWKWKDQHVDKÀGKDUDUVDKÀGKDULQJDLUXNU—QJD"MHED
NÌWWDPHQJHQDGDQGKXNRQGLUXNNXGKX"DGKH\—UQDGDWKU—QJD"
DYDUXNN—KDQ¯QJDURPEDQUDPLUXQGK—OXPDYDUYDUDOHDYDUYDU—YLWW—OXPSDUYDLOOHQ—Q
NRQMDPQHUDPLUXSSQHQDNNXLQGKDVDQJDGKLWKHULQGK—OXPQ—QDGKHXQJDºXNNXVROODOH
SDUYDLOOHQ¯QJDVROO—YLWW—OXPHQDNNXDGKXQDOO—WKHUL\XPDYDQJDY—UDPGKÀUDP
YDQGK—OXPHQY¯WWXNNXYDUDP—WWDQJDQ¯QJDHYºDYXSUD\—VDSDWW—OXPDGKXL¼¼DNNL
PXGL\—GKXQ—\HNXºLSDWWLQ—OXPDGKXVXGKGKDP—LUXNN—GKXURPEDYKDP—ÀGLQ—OXP
HWWXPD¼LNNXYD¼GL\HSLGLNNDPXGL\DOHQ¯QJDYLUXPELQ—OXPDQJHLSSRSÀKDPXGL\—GKX
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156
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 43.
RELATIVE PARTICIPLES.
AND PARTICIPIAL NOUNS.
Relative pronouns in English are words such as in
He who opens..
The gate which shuts..
A dog that barks..
These follow the pronoun or noun.
There are no relative pronouns in Tamil.
There are relative participles attached to a verb.
RELATIVE PARTICIPLES F326,7,9(
These go before the pronoun or noun.
The present and past relative participles are formed by
dropping the ending and substituting ‘a’, regardless of number, gender and person.
Present Tense
YDUQ
DGLNUQ
Pres. Rel. Participle
I come
vara
who comes
I strike
adikra
who strikes
Past Tense
YDQGKQ
DGLWKWKQ
Past. Rel. Participle
I came
vandha
who came
I struck
adiththa
who struck
The future relative participle is
the same as the neuter future tense form,
Future Tense
Future Rel. Participle
varum
it will come
varum
who will come
adikkum
it will strike
adikkum
which will strike
NB: Present and future Positive Relative Participles are interchangeable.
RELATIVE PARTICIPLES F1(*$7,9(
,QILQLWLYHSOXVµ—GKD¶UHJDUGOHVVRIQXPEHUJHQGHUSHUVRQDQGWHQVH
YDU—GKD
SDGLNN—GKD
who does not come, who did not come, who will not come.
who does not study, who did not study, who will not study.
157
PARTICIPIAL NOUNS F326,7,9(
Adi’s Book.
Present positive relative participle plus 3rd person pronouns.
Present.
vara + avan = varavan
The man who comes, he who comes.
(Also means ‘He who will come’; pres. and fut. forms are interchangeable, see below.)
Note the forms using other pronouns – varava, varavar, varavanga, varadhu, varadhunga.
Past.
Past positive relative participle plus 3rd person pronouns.
vandhavan
He who came.
Similarly:- vandhava, vandhavar, etc.
Future.
For Weak Verbs:For persons;
Root + ‘b’ + 3rd person pronouns
For neuter;
Root + ‘v’ + 3rd person pronouns
varubavan
He who will come..
Similarly:- varubava, varubavar, etc.
For Strong Verbs:Root + ‘pp’ + 3rd person pronouns
For persons or neuter
nadappavan
He who will walk..
Similarly:-nadappava, nadappavar, etc.
and also neuter
nadappadhu, nadappadhunga.
NB. Present and future Positive Relative Participial nouns are interchangeable.
PARTICIPIAL NOUNS F1(*$7,9(
Negative relative participle plus 3rd person pronouns,
regardless of number, gender person and tense.
YDU—GKDYDQYDU—GKDYDYDU—GKDYDUYDU—GKDYDQJDYDU—GKDGKXYDU—GKDGKXQJD
He who:-
did not come
does not come
will not come.
Vocabulary
PXQGKL\
already
V—GK—UDQDP—
ordinarily
D¼DL
dam
YHººDP
flood
anbu
love, kndness
muyal
rabbit
YLVVKDP—
particularly
N¯ÄSDGL ZQGK
obey
kada (s.ndh)
cross
HÄXSSX ZLQ WU
wake
vasi (s.thth)
live, reside
kudi iru (s.ndh)
live, reside
------------------------158
Adi’s Book.
Sentences.
QLQJDLSSRSDGLNUDS—GDPVXODEDP—QDGKX
The lesson which you are now studying is easy.
Q—QQWKWKXVRQQDS—GDPLGKXGK—Q—"
Is this the lesson which I said yesterday?
DYDUQ—ºDNNLY—VLNNXPS—GDPHQDNNXWKHUL\—GKX
I don’t know the lesson which he will read tomorrow.
Y—GK\—UNDWKWKXNRGXNN—GKDS—GDWKWKHQ¯QJD\QSDGLNND¼XP"
Why should you read the lesson which your teacher has not taught you?
V—GK—UDQDP—HOO—UXPSVUDWKDPLÄQ—QPXGKDOOHNDWKWKXNNRºYQ
I shall first learn the Tamil which everyone normally speaks.
Q¯QJDS—GLQDS—WWHNWWXQ—QJDURPEDVDQGKÀVKDSSDWWÀP
We enjoyed very much hearing the song which you sang.
GRNWRUQ¯QJDNRGXWKWKDPDUXQGKXURPEDNDVDSSX
Doctor, the medicine which you gave was very bitter.
DYDUVRQQDVDQJDGKLHQDNNXPXQGKL\WKHUL\XP
I know already the news which he said.
D¼DLNDGDQGKDYHººDPDÄXGK—OXPYDU—GKH
(No good crying over spilt milk!)
The flood which has crossed the dam will not come back, even if one cries.
DGL\—GKXP—GXSDGL\—GKX
(Spare the rod and spoil the child.)
The ox that is not beaten will not obey.
Q—QSLGLWKWKXPX\DOXNNXPÌQXN—O
(To swear black is white)
The rabbit which I caught has only three legs.
DGXWKWKDY—UDPQDPY¯WWXNNXYDUXP—ºSU\HQQD"
What is the name of the person coming to our house next week?
QWKWKXNÌWWDWKOHSVLQDYDUXQJDD¼¼DQ—"
Is he your elder brother who spoke in the meeting yesterday?
LQJHVDGKGKDPVHLGKDSÌQHLSSRLOOH
The cat which made the noise is not here now.
Q—QXQJDY¯WWOHV—SSLWWDV—SSDGXDUXPH\—QDV—SS—GX
Th food which I ate inyour house was excellent.
159
Adi’s Book.
DGLNNDGLLQJOLVKSHV—GKDWKDPLÄY—GK\—ULGDPWKDPLÄNDWKWKXNNRººXQJD
Learn Tamil from aTamil teacher who does not speak english often.
WKÌQJUDNXÄDQGKH\HGKD\DYXVHLGKXHÄXSS—GKLQJD
Please do not wake up the child who is sleeping.
DÄDUHNXÄDQGKHNNXGK—QS—ONLGHNNXP
(the squeaky door gets the oil)
Only the child that cries will get milk.
DėGKDNXÄDQGKHNNX\DUXPS—ONRGXNNDP—WW—QJD
Nobody will give milk to the child that does not cry.
Q¯QJDY—QJLQDSHWWLNNXHYºDYXSD¼DPNRGXWKWKLQJD"
How much did you pay for the box that you bought.
Q¯QJDNXGLNNXPWKD¼¼L—WKWKXWKD¼¼L
LQGKDS—WWXS—GLQDYDHQWKDQJDFKFKL
The water which you drink is river water.
It is my younger sister who sang this song.
RFWREHUUH¼G—PWKGLP—KDWKP—J—QGKLSLUDQGKDQ—O
October 2nd was Mahatma Gandhi’s birthday.
Practical Conversation. – With a Neighbour.
H: Householder, N: Neighbour.
+LSSRXQJDY¯WWOHLUXNUDPDQXVKDUHWKWKDQHSU"
How many are the persons who are in your house?
1LSSRHQJDY¯WWOHLUXNUDYDQJDPRWKWKDPHWWXSU
There are eight persons who are in our house now.
+QWKWKXXQJDY¯WWXNNXYDQGKD—O\—U"
Who was the person who came to your house yesterday?
1QWKWKXHQJDY¯WWXNNXYDQGKDYDUHQVQKLGKDU
The person who came to our house yeaterday is my friend.
H. kaile andha pusthaham enna?
What is that book in your hand?
1LGKXQ—QSDGLNNXPSXVWKDKDPQ¯QJDLGKHSDGLWKWKXLUXNULQJDº—"
This is the book which I am reading. Have you read this?
+LOOHQ—QSDGLNN—GKDSXVWKDKDQJDººHLGKXR¼¼X
No, this is one of the books which I have not read.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------160
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 44.
COMPARISON, AND REFLEXIVE VERBS.
COMPARISON.
There are no degrees of comparison in Tamil, but Comparatives are expressed by adding
µHYLGD¶RUµHNN—WWLOXP¶RUGDWLYHFDVH
to the declensional baseof the nouns and pronouns compared to,
as
en pusthaham unga pusthahathevida periyadhu.
or
en pusthaham unga pusthahaththukku periyadhu.
My book is bigger than yours.
Superlatives are expressed by adding
µHOO—UDL\XPYLGD¶RU¶HOO—UDLNDWWLOXPRUµHOO—UXNNXP¶IRUSHUVRQV
µHOO—PYLGD¶RUµHOO—WKWKXNNXP¶IRUWKLQJV
and
to the item compared to.
LQGKDSDL\DQÀWWDWKOHSDL\DQJDHOO—UDL\XPYLGDJHWWLNN—UDQ
as in
This boy is the best of all the boys in running.
UÀM—SÌSÌHOO—PYLGDDÄDK—QDGKX
or in
UÀM—HOO—SÌYH\XPYLGDDÄDK—QDGKX
or
The rose is the most beautiful of all flowers.
REFLEXIVE VERBS.
5HIOH[LYH9HUEVDUHIRUPHGE\DGGLQJµNRº¶WRWKHYHUEDOSDUWLFLSOHV
They take ‘nd’ as medial in the past tense.
edu
take
podu
throw
Y—QJX
buy
HGXWKWKXNRº
SÀWWXNRº
Y—QJLNNRº
take for yourself
put on
buy for yourself
N.B.7KHµº¶LVGURSSHGLQWKHFROORTXLDOIRUPZKLFKLVYHU\ZLGHO\XVHG
Vocabulary
thani thaniya
separately
adhisayam
wonder(n.)
U—M—
king
DGKLK—UDP
power
nijam, unme
truth
thennai maram
coconut tree
kadal
sea, ocean
VLUHFKFK—OH
P—PSDÄDP
SDO—SDÄDP
jail
mango
jack fruit
161
Adi’s Book.
NDOOÌUL
college
YDLGK\DNDOOÌUL
medical college
budhdhi
wisdom, answer
budhdKLV—OL
wise person
V—QWKDP
peace, forbearance
periyavar
old person, adult
worth seeing
YQGLLUX VQGK GDW
S—UNNDYQGL\D
to have to
Sentences.
,GKHYLGDRUXQDOODSXVWKDKDPHQDNNXY¼XP
I want a better book than this.
PÌQ—YDGKXS—GDWKWKHYLGDQ—O—YDGKXS—GDPNDVKWDP—QDGKX
The fourth lesson is harder than the third.
DQGKDSH¼WKDQWK—\HYLGDURPEDDÄDK—QDYD
That girl is more beautiful than her mother.
HQDNNXV—GKDWKWKHYLGDFKDSS—WKWKLGK—QM—VWKLSLGLNNXP
I like chappathies much more than rice.
WKDQL\—SÀYDGKHYLGDHOO—UXPVHUQGKXSÀYDGKXQDOODGKX
Going together is better than going alone.
SDVXQDPXNNXQ—\HYLGDXED\ÀKDP—QDGKX
The cow is more useful to us than a dog.
DYDUPÌNNXHQPÌNNHN—WWLOXPQ¯ODP—LUXNNXGKX
His nose is longer than mine.
WKHQQDLPDUDPHOO—PDUDWKWKH\XPYLGDX\DUDP—LUXNNXGKX
The coconut tree is the tallest of all the trees.
DYDUHN—WWLOXPEXGKGKLV—OL\—UXPLOOH
No one is wiser than he.
P—PSDÄDPY—ÄDSDÄDWKWKHN—WWLOXPWKLWKWKLSS—LUXNNXP
A mango is sweeter than a plantain.
NXGKLUH\HYLGDQ—LYKDP—ÀGDPXGL\XP—"
Can a dog run faster than a horse?
LYDQXNNXSÀWWXNNRººDSÀGKXP—QDWKX¼LLOOH
This man does not have enough clothes to wear.
Q¯QJDXQJDSQ—YHHGXWKWKXNRQGLQJDº—"
Did you pick up your pen?
162
Adi’s Book.
WKDS—ON—UDUWKDS—OHGXWKWKXNRQGXSÀU—U
DYDQJDWKDQJDSHWWL\HQPÌGLNRQG—QJD"
HYºDYXQUDP—WKÌQJLNRQGLUXNULQJD"
WKDPLÄQDOO—SDGLWKWKXNRQGLQJDº—"
The postman is carrying the post.
Why did they close up their box?
How long have you been sleeping?
Did you learn Tamil well.
DQGKDPP—WK—QVDPH\DOVHLGKXNRººDPXGL\DOH
That woman cannot cook by herself.
LQGKDNDVKWDPLOO—GKXYOH\HQ¯QJDO QLQJDGK—Q VHLGKXNRººD¼XP
You yourself should do this easy work.
PXGKDOOHWKDPLÄQDOODSVDNDWKWKXNRººXQJD
HOO—UXNNXPSHUL\DYDUNDGDYXº
First learn to speak Tamil well.
God is the greatest of all.
V—QWKDPNDGDOLOXPSHUL\DGKX SURYHUE
Forbearance is mightier than an ocean.
QLMDPSVUDGKLOHJ—QGLML\HYLGDX\DUQGKDYDQJD\—U"
Who is greater than Gandhiji in speaking the truth?
Q—ODNNLYDUXPSDO—SDÄDWKWKHYLGDL¼¼DNNLLUXNNXPNDº—SDÄDPHPO—QDGKX SURYHUE
A carissa fruit today is better than a jack fruit tomorrow. (A bird in the hand…)
L¼¼DNLNÌWWDWKOHQ¯QJDSHVDY¼GLLUXNNXP
You will have to speak in today’s meeting.
Q—QLQJOLVKHYLGDWKDPLÄOHQDOODSVDYXP HÄXGKDYXP PXGL\XP
I can speak and write Tamil better than English.
* Note the use of ‘-um…-um’ after the infinitves.
Practical Conversation. – Visiting Vellore.
V: Visitor, L: Local Vellorian.
9YOÌUFKHQQD\HYLGDSHUL\DQDKDUDP—"
/LOOHFKHQQDL\HN—WWLOXPFKLQQDQDKDUDP
Is Vellore a larger city than Chennai?
No, Vellore is smaller than Chennai.
9YOÌUOHS—UNNHY¼GL\DLGDQJDHQQHQQD"
What are the places worth seeing in vellore?
/RUXSHUL\DNÀWWHYDLGK\DNDOOÌUL&0&—VSDWKUL—¼JDºXNNXPSH¼JDOXNNXPWKDQLWKDQL\—
VLUHFKFK—OHQJDLGKHOO—PYOÌUOHS—UNNDYQGL\DLGDQJD
A big fort, Medical College, CMC Hospital, jails separately for men
and women, these are all places worth seeing in Vellore.
163
9Q—PDGKHOO—PS—UNNDSÀKDO—P—"
Adi’s Book.
May we go to see all of them?
/VDULQ—PSÀKDO—PLQGKDWDYXQEDVOHXNN—UQGKXNR ººX QJD
Alright, let’s go. Sit in this town bus.
9YOÌUHSDWKWKLQ—QÄXDGKLVD\DQJDNOYLSDWWQDGKXQJDOO—PXQJDºXNNXWKHUL\XP—"
I heard about seven wonders of Vellore. Do you know all of them?
L. theriyum,
V. Yes I know,
U—M—LOO—GKDNÀWWH
a fort without a king,
V—PLLOO—GKXNÀYLO
a temple without a deity,
WKD¼¼LLOO—GX—UX
a river without water,
PDUDQJDLOO—GKDPDOH
a hill without trees,
DGKLK—UDPLOO—GKDSÀO¯V
DÄDKXLOO—GKDSH¼¼XQJD
police without power,
women without beauty
EXGKGKLLOO—GKXNDOOÌULPDQDYDU
college students without sense,
—Q—LGKXOHNDGDVLPÌQXPQLMDP—LUXNNDPXGL\—GKX
but the last three cannot be true!
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 44.
Q¯QJD LQJH PXQGKL\ YDQGKX LUXQGKLQJDº—" LQGKL\—OH SDOD —UXQJDºXNNX D¼DL
NDWWLNR¼GLUXNU—QJD SHUL\DYDQJDºXNNX N¯USDGLUD NXÄDQGKHQJD HQDNNX SLGLNNXP —WKWKX
YHººDWKOH VLOD PDUDQJDºH NÌGD S—UWKQ DYDU URPED QUDP WKÌQJL NRQGLUXNU—U VLNUDP
HÄXSSXQJDHQDNNXV—GK—UDQDP—QDV—SS—GXSÀGKXPYLVVKDP—QDV—SS—GXY¼—P
WKDPLÄH YLGD KLQGL VXODEDP— LUXNNXGKX LQQX VLOD SHU VROU—QJD W¯\H N—WWLOXP N—SSL
QDOODGKX LQQX NOYLSDWWQ HOO— SH¼¼XQJDºHYLGD LQGKD SH¼ QDOO— S—GU— SH¼¼XQJD
HOO—UH\XPYLGDLYDGK—QQDOODS—GU—P—PEDUDPHOO—SDÄDQJDOH\XPYLGDUXVL\—QDGKX
SDÄDP HOO—PYLGD P—PSDÄDP URPED WKLWKWKLSS— LUXNNXGKX LQGKD SDL\H NRQMDP
SLGLWKWKXNRººXQJD WKDL\DON—UDU NRGXWKWKD WKX¼LQJDºH SÀWWXNRQGLQJDº—" Q—P L¼¼DNNL
SDWKWKX S—GDQJD NDWKWKXNNRºYÀP YD¼¼—Q WKX¼LQJD HGXWKWKX NRQGXSÀQ—Q—" DYDU DQJH
WKÌQJL NRQGLUXNU—U—" LGKH XQJDºXNN—KD YDLWKWKXNRººXQJD DYDU SDOD GKDGDYH WK—Q
VLULWKWKXNNRQG—U
164
Adi’s Book.
Q¯QJD VHLUD SHWWL \—UXNN—KD" DQGKDPP— VHLGKX YOH HQDNNX SLGLNNDOH Q—P Q—ODNNL
VHL\XPYOHNDVKWDP—QDGKXLOOHVDUL\—YOHVHL\—GKD—ºXNNXWKLUXPEDYOHNRGXNN—GKH
HQJD Y¯WWOH WKÌQJLQDYDU HQJD DSS— VQKLGKDU VDUL\— SDGLNN—GKD SDL\DQJDºH Y—WK\—U
GKDQGLWKWK—U DYDU N—WWLQD Y¯WWXNNX XººH Q—Q SÀQQ HQDNNX YDUXP FK¯WWH XQJDºXNNX
N—PLSSQXSSXLOODGKDVDSS—GXUXVL\—LUXNN—GKXDQEXLOO—GKDY—UWKHQJDXED\ÀJDPLOOH
NRYLOLOO—GKDÌUOHNXGLLUXNN—GKH NXGLNN—GKH Y¼G—GKDNHºYLQJDHQQHNNN—GKLQJD
DPHULF—OHDQHKDSUS—OXPFKDNNDUH\XPLOO—GKDNDUXSSXN—SSLNXGLNU—QJD
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
165
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 45.
INTENSIVE VERBS, AND CAUSAL VERBS.
INTENSIVE VERBS.
9HUEVOLNHµYLGX¶OHDYHµSÀGX¶WKURZµYDL¶SODFHµSÀ¶JRµY—¶FRPHDUHVXIIL[HGWR
the verbal participles of certain other verbs in order to intensify their meaning. These are
FDOOHG,QWHQVLYH9HUEV7KHLGHDRIFRQWLQXLW\LVJLYHQE\µY—¶DQGµYLGX¶JLYHVWKHLGHD
of completeness. Carefully examine the following:QWKWKXQ¯QJDHQJHSÀL YL WWLQJD"
LQGKDWKX¼LHOO—PNDWWLSÀGXQJD
Where did you go away yesyerday?
Tie up all these clothes.
LQJHHYºDYXN—ODP—YOHVHLGKXYDULQJD" How long have you been working here?
Q—QXQJDºXNNXLGKHSDWKWKLPXQGKL\VROOLYDLWKWKQ
S—ONHWWDSÀQDGKXDGKHNXGLNN—GKH
I told you about this already.
The milk has gone bad, don’t drink it.
CAUSAL VERBS.
Causal verbs are formed by adding ‘vai’ or ‘sei’ to the infinitive.
Verb
Causal.
S—GX
sing
S—GDYDLS—GDVHL
nada
walk, conduct
nadakkavai, nadakkasei cause to walk, conduct
cause to sing
Transitive forms of verbs like the following also serve as Causal Verbs:Intransitive.
Causal. (transitive)
ÀGX
run
ÀWWX ZLQ
cause to run, drive
thirumbu
turn
thiruppu (w.in)
cause to turn
UX
climb up, lift
WKWKX w.in)
cause to climb, lift
irangu
climb down
irakku (w.in)
cause to climb down
S—L
flow
S—LFKFKX ZLQ
N—L
—UX
dry
cool
N—LFKFKX ZLQ
—WKWKX(w.in)
HÄX
rise, get up
HÄXppu (w.in)
nada
walk
nadaththu (w.in)
pour, cause (water) to flow
cause to dry, boil
cause to cool
cause to rise,get up
cause to walk
-------------------------
166
Adi’s Book.
Vocabulary
V¯SSX Q
mayir, mudi
hair
WKDOHY—UX ZLQ
comb
WKDOHY—ULNRº ZQG comb (oneself)
vahidu edu (s.thth)
part hair
bayappadu (w.tt) fear
bayam
fear
ED\DQJ—ºL
coward
dhairyam
courage
dhairiyasali
courageous one
JX¼DP
nature, quality
JXQDV—OL
good natured one
¯UD
ÌPH
wet
YQG—GKD DGM
PDUDWKWKXSSÀ ZLQ
S—UWKWKXNXOH VWKWK
comb
dumb man
unwanted, unnecessary Y¼GL\D DGM
become numb
—UX ZLQ
wanted, necessary
cool (become cool)
bark at
kule (s.thth)
bark
Sentences.
Q—QQDOO—WKXQJLYLWWQQ¯QJDQHQQHHÄXSSDOH"
I fell fast asleep, why did you not wake me?
GKDLU\DV—OLNDVKWDP—QDYOHNÌGDVHLGKXYLGXY—Q
The tough person will do even hard work.
Q—QJDDSSRYVROOLYLWWÀPQ¯QJDGK—QNNNDOH
We have already told you but you did not pay heed.
ND¼¼—GLWDPEODUHNLÄHSÀWWXYLWWLQJDº—"
Did you drop the glass tumbler?
L¼QDNNLHWKWKDQHNDGLGKDQJDHÄXGKLSÀWWLQJD"
How many letters did you write today?
YQGL\DSXVWKDKDQJDºHNDWWLSÀGXQJDY¼G—GKDGKHSÀWWXYLGXQJD
Tie up the books which are wanted, throw away the unwanted ones.
LGKXND¼¼—GLV—P—QSHWWLWKÌNNLSÀG—GKLQJD
This is a box of glassware, don’t throw it!
LUDWKX¼LQJDHOO—PYH\LOOHN—\DYDLQJD
,¼¼DNNL\—UVDPHWKWKXYDLWKWK—QJD"
Put all the wet clothes in the sun to dry.
Who cooked today?
SDVXYHLQJHNDWWLYDLNN—GKLQJDQLQQ—HQJDQ—LDGKHS—UWKWKXNXODLNNXP
Don’t tie up the cow here, because our dog will bark at it.
URPEDQUDPDSGL\XNN—UQGK—N—OPDUDWKWKXSÀKXP
167
Adi’s Book.
If one sits like that for a long time the leg will go numb.
DYDUXNNXYD\DVX—LSÀFKFKXDGKDQ—OHDYDU—OHQDGDNNDPXGL\DOH LGLRP
He has become very old, so he cannot walk.
Q—PXPVLULNND¼XPPDWKWKDYDQJDºH\XPVLULNNDYDLNND¼XP
We must laugh and make others laugh too.
PXGKDOOHDYDUXNNXS—GDLVKWDPLOOH—Q—Q—QJDDYDUHHSGL\ÀS—GDYDLWKÀP
She did not like to sing at first, but we made her sing somehow.
QDPDPP—GK—QQDPPHPXGKDOPXGKDOOHQDGDNNDYDLNU—QJD
Only our mother makes(helps) us walk the first time.
\HQPVH\H\—ULSGLWKLUXSSLQ—QJD"
WKÀWWDWKWKLOLUXQGKXP—WWHÀWWXQJD
Who turned my table round this way?
Drive the ox from the garden.
NDGDYXºRUXÌPH\HNÌGDSVDYDLNNDPXGL\XP
God can make even a dumb person talk.
WKLUXGDQSÀO¯VN—UDUHS—UWKWK—ÀGLYLGXY—Q
A thief will run away if he sees a policeman.
NXUDQGKH\H\DUDÄXYDLWKWK—QJD"
Who made the child cry?
Q—QDYDQHDQGKDVDP—FKFK—UDWKWKHVROODYDLWKWKQ
I made him tell that news.
LQGKDSDL\DQH\DUSDGLNNDYDLWKWK—QJD" Who educated this boy? (made him study)
&KLQQDVHGLNNXM—VWKLWKD¼¼LS—LFK—GKLQJD
Do not pour(flow) too much water on (to) the small plant.
HSSRYXPWKD¼¼L\HN—LFKFKLNXGLNND¼XP
‘You should always boil water to drink’.
Q—QXQJDºHURPEDDOH\DYDLWKWKQ
I made you wander (about) too much.
Practical Conversation. – At Railway Station.
S: Sister, B: Brother.
6DGKÀYDUUDYD¼GLQDPYD¼GL\—"
That train which is coming, is it ours?
%LOOHDGKXV—P—QNRQGXSÀKXPµJÌGV¶YD¼GL
No, that is a goods train carrying freight.
6Q—PUXPYD¼GLVLNUDPYDUXP—DOODGKXLQQXPQUDP—KXP—"
168
Adi’s Book.
Will our train come soon or will it take some more time?
%LQQXPDQMXQLPLVKDWKOHYD¼GLYDQGKXYLGD¼XP—Q—VDUL\—QDQUDWKOHYDUXP—S—UNNDO—P
It should come in five minutes but let us see (whether) it comes in time.
6LQGKDVWVKDQOHHYºDYXQUDPQLNNXP"
How long will it stop at this station?
%LQJHYD¼GLPÌQXQLPLVKDPYDUDLNNXPQLNNXP
The train will stop here for three minutes.
6LGKXYDÄLOHHOO—VWVKDQOH\XPQLNNXP—"
Will it stop at all stations?
%LOOHLGKXPXN\DP—QDVWVKDQOHP—WKUDPQLNNXPQLQQ—LGKXH[SUHVVYD¼GL
No, it will stop at important stations only, because it is an express train.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 45.
XQJD N—SSL —ULYLGXWKX —ULSÀKXGKX VLNUDP VDSSLGXQJD Q¯QJD XQJD N—SSL NXGLWKWKX
YLWWLQJDº—DQGKDFKLQQDSH¼V¯SS—OHWK—QYDKLGXHGXWKWKXNRQGDGKXDSUDPWKDQWKDOH\H
URPED DÄDK— Y—ULNRQGDGKX XQJDOXNNX Y¼GL\D SXVWKDKDQJDºH HGXWKWKXNRººXQJD Q—\H
SDUWKWKXQURPEDED\DSDWWXYLWWLQJD"Q¯QJDED\DQJ—OLLOOHLOOH\—"LSSRXQJDED\DPSÀL
YLWWDGKX LQQX Q—Q QLQHNUQ Q¯QJD XQJD S—GDQJD HOO—P SDGLWKWKXYDULQJD¶QX HQDNNX
WKHUL\XP DYDU LQGKD VDQJDGKL\H HOO—UXNNXP VROOLYLWW—U S—OOH XSSX YLÄXQGKXYLWWDGKX
DGKDQ—OHNHWWXSÀQDGKXSDL\DQSDQGKHPOHWKÌNNLSÀWW—QDGKXNL¼DWKOHYLÄXQGKXYLWWDGKX
HQV—P—QXQJDHQGKDDUHOHSÀWWXYDLWKWKLQJD"DYDUXQJDºHSDWKWKLHQDNNXVROOLYDLWKWK—U
Q—QHOO—PSDGLWKWKXYDLWKWKQ—Q—Q¯QJDHQQHR¼¼XPNNNDOHDQGKDQ—\HNDWWLSÀGXQJD
QLQQ—HQDNNXURPEDED\DP—LUXNNXGKX
L¼¼DNNLURPEDY\\LOYH\\LOOHHQQHQDGDNNDYDLNNDGKLQJDNXÄDQGKHQJDOHSDGLNNDYDLNND
URPEDNDVKWDP—LUXNNXGKXÌUDYDQJDQLODWKWKXNNXGKLQDQGKÀUXPWKD¼¼LS—LFKFKU—QJD
DYDQURPEDQ—º—P—WWXYD¼GLÀWWLYDU—QXQJDºXNNXF—UÀWWDQDOO—WKHUL\XP—"YD¼GLOHM—VWKL
V—P—QHSSRYXPWKWK—GKLQJDHOO—YLºDNNXQJDºXPWKWKLYLWWLQJDº—"DYDURUXNXUDQGKH
POHVDLNNDOHWKWKLYLWW—ULQGKDV—P—QHHQY¯WOHLUDNNLYLGXQJDNXÄDQGKHNN—K—DPP—S—O
N—LFKFKLNRQGLUXNU—U
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
169
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 46.
COMPOSITE, PARTICIPIAL AND VERBAL NOUNS, .
COMPOSITE NOUNS.
Composite nouns are formed by suffixing 3rd person endings to adjectives.
Thus ‘nalla’ gives:-
nallavan, nallava, nallavanga, nalladhu, nalladhunga.
PARTICIPIAL NOUNS.
These are formed by suffixing 3rd person endings to
relative participles for present and past.
Present and future forms are interchangeable.
Present
Past
Future
varavan
vandhavan
varubavan
varava
vandhava
varubava
varavanga
vandhavanga
varubavanga
varadhu
vandhadhu
varuvadhu
varadhunga
vandhadhunga
varuvadhunga
Meanings, such as ‘the one who comes’ ‘…came’,’…’will come’,and ‘they who…’,etc
Neuter participial nouns change for tenses, as in:padikradhu
meaning
padiththadhu
padippadhu
studies, or studying(n.).
VERBAL NOUNS.
These are formed from verbs (roots or infinitives).
These cannot be declined for number, gender, person or tense.
Neuter participial nouns are more often used than the verbal nouns,
nevertheless verbal nouns are also given below, for practice and for recognition purposes.
Verb
Verbal Noun
Meaning
Neut.Particip.Noun
padi
padippu
studies
padikradhu
siri
sirippu
laughter
sirikradhu
S—GX
S—WWX
music
S—GUDGKX
ÀGX
NÌGX JDWKHU
ÀWWDP
NÌWWDP
running
meeting
ÀGUDGKX
NÌGUDGKX
170
Adi’s Book.
Verb
Verbal Noun
Meaning
Neut.Particip.Noun
S—U
S—UYH
sight
S—UNUDGKX
Nº
NOYL
question
NNNUDGKX
mudi
thirudu
mudivu
end
mudiradhu
thiruttu
theft
thirudradhu
mara
maradhi
forgetfulness
marakradhu
virumbu
viruppam
desire
virumbradhu
YLºD\—GX
YLºD\—WWX
game, sport
YLºD\—GUDGKX
sei
seyal
deed, action
seiradhu
—UDPEL
—UDPEDP
—UDPELNUDGKX
beginning
XED\ÀJL
XED\ÀJDP
use
XED\ÀJLNUDGKX
ghavani
ghavanam
attention
ghavanikradhu
VDPE—GKL
VDPE—GKDQH
earning/s
VDPE—GKLNUDGKX
same
sameyal
cooking
samekradhu
WK—PDGL
WK—PDGKDP
delay
WK—PDGKLNUDGKX
thude
thudeppu
wiping
thudekradhu
thai
thaiyal
sewing
thaikradhu
YU
YUYH
perspiration
YUNUDGKX
DÄDL
DÄDLSSX
DÄDLNUDGKX
invitation
Vocabulary
WKDP—VKYHGLNNDL
NDLHÄXWKXSÀGX ZWW
Y—Ä
fun
perukku (w.in)
sweep
sign
NDLHÄXWKX
handwriting,signature
live(v.)
PXQQUXPXQXNNXY— come forward
JHWWLN—UDU
S—PEX
S—PE—WWL
WK—LWK—\—U
WKLUDQGDYOL
clever person
Y—ÄNH
life
kudumbam
family
PXQQWUDP
progress
WKO
snake
scorpion
snake charmer
UH
mother
thudeppam
broom
open space
nijam
truth
poor(adj), poor man(n.)
------------------------171
Adi’s Book.
Sentences.
QDOODGKXVHLUDYDQQDOODYDQLOOH\—
One who does good is a good man is he not.
WKLUXGUDYDQWKLUXGDQDQKDUXNNXDYDQWKLUXGDQLQQXWKHUL\—GKX
One who steals is a thief. Many do not know he is a thief.
SDODQ—ºWKLUXGDQRUXQ—ºDKDSSDGXY—Q SURYHUE
‘Several days a thief, one day the caught one’
HQPDUDGKLNN—KDQ¯QJDHQQHNDWWD\XPPDQLNND¼XP
You must forgive me for my forgetfulness.
PDUDGKLLUXNUDYDQY—ÄNNHOHPXQQXNNXYDUDP—WW—Q PXQQUDP—WW—Q A man with a short memory will not progress in life.
YLUXSSDPLODGKDYDQJDLQGKDYOH\HVHL\DY¼—P
Those who have no desire (don’t want to) need not do this work.
ÀGXYDGKXQDOODYLºD\—WWXÀWWDWKOHQ—QJHWWLN—UDQLOOH
Running is a good sport. I am not good at running.
QWKWKXNÌWWDWKOHDYDUSFKFKXURPEDYHGLNNH\—LUXQGKDGKX
His speech(talk) in yesterdays meeting was very humerous(funny).
SDVLYºHOHV—SSLGUDGKXQDOODYDUDNNDP
Eating when one is hungry(hungry time) is a good habit.
Q¯QJDQLMDPSVUDGKXHQDNNXVDQGKÀVKDWKWKHNRGXNNXGKX
Your speaking the truth makes me happy.
'KLQDQGKÀUXPHÄXGKUDYDQJDNDLHUÌGKXDÄDK—LUXNNXP
The handwriting of those who write daily will be beautiful.
Q¯QJDM—VWKLYOHVHLUDWKLOOHDGKDQ—OHXQJDVDPE—GKDQHM—VWKLLOOH
You don’t work hard so your income is not much.
NDVKWDSSDWWXYOHVHLUDYDUXNNXNDGDYXºXGKDYLVHLY—U
God will help those who work hard.
QWKWKXS—ONRQGXYDQGKDYDUL¼¼DNNL\QYDUDOH"
The man who brought milk yesterday, why did he not come today?
15. ivan nalla nadaththe irukra paiyan.
This is a well-behaved boy.
172
Adi’s Book.
XQJDDÄDLSSXHQDNNXNLGDLWKWKDGKXXQJDDUDLSSXNNXQDQGUL
I got your invitation. Thanks for your invitation.
LQGKDNÌWWDWKWKXNNXPXGLYXHSSR"
When will this meeting end.
LGKX—UDPEDPXPPXGLYXPLOO—GKDNXWWDP LGLRP
This is an endless meeting.
DYDUND¼S—UYHQDOODLOOHQLQQ—DYDUXNNXYD\DVX—LSÀFKFKX
He has bad eyesight because he has got old.
WKLUDQGKDYHºLOHYLºD\—GKUDGKXNXÄDQGKHNNXQDOODGKX
Playing in an open space is good for the child.
PDUDV—P—QWKXGDLNUDWKX¼L\H\HQJHYDLWKWKLQJD
Where did you put the cloth for wiping the furniture.
Q¯QJD WKXGDLWKWKDGKXVDUL\—LOOH VDUL\—OOH WKXGDLSSDWKWK—OHSHUXNNXQJD
Your wiping was not good. Sweep with a broom.
*Note, ‘you wiping’, and not ‘your wiping’ as in English.
LQGKDPP—WKDL\DOHS—UWKWKLQJDº—"LYDUWKDLNUDGKXHQDNNXURPEDSLGLNNXP
Did you see this lady’s stitching? I like her sewing very much.
S—PE—WWLNNXPXQQ—OHS—PEX—GUDGKXDÄDK—LUXNNXGKX
The dancing of the snake before the snake-charmer is beautiful.
JKDYDQDP—S—GDPNNNUDGKXPXN\DP—QDYLVKD\DP
It is an important thing to listen to the lessons.
Practical Conversation. F&RPLQJ)RUD:DON"
B: Boy, F: Friend.
%Q—PUH¼GXSUXPQDGDNNDSÀKDO—P—"
Shall we go for a walk?
)VDULSÀYÀPQDGDNUDGKXQDOODDE\—VDP Yes, we’ll go. Walking is good exercise.
%NDGDUNDUHOHQDGDQGKXSÀUDGKXHQDNNXURPEDSLGLNNXP
I very much like walking on the seashore.
)VDULNDGDUNDUHLOO—GKDÌUOHHQQDVHLYLQJD"
Alright, what do you do in a place with no beach?
173
Adi’s Book.
%\HQQDVHLUDGKX VHL\DO—P "ULNDUHPOHDOODGKXNXºDNNDUHOHQDGDNNDSÀKDO—P
What to do? One may walk on the bank of a lake or tank.
XQJDÌUOH—UX QDGKL LUXNNXGK—"
Is there a river in your place?
)—P—HQJDÌUOHRUXSHUL\D—UXLUXNNXGKX
Yes, there is a big river in our place.
%DSSRQ¯QJD—WKWKXNDUHPOHQDGDNNDO—P Then you may walk on the river bank.
)—P—LSSRHQDNNXNDºHSS—LUXNNXGKXQ—QY¯WWXNNXSÀUQ
Yes. Now I am tired. I’m going home.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 46.
DQGKD WKDP—VK VHLUDYDQ HQ WKDPEL DQJH QLNUDYDQ HQ D¼¼DQ EXGKGKLV—OLQJD PDWKWK
DYDQJDºHEXGKGKLLOO—GKDYDQJDLQQXQLQHNNDP—WWDQJDDYDUWKDQSDGLSS—OHGK—QY—ÄNNHOH
PXQQXNNX YDQGK—U LQJH VHGLNRGLQJD M—VWKL DGKDQ—OH LGKX S—PEXQJDY—ÄDQDOOD LGDP
S—PEXNNXSDOOHYLVKDPWKºXNNXNRGXNNOHYLVKDP—Q—RUXNHWWDPDQXVKDUXNNXXGDPEX
HOO—P YLVKDP GKLQDQGKÀUDP SDGLNN—YLWW— PXQQHWUDP LUXNN—GKX HQ DUHOH WKXGHSSD
WKWK—OH SHUXNN—GKLQJD WKLUDQGKDYHºLOH Q—P GKLQDQGKRUXP NRQMD GKÌUDP QDGDNUDGKX
QDOODGKX XQJD NDGLGKDWKWKOH NDLHÄXGKX SÀGD Q PDUDQGKX SÀQLQJD" NLºLQJDººH DQHKD
YLGKDPLUXNNXGKXDYDUSVLQDGKXHQDNNXNRQMDPNÌGDSLGLNNDOHXQJDSFKFKXURPED
DUXPH\—LUXQGKDGKXQ¯QJDS—UWKWKDGKXHQVQKLGKDULOOHDYDUXNNXVLODQ—º—S—UYHVDUL\—
LOOH Q¯QJD QWKWKX HQQH NWWDGKX LSSR HQQLGDP LUXNNXGKX XQJD NºYLNNX Q—Q DSUDP
EDGKLOVROYQQ—QLQGKDYOH\HPXGLSSDGKXDYDUXNNXLVKWDPLOOHLQGKDNDGKHPXGLYX
HQDNNX URPED SLGLWKWKDGKX LGKH SDWKWKL XQJD PXGLYX HQQD" L¼¼DNNL Q¯QJD VDPH\DO
VHLGKDGKXHOO—PURPEDUXVL\—LUXNNXGKXQDPVDPE—GKDQHQDOODYDÄLOHVHODYXVHL\DQXP
DYDQ VDPE—GKDQH DYDQ NXGXPEDWKWKXNNX SÀGK—GKX LQGKD SXVWKDKDWKWKH Q¯QJD
XED\ÀKLNULQJDº—" LQGKD SXVWKDKDWKW—OH XQJDºXNNX HQQD XED\ÀKDP" LSSR YH\LO N—ODP
DGKDQ—OH URPED YUNXGKX PXKDP HOO—P YUYH\— LUXNNXGKX YUYH\H WKXGHQJD Q¯QJD
HQQH V—SSLGD DÄDLWKWKDGKX DYDUXNNX SLGLNNDOH PDUDGKL HOO—UXNNXP LUXNNXGKX PDUDGKL
LOO—GKD PDQXVKDUH Q¯QJD HQDNNX N—WWD PXGL\XP—" XQJD YLUXSSDP HQQD" DGKX HQDNNX
WKHULQGK—QDOODLUXNNXPLGKXNN—KDVLULSSDGK—DÄXYDGK—LQQXHQDNNXSXUL\DOHQDPY¯WOH
—GDOXP S—GDOXP QDGDQGKX NRQGLUXNNXGKX HQ PDKDQXNNX SDGLSSHYLGD YLºD\—WWXGK—Q
romba ishtam.
174
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 47.
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES OF TIME.
‘When’, or ‘While’.
µSÀGKX¶LVDGGHGWRWKHUHODWLYHSDUWLFLSOHVSUHVHQWSDVWRUIXWXUHDVVHHQLQ
DYDUV—SSLGUDSÀGKXSHVDP—WW—U
He will not speak when(while) he eats. (pres.)
DYDUV—SSLWWDSÀWKXHQQÀGXSHVDOH
DYDUV—SSLGXPSÀGKXQ—PV—SSLGXYÀP
He did not speak to me when he ate.
(past)
We shall eat when he eats.
(fut.)
µSÀ¶LVDOVRXVHGLQVWHDGRIµSÀGKX¶µ3UHVHQWDQGIXWXUHIRUPVDUHLQWHUFKDQJHDEOH
The future form is also used for all tenses.
The past form is used only for the past.
‘When…not’, or ‘While…not’.
µSÀGKX¶RUµSÀ¶LVDGGHGWRWKHQHJDWLYHUHODWLYHSDUWLFLSOHVDVLQ
DYDQJDXQQHNÌSSLG—GKDSÀ GKX Q¯QJDQSÀKD¼XP
Why should you go when they did not call you?
‘After’.
‘pin’ or ‘apram’ is added to the past relative participle:Q—QSÀQDSLQQ¯QJDYDQGKLQJD
You came after I went.
‘after’ can also be expressed by adding ‘pin’ or ‘apram’
to a neuter past participial noun, dative case: Q—QSÀQadhukkuSLQ SÀQadhukkDSUDP Q¯QJDYDQGKLQJD
You came after I left.
‘Before’.
Similarly, ‘mun’ is added to the future relative participle:Q—QYDUDPXQQ¯QJDSÀK—GKLQJD
Don’t go before I come.
‘before can also be expressed by adding ‘mun’ to
a neuter participial noun, dative case, present, past or future, as seen in:Q—QYDUDGKXNNXPXQSÀKDGKLQJD
Q—QYDQGKDGKXNNXPXQQ¯QJDSÀKDOH
Don’t go before I come.
You didn’t go before I came.
‘As Soon As’.
µXGDQ¶LVDGGHGWRWKHSDVWUHODWLYHSDUWLFLSOH
or ‘um’ is added to a neuter past participial noun:QDQYDQGKDYXGDQH Q—QYDQGKDGKXP Q¯QJDSRKDO—P
As soon as I come you may go.
175
Adi’s Book.
‘Until’.
‘varailum’,or ‘varaikkum’ is added to the present or future relative participle,
being used for both future and present tenses:Q¯QJDYDUXPYDUDLNNXP YDUDYDUDLNNXP Q—QLQJHLUXSSQ
I will be here until you come.
‘varailum’,or ‘varaikkum’ is added to the past relative participle, for past tense only.
Q¯QJDYDQGKDYDUDLOXPQ—QLQJHLUXQGKQ
I was here until you came.
Vocabulary
Q¯FKFKDO
swimming
eli
rat
udhavi (n.)
help, assistance
udhavi sei (w.dh)
help (v.)
kottu (w.in)
sting, dump rubbish
muyarchchi sei (w.dh)
try
Sentences.
NXÄDQGKHWKÌQJLQDSSÀGKXQ—QYHºL\HSÀQQ
HQNXÄDQGKHWKÌQJXPEÀGKX Q—QYHºL\HSÀUQ
I went out when the child was sleeping.
*( ‘p’ after ‘m’ softens to ‘b’ ).
I will go out when my child is asleep.
Q—QS—PEHSDUWKWKDSÀÀGLSÀQQ
I ran away when I saw a snake.
SDL\DQJDVDGKGKDPVHLGKDSÀGKXQ—QJKDYDQDP—SDGLNNDPXGL\DOH
When the boys made a noise I could not study attentively.
WKDS—O—SLVXNNXSÀKXPEÀGKXLQGKDNDGLGKDWKWKHNRQGXSÀYLQJDº—"
When you go to the post office will you take this letter?
Y¯WWXNNXSÀQDSLQ SÀQDGKXNNXDSUDP DYDQJDºXNNXLQGKDVDQJDGKLWKHULQGKDGKX
They knew about this matter after they went home.
Q¯QJDYDQGKDSLQGK—Q YDQGKDGKXNNXDSUDPGK—Q Q—QJDOO—PV—SSLGXYÀP
Only after you come all of us will eat.
XQJDSS—YDUXPXQ YDUDGKXNNXPXQ SÀLS—GDPSDGLQJD
Go and study your lessons before your father comes.
VDSSLGXPEÀWKXM—VWKLWKD¼¼LNXGLNNDNÌGK—GKX
You should not drink much water when eating.
176
Adi’s Book.
WKLUXGLQDSÀGKXWKLUXGDQHWKONRWWLYLWWDGKX
While stealing the thief was stung by a scorpion.
DPP—NLWWDLUXNNXPEÀWKXNXÄDQGKHNNXED\DPLOOH
When the mother is near the child is not frightened.
XQJDS—WWHNNNXPEÀWKXHOO—UXNNXPVDQGKÀVKDP
Everybody was happy when they heard your music.
DYDUXNNXMRUDPYDQGKDYXGDQGRFWRULGDPSÀQ—U
As soon as he got fever he went to the doctor.
14. yeliye parthavudane pune adhe pidiththu thinnuvittadhu.
As soon as the cat saw the rat (mouse) it caught it and ate it up.
ÌUXNNXSÀQDYXGDQHQDNNXNDGLGKDPSÀGXQJD
‘Drop us a line’ as soon as you reach your place.
NXUDQGKHWKÌQJLQDYXGDQWK—\XPWKÌQJDSÀQ—
As soon as the child slept the mother also went to bed.
Q¯QJDDQJHLUXQGKDYDUDLNNXPDYDQJDQDOO—YOHVHLGK—QJD
As long as you were there they worked well.
Q—PDYDUSFKFKXPXGL\XPYDUDLNNXPLUXSSÀP
We shall wait until his speech is over.
Q¯QJDYDUXPYDUDLNNXPQ—QJDNÀYLOOHLUXQGKÀP
Until you came we were in the temple.
Q—QSDGLWKWKDYDUDLNNXPSXVWKDKDPQDOODLUXQGKDGKX
The book was nice as far as I read.
Q—PFKHQQDLNNXSÀQDSRGKXNDGDONDUHNNX NDGDUNDUHNNX SÀKDOH
We did not go to the sea shore (beach) when we went to Chennai.
Q¯LQJHYDUDPXQHQJHVHLGKXNRQGLUXQGKH VHLGKXYDQGKH Where were you working before you came here.
LQGKDSXVWKDKDWKWKHPXGLNNXPYDUDLNNXPQ—QWKÌQJDP—WWQ
I will not sleep until I finish this book.
177
Adi’s Book.
RUXDÄDK—QDNXÄDQGKHHQQHS—UWKDYXGDQHQDNNXYD¼DNNDPVRQQDGKX
A beautiful child greeted me as soon as she saw me.
Q¯QJDHQQHNXSSLGUDSÀGKXQ—QYDUDWKD\—U—LUXSSQ
I shall be ready to come when you call me.
Practical Conversation. F$W7KH6ZLPPLQJ3RRO
E: Elder, Y: Youngster.
(WKDPELXQQDNNXQLFKFKDOWKHUL\XP—"
Youngster, do you know how to swim?
<HQDNNXQLQGKDWKHUL\—GKXHQDNNXWKD¼¼L\HS—UWKWK—URPEDED\DP—LUXNNXGKX
I don’t know how to swim. I am very frightened of water.
(RKDSGL\—"Q¯QLQGKDNDWKWKXNRººDY¼XP—"
Oh is that it? Do you want to learn to swim?
Q¯NDWKWKXNRººXPEÀGKXQ—QXQQÀGXLUXSSQED\DSSDG—GKH
While you learn I will be with you. Don’t be frightened.
<VDULQJDQ—QNDWKWKXNRººDPX\DUFKFKLVHLYQ
Alright sir, I shall try to learn.
WKD¼¼LOHQ—QLUDQJLQDYXGDQHQQHGKD\DYXVHLGKXSLGLWKWKXNRººXQJD
As soon as I get into the water please catch hold of me.
(PXGKDOOHDQGKDNDUHYDUDLNNXPQLQGKXDQJHSÀQDGKXNNXDSUDPWKLUXPEDY—
First swim upto that side. After you reach there come back.
<Q—QDQJHSÀKXPXQHSGLQLQGKD¼XPHQDNNXN—WWXQJD
Before I go there, show me how to swim.
(Q—QQLQGKXPSÀGKXQ¯\XPDGKHSÀODVHLNDVKWDP—LUXQGK—Q—QXQDNNXXGKDYLVHLYQ
When I swim, you do the same. If it is difficult I shall help you.
<LSGL\—¶QJD"LSSRQ—QNRQMDPQLQGKDPXGL\XP
Like this, sir? Now I can swim a little.
-------------------------
178
Adi’s Book.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 47.
Q¯SDººLNÌGDPSÀUDSSÀGKXQ—QXPY—UQQ¯SDººLNÌGDPSÀKXPEÀGKXHQQHNÌSSLGD
PDUDNN—GKHQ—QSDººLNÌGDPSÀQDSSÀGKXXQY—GK\—UHVDQGKLWKWKQQ—QJDSDººLNÌGDP
SÀK—GKDSÀGKXHQJDQ—\ÀGKXYLOD\—GDYÀPY—GK\—UYDQGKDSLQP—¼DYDQJDSDGLNND
—UDPELWKWK—QJDY—WK\—UXNN—UXGKDGKXNNXDSUDPP—QDYDQJDXNN—UQGK—QJDYOÌUXNNX
YDUDPXQQ¯QJDHQJHYOHVHLGKLQJD"
YOÌUXNNX YDUXYDGKXNNXPXQ HQJH LUXQGKLQJD" DYDU WKDQ VQKLGKDU YDQGKDGKXP
DYDUÀGXV—SSLWW—UQ—\HSDUWKDYXGDQSÌQHÀGLSÀLYLWWDGKXQ¯QJDVDSSLGUDYDUDLNNXPQ—Q
SDGLWKWKXNRQGXLUXNNDO—P—"Q—QYDUXPYDUDLNNXPQ¯QJDDQJH\XPSÀKDNXGK—GKX
SXUXVKDU YDQGKDYDUDLNNXP PDQDYL NDGLGKDP HÄXGKLQ—U Q—Q YDUXPXQ DYDU HQJH
SÀLYLWW—U"
Q¯QJDYDUDGKXNNXPXQDYDQJDYOH\HPXGLWKWKXYLWW—QJD DYDUHQQHNÌSSLGD
YDQGKDSÀGKXQ—QYHºL\HLUXQGKQQ—QVXKDP—LUXNUDSÀHQYOH\HQDOODVHLGKDPXGL\XP
S—OY—QJXPERWKXS—ON—UDQXNNXSD¼DPNRGXNNDPDUDQGKXSÀQQ
Q—PYOH
VHL\—GKDSÀGKXNDGDYXºHQLQHWKWKXNRQGLUXNND¼XPXQJDÌUSÀLVUQGKDYXGDQNDGLGKDP
SÀGXQJD
ND\LWKWKH DYLÄWKWKDYXGDQH P—GX URPED YKDP— ÀGLSÀQDGKX Q—P LQGKD XODKDWKOH
LUXNNXPYDUDLNNXP QDOODGKX VHL\D¼XP QLQJD SHV—GKDYDULNNXP WKDPLÄ HSGL Y—UXP"
VXODEDP— LUXQGKDYDUDLNNXP WKDPLÄ SDGLNND QDOOD LUXQGKDGKX MRUDP YDUDGKXNNXPXQ
LQGKDPDUXQGKHV—SSLGXQJDWKLUXGDQHOO—PSÀQDSLQQ—LNXUDLNND—UDPELWKWKDGKX
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
179
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 48.
ADVERBIAL CLAUSES, (CONTINUED).
‘In Order To’ or ‘So That’. (adverb of purpose)
‘In order to’ is expressed by Future Relative Participle plus ‘padi’(‘badi’).
An infinitive is also used to express this.
Q—QJDLQGKDVDQJDGKL\HsollumbadhiYDQGKÀP:HFDPHKHUHin order to tell this news.
Q—QLQJHLQGKDVDQJDGKL\HsollaYDQGKQ
I came here in order to tell this news.
‘In Order To...Not’ or ‘So That…Not’.
‘In order to…not’ is expressed by Negative Relative Participle plus ‘padi’(‘badi’),
regardless of number, gender, person and tense.
YDºLHGXNN—GKDpadiHQDNNXÌVLSÀGXQJD
Please give the injection so that (in such a way that) it will not hurt.
‘As’.(adverb of manner)
‘as’ is expressed by Present Relative Participle plus ‘padi’(‘badi’), for present and future,
and by Past Relative Participle plus ‘padi’(‘badi’), for past tense only.
Q¯QJDVROUDSDGLQ—QVHLUQ
Q—QVRQQDSDGLDYDQYHOHVHLGK—Q
I will do as you say
He did the work as I said.
‘Because’ or ‘Since’. (adverb of reason)
‘because’ is expressed by
VXIIL[LQJµSDGL\—OH¶RUµSDGL\LQ—OH¶RUµDGK—OH¶RUµDGKDQ—OH¶WR
Present Relative Participle, for present. and future,
and to Past Relative Participle for past tense only.
The negative form ‘Because…Not’LVH[SUHVVHGE\DGGLQJµ—GKD¶WRDQLQILQLWLYH
SOXVµSDGL\—OH¶HWFUHJDUGOHVVRIQXPEHUJHQGHUSHUVRQDQGWHQVH
PDÄHSHLUDGK—OHQ—QYHºL\HSÀKDP—WWQ
PDÄHSHLGKDSDGL\—OHQ—QYHºL\HSÀKDOH
Q¯QJDNÌSSLG—GKDSDGL\—OHQ—QYDUDOH
Because it is raining I will not go out.
Because it rained I did not go out.
Because you did not call I did not come.
-------------------------
180
Adi’s Book.
Vocabulary
NDºHSSX
QÀ\—OL
tiredness
NDºHSS—LUX VQGK
be tired
kadan
debt
NDGDQNº VWW
borrow
kadan kodu (s.thth)
lend
NÌWWDP
GK—YDGKX
meeting
nada, madhdhi
centre, middle
conduct meeting
NÌWWDPQDGD VWKWK
meeting (going on)
NÌWWDPQDGDWKWKX ZLQ
QÀLY\—GKL
sick person
YLºDNNDP
P¯Q
disease
clarity
fish
something
Sentences.
QÀLSÀKXPEDGLQ—PPDUXQGKXV—SSLGD¼XP
So that the disease is cured we should take medicine.
GKÌVLSRKXPEDGKLHOO—PQDOO—VXGKGKDPVHLQJD
Clean everything properly so that the dust goes.
SDQDPNDGDQNNNXPEDGL\—UXQQLGDPYDQGK—QJD"
Who came to you in order to borrow money?
HOO—UXNNXPWKHUL\XPEDGKLYLºDNNDP—HÄXGKXQJD
Write clearly so that everybody can understand.
NXÄDQGKHSXVWKDKDWKWKHNLÄLNN—GKDSDGLS—UWKWKXNRººXQJD
Take care so that the child does not tear the book.
DYDULQJHDGLNNDGLYDU—GKDSDGLQ¯QJDHGK—YDGKXVHL\D¼XP
You should do something so that he does not come here often.
Q—QVROUDSDGLQ¯QJDVHLGK—WKDPLÄV¯NUDP—SVDPXGL\XP
If you do as I say you will be able to speak Tamil fluently.
Q¯QJDS—GUDSDGLQ—QDÄDK—HSSRYXPS—GDPXGL\—GKX
I can never sing as nicely as you do.
DYDUNDVKWDSDWWDSDGLYUH\—UXPNDVKWDSSDGDOH
No one has suffered as much as he did.
Q—QVXKDPLOO—GKDGK—OHQWKWKXLQJHYDUDOH
I did not come yesterday because I was sick.
181
Adi’s Book.
YLºDNNXHULUDSDGL\—OHQ¯QJDED\DPLOO—PHYOHVHL\DO—P
As the light is on you may work without fear.
DGLNNDGLWKDPLÄOHSVUDSDGL\—OHDYDQJDWKDPLÄQDOO—SVDPXGL\XP
Since they are talking Tamil often they can talk Tamil well.
DYDUHQQHNÌSSLG—GKDSDGL\—OHQ—QDQJHSÀKDOH
I did not go there because he did not call me.
NDGHPÌGLLUXQGKDSDGL\—OHQ—QR¼¼XPY—QJDOH
I did not buy anything as the shop was closed.
SD¼DNN—UDQÄHNNXSD¼DPNRGXWKWKDGK—OHÄHVDQGKÀVKDP—LUXNU—Q
Because the rich man gave him money the poor man is happy.
Q—QURPEDGKXUDPQDGDQGKDSDGL\—OHHQDNNXURPEDNDºHSS—LUXNNXGKX
As I walked very far I am very tired.
NÌWWDPHQY¯WWXNNXNLWWDQDGDNNDSÀUDSDGL\—OHQ—QNDWW—\DPSÀYQ
As the meeting is going to be held near my house, I must go.
Q¯QJDNDGLGKDPHÄXGK—GKDSDGL\—OHQ—QXPXQJDºXNNXHÄXGKDOH
As you did not write a letter to me, I (also) did not write to you.
XQJDºHVDQGKLNNXPEDGLGK—Q VDQGKLNNDGK—Q Q—QLQGKDÌUXNNXYDQGKQ
I came to this place only in order to meet you.
P¯QSLGLNNXPEDGLQ—QULNNXSÀYQ
I will go to the lake to catch fish.
WK—QJDVROUDSDGLQDGDNUDYDQJD VHLUDYDQJD QDOODYDQJD
They who practice what they preach are good people.
YDÄDNNDSSDGLQ—QJDSDWKWKXPD¼LNNXWKÌQJDSÀQÀP
As usual we went to bed at ten o’clock.
XQJDLVKWDSSDGL\HOO—PQDGDNNXP LGLRP
Everything will be done according to your wish.
HQDNNXURPEDSDVLHGXWKWKDSDGL\—OHV¯NUDPV—SLWWQ
I ate earlier because I was very hungry.
SÀGKXP—QDSD¼DPLOO—GKDSDGL\—OHHQDNNXVDQGKÀVKDPLOOH
Because I do not have enough money I am not happy.
------------------------182
Adi’s Book.
Practical Conversation. F$7DQN 5HVHUYRLU V: Visitor, L: Local Man.
9NXGLWKD¼¼LNXºDPHQJHLUXNNXGKX"
/DGKXJU—PDWKWKXNNXPDGKLOHLUXNNXGKX
Where is the drinking water tank?
It is in the middle of the village.
9LQGKDNXºDWKWKXWKD¼¼L\QURPEDDÄXNN—LUXNNXGKX
Why is this tank water very dirty.
/LQGKDNXºDWKOH—GXP—GXQJDºHVXGKGKDPVHLUDSDGL\—OHDÄXNN—LUXNNXGKX
Because cattle are washed in this tank it is dirty.
9NXºDWKWKXWKD¼¼LDVXGKGKDP DÄXNNX —K—GKDSDGLJU—PDMDQDQJDSDUWKWKXNRººD¼XP
The villagers should see that the tank water does not become dirty.
/DGKXQLMDP—Q—JU—PDMDQQDQJDºHGK—QNXºDWKOHNXºLNU—QJDWKX¼LQJDWKÀLNU—QJDDSUDP
DGKWKD¼¼LNXGLNU—QJD7KDWLVWUXHEXWWKHYLOODJHUVWKHPVHOYHVEDWKHZDVK
clothes, then they drink the same water.
9JU—PDMDQDQJDNXGLNND NXGLNNXPEDGL WKD¼QLYUHHQJLUXQGKXNRQGXYDU—QJD"
From where else do the villagers bring water to drink?
/Q—QVRQQDSDGLLQGKDDÄXNNXWKD¼¼L\GK—QNXGLNNDNRQGXSÀU—QJD
As I said, they are taking only this dirty water to drink.
9DL\ÀLGKXPÀVDPLOOH\—"
Oh dear, it is a shame, is it not?
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 48.
Q—QXQJDY¯WWXNNXYDUDSXUDSDWWQQ¯QJDHQQHLQJHYDUXPEDGLVRQQLQJDLOOH\—
NXÄDQGKH YHºL\H SÀK—GKDSDGL NDGKDYH PÌGLYLWWQ DYDU Q—P VRQQDSDGL VHLGK—U
DGKXGK—QQDOODGKXWKDPLÄS—GDPNDVKWDP—LUXQGKDSDGL\—OHQ—QDGKHSDGLNNDOHQ¯QJD
HQJDºXNNX V—SS—GX NRGXWKWKDSDGL\—OH DYDQJDºXNNX VDQGKÀVKDP U—WKUL HOO—P YLºDNNX
HUL\—GKDSDGL\—OHLUXWW—LUXQGKDGKX
DYDQJD VLULNNXPEDGL Q—Q LGKH DYDQJDºXNNX VROODOH JU—PD MDQDQJD VDPE—GKLNNXPEDGL
QDKDUDQJDºXNNX SÀU—QJD Q—P NNN—GKDSDGL DYDQJD URPED PHGKXY— SHVLNR¼G—QJD
Y—ÄNNHOHQ—PQLQHNUDSDGLQDGDQGK—HYºDYXQDOODLUXNNXP"SXVWKDKDQJDºHPVHPHOHQ—Q
YDLWKWKDSDGL\ YDLQJD S—GDQJDºH Q¯QJD VDUL\— JKDYDQLNN—GKDSDGL\—OH DGKXQJD
XQJDºXNNXYLºDQJDOHQ—QJDHOO—PNDGDUNDUHNNXQDGDNNDSÀQÀP
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------183
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 49.
SUFFIX ‘UM’ AND ITS USES.
([SUHVVHVµ$QG¶ðwhen it follows nouns and pronouns.
U—PXPUDKLPXPVQKLGKDU
Ram and rahim are friends.
LQJHRUXPVH\XPLOOH
There is not even a table here.
([SUHVVHVµ(YHQ¶RUµ$OVR¶ð when it follows a single noun or pronoun.
Q—PXPDGLNNDGLWKDPLÄOHSHVXYÀP
We also will speak in Tamil often.
\—UXPVXODEDP—WKDPLÄNDWKWKXNRººDO—P
Anyone may learn Tamil easily.
,QWHUURJDWLRQSOXVµXP¶([SUHVVHV8QLYHUVDOLW\ð
9HUEDO3DUWLFLSOHSOXVµXP¶([SUHVVHVµ$OWKRXJK¶ð
PDÄHSHLGKXPLQQXPVÌGXDGDQJDOH
although it rained the heat has not subsided.
&RQGLWLRQDOSOXVµXP¶([SUHVVHVµHYHQLI¶ð
Q¯QJDGKLQDQGKÀUXPRUXPD¼LQUDPGK—QSDGLWKWK—OXPSÀGKXP
It will be enough even if you study only one hour daily.
1HXWHU3DVW3DUWLFLSLDO1RXQSOXVµXP¶([SUHVVHVµDVVRRQDV¶ð
ÌUXNNXSÀQDGKXPHQDNNXNDGLGKDPSÀGXQJD
Drop me a line as soon as you reach home.
$1XPHUDOSOXVµXP¶([SUHVVHV&RPSOHWHQHVV ZLWKRXWH[FHSWLRQ ð
Q¯QJDQ—OXSUXPL¼¼DNNLS—GD¼XP
All four of you should sing today.
µ,QQXP«LQQXP¶&RQQHFWV6WDWHPHQWVð
WKDPEL Q—Q XQJDSS—YH S—UNND YDQGKQ LQQXP PDUXSDGL\XP Q—Q DYDUH VDQGKLNND
YDUXYQLQQXPY—UXPEÀGKXUH¼GXQDOODSXVWKDKDPNRQGXYDUXYQLQQXPXQDSS—YXNNX
sollu.
Child, tell your father that I came to see him and I shall come again to
meet him and will bring two nice books when I come.
Vocabulary
pirar
ÀUDP
XEDGKVDP
XEDGKVDPVHL ZGK
XEDGKVL VWKWK
other people
edge
preaching
V—OH
NXUXNNXYDÄL
N—KDPN—NN—
road
short cut
crow
preach
SDQDPSDÄXP
palmyra fruit
preach
niraya
full, overflowing
184
Adi’s Book.
pichche
alms
nadu, madhdhi
centre, middle
SLFKFKHN—UDQ
beggar
RÄXQJX
neatness
pichche edu (s.thth)
beg
pichche kodu (s.thth)
give alms
QLFKFKD\DP—
certainly
tholle
nuisance
thondaravu
nuisance
tholle kodu (s.thth)
be a nuisance
QVDP Q
love
thondaravu sei (w.dh)
be a nuisance
NDWWD\DP—
certainly
QVL VWKWK
love
Sentences.
DYDUHQQHS—UWKWKXPHQQÀGXSV—PHSÀLYLWW—U
Although he saw me he left without speaking to me.
N—WKWKXDGLWKWKDGKXP DGLWKWKDYXGDQH PDÄHSHLGKDGKX
It rained as soon as the wind blew.
Q¯QJDNÌSSLWW—OXPDYDUYDUDP—WW—U
He won’t come even if you call him.
HOO—V—P—QXNNXPQ—QHYºDYXNRGXNND¼XP"
How much should I pay for all the things
DYDQJDLQGKDYOH\HHSGL\XPVHL\DPXGL\XP
They can do this work somehow or other.
LQJHHOO—PLUXNNXGKXQ¯QJDDGKH\XPV—SSLGDO—P
Everything is here, you may eat anything.
HSSRYXPX¼PH QLMDP SHVD¼XPLQQXPQ—PQDPPHQVLNUDGKHSÀODYHSLUDUH\XP
QHVLNND¼XPLQQXPHVXQ—GKDUXEDGKVDPVHLGK—U
The Lord Jesus preached that we
should always speak the truth and love others as we love ourselves.
Q¯QJDSDWKWKXSUXPLQJHV—SSLGDY—QJD All ten of you come here to eat.
Q—PHSSRYXPV—OH\ÀUDP—QDGDNND¼XP
We should always walk on the edge of the road.
SLFKFKHNDUDQJDQDPDNNXHOO—PLGDWKWKLOXPWKROOHNRGXNU—QJD
The beggars are a nuisance to us everywhere.
Q—QLSSRWKÌQJDSÀUQ\—UXPHQQHWKRQGDUDYXVHL\DNÌG—GKX
I am going to sleep now, no one should disturb me.
185
LGKXNÀYLOOXNNXSÀKDNXUXNNXYDÄL
Adi’s Book.
This is a short cut to the temple.
QDGXU—WKULGK—QWKLUXGDQXNNXURPEDQDOODQUDP
Midnight is a very good time for a thief.
LQGKDS—GDPSDODGKDGDYHSDGLWKWK—OXPHQDNNXYLºDQJDOH
Although I studied this lesson several times, it is not clear to me.
M—VWKLWKD¼¼LNXGLWKWKXPHQGK—KDPSRKDOH DGDQJDOH
Although I drank a lot of water my thirst is not quenched.
—WKWKXOHSÀWW—OXPDºDQGKXSRGX
Even if you throw something in the river, measure and throw it.
(Keep account of all you do, even that of little value).
\—UXPLQLPHOHLGKHSDWKWKLSVDNÌG—GKX
Nobody should talk about this hereafter
N—KXPXNN—UQGKDGKXPSDQDPSDÄXPYLÄXQGKDGKX
As soon as the crow sat the palmyra fruit fell. (The last straw on the camel’s back)
LGKXLQQXPDGKXLQQXPQSVLNRQGLUXNUH"
Why keep saying this and that?
Q—PHSSRYXPHQGKDYOH\XPRÄXQJ—VHL\D¼XP
We should always do any work neatly.
DYDUXGXSSXPSFKFKXPS—UWKWK—SHUL\DPDQXVKDUHSÀODLUXNNXGKX
He looks like a great man by his dress and speech.
LQJH\XPDQJH\XPVXPP—QDGDQGKXNRQGLUXNN—GKLQJD
Don’t just keep walking here and there.
Q¯QJDHQQDGK—QVRQQ—OXPDYDURUXQDOODPDQXVKDUGK—Q
Whatever you say, he is definitely a good man.
—WKWKXOHQLUD\DYHººDPYDQGK—OXPQ—LQ—NNLGKDQNXGLNND¼XP
Even if the river floods the dog has to lick to drink. (There is a limit to one’s capacity).
XQJDYOHPXGLQGKDGKXPHQQHYDQGKXS—UXQJD
Come and see me as soon as your work is finished.
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186
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 50.
68)),;(6µ–¶µœ¶µ¿¶$1'µ–9$'+8¶
µ—¶([SUHVVHV$4XHVWLRQ
QWKWKXDYDUYDQGK—U—?
Did he come yesterday?
µ¶([SUHVVHV(PSKDVLV
LQGKDSHWWLOH\SD¼DPSRWWXYDL
Keep the money in this box.
DYDUQWKWKXLQJHYDQGK—U
He did come here yesterday.
QWKWKXQ¯QJDOÀ vandhinga?
Was it you who came yesterday?
Q¯QJDLSGL\ÀDSGL\ÀSRKDO—P
You may go this way or that way.
avar HQJH\ÀSÀQ—U
He went somewhere.
µÀ¶([SUHVVHV$4XHVWLRQ:LWK$Q(PSKDVLV
µÀ¶$OVR([SUHVVHVµHLWKHU«RU¶
,QWHUURJDWLRQµÀ¶ LQGHILQLWHQHVV
µÀ¶$OVR([SUHVVHVµEXW¶
DYDQSD¼DNN—UDQGK—QDYDQÀQDOODV—SSLGDPXGL\—GKX
He is indeed a rich man, but he cannot eat well.
&DUGLQDO1XPEHUµ—YDGKX¶ 2UGLQDO1XPEHU ,QWHUFKDQJHDEOHZLWKµ—P¶ Q—O—YDGKX (Q—O—P S—GDPYDVLQJD
Read the fourth lesson.
6LQJOH:RUGµ—YDGKX¶ µ$W/HDVW¶
Q¯QJDLGKXNNXSDWKWKXUÌE—Y—YDGKXNRGXNND¼XP
You should give at least ten rupees for this.
µ—YDGKX«—YDGKX¶$OVR([SUHVVHVµHLWKHU«RU¶
L¼¼DNNLNÌWWDWKOHQ¯QJDº—YDGKXQ—Q—YDGKXSVD¼XP
In today’s meeting either you or I should speak.
Vocabulary
NÀEDPNÀYDP
NXUXNN
anger
NÀEDPY— ZQG
be angry
QUYDÄL
vahuppu
class, standard, grade
P—PVDP
across (dat.)
straight way
meat
-------------------------
187
Adi’s Book.
Sentences.
Q—QLYDUHHQJH\ÀS—UWKWKXLUXNUQ
I have seen him somewhere.
LYºDYXV—SS—GHHQDNNXSÀGKXP
This much food is enough for me.
Q—QDGKHHQND¼¼—OH\S—UWKWKQ
I saw that with my own eyes.
Q¯QJDHQQHHSSRYXPS—UNNDOH\À S—UWKWKDGKXLOOH\À "
You have never seen me have you?
Q—ODNNLXQJDYOHN—UDQNDGHWKHUXNNXSÀY—Q—"
Will your servant go to the market tomorrow?
HQDNNXLSSRSQ—YÀSHQFLOÀY¼XP
I want a pen or pencil now.
DYDUSD¼DNN—UDUQ¯QJDOÀÄHQ¯QJDHSGLLGKHVHL\DPXGL\XP"
He is a rich man but you are poor. How can you do this?
Q¯QJDLQGKDFKLQQDYOH\—YDGKXVHL\D¼XP
You should at least do this small job.
HQDNNXXGDQHNRQMDPN—SSL\—YDGKXW¯\—YDGKXNRQGXY—QJD
Bring me some coffee or tea at once.
XQJDPDKDQLSSRHWKWKDQH\—YDGKXYDKXSSXOHSDGLNU—Q
In which class (standard) is your son studying now?
Q¯QJDLSGL\VHLGKXYDQGK—HQDNNXNÀEDPYDUXP
If you keep doing this, I will get angry.
DQGKDNDVKWDP—QDYOH\HHSGL\ÀVHLGKXPXGLWKWKQ
I have finished doing that difficult job somehow.
DYDUQDOODYDUÀNHWWDYDUÀHQDNNXSDUY—OOH
I don’t care if he is a good man or a bad man.
Q—Q—YDGKXHQVQKLGKDU—YDGKX Q—QÀHQVQKLGKDUÀ XQJDºHVDQGKLSSÀP
Either I or my friend will meet you.
LQGKDÀWWDOOHHWKWKDQH\—YDGKXDUHOHWKDQJLLUXNULQJD
In this hotel in what room number are you staying.
ÄHMDQDQJDºXNNXQ—PLQGKDXGKDYL\—YDGKXVHL\D¼XP
We should give at least this help to the poor people.
¼LQJDXQJDNDGLGKDWKOHNDLHÄXWKXSÀWWLQJDº—"
Did you sign your letter?
188
Adi’s Book.
DYDUMDQDQJDºXNNXLSGLXEDGKVLNNDO—P—"
Can he preach to the people like this?
HQVQKLGKDUHQDNNXNDGLGKDPSÀWW—UQ—QÀLQQXPEDGKLOSÀGKDOH
My friend has written a letter to me, but I have not yet sent a reply.
HQDNNXHYºDYÀNDVKWDPLUXNNXGKXDGKH\—UXNNXPVROODP—WWQ
I have such a lot of trouble, but I will not tell anyone.
XEDGKVDPVHLUDGKÀVXODEDPDGKDQSDGLQDGDSSDGKÀNDVKWDP
It is indeed easy to preach, but difficult to act accordingly.
W¯\ÀN—SSL\ÀHGKÀV¯NUDPNRGXQJD
LQGKDYDÄLNXUXNNXYDÄL\—QUYDÄL\—"
Give me tea or coffee or something quickly.
Is this a short cut or a straight route?
Q¯QJDWKLQJDNLÄDPH\—YDGKXVHYY—NLÄDPH\—YDGKXYDUDPXGL\XP—"
Can you come on Monday or Tuesday?
DYDUNXÄDQGKHNNXNRQMDPPLWW—\—YDGKXY—QJD¼XP
I must buy at least some sweets for his child.
Practical Conversation. F7DPLOLDQ)RRG
F: Foreigner, T: Tamilian.
)WKDPLÄQ—WOHN—ODLOHV—GK—UD¼DP—HQQDV—SSLGDY—QJD"
In Tamil Nadu what do they usually eat in the morning.
7WKDPLÄDUXNNXGKÀVDL\ÀLGOL\ÀXSSXP—YÀGK—QN—ODPHV—SS—GX
Dhosai or idli or uppuma is the common breakfast for Tamilians.
)7KDPLÄDUGKÀVDLLGOL\ÀGXN—SSL\—YDGKXW¯\—YDGKXV—SSLGDP—WW—QJDº—"
Don’t the Tamilians take coffee or tea with idli or dhosai?
7—P——Q—DYDQJDV—GK—UDQDP—W¯\HYLGDNDSSLMDVWKLV—SSLGDY—QJD
Yes, but they would usually take more coffee than tea.
V—SSLGDHGKXLUXQGK—OXPVDULLOO—YLWW—OXPVDULDYDQJDºXNNXN—SSLNDWW—\DPLUXNND¼XP
Whether there is something to eat or not, there must be coffee.
)DYDQJDPDGK\—QDV—SS—WWXNNXPU—WKULV—SS—WWXNNXPHQQDV—SSLGXYDGKXYDÄDNNXP"
What are they used to eating for lunch and supper.
7PDGK\—QDPV—SS—WWXNNXV—GKDPXPN—LNDUL\XPVLODVDPD\DPPXWWH\XPP—PVDPXP
For lunch, rice and vegetables, sometimes eggs and meat.
189
Adi’s Book.
7 U—WKULV—SS—WWXNNXV—GKDPXPUDVDPXPDSSDºDPV—SSLGXYDGKXYDÄDNNXP
For supper, rice rasam and appalum are usually eaten.
)HOO—WKDPLÄDUXPP—PVDPV—SSLGDY—QJDº—"
7LOOHHOO—UXPLOOHDQKDSUV—SSLGXYDGKXLOOH
Do all Tamilians eat meat?
No, not all. Many people do not eat it.
Expansion Drill, For Lesson 48, 49, 50.
Q—PGKLQDQGKÀUXPWKDPLÄSVUDSDGL\—OHDGKXVXODEDP—YDUXGKXLQGKDYOHL¼¼DNNL
PXGL\—GKDGK—OH Q—ºDNNL NDWW—\DP LGKH PXGLNND¼XP PDPE—\LOLUXQGKX FKHQQDLNNX
V¯NUDPYDQGKXVUXPEDGLUÀSOQOHSXUDSDWWÀPDQKDSUNÌWWDWKWKXNNXYDU—GKDSDGL\—OH
NÌWWDPQDGDNNDOHPDÄHÀL\—GKDGK—OHQ—QJDNDGHWKHUXNNXSÀKDPXGL\DOH
Q¯QJDYLUXPELQDSDGLHOO—PQDOO—PXGLQGKDGKX
Q—P QDP Y—\XNNX YDQGKDSDGL SVDNÌGDGKX LGLRP DYDU Q—NN—OL\H WKDºOLQD
SDGL\—OH DGKX N¯ÄH YLÄXQGKX XGHQGKDGKX V—SS—GX URPED UÌVL\— LUXQGKDGK—OH DYDQJD
M—VWKL V—SSLWW—QJD —GXQJD SXO P\XPEDGL POHNNX SÀQDGKXQJD LQGKD VHGLQJDºH
QDGXPEDGLWKÀWWDN—UDQNRQGXYDQGK—QQ¯QJDVXKDP—KXPEDGLQ—QJDGKYDQHWKRUDUÀP
LYDUXNNX WKDPLÄ HÄXGKDYXP SDGLNNDYXP URPED QDOOD WKHUL\XP LSSRO—P DQKD
SH¼¼XQJDºXP —S¯VOH YOH VHLGKXYDU—QJD HQ SH¼¼XNNXP SÌ URPED LVKWDP LQQX Q—Q
XQJDºXNNXVRQQQ\—UXPLQGKDSXVWKDKDWKWKHVXODEDP—SDGLNNDO—PDYDUHSGL\XPHWWX
PD¼LNNXººHYDQGKXYLGXY—UQ—QDGKHSDWKWKLHGKXYXPVROODPXGL\—GKXLQQXQLQHNUQ
Q¯QJDHSSRYXPLQGKDSXVWKDKDPHQQLGDPLUXQGKXYDQJLNRººDO—PLGKXXQJDY¯WWHSÀOD
Q¯QJDLQGKDY¯WWOHHQJH\XPSDGXWKWKXNRºODO—PDYDUNÌSSLWWXPQ—QSÀKDOHQLQQ—HQDNNX
YOH M—VWKL LUXQGKDGKX Q—P HYºDYX SD¼DP NRGXWKWK—OXP DYDQXNNX VDQGKÀVKDP
LUXNN—GKXNXÄDQGKHNNXYDÄDSDÄDPNRGXWKWKDGKXPDGKXDÄDUDGKHQLUXWKWKLYLWWDGKXV—OH
PDGKGLOHQDGDNUDGKXDE—\DP—Q—V—OHÀUDP—QDGDNND¼XPLQQXDQKDSUXNNXWKHUL\DOH
L¼¼DNNL LUXEDWKX SUXP YOH VHL\D YDQGKX LUXNU—QJDº—" DQGKD SXVWKDKDQJD HWWXP
XQJDºXNNXGK—Q NRQGXSÀKD PDUDNN—GKLQJD Q—ºDNNL NDWW—\DP HQ Y¯WWXNNX YDUXYLQJDº—
LOOH\—"Q—QQLFKFKD\DP—VROODYPXGL\—GKX—Q—S—UNNDO—PQ—QNDWW—\DPXQJDY¯WWXNNX
YDUXYQ LQQX VRQQLQJDº DYDU LQJH\XP WKDYDU—PH ZLWKRXW IDLO YDUXY—U—" Q—P YDÄLOH
N—SSL\ÀW¯\ÀV—SSLGDO—P—"Q—PSÀUDYDÄLOHÀWWDOLUXNNXGK—"VDULXQJDLVKWDPSÀODHGKXYÀ
HGKÀ VDSSLGDO—P
190
Adi’s Book.
Q—PL¼¼DNNL—VSDWKULSÀKDQXPQDPXNNXM—VWKLYOHLUXNNXGKXQ¯QJDHGKXYXPVHL\DO—P
Q¯QJD SD¼DNN—UDUQ—QÀ ÄH N—SSLLOO—YLWW— SDUY—LOOH WKD¼¼L\—YDGKX NRGXQJD XQJD SH¼
HWKWKDQH\—YDGKX YDKXSOH SDGLNU—" HQ SH¼ DQM—P YDKXSOH SDGLNU— SDL\DQ RPEDGK—P
YDKXSOH SDGLNU—Q URWWL\—YDGKX V—GKDP—YDGKX NRQGXY—QJD HÄXGKD SQ—Y—YDGKX
SHQVLO—YDGKXNRQGXY—QJD
DYDUXPDSGLPÀVDP—SVDNÌG—GKXLGKXYXPHQJDY¯GXGK—QDGKXYXPHQJDY¯GXGK—Q
LQGKD PDQXVKDU \—UXNNXP SLGLNNDOH HQGKD GKVDWKWKLOXP QDOODYDQJD NHWWDYDQJD
LUXNU—QJDHQPÌNNXND¼¼—GL\HQ—QNLÄHSÀWWXPDGKXXGH\DOHHQDNNXDGKXY¼—PLQQX
Q—Q VRQQ—OXP DYDU DGK DQXSSLYDLWKWK—U —S¯VOH YOH PXGLQGKDGKXP Q—Q QUD Y¯WWXNNX
SÀQQ GKLQDQGKÀUXP S—GDQJDºH HÄXGKD¼XP LQQXP WKLUXPED WKLUXPED DGKXQJDºH
SDGLNND¼XPLQQXPHQJDY—GK\—UHQJDºXNNXDGLNNDGLVROU—U
SDVL YDQGK— SDWKWKXP SDUDQGKX SÀKXP ROG VD\LQJ LGKXY— DQGKD NDWWDGDWKWKXNNX
SÀKXPYDVDO"Q—QLQGKDYOHOHVHLGKXPXGLSSQQWKWKXQDOO—PDÄHSHLGKDGKLQQXP
QVÌG—LUXNNXGKX"EHQJDOÌUDNNXSÀKXPQUYDÄLLGKXY—"Q¯QJDNÌWWDWKWKXNNXPXQGKL\À
SLQGKL\À HSSRY YDUDO—P Q—Q DYDUH NÌSSLWWQ DYDUÀ µQ—Q YDUDP—WWQ¶ LQQX VROODYLWW—U
LQGKD NºYLNNX Q¯QJDº—YDGKX EDGKLO VROODPXGL\XP—" DYDU DSS— FKHQQDL\LOLUXQGKX
L¼¼DNNL\ÀQ—ºDNNL\ÀYDUXY—ULSSRHQDNNXURPEDGK—KDPNXGLNNDHGK—YDGKXNRGXQJD
Q—Q LQJH RUX S—PEH S—UWKQ \—UH\—YDGKX V¯NUDP NÌSSLGXQJD XQJD WKDPEL\—YDGKX
D¼¼DQ—YDGKX HQQÀGX DQXSSXQJD Q—Q VDLNLOH\—YDGKX EDVOH\—YDGKX SÀYQ
HSGL\—YDGKXSÀLDQGKDYOH\HPXGLNNDS—UXQJD
DYDU QDOODYDUÀ NHWWDYDUÀ S—UYD LOOH DYDUH YDUD VROOXQJD Q¯QJD HQJH\—YDGKX SÀL
HGK—YDGKX VHLGKX \—UH\—YDGKX S—UWKWKX LQGKD YOH\H HSGL\—YDGKX PXGLQJD Q—Q HQJH
SÀQ—OXP\—UH\XPS—UNNDPXGL\—GKXN—WKWKXDGLWKWKDGKXP PDÄHSHLGKDGK—DOODGKX
PDÄH SHLGKDGKXP N—WKWKX DGLWKWKDGK—" DYDU SD¼DNN—UDU— LUXQGKXP HQQD XED\ÀKDP
SUD\ÀMDQDP DYDU \—UXNNXP XGKDYL VHLUD YDÄDNNXP LOOH Q—Q V—SS—GX UXVL\—
VDPHWKWKXP Q¯QJDºº—P Q VDUL\— V—SSLGDOH LQGKD SDQQHQGX SUH\XP NÌWWLNRQGXSÀL
YOH\H—UDPELQJDQ—QYDUDOHQ—OXP YDUDYLWW—OXP Q¯QJDYOHVHLGKXNRQGLUXQJD
\—UNÌSSLWW—OXPDQGKDQ—LNXWWLVDQGKÀVKDP—ÀGLYDUXP
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191
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 51.
GREETING AND MEETING PEOPLE.
Vocabulary
R¼¼XPLOOH
YLVVKDP—
nothing
\DU—YDGKX
anyone
\—UXPLOOH
avasaram
urgency, hurry (n.)
eppovum
always, any time
N—WKWKLUX
wait (v.)
WKDYDU—PH
HSSRY¼XP—Q—OXP
particular, special
no one, nobody
without fail
anytime
Conversation, Doctor’s Reception Desk..
P: Patient, R: Receptionist.
5Q¯QJDO—"XººHY—QJDQ—NN—OLOHXNN—UXQJD Is that you? Come in. ‘Take a seat’.
P. nandri, romba nandri.
Thank you, many thanks.
5\HSGLLUXNULQJDVXKDP—"
How are you, are you well?
Q—QQDOO—LUXNUQ
I am well
Q¯QJDOXPVXKDP—"
Are you well too?
5Q¯QJDVRZN\DPLOOH\—"
Are you unwell?
3LOOHQ—QVXKDPLOOH HQDNNXXGDPEXVDUL\LOOH No, I am not well.
3—P—Q—QNRQMDPVRZN\DPLOOH
5QLQJDHYºDYXQ—º—VXKDPLOOH"
3Q—QRUXY—UDP—VXKDPLOOH
5XQJDNXGDPEDPVXKDP—"
Yes, I am a bit unwell.
How long are you ( have you been) sick.
I have been unwell for one week.
Is your family well?
XQJDY¯WOHHOO—UXPVXKDP—"
(Is your household well?)
5Q¯QJDHQJHLUXNULQJD"XQJDY¯GXHQJH"
Where do you live? Where is your house?
3—P—HQY¯WOHHOO—UXPVXKDPGK—QQDQGUL Yes, everyone in my family is well, thanks.
3\HQY¯GXNÀYLOXNNXSLQQ—OHLUXNNXGKX
My house is behind the temple.
R. yedhu unga theru?
Which is your street?
3DQGKDQ¯ODP—QDWKHUXGK—QHQJDWKHUX
That long street is our street.
R. enna sangadhi?
What news?
3YLVVKDP—R¼¼LOOH
Nothing special. (nothing in particular)
192
Adi’s Book.
5Q¯QJDHQQHS—UWKWKXURPEDQ—OLOOH\—"
It is a long time since you saw me, is it not?
3—P—Q—QXQJDºHVDQGKLWKWKXURPEDN—ODP—FKFKX
Yes, it is a long time since I met you.
5Q¯QJDQYDQGKLQJD"
Why did you come?
3Q—QGRFWRUHS—UNND¼XPXººHLUXNU—U—"
5LOOHDYDUYHºL\HSÀLLUXNU—U SÀL¶NU—U 3DYDUHSSRWKLUXPEDYDUXY—U"
I want to see the doctor. Is he in?
No, he has gone out.
When will he return?
5DYDUV¯NUDPWKLUXPEDYDUXY—U
He will return soon.
3Q—QDYDUXNN—KDNRQMDQUDPN—WKWKLUXNNDO—P—"
May I wait for him for a little while?
5ÀGK—U—ODP—N—WKWKLUXNNDO—P
Oh, by all means you my wait.
------------------------Sentences.
1. enna sonninga?
What did you say? (‘I beg your pardon’)
XQJDºHS—UNNDHQDNNXVDQGKÀVKDP
I am glad to see you.
Q—QXQJDºXNNXHQQDVHL\D¼XP"
What can I do for you.
HQQDNNXQ¯QJDRUXFKLQQDXGKDYLVHL\D¼XP
Q—QDYDUVQKLGKDU
You can do a small favour for me.
I am his friend.
Q¯QJDHQQHGKD\DYXVHLGKXPDQQLSSLQJDº—"
VDULLQGKDGKDGDYHPDWWXPPDQQLNUQ
Will you please forgive me?
Alright, I will forgive you only this time.
QUDPLUXQGK—HQJDY¯WWXNNXYDUDPXGL\XP—"
Can you come to our house if you have time
VDULDSGL\VHLYQ
Alright, I shall do so.
Q¯QJDHYºDYXQUDPLUXNNDPXGL\XP"
How long can you stay.
Q—QURPEDQUDPLUXNNDPXGL\—GKXNRQMDQUDPGK—QLUXNNDPXGL\XP
I cannot stay long. I can stay only a little while
Q—QHSSRYDUDO—P"
Q¯QJDQ—ºDNNLYDUDO—P
XQJDºXNNXURPEDDYDVDUDP—"
When may I come?
You may come tomorrow.
Are you in a great hurry?
193
—P—HQDNNXURPEDDYDVDUDP
Adi’s Book.
Yes, I am in a great hurry.
Q¯QJDYDUDPXGL\—GK—"
Can you not come?
LOOHQJDHQDNNXDYDVDUDP—QDYOHLUXNNXGKX
Q¯QJDLQGKDVDQJDGKLNºYLSSDWWLQJDº—"
No, I have urgent work.
Did you hear this news?
LOOHQDQLQGKDVDQJDGKLNºYLSSDGDOH
No, I did not hear this news.
Q—QSÀLYDUDWWXP—" Q—QSÀLYDUDO—P—" May I take leave? (May I go?).
SÀLWWXY—QJDYD¼DNNDP
Goodbye.
Q¯QJDHQQHHSSRYXPVDQGKLNNDO—P
You may meet me anytime.
Q—QPDUXSDGL\XPXQJDºHHSSRVDQGKLNNDO—P" When can I meet you again?
XQJDGKVDPHGKX"
Which is your country?
HQGKVDPLQGKL\—
My country is India.
DGKX\—UY¯GX"
Whose house is that?
DGKXHQVQKLGKDUY¯GX
That is my friend’s house.
DYDUXQJDºXNNXWKHUL\XP—"
Do you know him?
—P—DYDUHHQDNNXWKHUL\XP
Yes, I know him.
DQJH\—U—YDGKXLUXNU—QJDº—"
Is there anyone there.
$QJH\—UXPLOOH
No one is there.
LYDUXQJDºXNNXWKHUL\XP—"
Do you know this person?
LOOHLYDUHQDNNXWKHUL\DYWKHUL\—GKX
No, I don’t know this person at all.
Q—QVROUDGKXXQJDOXNNXWKHUL\XGK—"
Do you understand what I say?
Q¯QJDVROUDGKXHQDNNXQDOO—WKHUL\XGKX
I understand well what you say.
Q¯QJDHSSRYDQGKLQJD"
When did you come.
Q—QLSSRGK—QYDQGKQ
I came just now.
XQJDOHWKLUXPEDHSSRS—UNNDO—P"
When can I see you again.
Q¯QJDHQQHHSSRYXP HSSRY¼XP—Q—OXP SDUNNDO—P
You may see me any time you like.
Q¯QJDHQQHQ—ºDNNLNDWWD\DPS—UXQJD
Definitely see me tomorrow.
VDULQ—QXQJDºHQ—ºDNNLWKDYDU—PDS—USSQ
Alright, I will see you tomorrow without fail.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------194
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 52.
CONVERSATION ABOUT WORK.
Vocabulary
JU—PDMDQDQJD
JU—PDWKWK—U
NXGL\—QDYDU
QHVDY—ºL
YD¼¼—Q
JXPDVWK—
WKRÄLOXGK\ÀKDP
Y\—E—UL
SD\LUWKRÄLO
villagers
YLYDV—\DP
villagers
VDPXV—UL
farmer
NDLWKRÄLO
weaver
agriculture
agriculture
farmer
hand craft industry
dhobi
QHLUDWKRÄLO
weaving
clerk
thachchar
carpenter
profession
NRWKWKXYOH
masonry
merchant
Y\—E—UDP
trade, business
other, different
seruppu
sandal
DGLKDP—
in large numbers
surusuruppu
activeness
uraippu
diligence
hard worker, diligent one
VÀPEDO
XUDLSS—OL
laziness
VÀPEUL
have a haircut
kshavara-kade barber’s shop
YUH
PXGLYHWWXNRº ZQG
NVKDYDUDPVHLGKXNRº ZQG
have a shave
kshavaram
lazy fellow
shaving (n.)
Conversation.
XQJDOXNNXHQQDYOH"
Q—QJXPDVWK—YOHVHLUQ
JU—PDWKOHHGKXPXN\DP—QDYOH"
YLYDV—\DP SD\LUWKRÄLO PXN\DP—QDYOH
What is your occupation.
I am a clerk.
What is the main occupation in the village?
Agriculture is the main occupation.
JUDPDWKWK—UYUHHQQDWKRULOVHLU—QJD"
What other industry do the villagers do?
LYDUHQQDYOHVHLU—U"
What is his work?
JU—PDMDQDQJDS—LQHLUDWKRÄLOVHLU—QJD The villagers do mat-weaving.
XQJDSXUXVKDUXNNXHQQDYOH
HQSXUXVKDUWKDFKFKDYOHVHLU—U
Q¯\—UY¯WOHWKÀWWDYOHVHLUH"
Q—QRUXGRFWRUY¯WOHWKÀWWDYOHVHLUQ
What is your husband’s work?
My husband is a carpenter.
With whom are you working as a gardener?
I am a gardener at a doctor’s house.
195
Adi’s Book.
XQJDºXNNXYOHN—UDQLUXNNDY¼XP—"
LOOHHQDNNXDQGKDYOHLVKWDPLOOH
Q¯QJDP—GXYD¼GLNN—UDU—"
Do you want to be a (house) servant?
No, I don’t like that work.
Are you a bullock cart driver?
—P—Q—QYD¼GLNN—UDUGK—Q
Yes I am a cart driver.
HYODYXQ—º—YD¼GLÀWULQJD"
How long have you been driving a cart.
SDWKWKXSDGKLQDQMXYDUXVKDP—ÀWUQ
8QJDYD¼¼DQHSSRYDUXY—Q"
HQJDYD¼¼DQDGXWKWKDY—UDPYDUXY—Q
LGKXHQQDNDGHNVKDYDUHNDGH\—"
I have been driving for 10-15 years.
When will your dhobi come?
Our dhobi will come next week.
What shop is this, a barber’s shop?
Q—QPXGLYHWWLNRººD¼XPDSSRQ—QNVKDYDUDPVHLGKXNRººD¼XP
I want to have a shave then a haircut.
1LQJDQHVDYXYOHWKHUL\XP—"PDGKXUDLOHQHVDY—OLQJDDGKLKDP—LUXNUDQJDº—"
Do you know how to weave? In Madhurai are there many weavers?
HQDNNXQHVDYXYOHWKHUL\—GKX—Q—PDGKXUDLOHDQKDQHVDY—OLQJDLUXNU—QJD
I don’t know how to weave, but in Madhurai there are many weavers.
DQGKDNDWWDGDWKOHDYDUHQQDYOHVHLU—U What work is he doing in that building?
DYDUDQJHNRWKWKXYOHVHLU—U
He is working as a mason there.
DYDUWKRÄLOHQQDWKHUL\XP—"DYDUVHUXSSXWKDLNUDYDU
Do you know what his work is? He is a cobbler.
HQJDSS—RUXY\—E—ULDYDUDULVLY\—E—UDPVHLU—U
Our father is a merchant, he is doing rice business.
XQJDºXNNXYOHLOOH\—"LSSRHQJHYDQGKLQJD"
Don’t you have work? What brought you here now?
HQDNNXYOHLOOHLSSRYOHWKGLYDQGKQ
I have no work. I came in search of a job.
LYDQYOHR¼¼XPVHL\DOH\—"
Is he not doing any work?
DYDQRUXSLFKFKHNN—UDQSLFKFKHHGXNUDGKXDYDQWKRÄLO
He is a beggar. Begging is his profession.
LQGKD—OSHUL\DVÀPEUL
This man is a very lazy one.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------196
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 53.
CONVERSATION WITH A SERVANT.
Vocabulary
mei
truth
poi
lie
thuppu (w.in)
spit
newspaper
YLVLULSÀGX
VHLGKLWK—º
switch on (fan)
visiri niruththu
switch off (fan)
YLOODNNXSÀGX
switch on (light)
YLOODNNXD¼H
switch off (light)
sarakku iru
be slippery
MDJUHGKH\—LUX
be careful
S—UWKWKXY—QJD
YDÄDYDÄDQQXLUX
EDGKUDP—LUX
YOH\—LUX
watch out!
be slippery
be careful
be busy
Conversation.
L¼¼DNNLVHLGKLWK—ºHQJH"HQDUHNNXV—YLHQJH"
Where is today’s newspaper? Where’s my room key?
LGKÀLUXNNXGKXQJDV—YLNÌGDNR¼GXYDUQ¶JD
Here it is sir. I am bringing the key as well sir.
NDGKDYHPÌGX¶S—PÌGLYLWWH\—"
Q—QPXQGKL\PÌGLYLWWQ¶JD
Close the door man. Have you closed it?
I have alredy closed it sir.
NDGKDYHWKLUD¶P—QURPEDQUDPVHLUH"
Open the door ‘ma. Why do you take such a long time?
LGKÀWKLUDQGXYLWWQ¶P—YOH\—LUXQGKQDGKDQ—OHQUDP—FKFKX
Look, I am opening it ‘ma. I was busy, so it took time.
EDGKUDP—LUX M—JUDGKH\—LUX Be careful. (Take care of yourself)
Q—QVRQQDGKHPDUDQGKXSÀK—GKHWKHULQGKDGK—"
Don’t forget what I said, d’you understand?
WKHULQGKDGKXQ—QPDUDNNDP—WWQ
YLºDNNXPYLVLUL\XPSÀGX
Understood, I won’t forget.
Put on the light and the fan.
YLVLULYKDP—Y¼XP—PHGKXY—Y¼XP—"
Do you want the fan fast or slow?
YLºDNNHD¼HQJD7KDWWL\HN¯ÄHYLGXQJD Turn off the light. Pull down the thatties
WKDWWL\HS—GKLYLWW—SÀGKXP—"
If I pull the thatties half way is it enough?
197
Adi’s Book.
VDGKGKDP NÌFKFKL VHL\—GKH SÀG—GKH Do not make a noise.
Q—QVDGKGKDPVHL\DOHQ—QPHGKXY—SVUQ
I am not making a noise, I am speaking quietly.
DSGL\QLOOXDQJHSÀK—GKHQ—QXQQÀGX XQNLWWD SVD¼XPHQDUH\HVXGKGKDPVHL
Stand still. Do not go there. I must speak with you. Clean my room.
LGKHQ\—EDWKOHYDLWKWKXNNNRº YDLFKFKXNNÀ Bear this in mind.
Q¯XQYOH\HS—UDYDUHXººHYDUDVROOXDYDUHHQQHS—UNNDVROOX
Mind your own business. Tell him to come in. Tell him to see me.
VDULQJDHSSRXQJDºHS—UNNDVROOD¼XP"
Alright sir, when should I tell him to see you?
SRLVROO—GKHQLMDP PHL SVX
LGKXSRLLOOHQLMDPGK—Q PHLGK—Q Do not lie, tell the truth.
This is not a lie, it is indeed the truth.
DQJHWKXSS—GKHJDGLK—UDWKWKXNNXVDYLNRGXHQDNNXNDVKWDPNRGXNN—GKH
Don’t spit there. Wind up the clock. Don’t give me trouble.`
HQQHWKRQGDUDYXVHL\—GKHYDÄDNNDPSÀODY—VDUL\—QDQUDWKOHY—
Do not worry me. Come as usual. Come on time.
QUDPSRUXWKWKX NDÄLWKWKX YDU—GKH SLQGKLYDU—GKH Do not come late.
HQQDVRQQH"Q—QR¼¼XPVROODOHQ¯HQGKDSDNNDPSÀUH"
What did you say? I did not say anything. Which way are you going?
HQDNNXHOO—PR¼¼XGK—QHQQDNWWH"
It is all the same to me. What did you ask?
DGKHHGXLGKHOO—PHGXWKWKXYLGXLQGKDFK¯WWHDYDULGDPNRQGXSÀ
Take that. (Pick it up) (Pass it on). Take all these away. Take this chit to him.
VDULQJDLGKXNNXEDGKLOY¼XP—"
Alright sir, do you want a reply for this?
Q—QQUDSRUQLQGKDSDNNDPSÀDQGKDSDNNDPSÀK—GKHLQJHURPEDDÄXNN—µNGKX
I am going straight. go this way, don’t go that way. It is very dirty here.
DQJHGKÌV— GKÌVX\— LUXNNXGKXGKÌVL\HQDOO—WKXGHQJDDQGKDNXSSH\H\HGX
It is dusty there. Wipe the dust well. Take away that rubbish.
N—OVDUXNNXPS—UWKWKXY—QJD
‘Your feet will slip, watch out!’
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198
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 54.
CONVERSATION REGARDING TIME.
QUDP—FKFKX
DGKLN—ODLOH
V—GK—UDQDP—
SDÄDNNDP
LQQXPQUDP—KDOH it is not yet time
it is time
early in the morning
N—WKWKXY—QJDSÀ
go for a walk
usually, ordinarily
vidumure
holiday, leave
custom
YDÄDNNDP
habit
Conversation.
,SSRPD¼LHQQD"LSSRVDUL\DHWWXPD¼LXQJDºXNNXNDLJDGLK—UDPLUXNNXGK—
What is the time now? Now it is exactly 8 o’clock. Do you have a watch?
—P—HQDNNXRUXQDOO—NDLJDGLK—UDPLUXNNXGKXLSSRGK—QSDWKWKXPD¼LDGLWKWKDGKX
Yes, I have a good watch. It has just struck ten!
XQJDJDGLK—UDWKOHHQQDPD¼LHQJDGLK—UDWKOHUH¼GPXNN—OPD¼L
What is the time by your watch? It is 2.45 by my watch.
DGKXQSDWKWKXDGLWKWKDGKX"HQDNNXWKHUL\—GKXQ—ºDNNLNDODPHHWWXPD¼LNNXY—QJD
Why did it strike ten? I don’t know. Come tomorrow morning at 8 o’clock.
Q¯QJDL¼¼DNNLV—LQJ—ODPDQMXPDQLNNXYDUDPXGL\XP—"Q—OXVDPÀV—NRQGXY—QJD
Can you come at 5 o’clock this evening? Bring four samosas.
LOOHYDUDPXGL\DGKX—Q—Q—ºDNNLYDUDPXGL\XPQ—OXLGOLQJDNRQGXYDUD¼XP—"
No, I cannot come, but I can come tomorrow. Shall I bring four idlis?
PÌQXDGLWKWKXSDWKWKXQLPLVKDP—FKFKXXQJDºXNNXRUXSXWKXJDGLK—UDPY¼XP
It is ten past three. You need a new watch.
XQJDJDGLK—UDPVDUL\—SÀKXGK—"
Is your watch correct? ( does it keep good time?)
HQJDGLK—UDPDQMXQLPLVKDPPXQGKL V¯NUDP SÀKXGKXDGKXQWKWKXXGHQGKDGKX
My watch is five minutes fast. It broke yesterday.
DYDUJDGLK—UDPHWWXQLPLVKDPSLQGKL PHGKXY— SÀKXGKXDGKXNNXND¼¼—GLLOOH
His watch is eight minutes slow. That has no glass.
LSSR—UXSDWKWKX—FKFKXLOOHHWWXDGLNNDLUXEDGKXQLPLVKDPLUXNNXGKX
It is six ten. (Ten past six). No, it is twenty to eight.
Q¯QJDHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXYDULQJD"
What time are you coming?
199
QDQSDGKLQRUXPD¼LNNXYDUDO—P—"
Adi’s Book.
Can I come at ten o’clock?
LQQXPQUDP—KDOH\—"LOOHLQQXPQUDP—KDOH
Is it time yet? No, it is not yet time.
DL\ÀQUDP—LSÀFKFKXQ—QXGDQHSÀKD¼XP
Q¯QJDQURPEDSLQGKLYDQGKLQJD"
Oh dear, it is time, I must go at once.
Why were you very late.
HQQHPDQQLFKFKXNÀQJDHQDNNXYDÄLOHNRQMDPYOHLUXQGKDGKX
Forgive me , I had some work on the way.
LQJH\—UPXQGKLYDQGK—QJD" YDQGKDGKX"
Q—QGK—QLQJHPXQGKLYDQGKQ
Who came here early?
I was the one who came here early.
L¼¼DNNLHQQDNLÄDPHWKLQJDNLÄDPH\—
What is today, is it Monday.
—P—QDºDNNLVHYY—NLÄDPHQ—ºD¼¼DNNLEXGKDQNLÄDPHLUXNNXP
Yes, tomorrow is Tuesday, the day after tomorrow will be Wednesday.
DSSRQWKWKXQ—LWKWKXNNLÄDPHLUXQGKDGKXLOOH\—"
So yesterday was Sunday, wasn’t it?
—P—DSGLGKDQLUXNNXNXPY—UDPGKÀUXPPXQGK—Q—ºVDQLNNLÄDPHLUXQGKDGKX
Yes, it’s like that every week. The day before yesterday was Saturday.
Q¯QJDPDGKXUDLNNXQ—ºDNNLSÀYLQJDº—"
LOOHQDQDQJHDGXWKWKDY—UDPSÀYQ
Will you go to Madhurai tomorrow?
No, I will go there next week.
N—ODLOHHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXYHºL\HSÀYLQJD"
Q—QDGKLNDODLOHYHºL\HSÀUQ
Q—OD¼¼DNNLQ—QHSSRYDUD¼XP"
When will you go out in the morning?
I am going out early in the morning.
When shall I come the day after tomorrow?
Q¯QJDPDGK\—QDPSD¼¼HQGXPD¼LNNXWKDYDU—PHY—QJD
Come at 12 o’clock without fail.
SD¼¼HQGXPD¼LNNXHQDNNXQUDPLOOH
I have no time at noon.
Q¯QJDYDÄDNNDPDU—WKULOHHWKWKDQHPD¼LNNXV—SSLGDYLQJD"
At what time do you usually eat at night?
Q—QGKLQDQGKÀUXPV—GK—UD¼DPDHWWXPD¼LNNXV—SSLGDYQ
I usually eat at eight o’clock daily.
SDKDOQUDWKOH SDKDOOH WKÌQJXYLQJDº—
Do you sleep during the day time?
200
Adi’s Book.
LOOHHQDNNXSDKDOOHWKÌQJDUDSDÄDNNDPLOOH
No, I am not in the habit of sleeping in the day-time.
Q¯QJDLQJHHYODYX HWKWKDQH Q—º—LUXNULQJD"
Q—QSDODYDUXVKDP—LQJHLUXNUQ
How long have you been here?
I have been here for several years.
GKD\DYXVHLGKXHQDNNXUH¼GXY—UDPYLGXPXUHNRGXQJD
Please give me leave for two weeks.
LSSRYOHDGLKDP—LUXNNXGKXDGKDQ—OHRUXY—UDPGK—QYLGXPXUHNRGXNNDPXGL\XP
There is a lot of work now, so only one week’s leave can be given.
DGXWKWKDY—UDP\—UYDU—QJD"
DGXWKWKDY—UDP\—UXPYDUDOH
SÀQDY—UDPHQJHSÀLLUXQGKLQJD"
Q—QSÀQDY—UDPPDPEDLNNXSÀLLUXQGKQ
Who is coming next week.
Nobody is coming next week.
Where had you been last week?
I had been to Mumbai last week.
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201
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 55.
CONVERSATION ABOUT WEATHER.
Vocabulary
YDVDQWKDN—ODP
spring
NXºLUNDODP
winter
idi
thunder (n.)
idi-idikkudhu (s.thth)
thunder (v.)
minal
lightning (n.)
minnudhu(w.in)
be lightning flash
SXÄXNNDP—LUX
be sultry
NXºLUFKFKL\—LUX
be cool
paruva nile
weather
NXºLU—LUX
be cold
Conversation.
L¼¼DNNLSDUXYDQLOHHSGLLUXNNXGKX"
L¼¼DNNLSDUXYDQLOHURPEDQDOODLUXNNXGKX
NRQMDQUDWKOHPDÄHSHL\XP—"
—P—PDÄHSHL\XPSÀODLUXNNXGKX
L¼QDNNLURPEDYH\\LOLOOH\—"
—P—L¼QDNNLURPEDVÌG—LUXNNXGKX
N—ODPHHSGLLUXQGKDGKX"
N—OHOHURPEDNXºLU—LUXQGKDGKX
QWKWKXU—WKULNXºLUFKFKL\—LUXQGKDGK—"
LOOHQWKWKXU—WKULSXÄXNNDP—LUXQGKDGKX
XQJDXUOHQDOODPDÄHSHLGKDGK—"
How is the weather today?
Today the weather is very good.
Will it rain in a short while?
Yes, it seems like it will rain.
It is very hot today, is it not?
Yes, it is very hot today.
How was it in the morning?
It was very cold in the morning.
Was it cool last night?
No, yesterday night was sultry.
Have you had heavy rain in your town?
M—VWKLPDÄHLOOHOVDSHLGKDGKX
Not much rain, it rained lightly.
13. veyyil epdi irukkudhu?
How is the heat? (sun)
YH\\LOM—VWKLDGLNNDGKX
The sun (It) is very hot.
QWKWKXN—WKWKXDGLWKDGKX
Yesterday it was windy.
16. adhu enna velichcham? adhu enna sadhdham? What is that light? What’s that noise?
DQGKDYHºLFKFKDPPLQQDOLUXNNXP
That light is lightning.
18. andha sadhdham idi. idi idikkudhu.
That noise is thunder. It is thundering.
XQJDºXNNXNXºLUN—ODP—YDVDQWKDN—ODP—LVKWDP"
YDVDQWKDN—ODWKOHWKÀWWDPDÄDK—LUXNNXP
Do you like winter or spring?
In the spring the plants are beautiful.
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Adi’s Book.
LESSON 56.
CONVERSATION WITH A TAILOR.
Vocabulary
chatte, chokka
shirt
P—GKLULWKX¼L
pattern
uduppu
dress (n.) (clothing)
thrupti
satisfaction
WKDºDUWKWKL\—LUX
be loose
thaiyal
tailoring
XUXNNXP—LUX
be tight
NÌOL
charge (n.)
pidi
be tight
thiruppi kodu
return (v.)(tr.)
Conversation.
GKD\DYXVHLGKXRUXWKDL\DON—UDUHNÌWWLNRQGXYDULQJDº—"
Will you please bring a tailor?
VDULQJDNÌWWLNRQGXY—UQ
Yes sir, I will bring one.
PXGL\X¶QJDWKDLWKWKXWKDUQ
I can, I will stitch it and give it.
LYDUXNNXRUXFKDWWHY¼XPWKDLNNDPXGL\XP—" He needs a shirt, can you stitch it?
FKRNNDLNNXHYºDYXWKX¼LY¼ÌP"
How much material is needed for a shirt?
RUXFKRNNDLNNXUH¼GDUHP¯WDUWKXQL
HQDºDYXHGXNULQJDº—"
For a shirt 2½ metres of cloth.
Will you take my measurements?
—P—NRQM¶RUXQLPLVKDP
Yes, just a minute.
SQWVNÌGDWKDLNNDQXPSQWVXNNXHYODYDWKXQL"
Pants are also to be made. How much cloth for pants?
RUXYLQ—GLLUXQJDDºDYXHGXWKWKXS—UNUQ
Just a second, I will measure and see.
LQGKDWKX¼L\LOLUXQGKXUH¼GDUHP¯WDUHGXWKWKXNÀ¶QJDE—NNLWKLUXSSLNRGXQJD
Take 2½ metres from this cloth. Give back the remainder.
VDULQJDVHLUQP—GKLULWKX¼LLUXNNXGK—
XQJDFK—WWHPÌQXQ—ººHWKD\—U—LUXNNXP
RUXFKDWWHNNXWKDL\DONÌOLHYºDYX"
RUXFKDWWHNNXWKRQQÌUXUÌE—YDQJUQ
8QJDNÌOLM—VWKLNRQMDPNDPPLSD¼¼XQJD
Okay, will do. Is there a pattern?
Your shirt will be ready in three days.
How much do you charge for a shirt?
I charge Rs 90 per shirt.
Your charges are high, reduce it a bit.
HQNXOLURPEDLOOH—Q—XQJDOXNN—KDDQMXUÌE—NDPPLSD¼UQ
My charges are not too much, but I will reduce it Rs 5 for you.
203
Adi’s Book.
DºDYHOO—PVDUL\—LUXNND¼XPWKHULQGKDGK—
Everything should fit well, understand?
ED\DSSDG—GKLQJDDL\—XQJDºXNNXWKUXSWL\—WKDLWKWKXNRGXNUQ
Never fear sir. I will make it to your satisfaction.
HQJDXGXSSXWKD\—U—LYLWWDGK—"
Is our clothing ready?
—P—QJDXQJDXGXSSXWKD\—U—LYLWWDGKXLSSRQLQJDSÀWWXS—UNNDO—P
Yes sir, your clothes are ready. Now you can try them on and see.
HSGLLUXNNXGKX"DºDYXHOO—PVDUL\—LUXNNXGK—"
How is it? Does it fit well.
WKÀºNLWWDYXPDNNXºNLWWDYXPNRQMDPSLGLNNXGKX
It is a bit tight near the shoulder and the armpit.
RUXFKÀºLWKDLNND¼XP—Q—DWKHUH¼GXSDNNDPXPNRQMDWKDºDUWKWKL\—LUXNND¼XP
A choli is to be stitched, but it should be a little loose on both sides.
LGKDºDYXLUXNND¼XPL¼¼DNNLWKX¼LNRGLWKWK—H¼¼DNNLWKDLWKWKXNRGXNULQJD"
It should be this size. If I give the cloth today, when will you stitch and give it?
Q—ºD¼¼DNNLNDWW—\DPWKDLWKWKXNRGXSSQ
I will make it and give it the day after tomorrow.
Q¯QJDVRQQDQ—ºQLFKFKD\DP—NRGXNND¼XP
WKDYDU—PHNRGXSSQ¶JD
You must give it on the promised day.
I shall give it without fail ma’am.
Q¯QJDQDOO—WKDLNULQJDHQDNNXURPEDWKUXSWL
You tailor well. I am very satisfied.
URPEDQDQGULQJDXQJDWKUXSWLGK—QHQVDQGKÀVKDP
Thank you very much, your satisfaction is my happiness.
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204
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 57.
CONVERSATION WITH A CLOTH MERCHANT.
Vocabulary
puduve, sele
saree
pattu
silk
PDWWDP—QD
inferior.
QÌO
cotton
NÀGXSÀWWD
NDPEDºLWKXQL
striped
NDWWDPSÀWWD
chequered
woollen cloth
tharchchamayam
at present
Conversation.
XQJDºXNNXVOHQJD SXGDYHQJD LUXNNXGK—"
LUXNNXGKXHQQDYLGKDP—QDVOHY¼XP"
SDWWXSXGDYHY¼XP—QÌOSXGDYHY¼XP—"
Do you have sarees?
Yes, what kind of sarees do you want?
Do you want silk or cotton sarees?
VLOD—UDQLSXGDYHQJDN—WWXQJDN—QMLSÌUDPSDWWXVOHQJDXQJDºLGDPLOOH\—"
Show me some Arni sarees. Don’t you have Kanchipuram silk sarees?
LUXQGKDGKX—Q——LSÀFKFKXWKLUXPEDRUXY—UDWKOHYDUXP
We had, but they are all sold out. They will come in again in a week.
—UXP¯WDUOHVLODQDOO—QÌOVHOHQJDN—WWXQJD
Show me some good six metre sarees.
LGKXQJDHQGKDÌUQÌOSDGDYHQJD" From which place do these cotton sarees come?
LGKXQJDPDGXUDL\XPNÀLPEDWÌUXPVOHQJD
These are Madurai and Coimbatore sarees
LQGKDSXGDYHNNXV—\DPSÀLYLGXP—"
LOOHQJDV—\DPSÀKDYSÀK—GKX
Will the colour of this saree fade?
No, the colour will never ever fade.
LQGKDSXGDYHNNXJHWWLV—\DP
This saree has fast colour.
Q¯QJDV—\DWKWKHSDWKWKLQLFKFKD\DP—VROODPXGL\XP—"
Can you say for certain about the colour?
Q—QJDURPEDQLFKFKD\DP—VROODPXGL\XP
We can certainly guarantee it.
LQGKDVOHNNXV—\DPJHWWLLOOH¶PDNRQMDQ—ººHV—\DPSRLYLGXP
The colour of this saree is not fast. It will fade after a few days.
YLOHX\DUQGKD M—VWKLYLOHOH QDOODFKRNN—WKX¼LN—WWXQJD
Show me the more expensive ( superior quality) shirting cloth.
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Adi’s Book.
LGKÀFKRNN—WKX¼LS—UXQJD
Here is the shirting cloth, have a look.
LGKHYLGDPHOLVXWKX¼LLOOH\—"
Don’t you have finer material than this?
LOOHQJDLGKHYLGDPHOLVXWKX¼LHQJDOLGDPLOOH
No madam, we don’t have finer material than this.
LQGKDWKX¼LPRGKGK—LUXNNXGKXHQDNNXPDWWDP—QDWKX¼LY¼—P
This is coarse material. I don’t want inferior cloth.
VDULQJDPPDXQJDLVKWDP—Q—LWKXPDWWDWKX¼LLOOH
Alright madam, as you wish, but this is not coarse material.
NÀGDSÀWWDFKRNN—WKX¼LLUXNNXGK—"
Do you have striped shirting?
LUXNNXGKXQJDHQJDºLGDPNDWWDPSÀWWDWKX¼LNÌGDLUXNNXGKX
We have, we have chequered shirting too.
ODLWNDODUGK—QHQDNNXSLGLNNXPJK—GL\—Y¼—P
I only like light colours, I don’t want dark.
LGKXURPEDDUXPH\—QDWKX¼LURPEDN—ODWKWKXNNXQDOO—XÄDLNNXP
This is very excellent material. It will serve well for a long time.
QDOODNDPEDºLWKX¼LLUXNNXGK—"
Do you have any nice woollen material?
LOOHQJDPPDWKDUFKFKDPH\DPLOOHUHQGRUXY—UDWKOHYDUXP
No madam, not at present, it will come in a week or two.
S—UYDLOOHQ—QDGXWKWKDY—UDPYDUQ
Never mind, I shall come next week.
VDULQJDPPDDSGL\VHLQJDYD¼DNNDP
Alright madam, please do come, goodbye.
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206
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 58.
CONVERSATION WITH A FRUIT MERCHANT.
Vocabulary
P—PEDÄDP
SDSS—OLSDÄDP
DQ—VLSDÄDP
SDO—SDÄDP
SDÄXWKWK—SDÄDP—
unripe
YLOHPDOLY—
YLOHM—VWKL
cheap price
YUHQQD
decay
HOXPDFKDPEDÄDP
1RWHð
Y—ÄDSDÄDP
guava
N—\—
—UDQMX
DSSLOSDÄDP
pappaya
pineapple
JR\\—SDÄDP
DÄXKLSÀ
GU—NVKHSDÄDP
mango
SDÄDP
lime
orange (tangerine)
V—WKWKXNNRGL
grapes
apple
banana, plantain
jack friut
ripe
expensive
what other
fruit
sweet lime, (orange)
D ORFDOO\DQµRUDQJH¶ —UDQMX is also known by some as a ‘loose jacket’.
This is what would be known in U.K. as a ‘tangerine’.
E ORFDOO\DµVZHHWOLPH¶ V—WKXNNRGL OLWµVKXWFRDW¶ ZKLFKLVFRORXUHGLQ
various mixtures of green and orange, would be known in U.K. as an ‘orange’.
F DOLPH HOXPDFKDPEDÄDP VHHPVWREHDOLPHHYHU\ZKHUHIRUWXQDWHO\
Conversation.
HQQD¶S—XQNDGHOHYDÄDSDÄDPLUXNNXGK—"
LUXNNXGKXQJDHQQDYDÄDSDÄDPY¼XP"
Sir, do you have bananas (plantains)
I have, what bananas do you want?
SDFKFKHYDÄDSDÄDPY¼XPGD]DQHQQDYLOH"
I want green bananas. How much are they a dozen.
RUXGD]DQSDWKWKXUÌE—XQJDºXNNXHYODYXY¼XP"
Ten Rupees a dozen. How many do you want?
SDÄDQJDFKLQQDGK—LUXNNXGKX—Q—YLOHM—VWKL\—LUXNNXGKX
The fruits are small, but the price is high.
DGKXM—VWKLYLOHLOOHQJDHQJH\XPRUYLOHGK—Q
The price is not high, everywhere’s the same price.
UH¼GXGD]DQSDGKLQHWWXNNXY—QJDO—P—"
Can I have two dozen for Rs 18 ?
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Adi’s Book.
LQGKDSDÄDQJDºHV¯NUDP—V—SSLGD¼XP
\QDSGLVROULQJD"
We should eat this fruit quickly.
Why do you say that?
QLQQ—DGKXQJDQ—ºD¼¼DNNLLUXQGK—DÄXKLSÀLGXP
Because by the day after tomorrow they will go bad. (decay).
XQJDºLGDPYUHQQDSDÄDPLUXNNXGKX"
What other fruit do you have?
—UDQMXV—WKWKXNRGLGKU—NVKHDQ—VLPDPEDUDPJR\\—DSSLOHOO—PLUXNNXGKX
Oranges, sweet limes, grapes, pineapples, mangoes, guavas, apples, everything!
NDUXSSXGKU—NVKHN¯ORHQQDYLOH"
How much a kilo of black grapes?
RUXN¯ORQ—SDWKWKXUÌE—LUXNNXP—Q—XQJDºXNNXGK—QPXSSDWKWKDQMXNNXNRGXNUQ
One kilo is Rs 40, but to you only, I will give them for Rs 35.
PDOJÀY—P—PEDÄDPRUXGD]DQYQXPHSGLNRGXNUH"
I want a dozen Malgova mangoes, how do you sell them?
Q—PPXNNXLQGKDQ—ODQJDPDOJÀY—P—PEDUDPYDUDOHYLOHURPEDMDVWKLLUXNNXP
We are not getting Malgovas these days, the price is too high.
DGKX\QDSGLLUXNNXGKXHQQD—FKFKX"
Why is that? What has happened.
LSSRDWKXHOO—PJXOSXNNXSRKDGKXPDPEDL\LO—UXQÌUXUXE—GD]DQLUXNNXP
Now they are all going to the Gulf. In Mumbai the price is Rs 600 per dozen!
SDO—SDÄDPXQJDºXNNXSLGLNN—GK—"
SDO—SDÄDPQ—QJDV—SSLGDYDGKXLOOH
Don’t you like jack fruit?
We don’t eat jack fruit.
DYºDYXGK—QHOO—SDÄDPXPLQGKDNÌGHOHSÀWWXNDWWLWKDUDPXGL\XP—"
That’s all, can you put all the fruit in this basket and tie them up?
DSGL\VHLUQHQQLGDPURPEDQDOO—SDSS—ºLSDÄDQJDLUXNNXGKXQJDY¼XP—"
I will do that. I have very good papayas, do you want some?
LQGKDSDSS—OLURPEDSDÄXWKWKXYLWWDGKXLGKXY¼—P
This papaya is overripe, I don’t want this one.
LGKÀLGKXM—VWKLSDÄXNN—GKDSDÄDP,GKXNRQMDPN—\—XUXNNXGKX
Here you are, this is not overripe, this a bit unripe (green).
VDULSDÄXWKWKXYLWWDGKXSDÄDPRUXQ—ºXNN¶XººHDÄXKLSÀLGXP
Okay. Overripe fruit will go bad (rotten ) within one day.
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Adi’s Book.
LESSON 59.
CONVERSATION WITH A GARDENER.
Vocabulary
YQGKDGKD
NXSSHN̺DQJD
unwanted
YOL
weeds, rubbish
PXº
thorn
pasumpul thare
lawn, grassy area
PXºYOL
thorn hedge
vidhe
seed
vidhe (s.thth)
sow, seed (v.)
Y—GLSSÀ ZLQ
wither
samappaduththu
level (v.)
fence
Conversation.
YO—QWKWKXVHGLQJDºXNNXWKD¼¼LÌWKWKHQH\—"
Vela, did you water the plants yesterday?
LOOHQJDQLQQ—QWKWKXPDUHSHLGKDGKX
No sir, because it rained yesterday.
LQGKDVHGLNNXM—VWKLWKD¼¼LÌWKWK—GKH
Don’t water this plant too much.
VDULQJDLWKXNNXM—VWKLÌWKWKDP—WWQ
Alright sir, I won’t water it too much.
WKÀWWDWKOHY¼G—GKDNXSSHN̺HQJDLUXNNXGKXPXGKDOOHDGKHHGXNNDO—P—"
There are unwanted weeds in the garden. May I clear them first.
—P—PXGKDOOHDGKHOO—PHGXWKWKXSRGXDSUDPVXGKGKDPVHL
Yes, clear them first, then clean up.
LQGKDVHGLQY—GLSÀQDGKX" Y—GLSÀFKFKX" QLQQ—LGKXNNXSÀGKXP—QDHUXLOOH
Why has this plant withered away?
Because not enough manure has been put on
QDOO—HUXSÀWW—VHGLQDOODYDºDUXP
Properly manured the plant will grow well.
LOOHQJDQ—QDQJHYLGKHNNDP—WWQ
No sir, I will not sow seeds there.
SDSS—OLPDUDWKWKXNNXNLÄHYLGKHYLGKHNN—GKH Do not sow under the papaya tree.
—GXP—GXYDU—PHS—UWKWKXNNÀ
YOLSÀWW——GXP—GXQJDYDU—GKXQJD
WKÀWWDWKWKHVXWKWKLPXºYOLSÀGD¼XP—"
See that the cattle do not come here.
If we put a fence cattle will not come.
Should we hedge the garden with thorn?
—P—DSGLGK—QVHL\D¼XPDSSRGK—Q—GXP—WWXQJDXººHYDUDPXGL\—GKX
Yes, that’s it, then the cattle can’t get inside.
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Adi’s Book.
LQJHUXQGKXUH¼GXSDNNDPXPNDOQDWWXQDGDNNDYDÄLVHL
Make a path from here by fixing stones on both sides.
LQJHURPEDVU—LUXNNXGKXVLODPD¼DOLQJHNR¼GXYDQGKXSÀGX
It is very muddy here, bring some gravel and throw it here.
Y—ÄDPDUDPHQGKDLGDWKOHQDGD¼XP"
Where should we plant the banana tree?
SÌVHGLNNXNLWWDYDÄDPDUDPQDGXQJD
Plant the banana tree near the flowers.
LQGKDLGDWKOHPD¼SÀWWXQLODWKWKHVDPDSSDGDWKWKX
Put earth (dry mud) here and level up the ground.
DQJHSDVXPSXOWKDUHWKD\—UVHL\D¼XP
Prepare the ground there for a lawn.
LGKX\—U—GX"QDPWKÀWWDWKWKXVHGLQJDºHWKLQQDGKX
Whose goat is this? It eats our garden plants.
DQGKD—WWHNDWWLSÀGDVROOX
Tell them to keep the goat tied.
\WKDPELLQLPOHLQJHYDQGKXSXS—ULNNDNÌG—GKX
You, youngster, from now on don’t come here to pluck flowers.
VDULQJDHQQHPDQQLFKFKXNNÀQJDDGKHWKLUXPEDVHL\DP—WWQ
Alright sir, please forgive me, I won’t do it again.
LQGKDWKÀWWDWKOHM—VWKLYOHLOOHXQDNNXHYºDYXVDPEDºDPY¼XP"
There is not much work in this garden. How much salary do you want?
DL\—P—VDPDLQÌUXUÌE—NRGXWKWK—YOHVHLYQ
Sir, if you pay me five hundred Rupees a month I will work.
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Adi’s Book.
LESSON 60.
CONVERSATION WITH A DHOBI.
Vocabulary
PXQSD¼DP
vilasam
address
advance
DGKXNNXWKDKXQGK—SÀOD
accordingly
RÄXQJ—
regularly
salave
wash (n.)
salave sei (w.dh)
wash
RWKWKXNRº ZQGK
agree
tholai (s.thth)
lose (v.)
Conversation.
Q¯\—UY¯WOHWKX¼LQJDYHºXNUH" VDODYHVHLUH
Whose clothes do you wash?
XQJDVQKLGKDUY¯WOHDÄXNNXHGXNUQ
P—VDWKOHHWKWKDQHVDODYHNRQGXYDUDYH"
I am taking washing for your friend.
In a month how many washes do you do?
P—VDWKOHQ—OXVDODYHNRQGXYDUDYQ
VDULQÌUXWKX¼LNNXHYODYXNNUH"
In a month I will give four washes.
Okay, how much do you ask for 100 clothes?
QÌWKWKXNNXPÌQÌUXUÌE—Y—QJUQ
I charge Rs 300 per 100 pieces.
VDUL¶SDDGXWKWKDY—UDWKWKLOLUXQGKXYDUDO—P
VDULQJDDGXWKWKDY—UDPNDWW—\DPY—UQ
Alright, you can come from next week.
Yes, I will definitely come next week.
HQJDYLWWXYLO—VDPXQDNNXWKHUL\XP—"
Do you know our house address?
WKHUL\XPDGKHPXQGKL\WKHUL\XP
I know, I knew it before.
Q—QXQDNNXRUXYLVKD\DPVROOD¼XP
I must tell you one thing.
Q¯HQJDºLGDPPXQSD¼DPNNNDNÌG—GKX
You should not ask advance from us.
LQQR¼¼XHQJDºXNNXP—VDPGKÀUXPRUXQJ—Q—OXVDODYHY¼XP
Another thing, we want the wash regularly four times a month.
LGKHURPEDYLOHX\DUQGKDWKXQLM—JUHGK\—VDODYHVHL\D¼XPDSGLVHLYH\—"
This is very high cost material. you should wash it carefully. Will you do so?
VDULQJDDGKHM—JUHGK\—VDODYHVHLYQ
Yes madam, I will wash it carefully.
DQGKDWKX¼LNNXNDQMLSÀG—GKH
LOOHQJDDGKXNNXNDQMLSÀGDP—WWQ
Don’t put starch in that cloth.
No madam, I will not put starch in it.
WKXQLQJDºHNDOPOHEDODP—DGLNNDNÌG—GKX
Don’t beat the clothes hard on the stone
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Adi’s Book.
XGXSSHOO—PURPEDEDGKUDP—VDODYHVHL\D¼XP
You should wash the clothing very carefully.
WKXQLQJDNLÄL\—PHS—UWKWKKXNROOD¼XP
See that the clothes are not torn.
WKX¼LQJDWKRODLNNDNÌG—GKX
You should not lose the clothes.
,QGKDWKX¼LOHDÄDNXVDUL\—SÀKDOHDGKXVDUL\—VXGKGKDPLOOH
The dirt has not gone from this clothing. That is not cleaned properly.
VDODYHWKUXSWL\—LOO—YLWW—DGKXNNXWKDKXQGK—SÀODSD¼DPNRGXSSQ
If the wash is not satisfactory, I will pay you accordingly.
DSGL\VHLQJDPP——Q—Q—QQDOO—VDODYHVHLYQ
Please do, but I will do the wash properly.
LGKHOO—PRWKWKXNNRQG—Q¯DGXWKWKDY—UDPYDUDO—PHQQDVROUH"
If you agree to all this you may come next week. What do you say?
VDULQJDPP—HOO—PXQJDLVKWDSSDGL\VHLYQ
Alright madam, I will do everything just as you wish.
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Adi’s Book.
LESSON 61.
CONVERSATION ABOUT FOOD.
Vocabulary
NDGDODNN—L
WKDNN—OL
NXUP—
NDWKWKDULNN—L
peanut, groundnut
SÌVD¼LNN—L
tomato
N¯UDNN—L
meat curry
pumpkin
cucumber
NXÄDPEX
vegetable curry
poriyal
fried veg or meat
rasam
pepper water
NRGKLNNDYDLWKWKDWKD¼¼L
boiled water
masiyal
mashed veg, cereal
veththale
betel leaf
NDLP—YDGDL
cutlet
S—NNX
betel nut
VDLYDV—SS—GX
N—UDP—
paruppu
dhal
DºDYÀGX
measure
PRUDPRUD¼¼X
XUXºDLNNLÄDQJX
YDUXWKWKDP¯Q
hot (pepper, spices)
curds
—ULSSÀ
NRGKLWKWKDWKD¼¼L
vegetarian food
WK—\LU
QDPDWKXSÀ
WKQJ—L
brinjal
PLOLWDULV—SS—GX
VÌG—
coconut
boiled water
fried fish
non-veg food
hot, (temp)
PÀU
buttermilk
MÀU—
excellent
become soft
GKLWWDP—
proper
become cold
vikkal
hiccups
crisp
kuchchappadu
be shy, bashful
potato
NÌWWX
curry
Conversation.
Y¯WOHVDPD\DOXNNXYQGL\DHOO—V—P—QXPLUXNNXGK—"
Do you have in the house all the things needed for cooking?
—P—QJDPP—HOO—PV—P—QXPLUXNNXGKX
L¼¼DNNLHQQDVDPD\DOVHLGKLQJD"
Yes yes madam, we have everything.
What did you cook today?
L¼¼DNNLNDWKWKDULNN—LV—PE—UXUXºDLNNLÄDQJXSRUL\DO
Today, brinjal curry and fried potatoes.
N¯UDNNDLSDFKFKDGLQVHL\DOH"
Why didn’t you make cucumber pachadi?
213
Adi’s Book.
L¼¼DNLQUDPLOOHPP—Q—ºDNNLNDWW—\DPVHLUQ
There wasn’t time today maam, I will certainly make it tomorrow.
—Q—LSSRNDGDODNN—LFKDWQLVHLGKLUXNUQ
PLºDKXUDVDPNÌGDLUXNNXGK—"
But I have made peanut chutney.
Do we have pepper water also?
LOOHQJDL¼¼DNNLWKDNN—ºLUDVDPGK—QLUXNNXGKX
No maam, we have only tomato rasam today.
FKDSS—WKWKL\XPSDUXSSXPDVL\DOXPURPEDMÀU—LUXNNXGKX
The chappatties and dhal curry are excellent.
VDQGKÀVKDPXQJDLQQXPFKDSS—WKWKLY¼XP—"
I am glad maam, do you want more chappatties?
LOOHHQDNNXWKD\LUGK—QURPEDSLGLNNXPPÀUY¼—P
I very much like curds, I don’t want buttermilk.
VLODSRULWKWKDDSSDºDPNRQGXY—
Bring some fried appalums.
DSSDºDPQQDPDWKWKXSÀFKFKXPRUDPRUD¼¼XLUXNNDY¼—P—"
Why have the appalams become soft, shoudn’t they be crisp?
HQJDºXNNXHSSRYXPNRGKLNNDYDLWKWKDWKD¼¼LGK—QNRGXNND¼XP
You should only give us boiled water.
,QQXPNRQMDPV—GKDPY¼XPV¯NUDPNRQGXY—QJD
I want some more rice, bring it quickly.
LGKX—ULSÀFKFKXVÌG—LUXNND¼XP
UDVDPURPEDN—UDP—LUXNNXGKX
This is cold, it should be hot.
The pepper water is very hot.
VDULQJDPPDQ—ºDLOLUXQGKXN—UDPGKLWWDP—SÀGUHQ
Alright ‘ma, from tomorrow I will put the proper ‘karam’.
NXÄDPEXHSGLLUXNNXGKX"
NXÄDPEXNRQMDPSXºLSS—LUXNNXGKX
Y¯WOHSÀGKXP—QDURWWLLUXNNXGK—"
How is the curry?
The curry is a bit sour.
Do you have enough bread here?
LOOHQJDURWWL—LSÀFKFKXQ—ºDNNLY—QJD¼XP
No, the bread is finished, we must buy some tomorrow.
214
Adi’s Book.
Y—QJDY—QJDXNNDUXQJDV—SSLWWLQJDº—
Come in , sit down, have you eaten?
NXÄDQGKHNNXRUXNRSSHS—ONRGX
Give a cup of milk to the child.
XQJDºXNNXHQQDY¼XPÀNWWXV—SSLGXQJD
Whatever you want to eat just ask.
Q—PY¯WOHQ¯QJDNÌFKFKDSSDGDNÌG—GKX
Don’t feel shy in our house.
HQDNNXNÌFKFKDPLOOHHQDNNXY¼GL\DGKXV—SSLGUQ
I don’t feel shy, I will eat whatever I want.
8QJDºXNNXPLOLWDULV—SS—GXY—VDLYDV—SS—GXY—YQXP"
Do you want non-veg. or vegetarian food?
HQDNNXUH¼GXPSLGLNNXPLQGKDYDUXWKWKDP¯QURPEDUXVL\—LUXNNXGKX
I like both. This fried fish is very tasty.
LGKX—WWXN—ULNDLP—YDGH\—"
Are these mutton cutlets?
L¼¼DNLNÀÄLNDULNXUP—NÌGDNLGDLNNXP
NDULVÌSSXNRQMDPXSS—LUXNNXGKX
Today you will get chicken kurma also.
The meat soup is rather salty.
V—SS—GXN—UDP—LUXQGK—HQDNNXYLNNDOYDUXP
If the food is spicy hot, I will get hiccups.
DGKXSDUXSSXWKQJDWKXYDL\DOLGKXSÌVD¼LNN—LSDUXSSXNÌWWX
That is dhal coconut chutney, this is pumpkin dhal curry.
SDSS—OLSDÄDPWKXQGXWKXQG—DUXWKWKXLQJHNRQGXY—QJD
Cut the papaya into pieces and bring them here.
WKDPLÄQ—WOHVLODMDQQDQJDV—SS—WWXNNXDSUDPYHWKDOHS—NNXSÀWWXNRºY—QJDY¼XP—"
In Tamil Nadu some people take betel nut and leaf after meals, want some?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
215
Adi’s Book.
LESSON 62.
CONVERSATION AT A RAILWAY STATION.
Vocabulary
Q¯U—YLSDKDGX
steam boat
pahadu
boat, (rowing)
aeroplane
kappal
ship
luggage
thangu
stay, halt
luggage office
thangumidam
waiting room
luggage office
weigh
VDV¯GX
HGHSÀGXHGHS—U
receipt
sellum
validity
anumadhi
permission
WKDOOLNÀ
move up
anumadhi (s.thth)
permit (v.)
QDKDQGKXNNÀ
move up
vasadhi, sowharyam
comfort, convenience
nirandhu
full
UDLOYD¼GL
train
QUYDQGL
through train
—K—\DYLP—QDP
V—P—QSHWWLSDGXNH
HGHSÀGXPLGDP
HGHS—UNNXPLGDP
SUD\—¼L
SUD\—¼XPVHL ZGK
VXWKWKXSUD\—¼XP
traveller
SUD\—¼XP
travel
tour (n.)
travel(n.)
Conversation.
Q,QJDHQGKDÌUXNNXSÀULQJD"
To which place are you going?
Q—QGHOOLNNXSÀUQ
I am going to Delhi.
LQJHUXQGKXGHOOLNNXSÀKDHYºDYXQUDPSLGLNNXGKX"
How long does it take to go to Delhi from here?
GHOOLNNXSÀKDPXSSDWKWK—UXPD¼LQUDPSLGLNNXGKX
It takes 36 hours to go to Delhi.
GHOOLOHHQJHWKDQJDSÀULQJD"
Where are you going to stay in Delhi?
Q—QGHOOLOHRUXVQKLGKDUY¯WOHWKDQJDSRUQ
I am going to stay at afriend’s house in Delhi.
µRQODLQWLNHW¶Y—QJL—LFKFK—"
LOOHWLNHWNRGXNNXPLGDPHQJH¶S—
WLNHW—S¯VDGKÀLUXNNXGKX
XQJDºXNNXHQQDWLNHWY¼XP"
Did you get an on-line ticket?
No, where is the booking office please.
The ticket office is there, look.
What ticket do you want?
216
Adi’s Book.
HQDNNXUH¼G—YDGKXYDKXSSXVO¯SSDUY¼XP
I want a second class sleeper.
12. adhu sila samayam niraindhu irukkum.
That may possibly be full.
DSSRQ—QPXGKDOYDKDSSXOHSÀKD¼XP
Then I’ll have to go first class.
LQGKDWLNHWUH¼GXQ—ºXNNXGK—QVHOOXP
This ticket is only valid for two days
LSSRQ—QJDDYºDYXV—P—QHGXWKXSÀKDP—WWÀPDGKDQ—OHLGKXVXODEDP—LUXNNXGKX
Now we do not take all that much luggage, so it is is easy.
DQGKDQUDWKOHQ—QJDHGHSÀWWDNRGXNND¼XPLQQXPSD¼DPLUXNNXPNDVKWDP—QDGKX
In those days we had to get it weighed, give more money; troublesome!
—P—µRUXWKDOHNNXPXSSDWKWKXSDYXQGGK—QNRQGXSÀKDO—P¶LQQXVRQQDQJD
Yes, ‘you can take only thirty pounds per head’ they said.
18. vandi eppo purappadum?
When will the train start?
QUDP—FKFKXV¯NUDPUXQJD
It is time, climb in quickly.
LGKXHQQDEÀJLLQJHLGDPLOOH
What carriage is this, there is no room.
LGKXVWKULQJDUXPYDQGLQ—QJDDGXWKWKDYDQGLPXODP—QDGDNND¼XP
This is a ladies carriage, we have to walk through the next carriage.
LGKXGHOOLNNXQU QUDSÀKXP YDQGL\—"
Is this a through train to Delhi?
—P—LQGKDYDQGLNÌGDQLUDLGKXSÀQDGKXNRQMDPWKDOOLNÀQJD QDKDQGKXNÀQJD Yes. This carriage is full too. Please move up a bit. (please adjust!).
HQYDQGLWKDYDULSÀFKFKXQ—QHQJH\—YDGKXYDÄLOHYDQGLP—WKWKD¼XP—"
I missed my train. Do I need to change trains on the way?
—P—Q¯QJDQDJSÌUOHP—WKD¼XP
Yes, you must change at Nagpur.
YDQGLLQJHHYºDYXQUDPQLNNXGKX",QJHSDWKWKXQLPLVKDPQLNNXP
How long will the train stop here? Here it will stop for ten minutes.
NÌOL\ÀLGKHOO—PNRQGXSÀKDHYºDYXNNUH",UXEDGKXUÌE—NRGXQJD
Coolie, to take all these how much do you ask? Give me twenty rupees.
LQGKDÌUOHS—UNNDWKDKXQGKDLGDQJDHQQHQQDLUXNNXGKX"
What are the places worth seeing in this town?
Q—QXQJDºXNNXDQGKDLGDPHOO—PVXWKWKLN—WWXYQ
I will take you round and show you all these places.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------217
Adi’s Book.
STORY No 1.
9–7+803210877(<80
pon
gold
SU—VH
greed
nashtam
loss
peru
big , great
\ÀVDQH
idea
WKÀQLQDGKX
occurred
mutte vai (s.thth)
lay egg
mutte idu (w.tt)
lay egg
VROODPXGL\—GKXVDQGKÀVKDP
YLSDU¯GKD
RURUX
perverse, strange
only one
unspeakable joy, (limitless)
RUXXUOHRUXNXGL\—QDYDQLUXQGK—QDYDQURPEDUHDYDQLGDPNRQMDPGK—QSD¼DP
LUXQGKDGKX DYDQ DQGKD SD¼DWKWKHNRQGX RUX Y—WKWKX Y—QJLQ—Q DQGKD Y—WKWKX GKLQDQ
GKÀUXP RUX SRQ PXWWH LWWX YDQGKDGKX NXGL\—QDYDQXNNX VROODPXGL\—GKX VDQGKÀVKDP
DYDQSRQPXWWHQJDºHYLWKWKXSD¼DNN—UDQ—Q—Q
RUXQ—ºRUXYLSDU¯GKD\ÀVDQHWKÀQLQDGKX³LQGKDY—WKWKXQ—OGKÀUXPRUXSRQPXWWH
YDLNNXGKX —Q— DGKDQ YD\LWKWKXNNX XººH DQKD SRQ PXWWHQJD LUXNNXP DGKH HOO—P RU
Q—ººHHGXWKWKXNRQG—LQQXPSHUL\DSD¼DNN—UDQ—LYLGDO—P´LQQXQLQHWKWK—Q
DYDQ SU—VH\—OH RUX NDWKWKL\H NRQGXYDQGKX DGKDQ YD\LWKWKH NLÄLWKWKX S—UWKWK—Q
—Q—Y—WKWKXYD\LWKWKXNNXººHRURUX SRQ PXWWHGK—Q LUXQGKDGKX NXGL\—QDYDQXNNX DSSR
VROODPXGL\—GKX YLVDQDP QLQQ— SRQ PXWWH SÀQDGKXP LOO—PH SRQ PXWWH LWWXNRQGX
LUXQGKDY—WKWKXPSRLYLWWDGKXHQQDVHL\DO—P"SU—VHSHUXQDVKWDPWKDUXP
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218
Adi’s Book.
STORY No 2.
PXQRUXN—ODWKOH
3$»$..–5$1801$0%,..$,8¹¹$1$<80
LºDLSS—UX ZLQ
À\—PH
once upon a time
rest (v.)
without stopping
suttu vittu
having shot
—WKWKLUDP
hasty temper
N—UD¼DP
cause, reason
SÀKDYQGKLLUXQGKDGKX
—ODPDUDP
Q\—EDKDP
WKXSS—NNL
GKLG¯UQX
Q\—EDWKWKXNNXY—
QDPELNNDLXººD
had to go
banyan tree
memory
gun
sudden
remember
S—YDP
poor thing
pirahu
then, afterwards
N—UL\XP
deed
mattu
less, limited
seththu kidandhadhu
lay dead
enbadhe*
the thing which
*Neuter participial noun, used as conjunction
faithful
PXQ RUX N—ODWKOH RUX SD¼DNN—UDQ LUXQGK—Q DYDQXNNX RUX DÄDK—QD Q—\XP QDOOD
NXGKLUH R¼¼XP LUXQGKDGKX DYDQ WKDQ Q—\H NÌWWLNNRQGX NXGKLUHPOH ULNNRQGX DQGKD
ÌUXNNXSXUDSSDWW—Q
D¼¼DNL URPED YH\\LO DGLWKWKX NRQGLUXQGKDGKX YH\LOOH URPED GKÌUDP SUD\—¼XP
VHLGKDSDGL\—OH DYDQXNNX URPED NDOHSS— LUXQGKDGKX YDÄLOH RUX NXºDP LUXQGKDGKX
DQGKD NXºDNNDUHPOH LUXQGKD RUX —ODPDUDWKWKXNNX N¯ÄH XNN—UQGKX LºDLSS—ULQ—Q SLUDKX
NXGKLUHPOH UL PDUXSDGL\XP SXUDSSDWWXSÀGKX DYDQ Q—L DYDQH S—UWKWKX NXODLWKWKDGKX
Q—L À\—PH NLODLNN—YH NXODLWKWKDGK—OH DYDQXNNX URPED NÀEDP YDQGKDGKX DYDQ
—WKWKLUDWKWK—OHQ—\HWKDQWKXSS—NNL\—OHVXWWXYLWWXDQJLUXQGKXSÀLYLWW—Q
URPEDGKÌUDPSÀQDSLQDYDQXNNXWKDQSD¼DSSDL\HPDUDWKWKXNNXN¯ÄHYLWWXYLWWDGKX
GKLG¯UQX Q\—EDWKWKXNNX YDQGKDGKX Q—L NXODLWKWKD N—UD¼DP LSSRGK—Q DYDQXNNX
YLºDQJLQDGKX XGDQ URPED YKDP— NXºDNNDUHNNX WKLUXPED YDQGK—Q DYDQ DQJH
S—UWKWKDGKXHQQDS—YDPQDPELNNDLXººDQ—LDYDQSD¼DSSDLPOH\VHWKXNLGDQGKDGKX
WK—QEXGKLLOO—PHVHLGKDN—UL\DWKWKXNN—K—URPEDYLVDQDSSDWW—Q
D¼DL NDGDQGKD YHººDP DÄXGK—ºXP YDUXP—" —WKWKLUDNN—UDQXNNX EXGKGKL PDWWX
HQEDGKHDSSRGK—QWKHULQGKXNRQG—Q
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219
Adi’s Book.
STORY No 3.
7+233,9<–%–5,<80.85$1*$¹80
thoppi
cap, hat
XUXU—
place to place
NÌFKFKDO
\ÀVDQHVHL
shout, yell (n.)
ponder, think about
QLÄDO
YLÄLWKWKXNNRº ZQG
NÌFKFKDOSÀGX
VUWKWKX
shade
wake up
shout, yell (v.)
having collected
DQKD YDUXVKDQJDºXNNX PXQQ—OH RUX Y\—E—UL LUXQGK—Q DYDQ XU XU— SÀL WKRSSL
Y\—E—UDP VHLGKX YDQGK—Q RUX Q—O DYDQ WKRSSLQJDºH YLNNXPEDGL RUX ÌUXNNX SÀL
NRQGLUXQGK—QYH\\LOURPEDM—VWKL\—LUXQGKDGKXDGKDQ—OHDYDQV—OHÀUDP—LUXQGKDRUX
PDUDWKWKX QLÄDOOH XNN—UQGK—Q DYDQXNNX URPED NDOHSS— LUXQGKDGK—OH WKRSSLPÌWWH POH
WKDOHYDLWKWKXNNRQGXV¯NUDP—WKÌQJLYLWW—Q
DQGKDPDUDWKOHDQKDNXUDQJXQJDLUXQGKDGKXDGKXQJDN¯ÄHWKRSSLPÌWWH\HS—UWK
WKDYXGDQH RUX NXUDQJX V—SS—WWXPÌWWH LQQX QLQHWKWKX LUDQJL YDQGKX DQGKD PÌWWH\H
DYLÄWKWKXS—UWKWKDGKX—Q—DGKXOHV—SS—GXLOOHWKRSSLQJDGK—QLUXQGKDGKXDGKXXGDQH
WKXQJLNRQGLUXQGKD Y\—E—UL WKDOH POH RUX WKRSSL\H SDUWKWKDGKX DGKX PÌWWH\LOLUXQGKX
RUX WKRSSL\H HGXWKWKX WK—QXP WKDQ WKDOH POH DGKH SÀWWXNRQGKDGKX LGKH S—UWKWKD
PDWKWKD NXUDQJXQJDºXP NLÄH YDQGKX DSGL\ VHLGKDGKX DGKXNNX DSUDP HOO—
NXUDQJXQJDºXP PDUDWKWKXPOH ULNNRQGX VDQGKÀVKDP— NÌFKFKDO SÀGD —UDPELWKWK
DGKXQJDDGKXQJDSÀWWDVDGKGKDWKWKHNWWXY\—E—ULYLÄLWKWKXNNRQG—Q
DSSR DYDQ POH S—UWKWKDSSÀGKX RYYRUX NXUDQJXNNXP WKDOH POH RUX WKRSSL
LUXQGKDGKX LSSR DYDQ PÌWWHOH UH¼GX WKRSSLQJD P—WKUXP LUXQGKDGKX DGKXQJDºLGDP
LUXQGKX HSGL\—YDGKX WKRSSLQJDOH Y—QJD Y¼XP LQQX NRQMD QUDP \ÀVDQH VHLGK—Q VLOD
nimishangalukku apram avan than thaleyilirundha thoppiye eduththu kurangunga
S—UNNXPEDGL NLÄH SRWW—Q LGKH SDUWKWKD NXUDQJDºXNNX NÀEDP YDQGKDGKX DGKXQJDOXP
DSGL\WKDQJDWKDOHPOLUXQGKDWKRSSL\HHGXWKWKDN¯ÄHSÀWWDGKXQJD
Y\—E—ULNNX URPED VDQGKÀVKDP XGDQH DYDQ URPED V¯NUDP— HOO— WKRSSLQJDºXP
VUWKWKXPXWWH\—NDWWLNNRQGXDQJLUXQGKXYKDP—ÀGLSÀLYLWW—Q
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220
Adi’s Book.
STORY No 4.
27+7+80('+–1%$/$0
singam
lion
QÀNNL
towards
oththume
unity
balam
strength
some
N—UDQDP
reason, cause
GKÀ
US—GX ZWW
S—L ZQGK
VQKDP—LUX
occur
RWKWKXPH\—LUX
be united
leap
muyarchchi sei
try
be friendly
NRÄXWKWKXLUX
well developed, fat
RUXN—WWXNNXNLWWDRUXÌULUXQGKDGKXDQGKDÌUOHQDOXP—GXQJDLUXQGKDGKXQ—OX
PDGXP URPED VQKLGDP— LUXQGKDGKX SXO P\D SÀQ—OXP VDUL DOODGKX WKD¼¼L NXGLNND
SÀQ—QXPVDULQ—OXPR¼¼—SÀKXPÀ¼¼—YDUXPN—WWXNNXSDNDWKOHSXOYDºDUQGKXLUXQGKD
SDGL\—OH Q—OX P—GXP WKUXSWL\— SXO WKLQQX NRÄXWKWKX LUXQGKDGKXQJD DGK N—WWLOH RUX
VLQJDPXPLUXQGKDGKXVLQJDPLQGKDNDÄXWKWKDP—GXQJDºHS—UWKWKDGKLOLUXQGKXDGKXQJDºH
HSGL\—YDGKXDGLWKXNR¼¼XWKLQQD¼XPLQQXQLQHWKWKXNNRQGKDGKX
RUXQ—ºDQGKDVLQJDPSXOPLQGKXNRQGLUXQGKDRUXP—WWXPOHS—LQGKDGKXLGKH
S—UWKWKD PDWKWKD PÌQX PDGXQJDºXP VLQJDWKWKH QÀNNL S—LQGKDGKX VLQJDP Q—OX
PDGXQJDºXNNXP QLNND PXGL\—PH ÀGLSÀLYLWWDGKX VLQJDP LGKHSÀOD SDOD GKDGDYH
P—GXQJDºH DGLWKWKX PX\DUFKFKL VHLGKDGKX —Q— Q—OX P—GXQJDºXP URPED RWKXPH\—
LUXQGKDSDGL\—OHVLQJDWKWK—OHR¼¼XPVHL\DPXGL\DOHLSGLNRQMDN—ODP—QDGKX
RUXVDPD\DPHGKÀRUXN—UD¼DWKWK—OHQ—OXP—GXQJDºXNNXPYLUÀGKDPUSDWWDGKX
YLUÀGKDWKWK—OHRUXQ—ºQ—OXP—GXPR¼¼DLOO—PHWKDQWKDQL\—GKÌUDGKÌUDP—SXOP\D
WKRGDQJLQDGKXQJDLGKHS—UWKWKDYXGDQHVLQJDPURPEDVDQGKÀVKDSSDWWDGKXDGKX
P—GXQJDºHRYR¼¼DDGLWKXWKUXSWL\—WKLQQDGKXRWKWKXPHLUXQGKXLUXQGK—VLQJDP
P—GXQJDºHNR¼¼XLUXNNDPXGL\XP—"RWKWKXPHGK—QEDODP
221
Adi’s Book.
STORY No 5.
7+$,<$/.–5$180<–1(<80
\—QH
YGLNNHWKDP—VK
H¼¼DP
elephant
thumbikkai
trunk
fun
YGLNNH\—QD
funny
thought, idea
WKHQJ—L
coconut
ÌVL
needle
V—NNDGH
gutter
urinju (w.in)
suck
NGX
evil, ill
NHGXY—Q
WKÀ¼LQDGKX
NXWKWKLNRº ZQG LQWU
SRUXNNDPXGL\—GKD
SÀYDGKXYDÄDNNXP
URPEDX¼PH
one who perishes
idea struck
stick in, stab, pierce
unbearable
usually went
very true
RUXSDWWD¼DWKOHRUXWKD\DONDUDQLUXQGK—QDQGKDWKD\DONDGHLUXQGKDWKHUXYDÄL\D
RUX\—QHGKLQDQGKÀUXPNXºLNND—WKWKXNNXSÀYDGKXYDÄDNNDPYDÄDNNDPSÀODRUXGKLQDP
DQGKD\—QHDGKWKHUXYDÄL\—YDQGKXNRQGLUXQGKDGKXLGKHS—UWKWKDWKDL\DON—UDQXNNXRUX
YGLNNH\—QDH¼¼DPWKÀQLQDGKX\—QHWKDQNDGHNNXPXQQ—OHYDQGKDGKXPRUXWKQJ—LNNX
XººHRUXÌVL\HYDLWKWKXDQGKD\—QHWKLQQDNRGXWKWK—Q\—QHWKQJ—\HWKLQQXPEÀGKXÌVL
DGKDQYDLNNXXººHNXWKWKLNNRQGKDGKX\—QHNNXSRUXNNDPXGL\—GKXYDOLHGXWKWKDGKX
—Q—DGKXDQJLULQGKXVXPP—SÀLYLWWDGKXLGKHS—UNNDWKDL\DON—UDQXNNXURPEDWKDP—VK—
irundhadhu.
\—QH—WKWKLOHYDÄDNNXPSÀODNXºLWKWKXYLWWXVXP—UUH¼GXPD¼LQUDWKWKXNNXDSUDP
DGKWKHUXYDÄL\—YDQGKXDGKWKD\DON—UDQNDGHNNXPXQQ—OHQLQQDGKXNDGHNNXNLWWD
LUXQGKDDÄXNNXV—NNDGHWKD¼¼L\HWKDQWKXPELNNDL\—OHXULQMLWKDL\DON—UDQPXKDWKWKXPOH
DGLWKWKDGKXWKDL\DON—UDQDQJHQLNNDPXGL\—PHNDGH\HYLWWXYLWWXÀGLSÀLYLWW—Q
RUXNHWWDPDQXVKDQGK—QLQQRUXPDQXVKDUXNNXNGXQLQHSS—QNHGXY—QNGX
QLQHSS—QHQEDGKXURPEDX¼PHLOOH\—"
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
222
Adi’s Book.
STORY No 6.
2:$,<–5<(118038/$9$5
yennum
so named, called
pulavar
poet, poetess
QÌO
classic, thread
arasar
king, kings
respect
kadume
severity
jamoon plum tree,
Q—YDOSDÄDP
jamoon plum
not hot
sutta
hot
wise person
PDUDNLºH
tree branch
PDUL\—GKH
Q—YDOPDUDP
VXG—GKD
DULY—OL
POHVRQQD
EDODP—
above mentioned
with great strength
—KDL\—OH
WKHUL\—GKDGKX
WKHUL\—PHSÀQDGKX
therefore
the not knowing
S—WWL
grandmother
kurumbu
mischief, naughtiness vekkam
shame
RWWLNRº ZGK LQWU
stick, adhere
feel ashamed
pariththu
pluck
NWWXNRº
request
vekkappadu (w.tt)
ÌGKX ZLQ
WKLUWKWKXNRº ZQG LQWU
the not knowing
blow
quench ones thirst
DQKDYDUXVKDQJDºXNNXPXQQ—OHWKDPLÄQ—WOHRUXSH¼SXODYDULUXQGK—U
DQGKDPP—SURZDL\—ULYDUSDODQDOODWKDP¯UQÌOXQJDºHHÄXGKLLUXNU—UDQGKDN—ODWKOH
LUXQGKDDUDVDUXPMDQDQJDºXPHOO—UXPDYDUHURPEDPDUL\—GKH\ÀGXQDGDWKWKLQ—QJD
RZDL\—URUXQ—ºRUXÌUXNNXSÀLNRQGLUXQGK—UYH\\LOURPEDNDGXPH\—LUXQGKDGKX
DYDUXNNX URPED GK—KDP—YXP SDVL\—YXP LUXQGKDGKX DGKDQ—OH DYDU NDºHSS— LUXQGK—U
YDÄLOHRUXQ—YDOPDUDPLUXQGKDGKXDQGKDPDUDWKOHRUXSDL\DQLUXQGK—QRZDL\—UWKDQ
GK—KDWKWKH WK¯UWKWKXNNRººD VLOD Q—YDO SDÄDQJDºH SÀGXPEDGL DQGKD SDL\DQH NWWXNNRQG—U
DQGKDSDL\DQ³S—WWLXQJDºXNNXVXWWDSDÄDPY¼XP—VXWW—GKDSDÄDPY¼XP—´LQQXNWW—Q
RZDL\—U URPED DULY—ºLGK—Q —Q—OXP DQGKD SDL\DQ VRQQDGKX DYDUXNNX R¼¼XP YLºDQJDOH
—KDL\—OHDYDUDYDQHS—UWKWKX³WKDPELQ¯VRQQDGKXHQDNNXSXUL\DOH—QDHQDNNXVLODQ—YDO
SDÄDQJDGK—QY¼XP´LQQXNWW—U
223
Adi’s Book.
SDL\DQ LGKH NWWX VLULWKWKXNRQG PDUD N¯ÄH\H EDODP— —WWLQ—Q DQKD Q—YDO SDÄDP
N¯ÄHYLÄXQGKDGKXQLODWKWKOHPD¼DOLUXQGKDGK—OHQ—YDOSDÄDQJDººHPD¼DORWWLNRQGKDGKX
RZDL\—UPD¼DOÀGXLUXQGKDVLODSDÄDQJDºHHGXWKWKXDGXQJDºHV—SSLGDPXQWKDQY—\—OHµSKÌ
SK̶ LQQD ÌGKLQ—U LGKH S—UWKWKX ³ S—WWL SDÄDP URPED VÌG— LUXNNXGK—" URPED VÌG—
LUXQGK— DGKH SÀWWXYLGXQJD XQJDººXNNX VÌG—GKD SDÄDP WKDUXYQ´ LQQX VROOL VLOD SXGKX
SDUDQJDºH PDUDWKWKLOLUXQGKX SDULWKWKX N¯ÄH SÀG—PH DQGKDPP— NDLOH NRGXWKWK—Q
DSSRGK—Q RZDL\—UXNNX VXWWD SDÄDWKWKXNNXP VXG—GKD SDÄDWKWKXNNXP YLGK\—VDP
WKHULQGKDGKX DYDU DQGKD SDÄDQJDºH VDQGKÀVKDP— WKLQQXYLWWX SDL\DQXNNX URPED QDQGUL
VRQQ—USDL\DQPDUXSDGL\XPVLULWKWKXNNRQGDQJLUXQGKXSÀLYLWW—Q
RZDL\—UXNNX POH VRQQD Y—UWKWKHQJDººXNNX DUWKDP WKHUL\—PH SÀQDGKX YHNNDP—
LUXQGKDGKX DYDU DQGKD PDUDWKWKXNNX N¯ÄH NRQMD QUDP WKDQJLYLWWX DSUDP WKDQ YDÄL\
SÀLYLWW—U
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
224
Adi’s Book.
GRAMMAR AT A GLANCE.
Where To Find A Spoken Tamil Grammar Principle.
Item
Page
ablative, from
able to, not able to,
accusative (object)
address
adjectives
adverbs
after, before
although), even if…not
as soon as, until, up to
as, according to
at, in, locative
—YDGKX—À
be, to be
because, because…not
before, after
by means of, with
can, cannot,
causal verbs
comparison
composite nouns
continuous, imperfect,
dative
declensions, n.& pron.
defective verbs
demonstrative
demonstrative pron.
À—YDGKX—
even if, even if not
from, ablative
future neg.
future positive
genitive (posessive)
greetings
if, if not, (unless)(cond.)
imperatives negative
imperatives positive
imperfect, perfect
implied--‘to be’
in order to, in order not
in, at, locative
infinitives
instrumental, with
intensive verbs
interrogative pronoun
locative, at, in
97
97
30
10
58
58
175
153
175
180
64, 102
187
17
180
175
87
97
166
161
170
144
43
107
43, 47
12
12
187
153
97
82
70
34
10
148
23
21
144
17
180
64, 102
40
87
166
12
64,102
Item
may, potentialt
medials (see past tense below)
must…must not
need…need not
negative (past,present.)
negative, future
numbers, cardinal
numbers, ordinal
À—YDGKX—
object (acc.)
participial nouns
participles, pres, past, fut
past participles
past tense (s.thth)
past tense (w.dh)
past tense (w.in)
past tense (w.s.ndh)
past tense (w.tt)
perfect, imperfect
personal pronouns
plural nouns
posessive (gen.)
post-positions
potential, may
present positive
pronouns
reflexive verbs
relative participles
should…should not.
so that, so that…not,
strong verbs
um
unless), if not, (cond.)
until, up to, as soon as,
verbal nouns
verbal participles
verbs-introduction
weak verbs
when, while, …not
with, by means of
Page
75
23
87
92
75
82
19, 50
70
187
30
170
157
140
110, 114
117
126, 130
120, 123
133
144
15
28
34
61 67
75
54
12, 15
161
157
87
180
23
184
148
175
170
140, 157
19
23
175
87
225