ITS
GEOGRAPHY
where the land meets the sea
waves
created by wind blowing over the sea
factors affecting size of waves
wind speed
duration of wind blowing
in same direction
the fetch lengthof sea that wind blows over
constructive waves
created in calm weather
stronger Swash than backwash
deposit material of beach
longwavelength low height
6 8 per minute
destructive waves
created in storm conditions
stronger backwash than swash
erode takematerial from the beach
Short wavelength
10 15 per minute
high steep height
EEE
biggins
waveperiod
tween
dE
Fg
5m
t
backwash
marine processes
erosion
hydraulic action
corrasion
abrasion
corrosion
solution
attrition
ditties
material from rock
Cliff
El
Fi
18 9
corrasion
attrition
transportation
suspension
solution
traction
saltation
longshore drift
LSD
process ofmovingmaterialalong a beach
digestion of
Feigning
landforms of marine processes
bays and headlands
85 28 88 In
caves aches
stocks and stumps
blowhole
are
Eopatpse
F
i
1
nes of
eakness
aren
cave
IEEE
erosion
original shape
of headland
stack
I
m
stump
over time
coastal management
sea
defense or coastal protection
protection of the beach againstflooding and
evasion
soft engineering
less expensive
long term and sustainable
beach nourishment replenishment
replacement of sand pebbles
natural protection as they
wave energy
dissipate
requires vast amounts of sediment
beach
reshaping
Sand dunes
cliffs
stabilised by fences or
grass
cheap and effective easily destroyed
managed retreat
sea is allowed to reclaim
natural
some land
long term
requires compensation for land
lost
hard engineering
expensive
short
term
artificial
groynes
wooden concrete barriers built perpendiale
to the beach
prevent LSD reduce loss of sediment
Short lifespan
sea walls
vertical
slopingconcrete walls built along
shoreline
concentrate wave energy reflect it
back
ugly expensive
revetments
sloping structures built on embankments
shorelines bases cliffs or in front
of
of seawells
absorb energy
of waves before hitting cliff
don't prevent LSD
verycheap need to be replacedregularly
rock
armor
rip rep
large boulders lain against a lift or along the
beach
Cheaperthan seawalls
can act as groynes
can
longer lasting
can prevent LSD
reduce recreational value
of beach
gabions
similar to rip rap
wire mesh
don't lastlong
importance of coasts
tourism
use smaller vocles and
wire breaks easily
sport
beaches
ecosystems mangroves sanddunes
fishing
housing appealing area to live
industry
transport ports
threats to coastlines
rising sea levels due to globalwarming
pollution
litter
overfishing
evasion
storms natural disastes
privatization
coral
reefs
tiny marine animals called polyps
found between latitudes
18 25
30 of the equator
water
need clear water
no
sediment
block sunlight
prevents feeding when lands on covels
encourages
corrasion
shallow water
saltwater
algae
providesopportunities
raw materials forconstruction
sand gravel
towism
types of coral reef
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80
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fringing
reef
barrier
reef
atoll
Tum
Tun
La
case
Pied
studies
Great
Barrier Reef Australia
tourist attraction
ftp.engeaces flooding pollutants run off
warming water
coral bleaching
to conserve
s
reefs
islands surrounded bycoval
300 speciesofcoral 2000 speciesof fish
culturally important also used for fishing
damaged by torists snorkelling
development of settlements causepollution
sewage and harmful sediment
eutrophication
tropical storms create destructive waves
breaking coral
increase sec temperaturecausescoral
bleaching
Hide away resort eco torism
protected zone
only at high tide no walking on coral awareness
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