Common Eye Diseases
Condition
Key
Features
Signs and
Symptom
s
Physical
Findings
Fundus
Camera
Findings
Management
Retinal
Hemorrhage
Bleeding
in the
retina,
often due
to trauma,
hypertens
ion,
diabetes,
or retinal
vein
occlusion.
Sudden
loss of
vision,
floaters,
or dark
spot in
vision.
Retinal
hemorrha
ges
(flameshaped,
dot-blot,
or
splinter),
possible
cotton
wool
spots.
Red spots
(hemorrha
ges), hard
exudates,
cotton wool
spots.
Treat
underlying
conditions (e.g.,
diabetes,
hypertension),
laser therapy,
or vitrectomy
for severe
cases.
Vitreous
Hemorrhage
Bleeding
in the
vitreous
humor,
often
caused by
retinal
tears,
diabetic
retinopath
y, or
trauma.
Sudden
vision
loss,
floaters,
or
curtainlike
obscurati
on of
vision.
Clouded
vitreous,
preventin
g retina
visualizati
on.
Lack of
retinal
visibility
due to
blood in
vitreous.
Observation,
laser
photocoagulati
on, or
vitrectomy for
persistent
cases.
Uveitis
Inflammat
ion of the
uvea (iris,
ciliary
body, and
choroid),
related to
autoimmu
ne or
infectious
causes.
Eye pain,
redness,
blurred
vision,
photopho
bia, and
floaters.
Redness,
ciliary
flush,
irregular
pupil
shape.
Inflammato
ry cells in
the
vitreous,
retinal
edema or
vasculitis.
Corticosteroid
eye drops, or
systemic
steroids,
immunosuppre
ssive therapy
for
autoimmune
cases.
Scleritis
Inflammat
ion of the
Severe
eye pain,
Bluish or
reddish
Possible
retinal
Systemic
steroids,
sclera,
often
associated
with
autoimmu
ne
conditions
like
rheumatoi
d arthritis.
worsenin
g with eye
movemen
t, redness,
and
photopho
bia.
sclera,
tendernes
s on
palpation.
vascular
changes.
immunosuppre
ssive drugs,
and
management of
the underlying
condition.
Episcleritis
Inflammat
ion of the
episclera,
related to
autoimmu
ne
diseases
or other
inflammat
ory
conditions
.
Mild eye
pain,
redness,
irritation.
Localized
redness
of the
conjuncti
va,
episclera
visible
beneath.
No retinal
findings.
Typically selflimiting; antiinflammatory
medications
like NSAIDs.
Conjunctivitis
Inflammat
ion of the
conjunctiv
a, usually
caused by
infections,
allergies,
or
irritants.
Redness,
itching,
tearing,
discharge
(watery
in viral,
purulent
in
bacterial).
Conjuncti
val
hyperemi
a,
possible
chemosis.
No retinal
findings.
Treatment
depends on
etiology:
antibiotics for
bacterial,
antivirals for
viral, or
antihistamines
for allergic.
Keratoconjunct
ivitis
Inflammat
ion of
both the
cornea
and
conjunctiv
a, often
seen in
dry eye
syndrome
or
infections.
Redness,
pain,
blurry
vision,
gritty
sensation,
and
photopho
bia.
Conjuncti
val
injection,
corneal
abrasion
or
staining.
No retinal
findings.
Lubricating eye
drops,
antibiotics for
bacterial,
corticosteroids
for
inflammation.
Keratitis
Inflammat
ion of the
cornea,
often
caused by
infection
(bacterial,
viral,
fungal) or
trauma.
Pain,
redness,
blurry
vision,
and
photopho
bia.
Conjuncti
val
injection,
corneal
opacity or
ulcers,
dendritic
lesions (if
herpes
simplex).
No retinal
findings.
Antibacterial or
antifungal eye
drops,
antivirals for
herpes simplex.
Corneal Ulcer
Open
wound on
the
cornea,
often
caused by
infection
or trauma.
Intense
pain,
redness,
blurry
vision,
discharge,
and
photopho
bia.
Corneal
opacity or
ulceration
visible
with
fluorescei
n
staining.
No retinal
findings.
Antibacterial or
antifungal
treatment,
sometimes
corneal
transplant if
severe.
Glaucoma
A group of
diseases
causing
damage to
the optic
nerve,
often due
to
increased
intraocula
r pressure
(IOP).
Gradual
vision
loss,
especially
periphera
l vision.
Increased
intraocula
r
pressure
(IOP),
cupping
of optic
nerve,
possible
visual
field loss.
Cup-to-disc
ratio
enlargemen
t, pallor of
the optic
disc.
Medications to
reduce IOP
(e.g.,
prostaglandin
analogs, betablockers), laser
therapy, or
surgery.
Optic Neuritis
Inflammat
ion of the
optic
nerve,
commonly
linked
with
multiple
sclerosis.
Sudden
vision
loss in
one eye,
pain with
eye
movemen
t, color
vision
defects.
Optic disc
swelling
or pallor,
reduced
visual
acuity.
Swelling of
the optic
nerve head,
possible
hemorrhag
es.
Steroids to
reduce
inflammation,
treatment of
underlying
conditions like
multiple
sclerosis.
Disease
Name
Key Features
Signs & Physical
Sympto Findings
ms
Fundus
Camera
Findings
Management
AgeRelated
Macular
Degenera
tion
(ARMD)
Disease
Name
Retinal
Detachm
ent
Disease
Name
Central
Retinal
Vein
Occlusion
(CRVO)
Disease
Name
Central
Retinal
Artery
Occlusion
(CRAO)
ARMD is a
common eye
condition that
causes vision
loss in the
center of the
visual field. It
is a leading
cause of
blindness in
older adults.
There are two
types: Dry
ARMD and Wet
ARMD.
Key Features
Blurry
vision,
distort
ed
vision,
and
difficul
ty
seeing
in low
light.
Signs &
Sympto
ms
Retinal
Sudden
detachment
onset
occurs when
of
the retina pulls flashes
away from the of light,
back of the eye. floaters
, and
loss of
periph
eral
vision.
Key Features
Signs &
Sympto
ms
CRVO is the
Sudden
blockage of the vision
central retinal loss in
vein, causing
one
fluid leakage
eye,
and
blurry
hemorrhages
or
in the retina.
distort
ed
vision.
Key Features
Signs &
Sympto
ms
CRAO occurs
Sudden
when the
,
central retinal painles
artery is
s vision
blocked,
loss in
leading to
one
sudden vision
eye.
loss in one eye.
Drusen
(yellow
deposits)
under the
retina in dry
ARMD,
abnormal
blood vessels
in wet ARMD.
Drusen
deposits or
retinal
neovasculariz
ation in wet
ARMD.
Anti-VEGF
injections
for wet
ARMD,
antioxidants
for dry
ARMD, and
lifestyle
changes
such as
smoking
cessation.
Physical
Findings
Fundus
Camera
Findings
Detached
retina, often
showing folds
or
undulations.
Management
Fundus
Camera
Findings
Dilated veins,
retinal
hemorrhages,
and macular
edema.
Management
Fundus
Camera
Findings
Pale retina
with a cherry
red spot,
often no
visible blood
flow.
Management
Visual field
loss,
particularly in
the periphery.
Physical
Findings
Retinal
hemorrhages,
edema, and
cotton-wool
spots.
Physical
Findings
Cherry red
spot on the
macula,
retinal
whitening.
Laser
surgery,
cryotherapy,
or
vitrectomy
depending
on the type
and severity
of the
detachment.
Anti-VEGF
therapy,
laser
treatment,
and steroids
for macular
edema.
Immediate
medical
attention,
treatment
may include
ocular
massage,
anterior
NonProliferat
ive
Diabetic
Retinopa
thy
(NPDR)
Proliferat
ive
Diabetic
Retinopa
thy
(PDR)
AgeRelated
Exudativ
e
Maculopa
thy
(ADED)
Retinal
Hemorrh
age
Vitreous
Hemorrh
age
Cataract
NPDR is the
early stage of
diabetic
retinopathy,
characterized
by damage to
the small blood
vessels in the
retina.
PDR is the
advanced stage
of diabetic
retinopathy,
characterized
by new blood
vessel growth
(neovasculariz
ation).
ADED is
characterized
by fluid
accumulation
in the macula
due to
abnormal
blood vessel
growth.
Retinal
hemorrhages
are the result
of broken
blood vessels
in the retina,
which can
occur due to
various
conditions.
Vitreous
hemorrhage
occurs when
blood leaks
into the
vitreous body
of the eye.
Cataract is the
clouding of the
chamber
paracentesis
, and
hyperbaric
oxygen
therapy.
Glycemic
control,
regular eye
exams, and
laser
treatment if
needed.
Blurry
vision,
difficul
ty
seeing
at
night.
Microaneurys
ms, retinal
hemorrhages,
and hard
exudates.
Microaneurys
ms, dot and
blot
hemorrhages,
and cottonwool spots.
Vision
loss,
floaters
, and
distort
ed
vision.
Neovasculariz
ation, retinal
hemorrhages,
and macular
edema.
Neovasculariz
ation, fibrous
tissue, and
retinal
hemorrhages.
Anti-VEGF
injections,
laser
photocoagul
ation, and
vitrectomy.
Blurre
d or
distort
ed
central
vision.
Retinal
edema, hard
exudates, and
possible
hemorrhages.
Retinal fluid,
neovasculariz
ation, and
hemorrhages.
Anti-VEGF
therapy and
laser
photocoagul
ation.
Blurry
vision
or
sudden
vision
loss.
Retinal
hemorrhages
of various
sizes and
locations.
Diffuse
hemorrhages
with different
shapes and
sizes.
Treatment
of the
underlying
cause such
as
controlling
blood
pressure or
diabetes.
Sudden
onset
of
floaters
or a
red tint
to
vision.
Blurry
vision,
Blood in the
vitreous body,
obscuring the
retina.
May show
blood in the
vitreous,
obscuring the
view of the
retina.
Observation,
vitrectomy if
hemorrhage
persists or
impairs
vision.
Cloudy or
opaque lens
Opaque lens
with
Surgical
removal of
Retinitis
Pigmento
sa (RP)
eye's lens,
which can
impair vision
over time. It is
common in
older adults
and can be
caused by
aging, diabetes,
and other
factors.
Retinitis
Pigmentosa is
a group of rare
genetic
disorders that
cause
progressive
degeneration
of the retina,
leading to
vision loss.
difficul
ty
seeing
at
night,
and
glare
or
halos
around
lights.
Night
blindne
ss,
periph
eral
vision
loss,
and
gradual
decline
in
central
vision.
observed
during
physical
examination.
diminished
red reflex.
the cataract
with
intraocular
lens (IOL)
implantation
.
Retinal bone
spicule-like
pigmentation
and atrophy,
narrowed
retinal blood
vessels.
Waxy pallor
of the optic
disc, retinal
atrophy, and
bone-spicule
pigmentation.
No cure;
management
focuses on
slowing the
progression,
including
use of
vitamin A
supplements
and adaptive
devices for
low vision.
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