Computer Hardware and Components Core Hardware Components 1. Central Processing Unit (CPU): - Often called the "brain" of the computer. - Comprises: - ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): Performs mathematical calculations and logical operations. - Control Unit: Directs the flow of data within the system. - Cache Memory: High-speed storage for frequently used data. - Multi-core Processors: CPUs with multiple cores (e.g., dual-core, quad-core) for simultaneous task execution, improving performance in multitasking. 2. Motherboard: - The backbone of the computer. - Houses the CPU, RAM, storage interfaces, expansion slots, and power connectors. - Includes buses like PCIe for high-speed data transfer between components. 3. Random Access Memory (RAM): - Volatile memory that stores data actively being used or processed. - Types: - DDR (Double Data Rate): Various generations like DDR3, DDR4, and DDR5. - SRAM: Faster and used for cache memory but more expensive. - More RAM increases the computer’s ability to handle multiple applications. 4. Storage Devices: - Hard Disk Drive (HDD): Uses spinning disks and a magnetic arm; cost-effective for large storage but slower than SSDs. - Solid-State Drive (SSD): Faster, uses flash memory, and has no moving parts. - Hybrid Drives (SSHD): Combines HDD and SSD features. Peripheral Devices 1. Input Devices: - Keyboard: Variants include mechanical keyboards (durable) and ergonomic designs to prevent strain. - Mouse: Optical and laser mice; some include additional programmable buttons for specialized tasks. - Scanners: Types include flatbed scanners for documents and handheld scanners for portability. - Biometric Devices: Fingerprint and facial recognition for enhanced security. 2. Output Devices: - Monitors: LED and OLED displays; resolutions like Full HD, 4K, or 8K. - Printers: Inkjet for quality graphics, laser for speed and text-heavy tasks, and multifunction printers for combined scanning, copying, and printing. - Speakers: From basic stereo setups to surround sound systems. --- Operating Systems and File Management Operating Systems (OS) 1. Functions of the OS: - Process Management: Handles running programs and allocates CPU time. - Memory Management: Allocates and tracks system memory for processes. - Device Management: Manages input/output operations for peripherals. - User Interface: Can be graphical (GUI) like Windows/macOS or command-line (CLI) like Linux. 2. Examples of Operating Systems: - Desktop: Windows, macOS, Linux. - Mobile: Android, iOS. - Embedded Systems: Found in devices like smart TVs and ATMs. File Management 1. File Types and Formats: - System Files: Essential for OS operation (e.g., `.sys`, `.dll`). - Media Files: Audio (`.mp3`, `.wav`), video (`.mp4`, `.avi`), image (`.jpg`, `.png`). - Document Files: Text-based files like `.docx`, `.xlsx`, `.pdf`. 2. File Operations: - Organizing files into hierarchical structures (folders). - Renaming, copying, and moving files. - Compressing files into formats like `.zip` or `.rar` for storage efficiency. --- Database Management Core Database Concepts 1. Tables and Fields: - Tables store data in rows (records) and columns (fields). - Each field has a data type, such as text, numbers, or dates. 2. Field Properties: - Field Size: Limits data length (e.g., a text field limited to 50 characters). - Input Masks: Templates for data input, such as phone numbers `() -`. - Validation Rules: Ensure data accuracy (e.g., "Age > 18"). Database Tools 1. Forms: Simplify data input by presenting a user-friendly interface. 2. Queries: Retrieve and manipulate data using filters and conditions (e.g., "Show all customers from New York"). 3. Reports: Generate summaries and visual representations of data, often used for business presentations. --- Social and Ethical Implications Privacy and Data Protection 1. Risks on Social Media: - Oversharing personal data can lead to identity theft. - Platforms often collect data for targeted advertising. 2. Best Practices: - Use strong privacy settings. - Avoid sharing sensitive information online. Health Risks from Computer Use 1. Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI): - Prevented through ergonomic workspaces and frequent breaks. 2. Eye Strain: - Minimized by following the 20-20-20 rule: Every 20 minutes, look at an object 20 feet away for 20 seconds. Green Computing 1. Energy Efficiency: - Use power-saving modes on devices. - Opt for ENERGY STAR-certified hardware. 2. E-Waste Management: - Proper recycling of old devices to prevent toxic material leakage. Applications of Artificial Intelligence 1. Machine Learning: Trains systems to recognize patterns (e.g., fraud detection). 2. Natural Language Processing: Powers virtual assistants like Siri or Alexa. 3. Industries: - Healthcare: AI-assisted surgeries. - Finance: Predictive analytics for stock markets. Wearables: 1. Examples include fitness trackers and AR glasses. 2. Uses range from health monitoring to interactive gaming. --- Security Technologies and Cybersecurity Core Security Measures 1. Biometric Security: Offers physical authentication methods, e.g., retina scans. 2. Encryption: - Symmetric encryption uses a single key. - Asymmetric encryption uses public/private key pairs. 3. Firewalls: Filters traffic to block unauthorized access. Common Threats 1. Malware: Includes viruses, worms, and spyware. 2. Phishing: Fraudulent emails mimicking legitimate organizations. 3. Ransomware: Encrypts files until a ransom is paid. --- Internet and Network Technologies Network Types 1. LAN (Local Area Network): - Limited to small areas like homes or schools. - Fast and inexpensive. 2. WAN (Wide Area Network): - Covers large geographic areas, often using leased telecommunication lines. Network Devices 1. Router: Directs data packets between networks. 2. Switch: Connects multiple devices within a single network. Web and Cloud Technologies 1. Web Browsers: Chrome, Firefox, Edge; support extensions for added functionality. 2. Cloud Storage: - Benefits include scalability, remote access, and backup solutions. - Common services: Google Drive, iCloud, OneDrive. --- Word Processing Formatting Tools 1. Text Editing: - Adjusting fonts, sizes, and colors. - Aligning text and adding bullet points or numbered lists. 2. Advanced Features: - Citations and Bibliographies: Insert and manage references with tools like Mendeley. - Media Integration: Resize, format, and add captions to images or charts. --- Spreadsheets Cell Formatting 1. Conditional Formatting: - Highlights cells meeting specific conditions (e.g., cells > $1000 in red). 2. Freezing Panes: - Keeps headers visible during scrolling. Functions and Formulas 1. Basic Functions: `SUM()`, `AVERAGE()`. 2. Conditional Logic: `IF()`, `COUNTIF()`.
