Arts final 1. Cubism - Cubism emerged from Cézanne's approach to art, where he used geometric shapes to represent nature, moved away from traditional perspective, showed objects from multiple angles at once, and highlighted the flatness of the canvas. - The use of collage marked the beginning of the synthetic phase of Cubism. - Unlike Analytic Cubism, which breaks down forms, this approach focuses on building up and highlighting the shape of the object. 2. Pablo Picaso - Picasso’s first major artistic phase has been called his Blue Period - This work uses blue tones, stretches the human body, and shows sad, poor people, often alone or doing simple tasks. - After Picasso's Blue Period, his Rose Period featured lighter colors and moods. During the Spanish Civil War Picasso protested its brutality and inhumanity through highly emotional works such as Guernica. 3. Main comparison between impresionism, postimpresionism and expresionism and write one representative artist for each - Impressionism: Claude Monet - Post-Impressionism: Vincent van Gogh - Expressionism: Edvard Munch - Impressionism captures the fleeting effects of light and color in the real world. Post-Impressionism extends these ideas but adds more emphasis on form and emotion. Expressionism moves further to prioritize emotional expression, often distorting reality to achieve it. 4. Parc de la Villette - The site of La Villette during the 18th century, became an obligatory point of transit for goods being transported - In 1979, the Public Body for the Parc de la Villette was set up and assigned the task of redeveloping the site to create a city park, open to everyone, which would link up a national museum of science and technology and a concert hall. - Bernard Tschumi - Winner of the design competition in 1983. - The Project involved the design and construction of over 25 buildings, promenades, covered walkways, bridges, and landscaped gardens over a period of fifteen years. - Tschumi laid down three geometries: points, lines and curves. 5. The Rennaisance and the Baroque - The Last Supper - Fresco painting for the dining hall of a Milan monastery. - The condition of the work is poor because of Leonardo’s experimental fresco technique. - The composition is organized through the use of one-point linear perspective. - Solid volumes are constructed from a masterful contrast of light and shadow. - strict rules of perspective and graceful balance of motion and restraint 6. Distinction between Rennaisance and Baroque - Renaissance: Focused on balance, harmony, and realism. It emphasized humanism, scientific perspective, and the study of nature. - Baroque: Focused on drama, movement, and emotional intensity, often serving religious or political purposes. It emphasized dynamic compositions, theatricality, and ornate detail. 7. Romanesque Art - communities began to replace their small wooden chapels with large stone churches - A long rectangular building with a central nave and two aisles – one on either side. - The aisles were separated from the nave by an arcade consisting of a row of pillars and arches. - Later on as Romanesque architecture developed, towers and other such features were added. - Stone was cut into wedge shapes blocks called voussoirs - These were built up to form a vault. - Romanesque builders made the walls extra thick to compensate for this pressure – 2 to 3 meters in thickness - were very dark inside. - Romanesque sculpture had two functions: Sculptures were used to decorate the church – placed in prominent positions. Sculpture were used tell the stories of the Bible to the ordinary people. 8. Why during romanesque and gotic art we had so many religious paintings and scluptures? - At that time there were very few books in existence as they has to be written by hand. Almost all the population with the exception of the clergy could not read or write. These sculptures were used by the church to teach the bible. 9. Example of Islamic architecture - The Alhambra palatine complex is situated on the Sabika hill forming part of the city of Granada. It includes a series of royal palaces and a complex system of towers, defensive walls and military fortresses, together with water infrastructure and a rich variety of gardens Nature and design are both strong parts of the cultural identity of the Alhambra - the Alhambra architecture offers a good precedent for understanding how design can functionally and beautifully connect people with nature. 10. Gotic structural elements - Gothic Architecture developed out of Romanesque –more light in the interior. - The walls of these new buildings were not fortress like, they were full of glass – coloured glass. - Miraculous appearance - rising up to extraordinary heights. - Three key developments in Gothic Architecture: -Pointed arches -Ribbed Vaults -Flying buttresses 11. Inovtive techniques of Roman architecture - Rome’s unique contribution to the arts—realism Made wax death masks of their loved ones and kept them around the house The walls of Roman domestic dwellings were decorated with frescoes and mosaics They introduced several innovations in building design - the arch, and after the second century, the use of concrete to replace cut stone. 12. Classic style of Greek scluptures - Early Classical - Balance between motion and stability, between emotion and restraint - The artist has “idealized” the athletic figure— that is, made it more perfect and more beautiful - the entire body is equal in height to eight heads - Tension and relaxation of the limbs are balanced across the body diagonally. - The weight-shift principle - The athlete rests his weight on the right leg, which is planted firmly on the ground - counterbalanced by a relaxed left leg bent at the knee and a tensed left arm bent at the elbow. - Late Classical - More humanistic and naturalistic style, with emphasis on the expression of emotion. Muscularity of the was replaced by a more sensuality and graceful proportions. 13. Doric orders - The Doric order was the earliest, simplest, and most commonly used. 14. What are Greek orders? - Three styles - orders, in Greek architecture: the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian - The more ornate Ionic order was introduced by architects from Asia Minor and was generally reserved for smaller temples. - The Corinthian order, differentiated from the Ionic by its intricate column capital, was not used widely in Greece but became a favourite design of Roman architects
