Chapter 12: Centripetal Forces
Definitions:
Angular Displacement: The angle through which the object has
moved
Centripetal Acceleration: Acceleration perpendicular to velocity
Radian: Angle subtended at the centre by an arc of length equal
to the radius of the circle
Angular Velocity: Rate of change of angular displacement
Chapter 13: Gravitational Forces
Definitions:
Newton’s Law of gravitation: For any two point masses that
attract each other, the force is directly proportional to their
product of masses and inversely proportional to the square of the
separation
Gravitational Field Strength at a point: (Gravitational Force)
exerted per unit mass (at a small object placed at that point)
Field of force: Region of space where a particle (of a certain
property) experiences a force
Geostationary Orbit: Orbit in which a satellite is positioned so
that it orbits the Earth the same rate as the Earth’s rotation,
Satellite remains above a fixed point on the earth’s surface
(above the equator)
Gravitational Potential at a point: Work done per unit mass in
bringing a unit mass from infinity to the point
Derivations:
Chapter 14: Temperature
Definitions:
Thermal Equilibrium: A condition when two or more objects in
contact have the same temperature so that there is no net flow of
thermal energy
Thermocouple: A device consisting of wires of two different
metals across which an emf is produced when the two junctions
of the wires are at different temperature
Temperature: Amount of average kinetic energy of particles and
shows direction of net heat flow between two bodies in contact
Fixed points: Standard reference temperatures that are used
when calibrating thermometers
Absolute Zero: Temperature at which atoms have minimum or
zero energy
Calibration: uses fixed points as upper/ lower points and
assumes a linear change of property with temperature
Thermodynamic/Absolute scale: Scale does not depend on the
property of a substance
Heat / Thermal Energy: Energy transferred from one object to
another because of temperature difference. Increases of internal
energy
Specific heat capacity: Energy required per unit mass of the
substance per unit Celsius degree to raise the temperature by 1k
or 1 Celsius
Specific Latent heat: Energy required per unit mass of the
substance to change its state without any change in temperature
Specific Latent heat of fusion: Energy required per unit mass to
change the state of a substance from solid to liquid without any
change in temperature
Specific Latent heat of Vaporization: energy required per unit
mass to change the state of a substance from liquid to gas
without any change in temperature
Boiling: The process by which a liquid changes into its gaseous
state at a constant specific temperature know as boiling point.
Heat energy goes towards overcoming intermolecular forces to
move the atoms far enough so that interatomic forces and
potential energy are negligible
Evaporation: The process by which molecules on the surface of
a liquid with sufficient kinetic energy break from attractive
intermolecular forces of the liquid and escape as gas particles
this process occurs below boiling point of a liquid
Melting: The process by which a solid changes into its liquid
state at a constant specific temperature, known as melting point,
Heat energy is used to overcome rigid forces between atoms
potential energy increase but KE is constant
Chapter 15: Ideal Gases
Derivations:
Chapter 16:Thermodynamics
Derivations:
None
Chapter 17: Oscillations
Derivations:
Chapter 18: Electric Fields
Derivations:
None just know when to use FE = FB
Chapter 19: Capacitance
Derivations:
Chapter 20: Magnetic Fields
Derivations:
Chapter 21: Alternating Currents
Derivations:
Chapter 22: Quantum Physics
Derivations:
None
Chapter 23: Nuclear Physics
Derivations:
Chapter 25: Cosmology and Astronomy
Saif’s notes
Luminosity: The total power output of radiation emitted by a
star
Radiant Flux Intensity F: The observed amount of intensity, or
the radiant power transmitted normally through a surface per
unit area, of radiation measured on Earth
Standard Candle: Is an astronomical Object which has a known
Luminosity due to a characteristic quality possed by that class of
the object
Supernova: A bright and a powerful explosion which happens at
the end of a high mass star's life
Wein's displacement Law: The black body radiation curve for
different temperatures peaks at a (wavelength of maximum
intensity that is inversally proportional to the temperature
Stefan Boltzman law: The total energy emitted per unit area by a
black body is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute
temperature at the body
Redshift and blue shift are like doppler effect, their effect can be
observed when spectra of distant stars and galaxies are observed
Redshift: when the object is moving away from Earth
BlueShift: When the object is moving towards the earth
Redshift is defined as: The fractional increase in wavelength (or
decrease in frequency) due to the source and observer recedeing
from each other
Hubble's Law: The recession speed of galaxies moving away
from Earth is proportional to their distance from the Earth
Big bang theory states that the universe started from a small
dense point that expanded and is still stretching!